Journal of South American Earth Sciences 145 (2024) 105079

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Journal of South American Earth Sciences

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U-Pb zircon and Sm-Nd geochronology of the dom Silvério group, SE Brazil:
Implications for the evolution of the superposed Araçuaí and
Minas-Bahia orogens
Paula Serrano a, b, * , Fernando F. Alkmim a , Maria Eugênia Souza a , Antonio Pedrosa-Soares c ,
Elton Dantas d , Cristina Araujo c , Gláucia Queiroga a , Cristiano Lana a
a
Departamento de Geologia, Escola de Minas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Morro do Cruzeiro, Ouro Preto, Brazil
b
Agência Nacional de Mineração, Ministério de Minas e Energia, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
c
Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geologia, CPMTC-IGC, Campus Pampulha, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
d
Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Geociências, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, CEP 70910-900, Brasília, Brazil

A B S T R A C T

The Araçuaí orogen, the South American portion of the Brasiliano/Pan-African Araçuaí-West Congo orogenic system (AWCO), formed during the Ediacaran-
Cambrian assembly of West-Gondwana. The basement of a substantial portion of the Araçuaí orogen comprises Archean and Paleoproterozoic rocks involved in
the 2.1–2.0 Ga Minas-Bahia orogen. The Dom Silvério Group, which consists of mica schists containing layers and lenses of mafic, ultramafic, and Mn-rich rocks, as
well as quartzites, graphite schists, marbles, and banded iron formations, defines a ca. 10 km-wide and 150 km-long belt in the southwestern portion of the Araçuaí
orogen. This succession, currently interpreted as deep marine deposits or an ocean-floor assemblage of uncertain age - Paleoproterozoic or Neoproterozoic-,
potentially records processes involved in critical evolutionary stages of the superposed Minas-Bahia and Araçuaí orogens. Aiming to characterize the age and tectonic
significance of the Dom Silvério Group, we performed a geochronological and geochemical investigation on samples collected from selected lithotypes. U-Pb (LA-ICP-
MS) determinations on detrital zircons revealed two distinct age spectra. Zircons extracted from the lower Dom Silvério schists define a spectrum characterized
predominantly by Neoproterozoic age clusters with a maximum depositional age of 601 ± 10 Ma. Quartzites from the lower and upper sections of the group do not
contain zircons younger than 1.9 Ga and show unimodal age distributions around 2067 Ma. The maximum depositional age estimated for these rocks is 2020 ± 6 Ma.
The spectrum of the lower section schist indicates the turbidites of the Ediacaran Salinas Formation as their most probable correlative. In contrast, the quartzites and
schists of lower and upper sections correlate with the Orosirian Itacolomi Group, the post-collisional assembly of the Minas-Bahia orogen. Sm-Nd isotope analyses and
whole-rock geochemistry allow the discrimination of two generations of mafic rocks. The older generation, showing TDM model ages = 1.92 to 3.6 Ga and ƐNd(t) =
-12.93 to +4.63, represents components of the basement. The younger generation, with TDM model ages = 1.0 Ga to 1.25 Ga and ƐNd(t) = +0.05 to +2.29, is similar
to the ophiolitic rocks that occur imbricated with Ediacaran metasedimentary successions in the central portion of the Araçuaí orogen defining the Ribeirão da Folha
accretionary belt. They show Th/Yb and Nb/Yb ratios of the EMORB-OIB mantle array and Nb/Y and Zr/Y ratios compatible with OIB and oceanic plateau basalts.
The Dom Silvério Group is thus a complex that involves members of the Araçuaí and Minas-Bahia orogens. Their Ediacaran components materialize the southern
extension of the Ribeirão da Folha accretionary wedge and, as such, provide further evidence for oceanic consumption during the development of the southern
Araçuaí orogen.

1. Introduction basement of the Araçuaí orogen consists of two main rock assemblages.
Archean to Orosirian rocks affected by a 2.1–2.0 Ma collisional event
The Araçuaí orogen in eastern Brazil, together with the West Congo (Noce et al., 2007; Cutts et al., 2018; Degler et al., 2017) define the
belt of central West Africa, form the Araçuaí-West Congo Orogenic so-called Minas-Bahia orogen (Bruno et al., 2021), while Statherian to
System (AWCO) (Fig. 1a) developed during the amalgamation of West Stenian rocks record the development of a long-lived intracontinental
Gondwana in the Ediacaran and Cambrian periods. As the largest rift-sag basin (the Espinhaço basin) (e.g. Uhlein et al., 1998; Danderfer
portion of the AWCO, the Araçuaí orogen involves several sedimentary et al., 2009; Chemale et al., 2012; Alkmim et al., 2017).
and magmatic rock assemblages, which record the main evolutionary The Dom Silvério Group, which defines a ca. 10 km-wide and 150
stages documented in ancient and young collisional mountain systems km-long belt in the southwestern portion of the Araçuaí orogen (Fig. 1b)
worldwide (Pedrosa-Soares et al., 2001, 2008; Alkmim et al., 2006). The in the Brazilian State Minas Gerais, is made up of highly deformed pelitic

* Corresponding author. Departamento de Geologia, Escola de Minas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Morro do Cruzeiro, Ouro Preto, Brazil.
E-mail address: [email protected] (P. Serrano).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2024.105079
Received 28 January 2024; Received in revised form 7 August 2024; Accepted 7 August 2024
0895-9811/Published by Elsevier Ltd.
P. Serrano et al. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 145 (2024) 105079

Fig. 1. a) Geotectonic setting of the Araçuaí – West Congo orogenic system (AWCO), based on data compiled from Caxito et al. (2022). b) Simplified geological map
of the Araçuaí orogen and the regional context of the Dom Silvério Group (modified from Pedrosa-Soares et al., 2008). The box indicates the location of the map
in Fig. 2.

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P. Serrano et al. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 145 (2024) 105079

schists containing layers and lenses of mafic, ultramafic, and Mn-rich 2014, 2016; Tedeschi et al., 2016). The Abre Campo shear zone, one of
rocks, as well as quartzites, graphite-schists, marbles, and banded iron the most prominent structures of the orogen, has been interpreted as a
formations (Lima et al., 1973; Brandalise, 1991; Jordt-Evangelista, Paleoproterozoic suture (Cunningham et al., 1998) that also acted as
1992; Peres et al., 2004; Gradim, 2012). This lithological content led such during the development of the Araçuaí orogen (Pedrosa-Soares
various authors to interpret the Dom Silvério Group as a deep marine et al., 2001; Peres et al., 2004; Alkmim et al., 2006; Silva et al., 2009).
succession (Jordt-Evangelista and Roeser, 1988) or even an ocean-floor The Abre Campo shear zone juxtaposes two Paleoproterozoic arc com-
assemblage incorporated in a subduction complex (e.g., Cunningham plexes, the Cordilleran Mantiqueira on the west and the juvenile Juiz de
et al., 1996; Brueckner et al., 2000; Pedrosa-Soares et al., 2000, 2001; Fora on the east. It also separates the high-grade rocks of crystalline core
Peres et al., 2004). However, due to the lack of age data, the real tectonic from the amphibolite to greenschist facies units of the external
significance of this unit remains uncertain. It has been interpreted either fold-thrust belt (Fig. 1b).
as a component of the Rhyacian-Orosirian Minas-Bahia orogen (e.g., The Dom Silvério Group occurs in a region dominated by exposures
Cunningham et al., 1996, 1998) or as a supracrustal assemblage of the of the following lithostratigraphic units (Fig. 2a): i) the Archean/Pale-
Araçuaí orogen (Pedrosa-Soares et al., 2000, 2001; Peres et al., 2004). oproterozoic basement complex; ii) the infra- and supracrustal assem-
The geologic scenario in which the Dom Silverio Group occurs is blages of the Quadrilátero Ferrífero mineral province; and iii) the
compatible with both hypotheses, for it is dominated by exposures of the Borrachudos Suite. The Neoproterozoic units exposed in the region are
Archean and Paleoproterozoic basement, and the superposed the Ediacaran Rio Doce Group, the Ribeirão da Folha and Salinas for-
Minas-Bahia and Araçuaí orogens show similar and, in many sectors, mations, as well as the Santo Antônio do Grama Amphibolite (e.g., Peres
coincident tectonic zoning. Gradim (2012) obtained the U-Pb SHRIMP et al., 2004; Noce et al., 2007; Queiroga et al., 2007; Pedrosa-Soares
age of 629 ± 5 Ma on zircons extracted from an amphibolite lens of the et al., 2008; Queiroga et al., 2012; Peixoto et al., 2015; Medeiros-Júnior
basal section of the group. Although the dated amphibolite could et al., 2016; Alkmim and Teixeira, 2017; Cutts et al., 2018).
represent a deformed and metamorphosed basic intrusion, the authors The basement of the Dom Silvério schists comprises amphibolite
argue in favor of the correlation of the Dom Silvério Group with the grade mylonitic orthogneisses of granitic to tonalitic composition con-
Ediacaran Ribeirão da Folha Formation, a deep marine assemblage taining layers, lenses, and pods of amphibolite rocks ascribed to the
tectonically imbricated with ophiolitic rocks, as previously suggested by Mantiqueira Complex (sensu Brandalise, 1991; Baltazar and Raposo,
Pedrosa-Soares and Wiedemann-Leonardos (2000) and Pedrosa-Soares 1993), interpreted as an extension of the Archean basement of the
et al. (2001) (Fig. 1b). adjacent São Francisco craton (e.g., Peres et al., 2004). Studies con-
In this paper, we present the results of a geochronological and ducted by Silva et al. (2002), Noce et al. (2007), and more recently by
geochemical investigation carried out on samples of selected lithotypes Fonseca (2017) characterized the occurrence of granitoids dated be-
of the Dom Silvério Group, including the dominant pelitic schists, tween 2500 and 2040 Ma in the basement surrounding the Dom Silvério
quartzites, and mafic-ultramafic rocks. With this study, we intend to outcrop belt. Noce et al. (2007) interpreted part of these rocks as the
contribute to solving the problem of the Dom Silvério Group’s tectonic record of an arc-related magmatic event in the time interval of 2180 and
significance and understanding the evolution of the Araçuaí-West Congo 2085 Ma. Since then, the Mantiqueira Complex has been portrayed as a
and Minas-Bahia superposed orogens. This work might contribute to the Paleoproterozoic continental arc assemblage. Bruno et al. (2021), after
ongoing debate on the nature of the AWCO and other components of the revising the Mantiqueira Complex concept, observed that a vast area
Brasiliano Mantiqueira orogenic system, i.e., whether they developed underlain by rocks previously ascribed to this unit lacks the Paleo-
through consumption of the Adamastor Ocean or closure of a large-scale proterozoic arc-related rocks. Consequently, the authors postulated the
intracontinental rift system (e.g., Konopàsek et al., 2020; Caxito et al., existence of an additional accretionary member of Rhyacian-Orosirian
2022). Minas Bahia Orogen, the Piedade micro-continent, made up essentially
of Archean rocks. Since the boundary between the domains with and
2. Geological setting without Paleoproterozoic arc-related rocks is yet not accurately defined
for the area adjacent to the Dom Silvério Group occurrences, we refer to
The Araçuaí orogen occupies an approximately 680 km-long and their substratum as the Archean/Paleoproterozoic basement complex to
540 km-wide area in southeastern Brazil and represents the northern avoid confusion.
terminus of the Brasiliano Mantiqueira orogenic system. The Araçuaí Cutts et al. (2018) demonstrated that basement rocks underwent two
orogen, together with the West Congo belt of Africa, once formed a metamorphism events, at ca. 2015 Ma and 580 Ma, which correspond to
Brasiliano/Pan-African orogenic enclave between the São Francisco and the Transamazonian and Brasiliano/Pan-African orogenies,
Congo cratons in the western portion of Gondwana (Fig. 1a). The Ara- respectively.
çuaí orogen consists of an external, basement-involved fold-thrust belt, Two granulite facies assemblages, namely the Acaiaca Complex and
and a crystalline core. Besides Archean, Paleo- and Mesoproterozoic the Pedra Dourada Granulite, crop out in relatively small areas adjacent
basement units, the external fold-thrust belt involves the type unit of the to the Dom Silverio Group occurrences (Fig. 2a). The Acaiaca Complex
orogen, the Macaúbas Group, made up of Tonian-Edicaran rift to passive occurs in the form of an NS-trending slice of ortho- and paragneisses
margin sedimentary assemblages, and the Ediacaran syn-orogenic bounded on the west by a shallow dipping and W-directed thrust
(flysch) deposits of the Salinas Formation (Pedrosa-Soares et al., 2001, (Medeiros-Júnior et al., 2016). The Pedra Dourada Granulite (Brand-
2008, 2011; Kuchenbecker et al., 2015, 2020; Costa et al., 2018; Castro alise, 1991) consists of meta-igneous and subordinate metasedimentary
et al., 2019, 2020) (Fig. 1b). The crystalline core comprises high-grade rocks (Marinho, 2014). Probably representing the basement lower crust
metamorphic rocks and pre-to post-collisional granite suites, whose roots, these units underwent a granulite facies metamorphism (5–7 kbar
ages fall in the interval between the early Ediacaran to the late Cambrian and 750–800 ◦ C) (Cutts et al., 2018) between 2060 and 2040 Ma
(Pedrosa-Soares et al., 2001, 2011; Gradim et al., 2014; Richter et al., (Marinho, 2014; Medeiros-Júnior et al., 2016).
2016; Gonçalves et al., 2016; Tedeschi et al., 2016; Melo et al., 2017; The Quadrilátero Ferrífero mineral province (Fig. 2a) (Dorr, 1969),
Serrano et al., 2018; Araújo et al., 2020). The 630-585 Ma pre-collisional located at ca. 30 km to the west of the Dom Silvério Group occurrences,
granites, together with coeval volcanic and sedimentary rocks, charac- is underlain by Paleo-to Neoarchean TTG gneisses and granitoids (Lana
terize the Rio Doce continental magmatic arc in the southern half of the et al., 2013; Farina et al., 2015, 2016; Aguilar et al., 2017; Teixeira et al.,
crystalline core (Fig. 1b). The Rio Doce arc is bounded to the east by the 2017), a Meso-to Neoarchean Rio das Velhas Supergroup (Machado
occurrences of Nova Venécia Complex, which consists of a thick package et al., 1996; Hartmann et al., 2006; Noce et al., 2005; Baltazar and
of high-grade metasedimentary rocks representing the back-arc assem- Zucchetti, 2007), and the Paleoproterozoic metasedimentary succes-
blage (Fig. 1b) (Pedrosa-Soares et al., 2001, 2011; Gonçalves et al., sions of the Minas Supergroup and Itacolomi Group. The Minas

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P. Serrano et al. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 145 (2024) 105079

Fig. 2. a) Geological map of the southwestern portion of the Araçuaí orogen, showing the belt defined by the Dom Silvério Group (modified from Pinto and Silva,
2014). b) Lithological successions of the southern and northern portions of the Dom Silvério Group belt (modified from Peres et al., 2004).

Supergroup comprises a 2580-2420 Ma old passive margin assemblage define an NNE trending schist belt bounded to the east by the Abre
(Renger et al., 1995; Babinski et al., 1995; Machado et al., 1996; Alkmim Campo suture in the central portion of the Araçuaí orogen (Fig. 1),
and Martins-Neto, 2012; Dopico et al., 2017) unconformably overlain by which for simplicity will be hereafter referred to as the Ribeirão da Folha
a package of flysch sediments (the syn-orogenic Sabará Group), depos- accretionary belt.
ited after 2125 Ma (Renger et al., 1995; Machado et al., 1996; Brueckner The Ribeirão da Folha Formation, the youngest unit of the Macaúbas
et al., 2000; Alkmim and Martins-Neto, 2012). The alluvial sediments of Group, consists of metamorphosed fine-grained turbidites, pelites,
the Itacolomi Group accumulated in post-orogenic intermontane basins black-shales, cherts, banded iron formations, and mafic volcanic rocks,
between 2060 and 1740 Ma (Machado et al., 1996; Hartmann et al., currently interpreted as passive margin to ocean floor deposits. The
2006; Duque et al., 2020). ocean-floor sediments are tectonically imbricated with slices of mafic
The Borrachudos Suite comprises a variety of anorogenic granitoids and ultramafic rocks representing dismembered ophiolite sections in the
that intrude the Archean basement gneisses. Emplaced around 1750 Ma, easternmost occurrences of the unit (Pedrosa-Soares et al., 1992, 1998,
these rocks record a major magmatic event related to the onset of the 2011; Aracema et al., 2000; Queiroga et al., 2007; Queiroga, 2010;
Statherian Espinhaço rifting (Chemale et al., 2012; Peres et al., 2004; Peixoto et al., 2015; Amaral et al., 2020). Zircons extracted from pla-
Magalhães et al., 2018). giogranite veins associated with amphibolites of the ophiolitic section
The ca. 630 to 585-old Ma Rio Doce Group is an arc-related volcano- yielded magmatic U-Pb ages around 645 Ma (Amaral et al., 2020). Its
sedimentary succession that comprises meta-rhyolites and turbidites maximum sedimentation age is estimated at ca. 599 Ma (youngest single
intercalated with calc-silicate rocks, marbles, and quartzites (e.g., grain, Amaral et al., 2020).
Tedeschi et al., 2016; Degler et al., 2017; Novo et al., 2018). The Edicaran Salinas Formation is made up of muddy, sandy, and
The Santo Antônio do Grama Amphibolite, interpreted as an ophio- conglomeratic turbidites metamorphosed under greenschist to
lite remnant by Queiroga (2007), is a body of metamafic rock that ex- amphibolite facies conditions, currently interpreted as a syn-orogenic
tends for ca. 23 km in NNE-direction near the homonymous town. (flysch) assemblage accumulated in a remnant marine basin (Pedrosa--
Enveloped by talc-anthophyllite schists, the amphibolite layer that Soares et al., 2001, 2008; Lima et al., 2002; Santos et al., 2009; Costa
characterizes the unit yielded U-Pb zircon ages around 600 Ma and ƐNd et al., 2018). The maximum sedimentation age of the Salinas turbidites
(600Ma) values between +1.08 and + 4.73 (Queiroga, 2010). was estimated at ca. 551 Ma (youngest single zircon grain, Castro et al.,
Together, the Ediacaran Ribeirão da Folha and Salinas formations 2020). They are intruded by granites dated at 544 and 527 Ma (Paes

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P. Serrano et al. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 145 (2024) 105079

et al., 2010; Peixoto et al., 2015) and metamorphosed around 530 Ma Archean/Paleoproterozoic basement gneisses and the metasedimentary
(Peixoto et al., 2015). cover. The components of this fold train become progressively tighter
Investigated in detail by Peixoto et al. (2015) and Amaral et al. and less inclined towards the west as they approach the major left-lateral
(2020), the Ribeirão da Folha accretionary belt formed as the oceanic strike-slip Dom Silvério shear zone that bounds the schist belt (Peres
lithosphere of the precursor basin of the Aracuaí-West Congo orogen et al., 2004). Trending NS and curving towards NE, this structure merges
started to subduct under the Congo paleocontinent (Pedrosa-Soares with the Abre Campo suture in the central portion of the orogen.
et al., 1992, 1998, 2001; Queiroga et al., 2012; Peixoto et al., 2015; Due to the intensive shearing during the polyphase deformation
Amaral et al., 2020). As indicated by the geologic maps available for the history, the Dom Silvério rocks exhibit a pervasive foliation parallel to
region (Pedrosa-Soares et al., 2011; Silva et al., 2020), this belt extends the compositional layering, which is, in turn, affected by NS-trending
southwards, reaching the occurrence area of the Dom Silvério Group folds and thrusts of the second deformation phase. Thus, the previ-
(Fig. 1). ously described vertical succession of lithotypes must be considered
tectonic.
2.1. The Dom Silvério Group
3. Methods
The Dom Silvério Group (Lima et al., 1973; Jordt-Evangelista and
Roeser, 1988; Jordt-Evangelista et al., 1990; Brandalise, 1991; Peres We collected 18 metasedimentary and meta-igneous rock samples
et al., 2004; Gradim et al., 2011) comprises a metasedimentary succes- from different portions of the exposed section of the Dom Silvério Group
sion containing intercalations of meta-mafic and meta-ultramafic rocks (Fig. 2a; Table 1). Detrital zircons for U-Pb LA-ICP-MS age de-
that defines a ca.150 km-long and NNE-trending belt in the southern terminations were extracted from 4 schists and 2 quartzite samples. On
Araçuaí orogen (Fig. 2a). According to Peres et al. (2004), due to dif- the remaining 12 meta-igneous rock samples, we performed Sm-Nd
ferences in the lithological content, the belt defined by the Dom Silvério isotopic and whole-rock geochemical analyses.
rocks can be subdivided into the southern and northern segments
(Fig. 2b). The succession of the southern segment starts with a 0,5 to 3.1. Detrital zircon LA-MC-ICP-MS U-Pb geochronology
3m-thick chlorite and talc schist layer, followed by an up to 50 m-thick
package of garnet-muscovite and quartz-feldspar-muscovite schists, a 0, Zircon grains were extracted from the metasedimentary samples in
5 to 2 m-thick layer of graphite schist, and a more than 100m-thick pile the Isotopic Geochemistry Laboratory of the Universidade Federal de
of garnet-biotite and sericite-quartz schists. (Figs. 2b and 3). This suc- Ouro Preto (UFOP) using conventional gravimetric and magnetic
cession contains centimetric to 10m-thick intercalations of amphibolites (Frantz isodynamic separator) techniques. Final separation was ach-
in its lower and middle portions and up to 5m-thick quartzites in the ieved by hand picking. Grains were mounted and polished in an epoxy
upper portion. The northern segment exhibits a more diverse litholog- disk. All analyzed grains were documented by cathodoluminescence
ical content (Figs. 2b and 3). Amphibolites, meta-gabbros, and (CL) imaging under a scanning electron microscope (SEM, JEOL 6510)
meta-ultramafic rocks (anthophyllite-talc fels), intercalated with thick using an acceleration voltage of 15 kV. In sequence, the grains were
layers of staurolite-kyanite-garnet-biotite schists predominate in the analyzed using an Excimer 193 μm Laser by Photon – Machines (Model
lower section of the group. In contrast, its upper portion comprises ATLEX SI) attached to a Thermo-Finnigan Neptune-plus multi-collector
garnet-kyanite schists, marbles, banded iron formations, and man- ICP-MS hosted at Isotopic Geochemistry Laboratory in the Federal
ganiferous rocks, such as gondites and queluzites (Peres et al., 2004). University of Ouro Preto (UFOP).
Petrological studies performed in the Dom Silvério schists and Mn- Isotopic data of zircons were acquired using peak jumping mode with
rich rocks revealed that the progressive metamorphic event affecting background measurement for 20 s, zircon ablation for 20 s, and 40 μm
these rocks reached the amphibolite facies under P-T conditions of 550◦ - spot size for U-Pb analyses. Element fractionation and mass discrimi-
560 ◦ C and 4,7-5 kbar (Jordt-Evangelista and Roeser, 1988; Rettinger nation were corrected using analyses of an external zircon reference
et al., 1998; Cavalcante and Evangelista, 2004). Thermo-barometric material GJ-1 (608 Ma, Jackson et al., 2004). Reported uncertainties
determinations carried out by Cutts et al. (2018) on a garnet-kyanite (2σ) were propagated by quadratic addition of the external reproduc-
schist sample collected revealed peak metamorphic conditions of ca. ibility obtained from zircon standard GJ-1 during the analytical session
8–9 kbar and 650o C. (2SD in %) and within-run precision of each analysis (standard error in
Brueckner et al. (2000) obtained a Sm-Nd garnet-whole rock %). Accuracy and reproducibility were checked by repeated analyses of
isochron for the Dom Silvério schists that yielded a metamorphic age of reference zircon Plesovice (Sláma et al., 2008) and Blue Berry (Santos
547 ± 29 Ma and a whole rock Nd isotope depleted mantle model age of et al., 2009) as secondary standard materials (Supplementary Material
2270 Ma, suggesting their derivation from Paleoproterozoic sources. As 1). Data reduction was done in U-Pb SATURN Software (Silva et al.,
previously mentioned, a U-Pb SHRIMP crystallization age of 629 ± 5 Ma 2023), and the 204Pb common correction was applied based on Stacey
was determined by Gradim (2012) on zircons extracted from an and Kramers (1975) Pb composition model. Probability density plotter
amphibolite lens of the basal portion of the group. Cutts et al. (2018) histograms and weighted average ages are reported with 2σ errors using
dated monazites extracted from a schist sample and obtained two U-Pb Isoplot 3.75 (Ludwig, 2003). We used 207Pb/206Pb dates for zircons
LA-ICP-MS age groups of 593 ± 4 Ma and 543 ± 12. For the authors, the older than 1.0 Ga and 206Pb/238U dates for zircons younger than 1.0 Ga
significance of these ages is uncertain and could represent: i) an older due to the decay characteristics of these isotopes. Additionally, we
metamorphic event followed by fluid dissolution and reprecipitation of applied a discordance cut-off of 10% (including for the literature dataset
the monazites; ii) two discrete metamorphic events; iii) different phases compilation). All analysis data are presented in Supplementary Material
of a single progressive metamorphic event; iv) detrital and metamorphic 1.
monazites, respectively. To obtain maximum depositional ages with statistical accuracy, we
Intensively deformed, the rocks of the Dom Silvério Group record at used the Dickinson and Gehrels (2009) metrics for each sample, which
least three main deformation episodes. The first represents an N-directed are: (i) YSG – youngest single grains age; (ii) YPP – youngest graphical
motion over a shallow-dipping detachment surface. The subsequent age peak controlled by more than one grain age; (iii) YC1 σ(2+) – mean
episode reflects a W-directed tectonic transport in two progressive age of the youngest two or more grains (n ≥ 2) that overlap in age at 1σ;
phases of thrusting and folding—the third episode generated ductile- and (iv) YC2 σ(3+) mean age of the youngest three or more grains (n ≥
brittle normal shear zones (Peres et al., 2004). The resulting structure 3) that overlap in age at 2σ.
of the Dom Silvério schist belt is characterized by a series of km-size and
W-verging folds of the second deformation phase, which affect both the

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P. Serrano et al. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 145 (2024) 105079

Fig. 3. Main lithotypes of the Dom Silvério Group. a) Exposure of kyanite-garnet-biotite (ky-grt-bt) schist containing a quartzite lens. b) Exposure of a ky-grt-bt schist
showing an amphibolite intercalation (sample D-21E). c) and d) Photomicrographs of a ky-grt-bt schist under parallel and crossed polarizers, respectively, showing
an oriented texture defined by biotite, staurolite, kyanite, and quartz surrounding a garnet porphyroblast with inclusions of quartz and oxides. e) and f) Photo-
micrographs of an amphibolite under parallel and crossed polarizers, respectively, showing the pervasive foliation defined by the orientation of hornblende,
plagioclase, and quartz. g) and h) Photomicrographs of a non-oriented talc-anthophyllite (tc-ath) schist under parallel and crossed polarizers, respectively. Ath =
anthophyllite; Bt = biotite; Grt = garnet; Hbl = hornblende; Ky = kyanite; Pl = plagioclase; Qz = quartz; St = staurolite.

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P. Serrano et al. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 145 (2024) 105079

Table 1 4. Results
Compilation of the different studied rock types and the applied methods.
Sample Coordinates (UTM - Rock type Analytical Methods 4.1. Detrital zircon U-Pb geochronology
ID WGS84 - Zone 23K)

East North The samples we used for detrital zircon age determinations include
the mica schists and subordinate quartzites (Supplementary File 1). The
M02F 712175 7724996 Amphibolite Lithochemistry; Sm-Nd
(whole rock)
schists are green or gray when fresh and reddish-brown when weath-
M02M 712175 7724996 Amphibolite Lithochemistry; Sm-Nd ered. They exhibit a pervasive foliation, defined by the preferred
(whole rock) orientation of muscovite, biotite, and quartz. The mineral assemblage
M04 712223 7724932 Amphibolite Lithochemistry; Sm-Nd includes kyanite (0–25 vol%), garnet (0–15 vol%), muscovite (25–30 vol
(whole rock)
%), biotite (10–35 vol%), quartz (20–35 vol%) and plagioclase (5–15 vol
M08 718902 7774680 Metagabbro Lithochemistry; Sm-Nd
(whole rock) %) (Fig. 3a to d). Common accessory minerals are staurolite, tourmaline,
M16 716231 7770250 Amphibolite Lithochemistry; Sm-Nd chlorite, zircon, monazite, and graphite. The quartzites are fine-grained
(whole rock) and show a pervasive foliation, defined by the preferred orientation of
M17 725871 7776092 Amphibolite Lithochemistry; Sm-Nd single quartz crystals, quartz aggregates, and sericite. Their mineralog-
(whole rock)
M18 728563 7779710 Amphibolite Lithochemistry; Sm-Nd
ical composition varies between pure quartz and quartz associated with
(whole rock) sericite or hematite.
M19 726377 7780890 Metagabbro Lithochemistry
U20 724011 7778074 Metaultramafic Lithochemistry; Sm-Nd 4.1.1. Sample D-33 – str-ky-qtz-bt schist
(whole rock)
This sample was collected from a coarse-grained staurolite-kyanite-
M12 723193 7784796 Amphibolite Sm-Nd (whole rock)
D21 713370 7726385 Mica-schist U-Pb (detrital zircon grains) garnet-quartz-biotite schist that contains cm-thick quartzite lenses in the
D05Q 707762 7724371 Quartzite U-Pb (detrital zircon grains) basal portion of the northern exposures of the group (Table 1). 68 grains
D29 717197 7768593 Quartzite U-Pb (detrital zircon grains) were analyzed, 45 are concordant (discordance cut-off of 10%) and
D24 709887 7740236 Mica-schist U-Pb (detrital zircon grains) considered for further interpretations. Cathodoluminescence images
D31 719772 7774931 Mica-schist U-Pb (detrital zircon grains)
D33 710536 7759353 Mica-schist U-Pb (detrital zircon grains)
(Fig. 4) indicate a mixture of idiomorphic to poorly rounded detrital
zircon grains. The grains range from 30 to 100 μm, with a length/width
ratio of around 3:1. Most zircons show faint oscillatory zoning. Zoning is
3.2. Geochemistry of the mafic and ultramafic rocks not visible in many grains. Some grains show bright zones associated
with darker cores and rims. A few grains, potentially of metamorphic
3.2.1. Sm-Nd whole-rock isotope analysis origin, exhibit a homogeneous or convolute internal structure in CL
The analyses of whole-rock Sm-Nd isotopes were performed in 10 images (Fig. 4) and were excluded from statistical analyses. Th/U ratios
samples of mafic rocks and 2 samples of ultramafic rocks. Data was range from 0.003 to 1.309. The probability histogram for the 45 zircon
carried out at the Geochronology Laboratory of Brasília University grains displays four peaks (Fig. 5a): 683 ± 3 Ma (n = 21), 763 ± 4 Ma (n
(UnB), Brazil. Samples were dissolved in an HF-HNO3 mixture in high- = 18), 872 ± 10 (n = 3) and 1091 ± 13 Ma (n = 3). The youngest single
pressure Teflon vessels. A150Nd-149Sm tracer was added to determine grain age obtained was 650 ± 13 Ma. The weighted mean age of the
Nd and Sm concentrations. Rare Earth Elements (REE) were then puri- youngest clusters YC1σ (2+) and YC2σ (3+) are 655 ± 10 Ma and 656
fied by cation exchange chromatography, and Sm and Nd were subse- ± 5 Ma, respectively (Table 2).
quently separated following the procedure of Gioia and Pimentel
(2000). Sm and Nd analyses used a double filament assembly in a 4.1.2. Sample D-21, str-ky-qtz-bt schist
Thermoscientific Triton Plus mass spectrometer operating in static Sample D-21 was extracted from a coarse-grained staurolite-kyanite-
mode. The Sm and Nd concentrations and the 147Sm/144Nd ratios have garnet-quartz-biotite schist containing centimetric amphibolite lenses in
an accuracy of 0.5% that corresponds to an ±0.5 average error on the the basal portion of the southern occurrences of the Dom Silvério Group
initial εNd values based on repeated measurements of the JNdi-1 stan- (Table 1, Figs. 2a and 3a). 238 grains were analyzed. Only 100 are
dard, with a long-term (year-round) average during the period of anal- concordant and considered (discordance cut-off of 10%). Cath-
ysis of 143Nd/144Nd = 0.512230 ± 0.000006. The Sm/Nd model ages odoluminescence images (Fig. 4) show a mixture of idiomorphic to
and the parameter ƐNd reported here are based on a depleted mantle poorly rounded detrital zircon grains. They range in size from 40 to 210
model (DePaolo, 1988) and are interpreted as mean crustal residence μm, with a length/width ratio of around 3:1. The Archean-aged grains
ages. are sub-rounded, weakly zoned, and stubby in shape. In contrast, the
Paleoproterozoic grains are sub-rounded to subhedral and prismatic
3.2.2. Whole-rock geochemistry with poorly developed internal zoning. Some grains show dark cores and
10 fresh samples, including 9 mafic rocks and 1 ultramafic rock, were convoluted zoning. Neoproterozoic grains typically display a poorly
selected for major and trace element analyses at Geosol Laboratories in developed oscillatory zoning. Some grains are so bright or dark that the
Vespasiano – Minas Gerais, Brazil. The samples were pulverized using an zoning is not visible (Fig. 4). No grains of possibly metamorphic origin
agate ring mill to less than 200 μm-mesh. The major oxides were were observed. Th/U ratios range from 0.04 to 4.70. The probability
analyzed by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) after fusion with histogram for the 100 zircon grains displays four peaks (Fig. 5b): 697 ±
lithium metaborate-tetraborate and digestion with dilute HNO3. The 18 Ma (n = 37), 909 ± 44 Ma (n = 33); 2031 ± 69 Ma (n = 29), 2730 ±
trace and rare earth elements were measured by inductively coupled 300 Ma (n = 1). The youngest graphical age peak falls around 600 Ma
plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) using the analytical quality control (Fig. 5b). The youngest single grain age obtained was 601 ± 12 Ma
standards SG_091, SG_241, and SG_142. The volatile content was (Table 2). The weighted mean age of the youngest clusters YC1σ (2+)
determined at 1000 ◦ C as a loss on ignition (LOI). To exclude the pos- and YC2σ (3+) are, respectively, 601 ± 20 and 601 ± 10 (Table 2).
sibility of chemical changes (e.g., metasomatism) in the sampled rocks,
the Logarithmic Oxide Molecular Proportion Ratio (LMPR) graphical 4.1.3. Sample D-24 – str-ky-qtz-bt schist
method of Beswick and Soucie (1978) was applied. The results were Sample D-24, collected from the basal section in the southern oc-
handled through GCDKit 6.1 procedures (Janoušek et al., 2006) and are currences of the group, corresponds to a coarse-grained staurolite-
presented in Supplementary Material 2. kyanite-garnet-quartz-biotite schist with quartzite intercalations
(Table 1). 39 grains were analyzed, and 38 were concordant and

7
P. Serrano et al. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 145 (2024) 105079

Fig. 4. Selected CL images of analyzed zircon grains arranged in age groups: Archean, Paleoproterozoic, Mesoproterozoic, and Neoproterozoic. D-33: Neoproterozoic
metamorphic grains are characterized by broad sector zoning, homogeneous or convolute zoning.

considered. Cathodoluminescence images (Fig. 4) show a mixture of zoning is not visible. A few grains show a bright zone and a darker core
idiomorphic to poorly rounded detrital zircon grains. They range in size and rim. No grains of possibly metamorphic origin were observed. Th/U
from 20 to 100 μm, with length/width ratios around 3:1 and 2:1. The ratios range from 0.03 to 1.29. The probability histogram for the 38
Mesoproterozoic zircon grains are rounded and exhibit weak zoning; zircon grains displays four peaks (Fig. 5c): 697 ± 12 Ma (n = 7), 798 ±
some grains show dark cores. As observed in the previously described 9 Ma (n = 14); 941 ± 14 Ma (n = 9), 1091 ± 29 Ma (n = 8). The
sample, the Neoproterozoic grains are characterized by poorly devel- youngest graphical age peak is around 697 Ma (Fig. 5c). The youngest
oped oscillatory zoning. Some grains are so bright or dark that the single grain age obtained was 686 ± 18 Ma (Table 2). The weighted

8
P. Serrano et al. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 145 (2024) 105079

Fig. 5. Frequency histogram, probability density curves for the 206Pb/238U zircon ages, and all zircons concordia diagram for the samples collected from the basal
Dom Silvério schists and quartzites and their possible sources a) Sample D-21E; b) Sample D-33; c) Sample D-24; and d) Integrated frequency histogram and
probability density curves. References: 1 = Gonçalves et al. (2014); 2 = Pedrosa-Soares et al. (2001); 3 = Tedeschi et al. (2016); 4 = Araújo et al. (2023); 5 =
Queiroga et al. (2012); 6 = Rosa et al. (2007); 7 = Thiéblemont et al. (2008); 8 = Thiéblemont et al. (2009); 9 = Straathof (2011); 10 = Renne et al. (1990); 11 =
Tack et al. (2001); 12 = Heaman (1991); 13 = Silva et al. (2008); 14 = Danderfer et al. (2009); 15 = Menezes et al. (2012); 16 = Castro et al. (2019); 17 = Chaves
et al. (2019); 18 = Souza et al. (2022); 19 = Victoria et al. (2022); 20 = Danderfer et al. (2009); 21 = Chemale et al. (2012); 22 = Fonseca (2017); 23 = Araujo et al.
(2021); 24 = Bruno et al. (2021); 25 = Noce et al. (2007); 26 = Novo (2013); 27 = Noce et al. (2005); 28 = Lana et al. (2013); 29 = Farina et al. (2015); 30 = Farina
et al. (2016); 31 = Machado et al. (1996); 32 = Hartmann et al. (2006); Baltazar and Zucchetti (2007).

9
P. Serrano et al. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 145 (2024) 105079

Table 2 The probability histogram for the 68 zircon grains displays three mean
Maximum depositional ages of the analyzed samples estimated according to peaks (Fig. 6c: 2085 ± 08 Ma (n = 59), 2628 ± 42 Ma (n = 2); 2804 ±
different metrics. YSG = Youngest Single Grain; YC1 σ(2+) = age of the youn- 20 Ma (n = 7). The youngest graphical age peak is around 2085 Ma
gest two or more grains (n ≥ 2) that overlap in age at 1σ; and YC2 σ(3+) = age of (Fig. 6c). The youngest single grain age obtained was 2018 ± 29 Ma
the youngest three or more grains (n ≥ 3) that overlap in age at 2σ. (Table 2). The weighted mean age of the youngest clusters YC1σ (2+)
Sample ID Sector YSG (Ma) YPP (Ma) YC1σ(2+) YC2σ(3+) and YC2σ (3+) are, respectively, 2038 ± 13 and 2035 ± 7 (Table 2).
D-33 Central 650 ± 13 653 655 ± 10 655 ± 5
D-21 Southern 601 ± 12 596 601 ± 20 601 ± 10
D-24 Southern 686 ± 18 697 694 ± 13 694 ± 7 4.2. Geochemistry of mafic and ultramafic rocks
D-05Q Southern 1987 ± 36 2052 2013 ± 14 2020 ± 6
D-29 Northern 1972 ± 38 2044 1997 ± 16 2008 ± 14
D-31 Northern 2018 ± 29 2085 2038 ± 13 2035 ± 7 Investigated mafic rocks from the Dom Silvério Group are repre-
sented by amphibolites and meta-gabbros, while anthophyllite schists
represent the sampled ultramafic rocks.
mean age of the youngest clusters YC1σ (2+) and YC2σ (3+) are, The dark green amphibolites occurring mainly in the basal and
respectively, 694 ± 13 Ma and 694 ± 7 Ma (Table 2). middle portions of the exposed succession show mineral assemblages
indicative of greenschist to amphibolite facies conditions and a well-
4.1.4. Sample D-05 – quartzite developed foliation, in which stretched grains mark a prominent linea-
Sample D-05 comes from an outcrop near the town of Guaraciaba in tion. The mineral assemblage includes hornblende (75–80 vol%),
the southern half of the study area. It corresponds to a fine-grained plagioclase (10–15 vol%), and minor titanite and apatite (<5 vol%)
quartzite bed, which covers an amphibolite layer of the lower portion (Fig. 3b, e and 3f).
of the group (Table 1). 140 grains were analyzed, and all of them are The grayish green or dark green meta-gabbros consist of hornblende
concordant and considered. Cathodoluminescence images (Fig. 4) (45 vol%), plagioclase (35 vol%), and quartz (<10 vol%), with titanite
revealed a mixture of idiomorphic and subrounded grains. They range in and magnetite as common accessory minerals. These rocks preserve the
size from 150 to 320 μm, with a length/width ratio of around 2:1. In a igneous texture and exhibit an incipient foliation. They occur in the form
few grains, the length/width ratio is 3:1. Most zircon shows faint of small lenses in the northern sector of the Dom Silvério occurrences
oscillatory zoning or are so bright/dark that the zoning is not visible. and seem to represent the protoliths of the amphibolites.
Th/U ratios range from 0.01 to 0.77. The probability histogram for the The anthophyllite schists are restricted to the basal section of the
140 zircon grains displays a unimodal peak with two mean clusters Dom Silvério Group. The analyzed samples, collected in the northern
(Fig. 6a): 2034 ± 6 Ma (n = 76), 2080 ± 6 Ma (n = 64). The unimodal sector, are composed of anthophyllite (70 vol%) and talc (30 vol%). Talc
age peak is around 2052 Ma (Fig. 6a). The youngest single grain age forms white-greenish lamellae with a typical greasy appearance. The
obtained was 1987 ± 36 Ma (Table 2). The weighted mean age of the anthophyllite crystals are prismatic, acicular, thin, and elongated,
youngest clusters YC1σ (2+) and YC2σ (3+) are, respectively, 2013 ± composing fibro-radial aggregates that reach up to 4 cm in length.
14 and 2020 ± 6 (Table 2).
4.2.1. Sm-Nd whole-rock geochemistry
4.1.5. Sample D-29 – quartzite Sm-Nd isotopic data were obtained from 8 amphibolite samples (M-
Sample D-29 was collected from a coarse-grained quartzite of the 02F, M-02M, M-04, M-05, M-12, M-16, M-17, M-18), 1 meta-gabbro
upper portion of the group exposed at ca. 5 km to the east of the town of sample (M-08), and 2 anthophyllite-schist samples (U-20 and U-22)
Dom Silvério (northern occurrence area) (Table 1). All 78 grains (Fig. 7; Supplementary File 2). Initial isotopic ratios were recalculated
analyzed were revealed to be concordant and considered for the in- for 629 Ma, which is the best estimate for the crystallization ages of the
terpretations. Cathodoluminescence images (Fig. 4) showed a mixture of mafic protoliths (Gradim, 2012).
idiomorphic to subrounded grains. They range in size from 50 to 220 The amphibolites and meta-gabbro yielded 147Sm/144Nd ranging
μm, with a length/width ratio of around 2:1 and a few grains with a 3:1 from 0.0928 to 0.5908 and 143Nd/144Nd ranging from 0.51111 to
ratio. The Archean zircon grains are sub-rounded, weakly zoned, and 0.51250, thereby characterizing two distinct modal age groups:
stubby in shape. The Paleoproterozoic grains are sub-rounded to sub-
hedral and prismatic, showing a poorly developed internal zoning. Some - Group I, including samples M-02F, M-02M, M-04, M-16, M-17, and
grains exhibit dark cores and convoluted zoning. Th/U ratios range from M-18, show TDM model ages ranging from 1.0 Ga to 1.25 Ga and ƐNd
0.18 to 1.23. The probability histogram for the 78 zircon grains displays (629 Ma) parameters between +0.05 and + 2.28 (Fig. 7a).
five peaks (Fig. 6b): 2057 ± 20 Ma (n = 18), 2331 ± 23 Ma (n = 18); - Group II, including samples M-05, M-08, and M-12, show TDM model
2528 ± 18 Ma (n = 31), 2677 ± 44 Ma (n = 7), 3136 ± 40 Ma (n = 4). ages ranging from 1.92 Ga to 3.6 Ga and ƐNd(629 Ma) parameters
The youngest graphical age peak is around 2044 Ma (Fig. 6b). The between − 24.58 and − 12.59 (Fig. 7a).
youngest single grain age obtained was 1972 ± 38 Ma (Table 2). The
weighted mean age of the youngest clusters YC1σ (2+) and YC2σ (3+) The anthophyllite schist samples U-20 and U-22 yielded
are, respectively, 1997 ± 16 and 2008 ± 14 (Table 2). 147
Sm/144Nd values of 0.1530 and 0.1155, and 143Nd/144Nd of
0.512034 and 0.511552, respectively, corresponding TDM model ages of
4.1.6. Sample D-31 – str-ky-qtz-bt schist 2.53 Ga and 2.30 Ga and ƐNd(629 Ma) parameters of +2.51 and + 2.92
Sample D-31 was collected from a coarse-grained staurolite-kyanite- (Fig. 7b).
garnet-quartz-biotite schist of the upper portion of the group. It is
exposed at ca. 12 km to the northeast of the town of Dom Silvério and 4.2.2. Whole-rock geochemistry of mafic and ultramafic rocks
contains cm-thick quartzite lenses (Table 1). 109 grains were analyzed, Whole-rock geochemistry data were obtained from 7 amphibolites
and 68 were concordant and considered. Cathodoluminescence images (M-02F, M-02M, M-04, M-16, M-17, M-18, M-22), 2 meta-gabbros (M-
(Fig. 4) revealed idiomorphic and subrounded grains. They range in size 08, M-19), and 1 anthophyllite schist (U-20) (Supplementary File 2).
from 50 to 120 μm, with a length/width ratio around 2:1 and a few For comparison, the results presented here were plotted in various
grains with a 3:1 ratio. The Archean zircon grains are subhedral, with a diagrams together with data available in the literature for the Dom
weak zoning and stubby shape. Paleoproterozoic grains are subhedral Silverio Group (sample V-5B from Gradim, 2012) and its potential cor-
and prismatic, with poorly developed internal zoning; some grains have relatives late Cryogenian to early Ediacaran mafic and ultramafic rocks
dark cores and convoluted zoning. Th/U ratios range from 0.01 to 1.38. of the Araçuaí orogen.

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P. Serrano et al. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 145 (2024) 105079

Fig. 6. Frequency histogram, probability density curves for the 207Pb/206Pb zircon ages, and all zircons concordia diagram for the quartzites and schist from the
lower and upper section of the group: e) sample D-05Q; e) sample D-29; f) D-31; and h) Integrated frequency histogram and probability density curves. For ref-
erences, refer to Fig. 5.

4.2.2.1. Amphibolites and meta-gabbros. These rocks are characterized (Na2O and K2O) can be explained by the cumulative nature of the rocks
by a variable content of SiO2 (44.0–50.8 wt%), TiO2 (0.47–4.13 wt%), (Kakar et al., 2013). On the cation-based classification diagram (Jensen,
MgO (4.63–21.9 wt%), FeOtotal (10.44–15.84 wt%), CaO (4.60–12.11 wt 1976), most samples fall within the field of high-Fe tholeiite basalt
%), Al2O3 (6.42–16.30 wt%), Na2O (0.16–3.24 wt%), K2O (0.02–1.26 wt (Fig. 8a and b). A few samples fall within the andesite field, and one falls
%), and Mg# (23–66). Low Loss on Ignition (LOI) values (0.57–3.49 wt in the komatiite field, reflecting their relatively high SiO2 and MgO
%) suggest a low degree of alteration. Low concentrations of alkalis contents. These rocks show variable contents of Ni (13–823 ppm), Cr

11
P. Serrano et al. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 145 (2024) 105079

Fig. 7. Nd isotope evolution diagram for the Dom Silvério a) mafic rocks and b) ultramafic and correlated rocks. CHUR = Chondritic Uniform Reservoir; DM =
Depleted Mantle (DM curve from DePaolo, 1988). 1 = Gradim (2012); 2 = Queiroga (2010); 3 = Uhlein (1991); 4 = Pedrosa-Soares et al. (2011).

Fig. 8. Classification diagrams using major and trace elements for the Dom Silvério Group rocks. a) Cation classification diagram (Jensen, 1976). b)
Alkalis-FeOt-MgO ternary diagram (Irvine and Baragar, 1971). 1 = Gradim (2012); 2 = Queiroga (2010); 3 = Uhlein (1991); 4 = Pedrosa-Soares et al. (2011).

(44–1869 ppm), Nb (12–51 ppm), Rb (4–43 ppm), Sr (84–510 ppm) and positively correlate with MgO. Since La/Ce (0.44–4.92) and Ce/Sm
Y (21–70 ppm). (0.96–11.10) ratios tend to be higher than those of primitive mantle
The amphibolites and meta-gabbros show total contents of rare earth (respectively 0.39 and 4.0), a derivation from a fertile mantle source
elements (ΣREE) ranging from 45.62 to 286.53 ppm, with moderate to might be considered (Sun and McDonough, 1989). The multi-elemental
high fractionation of light REE relatively to heavy REEs (LaN/YbN = patterns exhibit Large Ion Lithophile Elements (LILE) enrichment except
1.73 to 12.4), and positive Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu* = 0.85 to 2.12; for K and Ce and High Field Strength Elements (HFSE) depletion as
Fig. 9a), suggesting moderate to high contents of Ca-rich minerals compared to N-MORB with some negative anomalies at Zr, P, and Ti
(plagioclase) (cf. Dostal et al., 2016). Additionally, positive anomalies (Fig. 9b). Together, these geochemical features suggest an igneous
for Nd and Tb are observed (Fig. 9a), indicating a composition typical of protolith such as subalkaline tholeiitic basalts (Figs. 8b and 9b).
OIB basalts (e.g., Sun and McDonough, 1989; Wilson, 1989; Pearce,
2008; Xia and Li, 2019). The incompatible element profiles are char- 4.2.2.2. Anthophyllite schists. The analyses of anthophyllite schists
acteristic of mantle-derived magmas, plotting in the mantle array resulted in 56.6 wt % of SiO2, 30.6 wt % of MgO, 6.88 wt % of FeOtotal,
(Fig. 9b), with trace elements (e.g., Ni, Nb, Ta, Hf, and REE) positively low contents of Al2O3, CaO and TiO2 (2.43, 0.51, 0.05 wt %, respec-
correlated with Zr and SiO2. Compatible elements (e.g., Ni and Cr) tively), and high Mg# (82). A low Loss on Ignition (LOI) value (3.68 wt

12
P. Serrano et al. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 145 (2024) 105079

Fig. 9. Primitive mantle-normalized REE patterns and multi-elements spidergram normalized to NMORB reservoir (values given by Sun and McDonough, 1989) for
a) and b) metamafic rocks; and c) and d) metaultramafic rocks. 1 = Gradim (2012); 2 = Queiroga (2010); 3 = Uhlein (1991); 4 = Pedrosa-Soares et al. (2011).

%) suggests a low degree of alteration. The concentration of alkalis et al., 2014; Melo et al., 2017). The present study assumes, based on
(Na2O and K2O) below the detection limit can be explained by the ul- literature examples (e.g., Hoskin and Black, 2000; Chen and Zheng,
tramafic nature of the rocks (Wilson, 1989). 2017), that the metamorphic conditions recorded by the Dom Silvério
The total contents of rare earth elements (ΣREE) reach 4.34 ppm, rocks were not high enough to reset or open the zircon system through
with moderate fractionation of light REE relative to heavy REEs (LaN/ solid-state recrystallization. Some cases involving dissolution and pre-
YbN = 1.59) and negative Eu anomaly (Eu/Eu* = 0.65; Fig. 9c). The cipitation of zircons under high-temperature amphibolite facies condi-
incompatible element profiles are characteristic of mantle-derived tions are documented in the literature (Rubatto, 2017). However, the
magmas, plotting in the mantle array related to a divergent plate processes under these conditions affect a large population of zircon
setting (Fig. 9d), with trace elements (e.g., Ni, Nb, Ta, Hf and REE) grains, returning mixed and spurious ages that reflect incomplete re-
positively correlated with Zr and SiO2. Compatible elements show high placements. For these reasons, our statistical analysis did not consider
Ni (1009 ppm) and Cr (1731 ppm) content and positively correlate with zircons younger than 590 Ma that exhibit metamorphic internal struc-
MgO. The multi-elemental patterns exhibit Large Ion Lithophile Ele- tures or dubious features. Furthermore, as demonstrated below, the
ments (LILE) enrichment, except for Ce and High Field Strength Ele- resulting age spectra are compatible with data available for both the
ments (HFSE) depletion as compared to N-MORB with some negative basement and cover units involved in the Araçuaí orogen.
anomalies at Zr, P, and Ti (Fig. 9d). Together, these geochemical fea- The results of the geochronological determinations we carried out on
tures suggest high Mg igneous protoliths, such as komatiites and peri- zircons from the Dom Silvério Group revealed, in the first place, two
dotites (Fig. 8a). distinct detrital zircon age spectra (Figs. 5 and 6). The age spectra of the
mica-schists of samples D-21, D-24, and D-33 consist predominantly of
5. Discussion Neoproterozoic zircons. A secondary Paleoproterozoic age peak occurs
only in one sample (Fig. 5). The quartzites and mica-schist of the sam-
5.1. Provenance, maximum depositional age, and correlations ples D-05, D-29, and D-31, on the other hand, do not contain zircons
younger than 1950 Ma, and their spectra are defined almost exclusively
The schist and quartzite samples we investigated were collected from by Paleoproterozoic ages (Fig. 6).
areas where petrological studies by Jordt-Evangelista and Roeser The populations of dated zircons of the first and second sample sets
(1988), Rettinger et al. (1998), Cavalcante et al. (2019), and Cutts et al. include 196 and 286 grains, respectively, allowing inferences on prov-
(2018) identified an amphibolite facies regional metamorphic event enance, stratigraphic correlations, and basin tectonic settings, as well as
dated to around 545 Ma (Brueckner et al., 2000; Cutts et al., 2018). The estimation of maximum depositional ages (Dickinson and Gehrels, 2009;
peak P-T conditions in these areas reached 8–9 kbar and 650 ◦ C (Cutts Pullen et al., 2014; Cawood et al., 2012; Gehrels, 2014).
et al., 2018), and the peak of amphibolite to granulite facies meta-
morphism characterized in the AWCO crystalline core returned ages 5.1.1. Samples with neoproterozoic zircons
between 570 and 550 Ma (e.g., Pedrosa-Soares et al., 2011; Gradim The Neoproterozoic age spectra of the basal schist samples are

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P. Serrano et al. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 145 (2024) 105079

similar so that we could compile an integrated frequency histogram and

a probability density curve, which revealed the following age clusters: i)
600–750 Ma (graphic age peak - g.a.p) at 682 Ma, n = 52); ii) 750–850
Ma (g.a.p. at 782 Ma, n = 49); and 850–1000 Ma (g.a.p. at 922 Ma, n =
29).
A possible source for the youngest zircons is the Ediacaran pre-
collisional granite supersuite G1 (630-585Ma) that occupies a large
area in the western portion of the Araçuaí orogen crystalline core (e.g.,
Pedrosa Soares et al., 2001; Gonçalves et al., 2016; Tedeschi et al., 2016;
Araújo et al., 2023) (Fig. 1). The largest population of these rocks con-
sists of Cryogenian zircons, which could be derived from the following
units: i) the Ribeirão da Folha Formation (Queiroga et al., 2012); ii) the
South Bahia Alkaline province (Rosa et al., 2007); and iii) the La Louilla
and Sumbi volcanic rocks (Thiéblemont et al., 2008, 2009; Straathof,
2011). The second largest population comprises Tonian zircons, prob-
ably supplied by the 750–850 Ma zircons dated in the Mativa and Bata
Kimenga volcanic rocks of the West Congo Supergroup (Thiéblemont
et al., 2018) and 850–1000 Ma volcanic and plutonic rocks associated
with the Lower Macaúbas Group (Renne et al., 1990; Tack et al., 2001;
Silva et al., 2008; Heaman, 1991; Danderfer et al., 2009; Menezes et al.,
2012; Castro et al., 2019; Chaves et al., 2019; Souza et al., 2022; Victoria
et al., 2022).
Besides the Neoproterozoic population, the sample D-21 also con-
tains Paleo- and Mesoproterozoic zircons. The Espinhaço Supergroup
and associated basic and acid magmatic rocks, as components of the
basement assemblage exposed to west of the study area, represent the
potential source for the Statherian to Stenian zircons (e.g. Danderfer
et al., 2009; Chemale et al., 2012) (Fig. 5d). The Archean/Paleoproter-
ozoic basement and the Juiz de Fora complexes, as well as the TTG
gneisses, granitoids, and the greenstone belt of the Quadrilátero Ferrí-
fero mineral province (e.g., Lana et al., 2013; Farina et al., 2015, 2016;
Machado et al., 1996; Hartmann et al., 2006; Noce et al., 2005, 2007;
Baltazar and Zucchetti, 2007; Fonseca, 2017; Araujo et al., 2021; Bruno
et al., 2021) probably fed the basin with Sideran to Orosian zircons
(Fig. 5d). Secondary sources for the Archean to Orosirian grains could be
the Paleoproterozoic metasedimentary successions of the Minas Super-
group and Itacolomi Group also exposed in the Quadrilátero Ferrífero (e.
g., Machado et al., 1996; Dopico et al., 2017; Hartmann et al., 2006;
Duque et al., 2020).
The four youngest magmatic zircons dated in sample D-21 (Fig. 5b;
Table 2) allow us to establish a probable maximum depositional age of
601 ± 10 Ma for these components of the Dom Silvério Group. This age
is slightly younger than the zircon U-Pb SHRIMP crystallization age of
629 ± 5 Ma obtained by Gradim (2012) in a small amphibolite lens
intercalated with the mica-schists of sample D-21. The minimum age of
these schists can be estimated at around 545 Ma, the age of the regional
metamorphic event affecting the unit as documented by Brueckner et al.
(2000) and Cutts et al. (2018).
Potential correlatives of these rocks of the Dom Silvério Group are
the Ediacaran units of the Araçuaí orogen, namely, the distal passive
margin to oceanic cover succession of the Ribeirão da Folha Formation,
the arc-related volcano-sedimentary rocks of the Rio Doce Group, and
the syn-orogenic turbidites of the Salinas Formation.
The lower Dom Silvério schists differ from the Ribeirão da Folha
Formation for the abundant 600–650 Ma zircons and the maximum
depositional age of 601 ± 10 Ma. The Ribeirão da Folha Formation
Fig. 10. The detrital zircon spectrum of the lower Dom Silvério schists
detrital zircon record is characterized by a polymodal age distribution
compared with the spectra of its potential correlatives Salinas Formation, Rio
with Tonian, Ectasian-Stenian, and Rhyacian-Orosirian as the main age
Doce Group, and Ribeirão da Folha Formation. Data from: 1 = This Study; 2 =
populations, and the youngest mean age peak around 800 Ma (Amaral Queiroga (2010); 3 = Lima et al. (2002); 4 = Peixoto et al. (2015); 5 = Costa
et al., 2020; Peixoto et al., 2015.) (Fig. 10a). Significant similarities exist et al. (2018); 6 = Deluca et al. (2018); 7 = Castro et al. (2020); 8 = Kuchen-
between the age spectra of the lower Dom Silvério schists and the becker et al. (2020); 9 = Degler et al. (2017); 10 = Novo et al. (2018); 11 =
Edicaran Rio Doce Group and Salinas Formation, as illustrated by the Schannor et al. (2019). a) Integrated probability density curves; b) Kernel
curves generated by the Kernel density estimation method reproduced in density estimative comparison. c) Cumulative probability density plots and
Fig. 10b. Occurrences of the Rio Group are restricted to the Rio Doce arc tectonic discrimination diagram based on the cumulative distribution of detrital
domain, i.e., the region to the east of the Abre Campo suture that cor- zircon ages after Cawood et al. (2012).
responds to the upper plate in the Araçuaí orogen. The involvement of

14
P. Serrano et al. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 145 (2024) 105079

the Rio Doce Group in the belt defined by the Dom Silvério rocks in the interval of 1.0 Ga to 1.25 Ga and ƐNd(629 Ma) parameters between +0.05
region west of the Abre Campo suture (i.e., in the lower plate) is unlike, and + 2.28, exhibit the identical geochemical signatures of the am-
for it would require a rather complex tectonic mechanism. For phibolites described and dated by Gradim (2012) in the basal portion of
simplicity, we favor the correlation of these rocks with the Salinas tur- the Dom Silvério Group, the amphibolites that occur tectonically
bidites. Furthermore, the Salinas Formation, together with the under- imbricated with the Ribeirão da Folha Formation along the schist belt of
lying Ribeirão da Folha schists and tectonic slices of ophiolitic rocks, central Araçuaí orogen (Uhlein et al., 1998; Amaral et al., 2020), as well
defines the homonymous accretionary belt in the central portion of the as the Santo Antônio do Grama Amphibolite (Queiroga, 2010).
orogen, of which the Dom Silvério occurrences form a continuation All these mafic rocks show a moderate to high fractionation of LREEs
(Pedrosa-Soares et al., 1992, 1998, 2001; Gradim, 2012; Peixoto et al., to HREES and, generally, LREE enrichment relative to HREE. On the Th/
2015; Amaral et al., 2020) (comp. Fig. 1b). Yb vs. Nb/Yb diagram (Fig. 11a), they fall above the field of E-MORB-
OIB array, and the high ratios of Th/Yb (0.20–2.08) above the mantle
5.1.2. Samples without meso- and neoproterozoic zircons array could indicate a weakly contribution of recycled crustal compo-
The similar age spectra of the quartzite and schist samples D-05 and nent (Pearce, 2008). The Ti/Eu (575.76–9810.26) and Y/Ho
D-31 (Fig. 6a and c, Table 2) characterize an unimodal distribution (25.70–32.52) ratios are similar to those of global MORB (mean Ti/Eu =
around the Rhyacian-Orosirian transition. On the other hand, the 7060 ± 1270, Y/Ho = 28.4 ± 3.6; by Litvak and Poma, 2010), which
quartzite of sample D-29 yielded a bimodal distribution with peaks at together with their high Mg# (23–66) and positive ƐNd(t) values indi-
2057 and 2528 Ma. Subordinate Archean age clusters appear in the cate a depleted mantle origin for their parental magma (Fig. 7a). They
samples D-29 and D-31 spectra. All data integration resulted in a also plot in the OIB and Oceanic Plateau Basalt Fields in Nb/Y vs. Zr/Y
unimodal distribution with a pronounced peak at 2067 Ma (Fig. 6d). diagram (Fig. 11b; Condie, 2015). As observed in typical E-MORB and
Assuming a sedimentary origin for the rocks represented by this OIB (Fig. 9a, b, and Fig. 11a), the LREE enrichment relative to HREE fact
sample set, a variety of granites dated between 2500 and 2050 Ma that might be a consequence of partial melting and the presence of garnet as a
intrude the Archean rocks in the vicinity of Dom Silvério outcrop belt residual phase in the mantle source (e.g., Hellebrand et al., 2002).
and areas adjacent to the Quadrilátero Ferrífero, as well as the juvenile The Group I mafic rocks and the Ribeirão da Folha amphilolites plot
Paleoproterozoic Juiz de Fora Complex represent potential primary in the La/Sm vs. Sm/Yb (Zhao and Zhou, 2007) and Zr/Nb vs. La/Yb
sources of its dominant zircon population (e.g., Lana et al., 2013; Farina (Aldanmaz et al., 2006) diagrams (Fig. 10c and d) between the spinel
et al., 2015, 2016; Machado et al., 1996; Hartmann et al., 2006; Noce lherzolite and the garnet lherzolite melting curves, near the OIB field,
et al., 2005, 2007; Baltazar and Zucchetti, 2007; Fonseca, 2017; Araujo reflecting thus theoretical partial melting between 5% and 30% degree
et al., 2021; Bruno et al., 2021). Secondary sources for the same popu- in relatively deep domains of the upper mantle.
lation are represented by the metasedimentary units of the Minas Su- Together, these geochemical characteristics are indicative of a
pergroup (e.g., Machado et al., 1996; Dopico et al., 2017; Hartmann common origin from an enriched MORB mantle in an intra-oceanic
et al., 2006; Duque et al., 2020). The 2550-2520 Ma zircons that define setting for the Group I mafic rocks of Dom Silvério Group and its cor-
the main age peak of sample M-29 might have been supplied by plutons relatives, the Ribeirão da Folha and Santo Antônio do Grama amphib-
described in the region by Fonseca (2017) and Bruno et al. (2021), while olites (Queiroga, 2010; Peixoto et al., 2015; Amaral et al., 2020).
the Archean basement rocks likely sourced the minor Archean Despite the similar geochemical signature of the previously
population. mentioned Neoproterozoic amphibolites and Group II rocks, these show
A maximum depositional age of 2020 ± 6 Ma for these rocks was TDM model ages between 1.92 Ga and 3.6 Ga and negative ƐNd(629 Ma)
estimated by the weighted mean age of 43 zircon grains dated in sample values, representing thus a distinct generation of mafic rocks that
D-05Q. This age, the absence of zircons younger than 1950 Ma, and the probably belongs to the basement assemblage. Furthermore, we
unimodal spectra led to three hypotheses for the stratigraphic signifi- observed a close association between the mafic rocks of Group I and
cance of these components of the Dom Silvério succession: i) correlatives quartzite layers, as exemplified by the station where we collected the
of Paleoproterozoic basement metasedimentary units tectonically amphibolite and quartzite samples M-05 and D-05, respectively.
imbricated with the Neoproterozoic rocks; ii) Neoproterozoic meta-
sedimentary rocks derived from a specific and limited source; iii) 5.2.2. Ultramafic rocks
products of a strong hydrothermal alteration of Paleoproterozoic base- The anthophyllite schists of the Dom Silvério Group share with the
ment rocks along shear zones. ultramafic rocks that occur intercalated with the Ribeirão da Folha
Samples of this set were collected from different portions of the schists in the São José da Safira region various feature (Figs. 8, 9c and d).
investigated succession and represent different lithotypes. Thus, the For instance, they show the same mineralogical composition, Mg#, REE
hypothesis of a Neoproterozoic metasedimentary unit derived exclu- patterns, incompatible element profiles typically from mantle-derived
sively from a Paleoproterozoic/Archean source is unlikely. Although magmas, and peridotite protoliths (Figs. 8, 9c and d). However, the ul-
“quartzites” produced by hydrothermal alteration of basement gneisses tramafic rocks related to the Ribeirão da Folha Formation returned TDM
and granitoids are lithotypes commonly found in the major strike-slip model ages ranging from 1400 Ma to 700 Ma and ƐNd(645 Ma) values
shear zones of the orogen’s crystalline core (including the Abre between − 0.7 and + 6.3 (Queiroga, 2010), which differ fundamentally
Campo suture zone) (e.g., Silva et al., 2009), their incorporation as from the TDM model ages of 2.53 Ga and 2.30 Ga and ƐNd(629 Ma) pa-
layers and lenses in the Dom Silvério succession also seem to be unlikely. rameters of +2.51 and + 2.92 (Fig. 7b) yielded by the investigated
The abundance of zircons in this sample set speaks against this hy- anthophyllite schists. Thus, the Dom Silvério anthophyllite schists might
pothesis as well. For these reasons, we favor the first hypothesis. also represent a component of the basement assemblage.
Moreover, all attributes of this sample set typified the Itacolomi Group,
the post-collisional sedimentary assembly of Paleoproterozoic 5.3. On the nature of the Dom Silvério Group
Minas-Bahia orogen that occurs in the southern Quadrilátero Ferrífero
and adjacent areas to the east (Machado et al., 1996; Hartmann et al., Among other questions, this study was motivated by the problem of
2006; Duque et al., 2020; Jordt-Evangelista et al., 2015). the tectonic significance of the Dom Silvério Group, i.e., as a tectonos-
tratigraphic assemblage, which of the superposed orogens, the Minas-
5.2. Significance of the mafic and ultramafic rocks Bahia or the Araçuaí-West Congo, it belongs to? Our study provides a
straightforward answer: to both. The Dom Silvério Group is revealed to
5.2.1. Mafic rocks be a complex made up of at least four distinct rock associations: Archean
The mafic rocks of Group I, characterized by TDM model ages in the to Paleoproterozoic mafic and ultramafic rocks, correlatives of the

15
P. Serrano et al. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 145 (2024) 105079

Fig. 11. a) Th/Yb vs. Nb/Yb diagram (Pearce, 2008); b) Zr/Y vs. Nb/Y diagram (Condie, 2015); c) La/Sm vs. Sm/Yb diagram after Zhao and Zhou (2007); d) La/Yb
vs. Zr/Nb diagram (Aldanmaz et al., 2006, 2008). DM = Depleted Mantle; PM = Primitive Mantle; OIB = Oceanic Island basalt; MORB = Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalt;
E-MORB = enriched-MORB; N-MORB = normal-MORB; ARC = Arc-related basalt. 1 =Gradim (2012); 2 =Pedrosa-Soares et al. (2011); 3 =Queiroga (2010).

Orosirian Itacolomi quartzites and schists, 629 Ma-old Ediacaran mafic that expanded progressively toward the south (in the present-day
rocks, and schists that potentially represents the Salinas Formation. The reference frame). It is then possible that in the southern portion of the
first and second assemblages are components of the Minas-Bahia orogen, basin, the Salinas turbidites lie directly over the ocean floor (Fig. 12).
later incorporated into the Araçuaí-West Congo orogen as basement The rocks of the Dom Silvério complex that might represent ophiolite
units. The latter two were emplaced and deposited during the devel- slivers are the Group I amphibolites, which, as previously demonstrated,
opment of the Brasiliano/Pan-African orogenic system. Consequently, show a geochemical signature compatible with oceanic plateau and
the Dom Silvério Group concept as a stratigraphic unit must be revised oceanic island basalts. Their age, assumed to be 629 ± 5 Ma (Gradim,
or even abandoned. 2012), is, however, younger than 645 ± 10 Ma, the age of Ribeirão da
As initially suggested by Pedrosa-Soares and Wiedemann-Leonardos Folha ophiolite obtained from plagiogranite zircons (Amaral et al.,
(2000), the belt defined by the Dom Silvério rocks can be viewed as the 2020). This younger age implies that intra-oceanic volcanism was still
southern continuation of the Ribeirão da Folha accretionary belt active around 630 Ma, a time when the oldest subduction-related
exposed the central portion of the orogen (compare Fig. 1). As the granites were forming along the eastern margin of the precursor basin
southern continuation of this belt, the Dom Silvério “complex” exhibits, of the Araçuaí orogen (Queiroga, 2010; Tedeschi et al., 2016; Araújo
however, three distinctive aspects: i) the apparent absence of the et al., 2023).
Ribeirão da Folha Formation; ii) involvement of the basement, repre- The involvement of the Itacolomi Group and other basement rocks in
sented by mafic and ultramafic rocks, and the Itacolomi Group; iii) the Dom Silvério “complex” must have occurred during its motion to-
occurrence as an allochthon over the Archean/Paleoproterozoic base- wards the west in the second phase of deformation described by Peres
ment complex in an area located ca. 40 km to the west of the Abre et al. (2004). Evangelista et al. (2015), Endo et al. (2019), and Queiroz
Campo suture zone. et al. (2019) have demonstrated that the metasedimentary units occur-
The absence of the Ribeirão da Folha Formation in the study area ring directly over the Archean basement in areas to the east of the
implies that the sedimentary cover in the corresponding portion of the Quadrilátero Ferrífero are the Paleoproterozoic Sabará and Itacolomi
oceanic basin was made up of the Salinas turbidites or some correlatives groups and not the Archean Rio das Velhas greenstone belt assemblage
of the Rio Doce Group. According to Santos et al. (2009) and Costa et al. as previously pictured in maps available for the region (e.g., Pinto and
(2018), the Salinas turbidites accumulated in a remnant oceanic basin Silva, 2014). Our results indicate that the occurrences of the Itacolomi

16
P. Serrano et al. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 145 (2024) 105079

Fig. 12. An evolutionary model for the development of the Dom Silvério Complex as the southern segment of the Ribeirão da Folha accretionary wedge between ca.
630 Ma and ca.540 Ma. a) Closure of the Macaúbas basin in association with the development of Ribeirão da Folha accretionary wedge and the Rio Doce magmatic
arc. b) Deposition of the Salinas turbidites during the initial interaction of the basin margins. c) Collisional stage and full development of the Dom Silvério Complex.

17
P. Serrano et al. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 145 (2024) 105079

Group extend over an even larger area, covering the Paleoproterozoic • The complex of Dom Silvério rocks can be viewed as the southern
continental arc represented by the Piedade microcontinent (Bruno et al., extension of the Ribeirão da Folha accretionary wedge exhibiting,
2021). Furthermore, it is possible that the marbles, banded iron for- however, some distinctive features that include the involvement of
mations, and manganese-rich rocks of the Dom Silvério “complex” are the basement units and occurrence as an allochthon over the
correlatives of the Sabará Group, as postulated by Brueckner et al. Archean/Paleoproterozoic basement. As such, the complex provides
(2000). further evidence of the participation of oceanic floor assemblage in
The nature of the AWCO and the other components of the Man- the development of the southern Araçuaí orogen.
tiqueira orogenic system is currently debated in the literature. It is dis-
cussed whether the system was generated through the consumption of a CRediT authorship contribution statement
branch of the Neoproterozoic Adamastor Ocean (e.g., Caxito et al., 2022
and references therein) or closure of a large-scale intracontinental rift Paula Serrano: Writing – review & editing, Writing – original draft,
system (e.g., Konopàsek et al., 2020). Visualization, Validation, Software, Resources, Project administration,
The ensialic model argues that the magmatic provinces, traditionally Methodology, Investigation, Formal analysis, Data curation, Conceptu-
viewed as subduction-related (e.g. Pedrosa-Soares et al., 2001, 2008, alization. Fernando F. Alkmim: Writing – review & editing, Writing –
2020; Tedeschi et al., 2016; Gonçalves et al., 2016; De Campos et al., original draft, Visualization, Validation, Supervision, Resources, Project
2016; Melo et al., 2017; Deluca et al., 2018; Serrano et al., 2018; Araújo administration, Methodology, Investigation, Funding acquisition,
et al., 2020, 2023), was generated in an extensional intracontinental Formal analysis, Data curation, Conceptualization. Maria Eugênia
setting later evolved to a contractional system (e.g. Meira et al., 2015; Souza: Writing – review & editing, Investigation, Data curation. Anto-
Konopàsek et al., 2017; 2020; Cavalcante et al., 2019). According to nio Pedrosa-Soares: Writing – review & editing, Conceptualization.
Konopàsek et al. (2020), oceanic lithosphere consumption plays only a Elton Dantas: Methodology, Data curation. Cristina Araujo: Method-
minor role in the southern end of the Mantiqueira system. Caxito et al. ology. Gláucia Queiroga: Methodology, Data curation. Cristiano Lana:
(2022) summarize field, petrographic, geophysical, geochronological, Validation, Methodology, Data curation.
elemental, and isotopic data that supports the
rift-drift-subduction-collision-collapse components of a Wilson cycle in Declaration of competing interest
the region. Critical evidence supporting this model comprises the
geochemical signature of Ediacaran pre-collisional granites and the The authors declare that they have no known competing financial
occurrence of Tonian-Cryogenian ophiolite complexes and interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence
ophiolite-bearing units recognized in the different portions of the system the work reported in this paper.
(e.g. Pedrosa-Soares et al., 1998; Queiroga, 2010; Peixoto et al., 2015;
Amaral et al., 2020; Heilbron et al., 2004, 2017; Tassinari et al., 2001; Data availability
Passarelli et al., 2018; Capistrano et al., 2021; Arena et al., 2016, 2017,
2020; Massuda et al., 2020). The Ediacaran members of the Dom Silvério No data was used for the research described in the article.
“complex,” representing the southern continuation of the Ribeirão da
Folha accretionary wedge, expand the occurrence area of ophiolitic Acknowledgements
rocks almost up to the south end of the Araçuaí orogen, constituting thus
a new natural lab for further studies of these critical components of the This work was supported by CNPq (grant # 311543/2020–0 to F.
system. Alkmim). The authors also acknowledge the Microscopy and Micro-
analysis Laboratory of the Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, a
6. Conclusions member of the Microscopy and Microanalysis Network of Minas Gerais
State/Brazil/Fapemig. A.C. Pedrosa-Soares, Cristiano Lana, G. Queiroga,
The results of the geochronological and geochemical investigation and Elton Dantas are fellows of the Brazilian Research Council (CNPq)
we performed in the metasedimentary and meta-igneous rocks of the and are acknowledged for their support. We are grateful to two anon-
Dom Silvério Group led to the following conclusions: ymous reviewers. Their comments and criticism significantly improved
the original manuscript.
• The unit is revealed to be a complex made up of Archean to Paleo-
proterozoic mafic and ultramafic rocks, quartzites and schists of the Appendix A. Supplementary data
Orosirian Itacolomi Group, as well as Ediacaran mafic rocks repre-
senting ophiolitic rocks tectonically imbricated with the Ediacaran Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https://doi.
Salinas Formation. Consequently, the Dom Silvério Group concept as org/10.1016/j.jsames.2024.105079.
a stratigraphic unit must be revised or even abandoned.
• Detrital zircons extracted from the quartzites and schists that References
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