 RJT, BSPSYCH *Myelinated axons conduct action potentials more

NERVOUS SYSTEM quickly (3-15 meters/sec) than unmyelinated due

 PNS (PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM) outward to nodes of Ranvier
Nerves to face Multiple sclerosis- long lasting chronic disease
Ganglia of myelin sheath that causes loss of muscle
Nerves to upper limb and lower limb function, auto immune
 CNS (CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM) TYPES OF NEURONS
Brain Multipolar- many dendrites and a single axon,
Spinal cord ex. CNS and most motor neurons
FUNCTIONS Bipolar- one dendrite and one axon, ex. Eye and
 Receiving sensory input – sensory receptors nasal cavity
respond to stimuli Pseudo-unipolar- one axon and no dendrites,
 Integrating information- brain and spinal cord ex. Sensory neurons
process stimuli NEUROGLIA CHARACTERISTICS also called
 Control of muscle and glands – control the glial cells
major Supporting cells of neurons
 Maintaining homeostasis – detect the changes More numerous than neurons
of our environment Can divide to produce more cells
 Mental activity- (makes us nervous) brain is We have 5 types of neuroglia
the center of our mental activity Astrocytes- star shaped. Most abundant, form
MAIN DIVISION OF NERVOUS SYSTEM blood brain barrier
Central nervous system- brain and spinal cord Ependymal cells- produce and circulated
Peripheral nervous system- all neurons cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
outside CNS Microglia- help remove bacteria and cells
Sensory division- conduct action potential from debris from CNS Prevent bacteria
sensory receptors to the CNS Oligodendrocytes – produce myelin sheath in
Motor division- conducts action potential to CNS
effectors organs, such as muscle and glands, Schwann cells- produce myelin sheath in PNS,
responsible for making movement keep your neurons alive, development
Somatic nervous system- transmits action ORGANIZATION OF NERVOUS TISSUE
potential from CNS to skeletal muscle Gray matter- (darker, outer layer of the brain)
Autonomic nervous system- transmits action collection of dendrites and cell bodies, spinal cord
potential from the CNS to cardiac muscle (inner portion)
(involuntary muscle) and glands -Process and interpret of information
Enteric nervous system- a special nervous White matter- (light, inner portion of the brain)
system found only in the digestive tract collection of axons and their myelin sheath, spinal
NEURON CHARACTERISTICS cord (outer portion)
Nerve cells -Transmit information to other parts of nervous
Require oxygen and glucose system
Receive input, process input, produce a response CNS
NEURON STRUCTURES Oligodendrocytes- produce myelin sheath
Dendrite – receives stimulus (information) from Nerve tracts- collection of axons
other neurons of sensory receptors, allow Nuclei- collection of cell bodies
communication from other neurons PNS
Cell body – processes stimulus, contains a Schwann cells – produce myelin sheath
nucleus, connected to our dendrite Nerves- collection of axons
Axon- connected to cell body, transmit (send) Ganglion- collection of cell bodies
stimulus to a gland, muscle, organ, or other ELECTRICAL SIGNALS AND NEUTRAL
neuron PATHWAYS
MYELIN SHEATH Resting membrane potential
-Fatty, protective wrapping around axons Outside of cell is positive while the inside is
-Excellent insulator negative
Nodes of Ranvier- gaps between the myelin Leak ion channels- always open negative
sheaths where action potentials develop channels
Saltatory conduction- jumping of action Gated ion channels- closed until opened by
potentials. specific signal, positive channels
ACTION POTENTIALS (nerve impulses)
-Transmit one place to another Central canal- fluid filled space in center of
-Electricity that causes depolarization and cord
repolarization White matter- outside of spinal cord, contains
-Changes resting membrane potential by myelinated fibers
activating gated ion channels -Contains 3 columns dorsal, ventral, lateral
Local current- movement of Na+ which causes columns
inside of cells to be more positive Ascending tracts- axons that conduct action
SYNAPSE (travel of information from one neuron potential toward brain (spinal cord to cerebral
to another) cortex) carry information from the body to your
-where an axon attaches to muscle, glands, spinal cord and brain (up)
organ, or another neuron Descending tracts- axons that conduct action
-involve with release of neurotransmitters potentials away from brain, carry motor
ex. Neuromuscular junction information (down)
REFLEXES Ascending and descending – responsible for
-Involuntary response to a stimulus, without carrying sensory and motor stimuli to and from
conscious thought the peripheral
- path reflex travels SPINAL NERVES
COMPONENTS OF REFLEX ARC -Arise along spinal cord from union of dorsal roots
Sensory receptors- pick up stimulus, in skin and ventral roots
Sensory(afferent) neurons- send stimulus to -Contain axons sensory and somatic neurons
interneurons in spinal cord -Located between vertebras
Interneurons (association) neuron- located in -Categorized by region of vertebral column from
CNS (usually the spinal cord) and connected to which it emerges (c for cervical)
motor neurons, process the stimuli -31 pairs
Efferent (motor) neurons= send response to -Organized in 3 plexuses
effector CERVICAL PLEXUS
Effector- muscle, glands or organ -Spinal nerves c1-4
NEURONAL PATHWAYS -Innervated muscle attached to hyoid bone and
Converging (multiple neurons will send neck
information to a single neurons) -Contains phrenic nerve which innervates
-Two or more neurons synapse same neuron diaphragm
-Allows info to be transmitted in more than one BRACHIAL PLEXUS
neuronal pathway to converge into a single Originated from spinal nerves c5-t1
pathway Supply nerve to upper limb, shoulder, hand
Diverging (single neuron will send information to (upper extremity)
multiple neuron) ex. Motor neuron in spinal cord LUMBOSACRAL PLEXUS
Axon from one neuron divides and synapses Originates from spinal nerves L1 to s4
with more than one neuron Supply nerves lower limbs
Allows info. To be transmitted in one neuronal CEREBROSPINAL FLUID (FLUID IN THE
pathway to diverge into 2 more pathways BRAIN)
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM -Fluid that bathes the brain and spinal cord
-BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD -Provides a protective cushion around the CNS
Spinal cord -Produced in choroid plexus of brain
-Extend from foramen magnum to 2nd lumbar -3 and 4 lumbar
vertebra CSF tube order
-Protected by vertebral column T1- chemistry and immunology testing
-Spinal nerves allow movement T2- microbiology testing
If damaged paralysis can occur T3- hematology testing
GRAY AND WHITE MATTER IN SPINAL CORD T4- reserved for non-routine studies
Gray matter- center or inner of spinal cord, If only one tube; micro-Hema- chemistry
looks like letter H or a butterfly BRAINSTEM
Posterior horns- contains axon which synapse Medulla oblongata (inferior)
with interneurons (sensory function) Location- continuous with spinal cord
Anterior horns- contain somatic neurons Function- regulates heart rate, blood vessel
(motor function) motor information exit diameter, breathing, swallowing,
Lateral horns- contain autonomic neurons hiccupping, coughing, sneezing, balance.
Other- pyramids, involved in conscious control of play a role in controlling long-term cycles
skeletal muscle that are influenced by light-and-dark cycle
Pons Hypothalamus
Location- above medulla, bridge between -Most inferior part of the diencephalon
cerebrum and cerebellum
-Contains several small
Function- breathing, chewing, salivation.
swallowing
nuclei important to homeostasis
Midbrain (superior) -Plays a central role in control of body
Location- above pons temperature,
Function- coordinated eye movement, pupil hunger, and thirst
diameter, turning head toward noise -Sexual (emotion) pleasure, feeling relaxed
Others; smallest portion, 4 mounds of colliculi “good” after a meal, rage, and
2 inferior colliculi – major relay centers for fear is related to the hypothalamus which is
auditory nerve pathways to CNS related to the limbic system (primitive brain)
2 superior colliculi – involved in visual -Related to inappropriate emotional
reflexes like turning head toward, a tap on
responses
the shoulder, bright flash of light, or a
sudden loud noise
Controls secretion of hormones from the
Reticular Formation pituitary gland
 Group of nuclei scattered throughout Infundibulum- funnel shaped stalk from the
the brainstem – involved with hypothalamus to the pituitary gland – only
regulating cyclical motor function connects them
like respiration, walking and chewing Mamillary bodies – form the external
 Major component to the reticular visible swellings on the posterior portion of
activating system which plays an the hypothalamus, involved in the
important role in arousing and emotional response to odor and
maintaining consciousness and memory
regulating sleep & wake cycle CEREBELLUM
(little brain) attached to the brainstem by
 if damaged can result in a coma
cerebellar peduncles at the pons and midbrain
 general anesthetics function to suppress Location- below cerebrum
it – consist of gray matter and white matter (looks
DIENCEPHALON like a tree) called the arbor vitae
-Region of the brain between the – has gyri and sulci only smaller and more
brainstem and the cerebrum compact than the cerebrum
3 main components -involved in balance, muscle tone, and
Thalamus coordination of fine motor movement
-The largest part of the diencephalon CEREBRUM
-Consists of a cluster of nuclei largest part of the brain
– has two hemispheres (right and left)
-With two large lateral parts connected in the
separated
center by an intermediate mass called the by the longitudinal fissure connected at the
interthalamic adhesion (yo-yo) base by the corpus callosum
-Influences mood and registers as Location- surface of cerebrum, composed of
unlocalized, gray matter
uncomfortable perception of pain Function- controls thinking, communicating,
Epithalamus (on top) remembering, understanding, and initiates
-Small area superior and posterior to the involuntary movement
thalamus – gyri (folds on cerebral cortex that increase
-Consists of a few small nuclei involved in surface are) and sulci (shallow indentation)
increase the surface-to-volume ratio, fissure
emotional and visceral response to
(deep indentation)
odors Left hemisphere- controls right side of the
-Also includes the pineal body which is an body, responsible for math, analytic, and
endocrine gland that may influence the onset speech
of puberty and
Right hemisphere- controls the left side of the -each tract has limited type of sensory input
body, responsible for music, art, abstract idea (temperature, touch, pain, etc.)
Corpus callosum- connection between 2 -tract are named that indicated origin and
hemispheres termination
-made of 2-3 neurons in sequence
Divided into 8 lobes Ex. Spinothalamic tract and dorsal column
Frontal lobes (FRONT) – (2, one for each
hemisphere)
– important in control of voluntary motor Sensory areas of cerebral cortex
functions, motivation, aggression, mood, Primary sensory areas
and olfactory reception -where ascending tracts project
– site of the primary motor cortex which is - where sensation is perceived
located directly anterior to the central sulcus Primary somatic sensory cortex
(dividing line (sulci) of the frontal and parietal -general sensory are in parietal lobe
lobes) -sensory input such as pain, pressure,
– also, the site of Broca’s Area (motor speech temperature,
area) where the physical movement of speech is Motor areas of cerebral cortex
controlled (located in the inferior/posterior portion Primary motor cortex
of the frontal lobe) -frontal lobe
Parietal lobes (TOP) – (again 2, one for each -controls voluntary motor movement
hemisphere) Premotor area
– principle l center for reception and -frontal lobe
conscious perception of most sensory -where motor functions are organized before
information (touch, pain, temperature, initiations
balance, and taste) Prefrontal area
– site of Wernicke’s Area (sensory speech area) – -motivation and foresight to plan and initiate
if damaged speaks nonsense (no coherent movement; involved in motivation and regulation
sentences) located in the inferior potion of the of behavior
parietal lobe Descending tracts
– also, the site of somatic sensory cortex directly -project from upper motor neurons in cerebral
posterior to the central sulcus cortex to lower motor neurons in spinal cord and
Occipital lobes (BACK) – (2) brainstem
– function in reception and perception of visual -control different types of movement
input Direct
Temporal lobes (SIDES) – (2) Lateral corticospinal- muscle tone and skilled
involved in olfactory & auditory perception movement especially of hands
and in memory Anterior corticospinal- muscle tone and
–also, abstract thought and judgment movement of trunks muscle
Indirect
Basal Nuclei Rubrospinal- movement coordination
– group of functionally related nuclei Reticulospinal- posture adjustment, especially
– have two primary nuclei corpus striatum during movement
(located deep in the cerebrum) and Vestibulospinal- posture and balance
substantia nigra (darkly pigmented cells in tectospinal- movement in response to visual
the midbrain) reflexes
– important in planning, organizing, and Speech
coordinating motor movement and posture Mainly in left hemisphere
Sensory function Sensory speech (Wernicke’s area)
-CNS constantly receives sensory input -parietal lobe
-We are unaware of most sensory Input -where words are heard and comprehended
-sensory input is vital of our survival and normal Motor speech (Broca’s area)
functions -frontal lobe
Ascending tract -where words are formulated
-Pathways in brain and spinal cord Brain waves and consciousness
-transmit information via action potentials from -Used to diagnose and determine treatment
periphery to brain for brain disorder
-Electroencephalogram (EEG): electrodes Cavities in CNS that contain fluid
plated on scalp to record brains electrical Fourth ventricle
activity -base of cerebellum
Alpha waves: person is awake in quite state -continuous with central canal of spinal cord
Beta waves: intense mental activity CRANIAL NERVES
Delta waves: deep sleep -12 Pairs of cranial nerves
Theta waves: in children -named by roman numerals
Memory – 3 types -2 categories of function; sensory and motor
Encoding
-brief retention of sensory input received by
brain while something is scanned, evaluated, and
acted up
-also called sensory memory
-in temporal lobe
-last less than a second
Consolidated
-data that has been encoded
-temporal lobe
-short term memory
Storage
-long term memory
-few minutes or permanently
Retrieval
-how often information is used
Types of memory
Short-term – information retained for a few
seconds to a few minutes, limited to about 7
bits of info (why phone numbers are 7 digits)
Long-term – can last for a few minutes or S- sensory M- motor P- parasympathetic
permanently Only cranial nerves 3,7,10 have parasympathetic
Episodic memory- places or events Peripheral nervous system
Learning – utilizing past memories (working -consist of all neurons outside brain and spinal
memory)blood to cord
Meninges -collects input from different sources relays input
-protective wrapping 3 connective tissue to CNS and perform action
membranes around brain and spinal cord Afferent (sensory)
Meningitis (DAP) Collects input from periphery and sends it to
-infection of meninges (bacterial or viral) CNS
Types of meninges Efferent (motor)
Dura mater Carries processed input from CNS to effector
-superficial Division of efferent(motor)
-thickest layer Autonomic
Arachnoid mater -response is automatic (involuntary)
-2nd layers -controls smooth and cardiac muscles and
Pia mater glands
-3rd layers Somatic
Surface of brain -response is voluntary
Subarachnoid space -controls skeletal muscle
-where cerebrospinal fluid Division of autonomic
Epidural space Sympathetic
-in vertebral column between dura and vertebra -activated during times of stress
-injection site for epidural anesthesia -part of fight or flight response
Spinal block and spinal tap -prepares you for physical activity
-in subarachnoid space where cerebrospinal - sending more blood to skeletal muscle
fluid can be removed, or anesthetic inject -inhibiting digestive tract
-numbs spinal nerves, l3-l4 or l4-l5 Parasympathetic
Ventricles -housekeeper
-activated under normal conditions
-activates involuntary functions
-involved in digestion, urine production, and
dilation/constriction of pupils, etc.