NURSING RESEARCH (QUANTITATIVE) remain unanswered?

Provide gaps that deal with

Imagine you’re trying to understand how much sugar people different and lacking results/variables.
typically add to their coffee.  Solution: This section justifies the issue in this way.
Quantitative research is like counting the teaspoons of sugar State what gaps have been discovered (e.g. lacking
people use. It involves collecting and analysing numerical data study locally). State how these gaps can be answered
to answer questions and measure things rather than estimating using your study.
them. You can then use this data to conclude, compare groups, OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
or predict future trends. The general objective must be indicative of the title.
General Objective answer the: What, Why, Who,
•Uses numbers: Data is collected and analyzed in the form of Where, and When.
numbers, like percentages, averages, or frequencies. Specific Objectives of the study (the specifics of
•Measures things: It focuses on measuring specific variables what you want to find out) that cover descriptive and
or characteristics like levels, magnitude, and extent that can be inferential research questions.
converted into numbers. a. It is necessary to specify the precise variables to be
•Seeks objective results: Aims to gather unbiased and reliable examined.
data to draw factual conclusions. b. Mutually exclusive variables should be covered by each
The investigation of phenomena amenable to precise aim; none should overlap.
measurement and quantification, typically involving a c. This should be reflected according to the conceptual
meticulously designed and controlled methodology (Polit & framework.
Beck 2004) HYPOTHESIS OF THE STUDY (NULL)
PRELIMINARIES  Understand the research question: Identify the
Title Page question you’re trying to answer through your
Approval Sheet Inferential research question/s. This question usually
Acknowledgment involves an association or differences between two or
Dedication more variables.
Abstract  State “no association or differences”: The null
Table of Contents hypothesis always states that there is no statistically
List of Tables significant association or difference between the
List of Figures variables you’re studying. It essentially assumes the
List of Appendices status quo.
Introduction to the Study  Use specific terms: Use the exact variables and
CHAPTER 1 wording from your research question in the null
Background of the Study hypothesis. Maintain consistency in units and format.
Statement of the Problem  Employ specific direction (optional): While stating
General Objective “no significant difference” is common, in some cases,
Specific Objective you might specify the directing based on previous
Hypothesis of the Study knowledge or expectations (e.g., “there is no
Definition of Terms difference in X between group A and group B”).
Significance of the Study DEFINITION OF TERMS
Scope and Limitations Relevant terms: Only those found in the title, objectives,
CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY hypothesis, and research framework are defined in
Background of the Study alphabetical order.
 Situation: describe the current scenario considering Two-pronged approach: Definitions combine literal
local, national, and international factors. Provide meanings (lexically/conceptually) and how they’re used in this
facts. Provide evidence from reliable sources and specific study (operationally). References from credible
statistical data to support the problem’s existence. authors are highly encouraged.
Provide a negative situation that requires further Operational focus: For key variables and other terms,
research. Describe the problem’s ideal or expected emphasis is placed on how they’re measured, categorized, and
state. applied within the research. This is usually started by “In this
study...”, “It will be measured by...” It will be categorized as:
 Problem: identify the potential cause of the Low Knowledge...”
difference between the actual and problem situations. Foundation for tools: These definitions serve as the building
What’s known about the problem and what questions blocks for creating research instruments like surveys or
questionnaires.
 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
It describes the potential contributions of the study to an Explain theoretical concepts: Define and explain
individual or organization. It cites the usefulness of the study key concepts in the chosen theories. How do they
to the specific group/end-users. List people/organizations in apply to your research question?
order of who would benefit most. Formulate an action-based Describe influence: Explain how the variables
and specific criterion connect and interact within the theories. How do they
SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY explain your area of interest?
✔ The SCOPE is mainly the coverage of your study and the Justify your choice: Preferably choose or add a
limitation is the restriction or control of your study or topic. nursing theory or nursing theorist.
✔ Constraints/restrictions among the following:
(Main Objective)-This study only assessed the
(Timeframe and location)-This study was conducted CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
within/during  Visualize key concepts and variables: Create a
(Methodology)-Design, statistical tools, and data management diagram or model representing your research’s main
used were used are concepts and variables.
(Exclusions) – This study didn’t assess/include  Show connection: Use arrows or lines to depict the
CHAPTER 2 – REVIEW OF RELATD LITERATURE relationships/differences/associations between
- As much as possible, get the latest literature (5 concepts, including directionality and potential
years). influences.
- Cite using APA 7h edition format  Include other factors: Consider relevant factors
- All citations must be reflected in the references influencing your study (e.g. intervening, antecedent,
- Consist of Conceptual literature, Related Studies, mediating, confounding)
Synthesis, Theoretical framework, and Conceptual  Align with theoretical framework: Ensure your
framework. conceptual framework aligns with and refines the
CONCEPTUAL LITERATURE chosen theories.
 In this part, you must get your data and information  Guide research inquiry: Use the conceptual
from any books, magazines, newspapers, or any framework to refine your research questions (SOP)
reliable concept. If possible, conserve research and guide data collection and interpretation.
studies CHAPTER 3 – METHODOLOGY
 Describe your major variables in terms of their scope, Research Design
nature, and classification from a reliable individual or Respondents
organization. Study Setting
 You must label your published material with local or Study Population
foreign. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
RELATED STUDIES Sampling Design
 Gather and label (local/foreign) Instrumentation
published/unpublished materials (prior studies, Validity
research, theses) for insights relevant to your research Reliability
topic. Data Gathering Procedure
 Find gaps by noting/comparing/contrasting other Data Analysis Procedure
research variables, results, setting, respondents, Ethical Consideration
conclusion, and design. RESEARCH DESIGN
 Formulate themes based on your SOP that can also be ✔ This section should clearly explain and justify the chosen
reflected in your conceptual framework. research design.
SYNTHESIS ✔ Outline its key features and how it aligns with your research
 Summarize the concept, findings, gaps, and theme question and objectives.
 Minimize citation for these are your summary Most common research design:
 Bridge the conclusion on your research’s general  Descriptive survey
objectives  Descriptive correlational
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK  Descriptive Cross-sectional Correlational
Identify relevant theories: Select theories explaining
the phenomenon you’re researching. Are they grand RESPONDENTS
theories guiding overall understanding, or mid-range
theories? Focusing on specific aspects?
 ✔ Describe the respondents and their general  Explain the specific validation instruments utilized
characteristics. Explain why they are the best fit for the (e.g., Goods and Scales criteria) along with a concise
study. explanation of their interpretation based on
STUDY SETTING established benchmarks
- Describe the geographical location and explain why it  Present the results of each validation instrument
is the chosen setting for the study. - - Briefly explain comprehensively, including any relevant statistical
how the study setting may influence the data that you values and their corresponding interpretations. If
have gathered from this setting. multiple instruments were used, a clear and concise
STUDY POPULATION table summarizing the results will be provided for
Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria each instrument to improve clarity. Citations for all
 Set inclusion criteria: Specify characteristics references should be provided.
participants must possess to be eligible for your RELIABILITY OF INSTRUMENTS
study. This could involve age range, diagnosis, This part should proceed after ensuring the
specific experiences, or access to resources. validity of the instruments.
 Establish exclusion criteria: Identify factors Initially describe the type of instrument, and
that would make someone ineligible, such as pre- explain why it requires a reliability test.
existing conditions, specific medications, or Narrate how you gathered data in the pilot study
inability to provide informed consent. in terms of; sampling size, respondents, and the
 Justify your choices: Ensure both inclusion and setting. Make sure to administer proper ethical
exclusion criteria are relevant to your research consideration.
question and avoid unnecessary biases that might Explain Cronbach’s alpha value and interpret the
limit generalizability. results. Cite accordingly. If multiple instruments,
 Remember, these criteria should be clearly provide a table.
defined, documented, and ethically sound to If there is already a pilot study done locally using
ensure a representative and appropriate study the instruments you will use, cite the author/s
sample. and their study setting and explain the
SAMPLING PROCEDURE Cronbach’s alpha value yielded.
Specify the total population size you targeted. DATA-GATHERING PROCEDURE
✔ Explain the specific sampling formula you used to  Formal Approvals and Communication: This
determine your sample size and provide a clear rationale section will detail the processes undertaken to
for the chosen sample size for your research question. secure necessary approvals and permissions for
Clearly state the main sampling method you employed conducting the study. It will outline the
(e.g., random, stratified, etc.). communication strategies employed to engage
✔ Briefly outline the key steps you took from planning with relevant authorities and participants.
your sample to selecting your participants, providing a  Instrument Administration: A detailed
clear timeline of the process. Cite references accordingly. description of the chosen instrument
administration method will be provided. This
INSTRUMENTATION will include aspects such as the date, time, and
 Describe the instrument, in terms of types location of data collection, as well as the
(standardized/researcher-made) and formulation. personnel involved in administration.
 Cite the original author and researcher/s that  Participant Orientation and Consent: The
used the instruments(standardized) process of informing and orienting participants
 Explain what the instrument will be measured about the study objectives, procedures, and their
including its subdomain. rights will be clearly outlined. Additionally, the
 Explain the scaling and interpretation mechanism for obtaining informed consent
accordingly. (including procedures for signing consent forms)
VALIDITY OF INSTRUMENTS will be comprehensively described. After
 This section under Instrumentation details the gathering the data, describe the manner of
rigorous validation procedures employed to ensure tallying, and processing and what statistical
the validity of the research instrument. State software will be used.
credentials of the expert panel involved in this
process will be clearly outlined, highlighting their
relevant qualifications and expertise in the field. DATA ANALYSIS PROCEDURES
Describe descriptive statistics to be used.
 -Scoring of the Instrument Sampling procedure- selecting participants or a procedure to
-Categorization of Scores select a sample from individual or from a łarge group of
(e.g. frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation.) population.
Describe the inferential tools that will be used Sampling
-Explain how are they going to determine your objectives  Universe – all population
and variables.  Population – accessible to the researcher
(parametric/nonparametric)  Sampling- process of selecting the target population
ETHICAL CONSIDERATION O Sampling unit – medical ward
 Explain how you will make sure ethical O Sampling frame – Hospital area
considerations will be followed. O Sampling Design – Slovin’s formula 305
 indicate ethical information approval, committee, O Sampling size- results of the sampling design
and guidelines.  Sample- portion of the population
ADDITIONAL NOTES (respondents/participants/subject/ key informants)
Research design Sampling size- margin of error (5%) and confidence
- Overall plan/blueprint of the type of data, techniques, and level (95%)
tools TYPES OF SAMPLING
-Overview of the research design (i.e., definition, specific 1. Non-probability/non -random
type, most commonly used for which type). Types
-Discussion of the advantages and how this can be the best fit  Accidental/ Convenience
in the context of your study. Picking up the explanation from  Quota
your research framework.
1. Experimental- cause and effect with control group using 2. Probability/random -equal chance
randomization  Simple
 Randomization  Stratified
 Control  Clusters
 Manipulation  Systematic
2. Quasi-experimental- using randomization CHAPTER 4 – RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3. Non- experimental- using control 1. Descriptive Analysis
NOTE: In qualitative research, randomization is not controlled 2. Inferential Analysis
- Basic Research STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
- Applied Research - Descriptive and Inferential
Experimental Design Specific Objectives
 Post-test only – treatment -> test Specifically, this study will seek answers to the
 Pre-test-post-test – test -> treatment ->test following questions;
 One shot design – one treatment in all What are the personal profiles of enrolled freshmen
 Population -> no control group) nursing students at Iloilo Doctors College?
 Clinical trials – post test for comparison only but in
health care settings In terms of,
 Randomized clinical trials LI Sex at birth;
-RCT L2 Age;
- Systematic Review L3Type of tracks graduated;
- double blind technique- don’t know what L4 Type of secondary school graduated from; and income
medication is being administered to the patient What is the level of mental readiness of enrolled freshmen
- ethics? nursing students in an online learning level modality?
QUALITATIVE DESIGN RIGOR 3. What is the level of technical readiness of enrolled
• Credibility- data actually came from patient freshmen nursing students in an online learning modality
• Confirmability Inferential
• Dependability 4. Is there a significant difference in the level of mental
• Transferability readiness of enrolled freshmen nursing
• Authenticity Students in an online learning modality at Iloilo Doctors’
- IDJ- Identify, Describe, Justify College when grouped according to their personal profile
5. Is there a significant difference in the level of technical
SAMPLING readiness of enrolled freshmen nursing students in an
 online learning modality at Iloilo Doctors College when - Normally distributed or not?
grouped according to their personal profile? - Number of variables
6. Is there a significant relationship between the level of - Level of measurement of the variables
mental readiness and technical readiness among enrolled - Independence or paired?
freshmen nursing students in an online learning modality? Example:
HOW WILL YOU CHOOSE YOUR STATISTICAL 1. SOP: Is there a significant difference in the level of
TO0L? mental readiness of enrolled freshmen nursing
Specifically, this study will seek answers to the following students in an online learning modality at Iloilo
questions; Doctors’ College when grouped in terms of,
What are the personal profiles of enrolled freshmen L1 Sex at birth;
nursing students at Iloilo Doctors’ College in terms of, 1.2 Age;
1.1 Sex at birth: 1.3 Type of tracks graduated;
1.3Type of tracks graduated; L4 Type of secondary school graduated from; and
L4 Type of secondary school graduated from; and L5 Family’s monthly income?
L5 Family’s monthly income? MEETING NORMALITY TEST ASSUMPTIONS
2. What is the level of mental readiness of enrolled  Both visual and analysis outputs must be
freshmen nursing investigated.
Students in an online learning modality  (Analysis)The Shapiro-Wilk Test (<50 respondents)
3. What is the level of technical readiness of enrolled and Kolmogorov Smirnov Test (>50 respondents) =P
freshmen nursing >0.05-
Students in an online learning modality  The Skewness and Kurtosis z-values = -1.96 to
Descriptive Statistics: +1.96.
- Frequency. To determine the number of respondents  (Visual- SPSS provided by the statistician) The
belonging to each category of variables, frequency Histogram and the Normal Q-Q Plots = visually show
will be used. that data are approximately normally distributed.
- Percentage. To determine the proportion of LEVEL OF MEASUREMENT
respondents belonging to each category of variables, - CATEGORICAL-NOMINAL ORDINAL
percentage will be used. - CONTINUOUS- RATIO INTERVAL
- Standard deviation. To determine the dispersion of How to interpret results?
the data around the mean standard deviation was
Go back to your SOP
utilized.
- Mean- To determine the level of mental and technical 1. Is there a significant difference in the level of mental
readiness of enrolled freshmen nursing students in an readiness of freshmen nursing students in an online
online learning modality, the mean was computed learning modality at Iloilo Doctors' College when
with a corresponding verbal description as presented grouped in terms of:
below: Type of tracks graduated: Interpret the statistical results
 The term association- used broadly by stating the following:
 Based question on certain idea E.g. sig= 0.06 (accept the null)
e.g. use significance difference if included in the variable, if
not may use significance association Null- negative (there is no significant difference)
Post Hoc test- tell you the significance difference between
variables a. Statistical decision
 Test of Independence- separation of variables that are If p/sig/alpha value is less than 0.05 reject the null
being compared if p/sig/alpha value is equal or more than 0.05 accept
 If the value is significant meaning the variables are
the null
dependent- they have influence
 Common Rule in Statistics: as long as you satisfy b. Findings- there was no significant difference
your assumption, you didn’t violate any major c. Psychological decision – students regardless of their
assumptions, you can present using that specific SHS record have the same level of mental readiness.
statistical tools. d. Corroboration –
Inferential statistics:
YOU NEED TO CONSIDER:
1.OBJECTIVES NOTE: Sig Value- determine if there is a significant
relationship
Do you want to determine difference? Relationship?
R Value- answer the question if what is the extent or
Predictors? direction of the significant relationship
2. ASSUMPTIONSs
 NOTE: Only interpret the R value if the Sig value is  The recommended format for the findings is
significant enumeration form (One summary of finding per
 No correlation- P Value = > 0.05 SOP).
 Negative Correlation- Inverse
Conclusions
 Positive Correlation- Parallel
Absolute Magnitude of the Observed Correlation  Generalize and draw broader insights based on your
Coefficient specific findings.
o 0.10- Negligible Correlation  These insights should connect to wider, similar
population (One conclusion per SOP).
o 0.10-0.39- Weak Correlation Recommendations:
 Build on findings: Suggest actions based on your
o 0.40-0.69- Moderate Correlation research outcomes and conclusions in connection also
to the significance of the study.
o 0.70-0.89- Strong Correlation Font: Times New Roman
o 0.90-1.00- Very Strong Correlation Font size: 12
Descriptive Analysis Table exception: yes
 Present all the descriptive analysis using the above
Margin:1,1,1, 1&1/2
format (Introduction of Tables/Figure, Presentation of
Spacing: double space
Tables/Figure, and Discussion with Corroboration)
Heading: IDC and IDC-CON logo
 Name the table number according to the order of the
Position of page number: right
specific objectives (indicate la and 1b if there is more
Upper
than one table for each specific objective).
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH IN NURSING
 Sample Table format for SOP of What is the
- to understand qualitative research, approach this filed
demographic profile of the respondents? -
with “open eyes”- like explorer who can only
Table 1. Distribution of Respondent according to
understand a completely different culture if they
Demographic Profile of Nurses (n = 123)
don’t view and judge it by the perspectives and
Inferential Analysis
values of their own culture.
 Make sure to justify your normal data
- PARADIGM- beliefs, assumptions, values, and
distribution for the utilization of either
practices shared by a research community.
parametric or non-parametric tests.
QUANTITATIVE
 Cite normality test/histogram/skewness and
 Numbers
kurtosis at appendices.
 Identify relationship between variables to explain or
 Consist of specific objectives that cover
predict
significant differences, relationships, or
 Shallow but broad data
predictors.
 Seeks consensus, norms, or general patterns to reduce
 Present result analysis using the format
diversity of responses
(Introduction of Tables/Figure, Presentation of
 Theory-testing and deductive
Tables/Figure, and Discussion with
 Values detachment and impartiality
Corroboration).
 Fixed method
 Other statistical tests that are not shown are
 Completed quickly
recommended to replicate the table from
QUALITATIVE
published studies for empirical
 Words (written or spoken) images
presentation.
 Seeks to understand and interpret more local
meanings; data as gathered in context
 Narrow but rich data, thick descriptions
CHAPTER 5 – SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND
 Tend to seek patterns, but accommodates and
RECOMMENDATION
explores difference and divergence
Summary
 Theory gathering and inductive
 Using the sequence of the specific objectives,
 Values personal involvement and partiality
emphasize the most important discoveries and
(subjectivity, reflexivity)
outcomes.
 Less fixed method
 Do not copy and paste your results but
 Tend to take longer to complete
synthesize the main point in each of your
QUALITATIVE SENSITIVITY
specific SOP.
- Interest in process and meaning
- Critical and questioning approach to life and 10. Qualitative research values subjectivity and
knowledge reflexivity
- Ability to reflect on and step outside to become a Reflexivity- putting your
cultural commentator assumption aside
- Development of double consciousness or an analytic - Write your reflexive journal
“eye” or “ear to listen intently, critically reflect
- Critical reflection of the research process and one’s
role as researcher
- Good interactional skills

FUNDAMENTALS OF QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
1. Qualitative research is about meaning and
not numbers
2. Qualitative research does not provide a
single answer
3. Qualitative research treats context as
important
Thematic analysis- themes
4. Qualitative research can be experiential or
critical
Experiential- meaning, perspective,
experience
Critical- interrogative
5. Qualitative research is underpinned by
CDEAD - PHASES of QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
ontological assumptions.
C =Conceptualization D = Design & Planning E = Empirical
Ontology- theories about reality A = Analysis D = Dissemination
 Relativism- dependent on the ways
- basis of Qualitative research Epistemological and Theoretical Underpinning
 Critical Realism- truth but we can partially know it  Epistemology
 Realism- pre society reality- singular truth o What is the nature of knowledge?
- Basis of quantitative research o What is valid knowledge?
6. Qualitative research is underpinned by  Theoretical research perspective
o What theory of research and knowledge
epistemological assumptions
production inform the methodology and
Epistemology- nature of knowledge methods?
 Constructionism/ Naturalist- constructed in mind o NOT NURSING THEORIES OR
- Basis of Qualitative research THEORIES RELATED TO NURSING!!!
 Contextualism- Theory should be related or aligned to your
 Positivist/empiricism- reality and knowledge are methodology or research study.
measured and quantified o Positivism, Interpretivism, and Critical
- Aligns with realism theory
 Methodology
7. Qualitative research involves a qualitative
o What is the big plan of action?
methodology o Big thing happening; Phenomenology will
- Descriptive qualitative type of research describe methodology
 Phenomenology- seen in qualitative research as  Methods
philosophy and method o What is the technique or procedure to be
 Case Study used?
 Narrative Inquiry o Qualitative-descriptive type? Ethnography?
 Grounded Theory Case studies? Thematic Analysis? Narrative
inquiry, discourse analysis, usage of
 Ethnography
interviews, etc..
8. Qualitative research uses all sort of data
- Picture, feelings, words, emotion EPISTEM OBJECTI CONSTRUCT SUBJECT
9. Qualitative research involves thinking OLOGY VISMS IONISM IVISM
qualitatively
 “In this study, the researchers aim to describe the
Theoretical Prediction Understanding
experiences of nurses and as individuals with a unique
Research (Positivist) (Interpretivist) Emancipati
experience of taking care of patients who have covid-19.
Perspective on Critical
Nurses have been in the caring profession for a considerable
amount of time, yet the covid-19 situation exposed them to the
Positivism Symbolic Critical
pandemic that has not been examined yet. they end up caring
Methodolog Interactionism, theory,
for patients up to their last hour and becomes to only human to
y Phenomenolog Feminist
human connection of the patient”
y,
Discuss other theories…
Hermeneutics
 This is where you apply NURSING THEORIES.
Methods Interview, Participant, Observation, Videos, Theory forms Research, and Research forms Practice.
Pictures, Theories are needed for analysis.
Thematic Analysis Research Design
Pragmatism - also an Research design should answer:
epistemological approach  What is the design?
 Constructionism - epistemological  How is it appropriate to your research problem?
basis for qualitative research  How will the data be gathered? (Briefly)
 Objectivism - Quantitative “This is a qualitative descriptive study that aims to describe
 PHENOMENOLOGY CAN BE the experiences of nurses who took care of covid-19 patients.
BOTH A RESEARCH Qualitative descriptive research generates data that describe
PERSPECTIVE AND BE A the who, what and where of the events or experiences from a
METHODOLOGY. subjective experience.”
o It aims to produce in-depth description of the  Braun and Clark - authors of Thematic Analysis
phenomenon that are commonly used among beginner qualitative
EXAMPLE RESEARCH: descriptive researchers.
The
Epistemological & Theoretical Underpinning
study Study Participants
“This qualitative descriptive study is grounded on
participants be chosen using purposive sampling based on the
constructionism as its epistemological basis.
following inclusion criteria: (1) registered nurse who is
Constructionism views that all knowledge and reality is
employed in Iloilo, (2) employed during the covid-19
contingent to human practices and constructed in and out of
pandemic, (3) took care of at least ten (10) patients with covid-
interaction between human beings and their world. It is
19 during the time of pandemic.
developed and transmitted within a social context (Crotty,
2003). Furthermore, the meaning cannot be described
The following nurses will be excluded: (1) part time
objectively. It is not created but instead constructed.”
workers, (2) nurse volunteers, and (3) refuse to participate.
 By interviewing participants, we can get their
experience. Unlike Quantitative.
 Under Epistemological and Theoretical Underpinning
CAN LITERATURE THAT IS BEYOND PAST 5  Purposive Sampling is used because there is
YEARS. Current research is using the same Inclusion & Exclusion criteria and they are gathered
references. IT IS NOT ABOUT THE NUMBER OF for a particular purpose. The exclusion criteria should
YEARS, BUT THE CREDIBILITY OF THE DATA. cover separate concepts than Inclusion criteria. NOT
IDEAL TO WRITE THE INVERSE/OPPOSITE OF
“The theoretical research perspective is based in INCLUSION criteria for EXCLUSION.
Interpretivism which stands on the assumption that reality is o Ex: Not registered nurses in employed in
subjective, multiple and socially constructed. In this study the Iloilo, Not Employed during the covid-19
experiences of nurses who care for patients with covid-19 can time of Pandemic, Took care of less than 10
only be best understood from the nurses who experience the patients
same reality. The experiences may vary from another person o Exclusion criteria: Mental incapacity to
as shaped by the individual's historical or social perspective.” participate in said research
 Connect Epistemological and theoretical basis to the
current research you are embarking on. “A nurse who qualifies based on the inclusion criteria
will be approached by the researchers. Thereafter, the first
“Phenomenology will be used as the framework of participant will be asked to refer another prospect participant
analysis. Phenomenology seeks to understand the human who had the exam experience. a minimum of 10 participants
experience through their lived experiences. The main purposes will be sought. The maximum number of participants will be
of phenomenology research are to seek reality from individual determined by the data saturation point.
narratives of experiences and feelings. It aims to produce in-  Snowballing - First participant will be asked to refer
depth descriptions of the phenomenon…” another participant that has the same experience.
  The minimum number of participants of Qualitative 3. If the interview can trigger emotions, there must be
research is 6 (according to some studies) or 10 an available guidance counselor or psychiatrist that is
(Creswell and Creswell). able for counseling.
“Data saturation point is reached once there is no additional The data ruby analyzed using the method of Braun
data that is being found. Once the number of participants is and clarke. Data analysis will start after first interview is
identified to describe experiences than us with the previous transcribed and continuous analysis will go on as the interview
one, another participants will be interviewed confirmed the progresses.
data saturation point “ The steps in the analysis as outlined by Braun and
 Data Saturation Point - Time wherein there is no Clarke are as follows:
new things/information emerging. Determines the 1. ….
maximum number of participants. 2. ….
Data Collection Procedure
DATA ANALYSIS
“The qualitative data for the study will be collected
 Enumerate the steps and discuss
through an in-depth, Semi-structured interview. The interview
 The first interview is usually done with the
will be conducted in the hospital where the nurse is working.
research adviser for guidance.
An enclosed meeting room with proper ventilation will serve
as the venue for the interview. Only the participant and the
researchers will be available inside the conference room. The RIGOR AND TRUSTWORTHINESS
venue may be changed depending on the comfort of the
participant for as long as privacy and confidentiality is
maintained. The interview will be audio recorded for the
purposes of transcription and audit trailing.”
 Semi-structured interview - you are not just basing
your questions on a questionnaire but, you are
formulating your questions based on the responses of
the participants (follow-up questions).
 Transcription - typing the entire conversation with
the participant (EVERYTHING THE
PARTICIPANT SAYS SHOULD BE WRITTEN);
10-20 pages per participant.

“There will be a total of three interviews. Informed

consent will be secured prior to the interview.
The First interview is intended to familiarize with
 The Validity and Reliability in Quantitative Research
the participants and to get to know the background of the
 Rigor - how the data was gathered
participant.
 Trustworthiness - how the data will be analyzed
The Second interview will focus on the research
 Lincoln and Goba - published reference for Rigor
question. It will start with the question: “What are your
and Trustworthiness
experiences as a nurse who took care of the patients with
 Choose only one technique per criteria
covid-19?” An interview guide will also be used for this
interview follow up questions will be based on the responses
“Data collection and analysis can be subject to
of the participants
error, so the researchers will ensure that rigor, trustworthiness
Another interview, the Third one, will be done to
and integrity were applied and maintained during the whole
confirm findings ( themes) generated from the analysis.
process. Rigor is an approach to data collection, data analysis,
Succeeding information may be added if there are still areas of
and report writing.
the experiences that may be clarified.”
“Methodological rigor will be strictly adhered in this
 3 interviews all in all. However, can go beyond 3 as
study by verifying and validating every collected and analyzed
long as you can gather credible data.
data. It will be reflected in the consistency of data analysis and
o First - to establish rapport
interpretation, just wordiness of collected data, themes
o Second - interview in detail
transferability, and data credibility of the study.
o Third - member checking. Ask participants Trustworthiness refers to the researchers' honest judgment
whether the themes or subthemes of the and participants' answers.
study correspond to their actual experiences. The researchers disregarded preconceive suppositions
 For inconsistencies = revise the questions or to limit the phenomenon. Researches applied Lincoln and
thematic analysis Goba criteria of trustworthiness
1. The same as quantitative or any type of research 
2. There is an optional emphasis on the privacy and ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS 
confidentiality of the interview 
 Inform participants that you will be Bracketing - separating yourself and your ideas from
documenting or recording the interview. your participant
  Journaling or Memoiring - during an interview, you  GAPS: note, compare and contrast other
need to journal your emotions or feelings to separate research variables, results, setting,
your emotions from your participant’s. respondents, conclusion, and design.
 Formulate THEMES based on the SOP
Fourth, Transferability refers to the extent in which
that can be reflected in the conceptual
findings can be applied to other settings or groups. It will be
ensured in the study by providing sufficient descriptive data
framework for Quantitative research.
for the readers to evaluate the capability of the data in another  NEVER COPY AND PASTE
context.
Fifth, Authenticity refers to the extent to which the CATEGORIES AND SOURCES OF
researchers fairly and faithfully showed a range of different MATERIALS FOR LITERATURE REVIEW
realities. It will be ensured in the study by conveying the
feeling of participants’ experience.” 1. Primary - direct to the original source.
 There’s no limit to the Rigor and
Trustworthiness 2. Secondary - someone has already cited a
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND specific study then that someone has published
CITATION their own study while citing the work of others.
MORE OF A REVIEW.
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE (p165)
 Readings, data-based reports local and foreign NOTE TAKING AND DOCUMENTATION
which present study is related
 Quantitative: found at the beginning.  Summarizing
Qualitative: found at the end.  Paraphrasing - making the original statement in
 Gathering data about what is already known a different way but the idea remains the same.
about the problem.  Acknowledging sources
 Synthesis: stated after the RRL. SUMMARY  Cite references (APA) - narrative and
parenthetical
TYPES
Conceptual/ Theoretical/ Related Concepts To present someone else’s ideas or work as your own is
to commit PLAGIARISM
 From authorities that describe major
variables in terms of scope, nature, and
classification. BASIC IN-TEXT CITATION STYLES
 Manuscript: Conceptual Studies
 State different types of research to make
1. Parenthetical Citation - also known as In-
your readers understand your concepts: text Citation
independent and dependent variables.
 Sources: encyclopedia, books, journal 2. Narrative Citation - in narrative citation, you
and other publications need to paraphrase and cite the author.
 LIMIT RESEARCH STUDIES
Example: PERIODICALS
“Does the stress in nursing program could lead
or modify the performance of the students ”  When a periodical (i.e., journal, magazine,
a. Academic stress newspaper, newsletter, or blog) is the source
b. Academic Performance state the periodical title, vol. Number, issue
number, and page range.
 Capitalize the title of the periodical using the
2. Research/ Empirical/ Related Studies
title case. Include an issue number if available.
 From research thesis and dissertation
studies Example:
 Gather and label (local/ foreign)
published/ unpublished materials (prior Author, A.A., & Author, B.B. (Year, month day). Title
studies, research, theses) for insights of article in sentence case.
relevant to your research topic. Title in Title Case, volume(issue), page-page.
 AVOID stating the study title or DOI or URL
statistical value. Paraphrase the results.
 HYPOTHESIS COMMENTS
 Focus on inferential objective than the descriptive
objective because descriptive objective only
describes
OBJECTIVE IS INFERENTIAL IN NATURE- if there is
significant difference or significant relationship stated.
DEFINITION OF TERMS COMMENTS- define the terms
that are only included in the title

References
 APA Citation - use zotero
 If you find studies like “ systematic review and
meta-analysis” try to look for the references because
systematic review is a study of studies. There are a
lot of studies that were incorporated in the paper that
will give exhaustive literature review.
Review Related Concepts
 Textbooks, news articles
Review Related Studies
 Thematic approach - RRS must be related to the
title
Theoretical framework
 Interpretivism - which stands on the assumption that
reality is subjective, multiple and socially
LEARNING FROM RESEARCH WORKS constructed.

BACKGROUND OF STUDY COMMENTS For Qualitative Research

 At the start of background, capture the attention of Phenomenology- will be used as a framework of analysis
readers through a sense of urgency, interest, or Epistemological basis - constructivism
importance of issue.
 When doing the RRL, No need to input the Title of DESIGNING AND PLANNING PHASE
the study of yor reference literature. Instead, just put
the Authors’ Last Name and the date of publication.
Chapter 3-Methodology
Lessen “According to the study of…”
Research Design (Page 243)
 If your reference is more than five years ago, indicate
- Overall plan/blueprint of the type of data,
“There are no recent or current studies regarding that
techniques, and tools
topic”.
- Overview of the research design (i.e., definition,
 Margin: 1.5
specific type, most commonly used for which type).
 THERE WILL BE PLAGIARISM SCAN, so as
- Discussion of the advantages and how this can be
much as possible do not copy paste everything.
the best fit in the context of your study, picking up the
Paraphrase some or interpret it according to your
explanation from your research framework.
study.
FRAMEWORK COMMENTS
- Methodology is your research design.
 Do not put a Demographic Profile box unless
important.
- One of the goals when you are writing your Chapter 3 is that
RELATED STUDIES COMMENTS
you should be able to write it in such a way that other people
 Title Variable will have studies to support.
will be able to replicate your study.
 DO NOT BUY QUESTIONNAIRES for instruments
- Research design, we often times call your research design as
o Just adapt/adopt your questions from other
the blueprint of your research work. It's the overall plan of the
studies available online to avoid the need for
type of data, the techniques, and tools that you will have.
validation testing.
 When working on your paper, you do Chapter 1 and
Research Design (Page 246)
2 Hand in hand.
1. Experimental - cause and effect with control group using
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY COMMENTS
randomization
 Who, What, How
RCT
• Randomization
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE COMMENTS • Control
 If the terms used are not the same, just inform • Manipulation
E.g., in one literature the term used is not cost rather they use Types Experimental Design (Page 256)
the term effectiveness 1. Post-test only: In this design, participants
 You can change the terms depending on the review of receive a treatment or intervention, and then they are
literature
 tested afterward. There's no initial test before the 3. Comparative: Research that compares two or
treatment, only a final test to see the effects. more groups to identify differences or similarities in
2. Pre-test post-test: Participants are tested before specific outcomes or characteristics.
receiving the treatment (pre-test) and again after the
treatment (post-test). This design helps measure the 4. Evaluative: A type of research that assesses the
change caused by the intervention. effectiveness or impact of a program, intervention, or
3. One-shot design: A single treatment is given to policy.
all participants, and there is no control group for
comparison. It only measures the outcome after the 5. Case study: An in-depth analysis of a single
treatment, not before. individual, group, or event to explore complex issues
4. Clinical trials: Studies conducted in healthcare in real-life contexts.
settings to test the effectiveness of treatments or
interventions. They usually involve a treatment group 6. Cross-sectional: Research that collects data from
and a control group, with comparisons made based on a population at one specific point in time to examine
results after treatment. relationships or trends.
5. Randomized clinical trials (RCTs): A type of
clinical trial where participants are randomly 7. Longitudinal: Research that collects data from
assigned to different groups (e.g., treatment or the same subjects repeatedly over an extended period
control). This randomization helps ensure fairness to observe changes and developments.
and reliability in comparing outcomes. Qualitative Design (Page 286)
Quasi – Experimental (Page 264) RIGOR
- Non-equivalent control: A study with a - Credibility: The extent to which the findings of
treatment group and a control group that are not a study accurately reflect the reality of the
randomly assigned, making comparisons less reliable. participants' experiences.
- Cohort: A study that follows a specific group - Confirmability: The degree to which the
of people over time to see how different factors affect results can be verified or confirmed by others,
their outcomes. ensuring that findings are based on data rather than
- Time series: A study that collects data at researcher bias.
multiple time points to observe trends or changes - Dependability: The stability of data over time
over time. and across various conditions, indicating that the
research process is consistent and reliable.
Non – Experimental (Page 267) - Transferability: The applicability of study
2. Non - Experimental research - no control group and no findings to other contexts or populations, allowing for
manipulation of IV generalization beyond the specific study sample.
Basic - “pure research” - Authenticity: The truthfulness and genuineness
of the data and findings, ensuring that the research
- Research aimed at increasing knowledge accurately represents the participants' perspectives
without immediate practical application; and experiences.
focuses on understanding fundamental IDJ
principles. 1. Identify
2. Describe
3. Justify
Applied – Historical
- Research that uses knowledge gained from
basic research to address specific, practical Thick Descriptions
problems or real-world issues. - when your participant is saying things you need to
Descriptive (Page 267) look, you need to ensure that you are writing down all of
those.
- A type of research that aims to describe
characteristics, behaviors, or phenomena without
manipulating variables. It provides a snapshot of the Steps in Doing Phenomenology (Page 290)
current state of a subject or population. - Social interview: A conversation designed to gather
information about a person's social context, relationships,
1. Surveys: A method of collecting data by asking and experiences, often in a more casual or informal
people questions to gather information about their setting.
opinions, behaviors, or characteristics. - In-depth interview: A qualitative research method
that involves a detailed, open-ended conversation with a
2. Correlational: Research that examines the participant to explore their thoughts, feelings, and
relationship between two or more variables in a experiences on a specific topic.
single group to see if they are related. - Validation interview: An interview conducted to
confirm or verify the findings of a study or to ensure that
 the results accurately reflect the participants' views and participants, creating a "chain" of referrals, often used
experiences. in hard-to-reach populations.
5. Modal instance: A sampling approach that
Brun and Clarke (2006) selects the most typical or representative individuals
- are recognized for their framework on thematic from a population to ensure that the sample reflects
analysis in qualitative research, focusing on the general characteristics of that group.
identifying and analyzing patterns (themes) in Probability/random - equal chance (Page 322)
qualitative data. They emphasize reflexivity and rigor 1. Simple: A random sampling method where every
in the analysis process. member of the population has an equal chance of
being selected, ensuring unbiased results.
Sampling (Page 290) 2. Stratified: A sampling technique that divides the
Sampling procedure population into subgroups (strata) based on shared
- selecting participants or a procedure to select a characteristics and then randomly samples from each
sample from individual or from alarge group of stratum to ensure representation.
population. 3. Cluster: A sampling method that involves
dividing the population into clusters (often
5% geographically) and randomly selecting entire
- the most common option that we have that clusters to participate in the study.
- would mean that there is 5% chance that an 4. Systematic: A sampling technique where
error will be committed now in the study that you are participants are selected at regular intervals from a
conducting sorted list of the population, such as every 10th
person, starting from a random point.
· Universe - all population Multi-Stage Sampling (One of the Board Examination
· Population - accessible to the researcher Questions)
· Sampling - process of selecting the target - Example, I will conduct a study in the entire
population Philippines and I would want to have participants
· Sampling unit - medical ward from all the regions.
· Sampling frame - Hospital area Specify the total population size you targeted.
· Sampling Design - Slovin's formula 305 Explain the specific sampling formula you used to determine
· Sampling size - results of the sampling design your sample size and provide a clear rationale for the chosen
· Sample - portion of the population sample size for your research question. Clearly state the main
(respondents/participants/subject/key sampling method you employed (e.g., random, stratified, etc.).
informants) Briefly outline the key steps you took from planning your
Sampling size - margin of error (5%) and confidence sample to selecting your participants, providing a clear
level (95%) timeline of the process. Cite references accordingly.

95% Level of Confidence EXPLAIN SAMPLE SIZE CALCULATION.

- mean that if your study is repeated 100 Sample size calculation is typically done in proposals only to
times there is a 95% possibility that justify the rationale behind your sample size. e.g. Raosoft
your study will have the same result.

Types of Sampling (Page 313)

1. Non-probability/non-random
- random
2. Probability/random
- equal chance

Non-probability/non-random (Page 320)

1. Accidental/convenience: A sampling method
where participants are selected based on their
availability and accessibility, often leading to biased
results.
2. Quota: A sampling technique where researchers
ensure specific characteristics or traits are represented
in the sample, usually by setting quotas for different
groups.
3. Purposive/judgmental: A non-random sampling
method where participants are selected based on
specific criteria or the researcher’s judgment about
who will provide the best information.
4. Snowball/network/chain: A sampling method
where existing participants help recruit additional