MIT 403 – Network Administration I

Introduction to NetAdmin I
 Before We Start

 What Software do I need to do my labs?

 How can I practice?
 How can I contact you?
 Were do I find the syllabus, and the course outline?
 TCP/IP

 What is TCP/IP?
 What are the four TCP/IP model layers?
 Application, Transport, Internet and link (Network Access) layers
 How do the layers interact?
 Encapsulation and de-encapsulation…what is the difference?
 What is a “Port Number” and how is it used?
 What is the difference between Connectionless (UDP) and Connection-
oriented (TCP) protocols?
 Encapsulation
TCP/IP Model

De-Encapsulation
 Some Standard Port Numbers

Port
Port numbers identify Description
Number
Application Software 20 FTP data
Process 21 FTP control
23 Telnet
25 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
53 Domain Name System (DNS)
80 Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), Web
88 Kerberos
110 Post Office Protocol v3 (POP3)
443 Secure HTTP (HTTPS)
 Website server
Port 80
Source port: 2010
Destination port: 80

Request
Source port: 2020
Destination port: 110

Website Server
Port 80
E-mail server
Port 110 Source port: 80
Destination port: 2000

Reply

Source port: 110

Destination port: 2000

E-mail Server
Port 110
 IPv4 Addressing

 IP address uniquely identifies a device on a network

 The IPv4 address is 32-bits.
 It has four blocks, each block is called an octet, and each octet is 8-bits.
 IP address consists of two parts, the network part and the host part.
 How to convert from Decimal, to binary, and to hexadecimal?
 How to find the network portion and the host portion of an IP?
 Subnet Mask
 IPv4 Addressing

IP address= 32-bits=4 Octets

192 168 10 10
8-bits . 8-bits . 8-bits . 8-bits
Octet Octet Octet Octet

Mask Assignable Maximum Nodes per

Class Bits Networks Network
A 8 126 16,777,214

B 16 16,384 65,534

C 24 2,097,152 254
Convert from Binary to Decimal

What is 11011100 in decimal?

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0
128+64+16+8+4=220

Convert from Decimal to Binary

What is 230 in Binary?

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0
Convert from Decimal to Hexadecimal

Hexadecimal digits: from 0 to 9 then, A to F. Where A=10, B=11, C=12, D=13, E=14, and F=15

What is 56 in hexadecimal? Ans: 38

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0

8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1
0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0
3 8
 Using the Subnet mask to find the Network Portion and Host Portion

192.168.10.20/24
The IP address in binary = 11000000.10101000.00001010.00010100

The subnet mask: /24 = 255.255.255.0

In binary = 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000

The ones in subnet mask represent the Network portion

The zeros in the subnet mask represent the Host portion

To find the Network ID for any IP address, Do the AND operation. In the AND Operation:
0x0= 0
11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 (Subnet mask) 0x1= 0
11000000.10101000.00001010.00010100 1x0= 0
-------------------------------------------------------- 1x1= 1
11000000.10101000.00001010.00000000 (192.168.10.0)
 Network Subnetting

• Why network Subnetting?

• Enhance network performance
• Simplify network management
• Shortage of IP addresses
• What factors should we take into consideration when we subnet?
• The number of networks
• The number of hosts
IPv4 Subnetting Rules

 2n, to find the number of subnets, where n is the number of borrowed host bits
 2h -2, to find the number of hosts, where h is remaining number of host bits
 Example: subnet the 192.168.1.0/24 to have additional 7
subnets,
 What is the new subnet mask?
 The answer is: /27 how?
In our example: the original subnet mask is /24 = 255.255.255.0
11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
The new subnet mask is /27 = 255.255.255.224: 11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000
n=3, and h=5 > 23 = 8 (the number of subnets), and 25-2=30 (the number of hosts)
IPv4 Subnetting Rules

The new subnet mask is: 11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
The magic number is: 32
The 8 subnet IP addresses are:
192.168.1.0 (first useable host: 192.168.1.1, last usable host: .30, Broadcast address: .31)
192.168.1.32 (first useable host: 192.168.1.33, last usable host: .62, Broadcast address: .63)
192.168.1.64
192.168.1.96
192.168.1.128
192.168.1.160
192.168.1.192
192.168.1.224
 How to find the host range and the BC
addresses?
 After finding the subnets IP address, you start finding the first usable host, the last usable host, and the
broadcast address
 Start with the subnet IP > convert it to binary
 In our example, the first subnet IP is: 192.168.1.0/27 (Red is NW, Green is Host portion)
which is: 11000000.10101000.00000001.00000000
 To find the first usable host, convert the last bit in the host portion into one:
11000000.10101000.00000001.00000001 =192.168.1.1
 To find the last usable host, convert all the host bits into one except the last bit:
11000000.10101000.00000001.00011110 =192.168.1.30
 To find the BC address, convert all the host bits into one: 11000000.10101000.00000001.00011111
=192.168.1.31
 Address Function
IPv4 Addressing
Used as the default gateway entry. Any destination
address masked by all 0s produces a match for the all
A routing table entry of all 0s with a mask of all 0s 0s reference address. Because the mask has no 1s,
this is the least desirable entry, but it will be used when
no other match exists.

Network portion 127 (ex. 127.0.0.1) Reserved for loopback tests.

• What are the special
Used when referencing a network without referring to
network IP addresses? Host portion of all 0s (ex. 192.168.10.0/24) any specific nodes on that network. Usually used in
routing tables.

Broadcast address for all nodes on the specified

network, also known as a directed broadcast. For
Host portion of all 1s (ex. 192.168.20.255)
example, 128.2.255.255 means all nodes on the Class
B network 128.2.

The “link-local” block used for autoconfiguration and

communication between devices on a single link.
169.254.0.0 with a mask of 255.255.0.0 Communication cannot occur across routers. Microsoft
uses this block for Automatic Private IP Addressing
(APIPA).

The private-use blocks for Classes A, B, and C. As

noted in RFC 1918, the addresses in these blocks
192.168.0.0/16 must never be allowed into the Internet, making them
acceptable for simultaneous use behind NAT servers
and non-Internet-connected IP networks.
 IPv6

• Larger address space

• Autoconfiguration of Internet-accessible address
• Stateless Autoconfiguration
• Fixed length and more efficient header
• Enhanced built in IP mobility and security
• New broadcast method
 IPv6

• 128-bit, Hexadecimal presentation

2001:0DB8:0000:0000:1234:0000:A9FE:1330 /64
• Short cuts:
• All zeros > one zero
• Zero blocks > ::, used only once
• Eliminate preceding zeros
Before: 2001:0DB8:0000:0000:1234:0000:A9FE:1330 /64
After: 2001:DB8::1234:0:A9FE:1330 /64
IPv6+IPv4 address: FE80::5EFE:192.168.1.200. When do
you such an address? Ans: Dual-Stack
 IPv6 addresses
• Unicast Address
• Global Unicast Address
• Like IPv4 public IP address
• Link-Local Address, can be assigned automatically or through
EUI-64?
• Not routable
• What is EUI-64? Extended User Interface 64
• Anonymous Address vs EUI-64
• Unique Local Address
• Routable within the organization only
• It is like the private IPv4 address (think about class A, B, C)
• Multicast Address
• Anycast Address
• One IP address is assigned to multiple devices
 Example of Anycast Address: Servers A, B, and C all have same IPv6 anycast address
When their a request to access this IP address, the closet server will answer

Image Ref:
 Some IPv6 Addresses

Address Prefix Scope of Use

2000:: /3 Global unicast space prefix
FE80:: /10 Link-local address prefix
FC00:: /7 Unique local unicast prefix
FD00:: /8 Unique local unicast prefix
FF00:: /8 Multicast prefix
::1 Reserved local loopback address
 IPv6 Subnet
Power Equals
• IPv6 subnetting is simple. Find the number of subnets that you need to 22 4
add. 23 8
• Use 2x , and find the highest closest number to the subnet number and
24 16
add it to the prefix.
Example 25 32
• You have the IPv6 address: 2001:DB8:BBCC:0000::/53 and you need to 26 64
add 1500 subnets, what is the new prefix? 27 128
28 256
• 211 provides 2048 which the closet higher number that meet the
29 512
requirement (1500) , the new prefix will be:
The old + x = 53 + 11= 64 210 1,024
So the new IPv6 will be 2001:DB8:BBCC:0000::/64 211 2,048
212 4,096
Before We Start:

 What is “OS”?

 What is the difference between Client/Desktop OS and Server OS?

 Which of the following is Client OS and which one is Server OS?

 Windows 10, Windows 2016?
Workgroup & Domain
Standalone Server, Member Server, and
Domain Controller Server
Ref:

 Panek, William. MCSA Windows Server 2016 Complete Study Guide: Exam 70-
740, Exam 70-741, Exam 70-742, and Exam 70-743. [VitalSource Bookshelf].