UNIT 1 BHARATIYA KNOWLEDGE SYSTEMS AND TRADITIONS

Bharatiya Knowledge Systems and Traditions, also known as Indian Knowledge Systems and
Traditions, refer to the vast and diverse body of knowledge, philosophy, sciences, arts, and
spiritual traditions that have developed and evolved in the Indian subcontinent over several
millennia. These systems and traditions have been integral to the cultural fabric of India and
continue to play a significant role in shaping its society, thought processes, and way of life. In
this detailed note, we will explore some of the key aspects of Bharatiya knowledge systems and
traditions.

Ancient Roots: Bharatiya knowledge systems have ancient roots dating back to the Indus Valley
Civilization (around 3300–1300 BCE) and Vedic period (around 1500–500 BCE). The Vedas,
which are among the oldest sacred texts in the world, form the foundation of Indian
philosophical and spiritual thought. The four Vedas - Rigveda, Samaveda, Yajurveda, and
Atharvaveda - contain hymns, rituals, and philosophical discussions.

Hindu Philosophical Systems: Bharatiya knowledge systems encompass a wide array of

philosophical schools of thought, collectively known as Darshanas. Six orthodox schools of
Hindu philosophy are prominent:

a. Nyaya: Focuses on logical reasoning and epistemology.

b. Vaisheshika: Deals with atomism and metaphysics.

c. Samkhya: Explores the duality of purusha (consciousness) and prakriti (matter).

d. Yoga: Emphasizes spiritual practices and self-realization.

e. Mimamsa: Concentrates on rituals and scriptural exegesis.

f. Vedanta: Investigates the essence of the Vedas and the nature of reality.

Ayurveda: Ayurveda is an ancient Indian system of medicine that dates back thousands of years.
It emphasizes holistic health and well-being through a balance of the three doshas - Vata, Pitta,
and Kapha. Ayurveda encompasses various therapies, herbs, and lifestyle recommendations to
promote physical, mental, and spiritual health.

Yoga and Meditation: Yoga is another integral part of Bharatiya knowledge systems. It is a
practice that aims to unite the mind, body, and spirit, promoting overall well-being. Various
forms of yoga, such as Hatha, Raja, Bhakti, Jnana, and Karma yoga, cater to different aspects of
human nature. Meditation is an essential component of yoga, helping individuals achieve mental
clarity, inner peace, and spiritual growth.
Indian Arts and Literature: Bharatiya knowledge systems find expression in various forms of
art and literature. Classical dance forms like Bharatanatyam, Kathak, Odissi, and others are
deeply rooted in Indian culture and mythology. Indian classical music, with its intricate ragas and
rhythms, is a profound medium for conveying emotions and spirituality. Indian literature,
including the epics Ramayana and Mahabharata, as well as ancient texts like the Upanishads and
Puranas, hold great wisdom and moral teachings.

Vastu Shastra and Jyotish: Vastu Shastra is the Indian science of architecture and design,
aiming to create harmonious living spaces that align with natural forces. Jyotish, or Vedic
astrology, is the study of celestial bodies' influence on human lives and destiny.

Dharma and Karma: Central to Bharatiya knowledge systems are the concepts of dharma and
karma. Dharma refers to duty, righteousness, and moral responsibility, while karma signifies the
law of cause and effect. Together, these principles guide individuals on the path of righteous
living and ethical decision-making.

Spiritual Traditions: India is home to various spiritual traditions, including Hinduism,

Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism, among others. Each of these traditions has contributed unique
philosophical perspectives and practices that have shaped the cultural landscape of India.

Guru-Shishya Parampara: The guru-shishya parampara, or the tradition of teacher-student

relationships, is a critical aspect of Bharatiya knowledge systems. It involves the passing down
of knowledge, wisdom, and skills from a guru (teacher) to a shishya (student) through personal
interaction and discipleship.

Modern Relevance: Bharatiya knowledge systems continue to influence modern thought in

India and beyond. Scholars, researchers, and practitioners study and adapt these traditional
systems to address contemporary challenges in various fields, including philosophy, science,
medicine, psychology, and spirituality.

In conclusion, Bharatiya Knowledge Systems and Traditions are a rich and multifaceted heritage
that has evolved over thousands of years. These systems encompass a wide array of
philosophical, spiritual, scientific, and artistic knowledge that continues to shape the cultural
identity and intellectual discourse of India. By preserving and studying these traditions, people
gain valuable insights into human existence, the nature of reality, and the pursuit of harmony and
well-being.

SELF - REVELATION OF BHARAT

INDIAN civilization has always attached great value to knowledge — witness its amazingly
large body of intellectual texts, the world's largest collection of manuscripts, and its attested
tradition of texts, thinkers, and schools in so many domains of knowledge. In Srimadbhagvad-
Gita, Lord Krishna tells Arjuna that knowledge is the great purifier and liberator of the self.
India's knowledge tradition is ancient and uninterrupted like the flow of the river Ganga, from
the Vedas (Upanisads) to Sri Aurobindo, knowledge has been at the center of all rational and
speculative inquiry in India.

Three terms are closely connected in all discussions of knowledge — darsana, jnana, and
vidya. Darsana, philosophy is the "system," the point of view, which yields/leads to jnana,
knowledge. When knowledge gathered about a particular domain is organized and systematized
for purposes of, say, reflection and pedagogy, it is called vidya, "discipline." The entire body of
organized knowledge is divided into two sets in the Mundakopanisad — para vidya and apara
vidya.

Both higher knowledge (para) and lower knowledge (apara) should be acquired. The higher
knowledge refers to understanding the Supreme Spirit (Brahman) while the lower knowledge
encompasses various subjects such as Vedas, grammar, philosophy, astronomy, and astrology.

Once Narada approached sage Sanatkumara seeking the path of knowledge. Sanatkumara
explained that there are stages of knowledge, starting with words “You can by your present
knowledge achieve only what words can achieve and nothing more.”

Words is followed by the power of speech: “the power of speech is greater than words. If there
had been no power of speech there would have been no words, no Vedas, no truth or untruth, no
religion or irreligion, no good or bad.”

Mind: “Mind is greater than speech. It is the mind that is conscious of both the word and the
power of speech. When a man decided that he should learn the Mantras, he learns them.
Otherwise not. When he thinks he ought to do a thing, he does it, not otherwise.

Will: “The will is greater than the mind. If there is no will, nothing happens. It is the will that
holds all things together.”

Consciousness: “Consciousness is greater than the will. It is consciousness that begets mental
activity. Then there is the will that impels the mind to think. Speech follows and words take
shape. If a man’s consciousness is not concentrated, he is not alert and he cannot do things.”

Meditation: “Meditation is greater than mere consciousness. Even the earth and the sky and the
mountains are, as it were, meditating and therefore standing firm and steady. If there were no
meditation, nothing would stand firm and steady.”

Understanding: “the power of understanding is greater than meditation. Good and bad, truth
and untruth, the Vedas and Puranas, this world and the next, all these can be known only if there
is the power of understanding.”
Power: “Power is greater than mere understanding. A single powerful man inspires fear into a
hundred men with brains and understanding. When a man with physical power gets up and goes
about, when he becomes learned, when he becomes a seer, a thinker, a doer of things, becomes a
man of understanding, he is greater than all. It is power that supports the earth, the sky, the
mountains, the beasts and men and gods and everything that exists on earth or in heaven.”

Food: “Food is greater. If a man does not eat ten days he may die, or even if he lives, he may
lose his powers of speech, of action, of hearing, and of thinking. When he begins to take food his
powers return to him.”

Water:“Water is greater. If there are no rains then no food grows. For want of water all living
beings would fade away. When there are rains all animals are quite happy.”

Heat:“Heat or light is greater. If there were no heat, the water from the earth would not
evaporate and there would be no rain without evaporation.”

Space: ““Akasha or space is greater. It is in akasha or space that all things happen. The sun and
the moon and the worlds float about in space. Space is the cause of sound waves that makes
hearing possible.”

Finally, the Atman or spirit, which is the foundation of everything. The key to joy and
immortality lies in realizing the infinite nature of the spirit through a pure and unified mind. This
spiritual realization, called para vidya, leads to eternal bliss and self-possession.

“This realization of the spirit can dawn upon us when our mind is clean and pure. Our minds
would be clean and pure when we feed upon pure food. A clean and pure mind alone can
concentrate upon truth. Truth then will shine in the heart of hearts like the rising sun.”

That is para vidya or spiritual realization that bestows immortality and eternal bliss.

The entire body of organized knowledge is divided into two sets in the Mundakopanisad —

para vidya and apara vidya, knowledge of the ultimate principle, paramatma or Brahman, (that
is the metaphysical domain) and knowledge that is secondary to the means by which one grasps
aksara- Brahman, (knowledge of the worldly domain). Distinction is accordingly made between
janana and vijana, the knowledge of facts of the perceptible world. The first kind of knowledge
is observational and is gained by the eyes, etc.; the other is experiential and is gained by the inner
self as drasta. In one, the whole cognizing self is bahirmukhl directed towards and involved in
the outer world; in the other, the whole cognizing self is antarmukhf, (turned inwards). To
acquire the first kind of knowledge, only the sensory apparatus, including the mind, has to be
prepared, but to acquire the second kind of knowledge the knower has to go through a process of
preparation, sudhana, (for knowledge-acquisition). The Jaina thought also makes a distinction
between pratyaksa janna which is knowledge present to the self (Atma sapeksa) and paroksa
jnana which is present to the senses and the mind (indriya-mana sUpeksa).
"Self-Revelation of Bharat" refers to the process of understanding and discovering the essence of
India (Bharat) as a nation, a civilization, and a cultural entity. It involves exploring and
acknowledging the unique characteristics, historical evolution, values, philosophies, and
contributions of India to the world. In this detailed note, we will delve into the various
dimensions of the self-revelation of Bharat.

Historical and Cultural Heritage: The self-revelation of Bharat begins with an exploration of
its rich historical and cultural heritage. India has a long and diverse history, with evidence of
ancient civilizations like the Indus Valley Civilization, which flourished around 3300–1300
BCE. The subcontinent has witnessed the rise and fall of several empires, including the Maurya,
Gupta, Chola, and Mughal empires, all of which have left a lasting impact on India's culture, art,
and governance.

Unity in Diversity: One of the key aspects of India's self-revelation is its unity in diversity. India
is home to a multitude of languages, religions, customs, and traditions. Despite this diversity,
there is a strong thread of unity that binds the country together. The idea of "Unity in Diversity"
is a profound philosophy that reflects the coexistence and acceptance of different cultures and
beliefs.

Spirituality and Philosophy: India has been a cradle of spirituality and philosophy for
thousands of years. The ancient texts, such as the Vedas, Upanishads, Bhagavad Gita, and other
scriptures, lay the foundation for profound spiritual teachings and philosophical inquiries.
Concepts like dharma, karma, moksha (liberation), and ahimsa (non-violence) have had a
significant impact on the spiritual fabric of India and continue to influence spiritual seekers
globally.

Contributions to Knowledge: The self-revelation of Bharat includes recognizing its historical

contributions to various fields of knowledge. India has been a center of learning and scholarship,
and ancient universities like Nalanda and Takshashila attracted scholars from across the world.
Mathematics, astronomy, medicine (Ayurveda), and architecture are some areas where India
made significant advancements.

Art, Music, and Literature: India's artistic expressions have left a profound mark on global
culture. Traditional dance forms like Bharatanatyam, Kathak, and Odissi, along with classical
music, have mesmerized audiences worldwide. Indian literature, with works like the Ramayana,
Mahabharata, and epics, has inspired countless generations.

Non-violence and Peace Movements: India's self-revelation includes recognizing its historical
commitment to non-violence and peace movements. Mahatma Gandhi's philosophy of non-
violence (ahimsa) played a crucial role in India's struggle for independence and continues to be a
source of inspiration for peace movements around the world.
Secular Values: India's secular values are a vital aspect of its self-revelation. The country's
constitution enshrines secularism, promoting equality and freedom of religion for all its citizens.
India's secular ethos have been instrumental in fostering a diverse and inclusive society.

Challenges and Opportunities: The self-revelation of Bharat also involves acknowledging the
challenges the country faces and the opportunities for growth and development. Issues such as
poverty, education, healthcare, environmental sustainability, and social inequality require
thoughtful and concerted efforts.

Global Impact: India's self-revelation extends beyond its borders. The Indian diaspora has
spread its culture, traditions, and knowledge around the world, making a significant impact on
various fields, including science, technology, business, and arts.

Contemporary Identity: Finally, the self-revelation of Bharat includes understanding its

contemporary identity as a dynamic nation on the global stage. India's growth as an economic
powerhouse, its strides in science and technology, and its vibrant democracy all contribute to its
evolving identity in the 21st century.

In conclusion, the self-revelation of Bharat encompasses a deep and multifaceted understanding

of India's history, culture, spirituality, philosophy, contributions, challenges, and contemporary
identity. Embracing this self-revelation fosters a sense of pride and responsibility among its
citizens and enhances India's engagement with the world community. It is an ongoing journey of
discovery, appreciation, and growth that reflects the essence of India as a vibrant and diverse
nation.

KNOWLEDGE TRADITIONS OF GLORIOUS BHARAT

The knowledge traditions of Glorious Bharat (India) have a rich and diverse history that spans
several millennia. These traditions encompass various fields of knowledge, including
philosophy, science, mathematics, medicine, arts, literature, and spirituality. Here are some of
the prominent knowledge traditions of Glorious Bharat:

Hindu Philosophical Systems: Bharat has given rise to several philosophical systems, each
offering unique perspectives on the nature of reality, self, and existence. Six orthodox schools of
Hindu philosophy, known as the "Darshanas," include Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Samkhya, Yoga,
Mimamsa, and Vedanta. These schools delve into various aspects of metaphysics, epistemology,
and ethics.

Ayurveda: Ayurveda, an ancient system of medicine, is among the world's oldest healthcare
traditions. It emphasizes a holistic approach to health, focusing on balancing the three doshas
(Vata, Pitta, and Kapha) to maintain well-being. Ayurveda encompasses herbal medicine, diet,
yoga, and various therapeutic practices.
Mathematics and Astronomy: India made significant contributions to mathematics and
astronomy. The concept of zero and the decimal system, which are fundamental to modern
mathematics, were developed in India. Ancient Indian mathematicians like Aryabhata and
Brahmagupta made noteworthy contributions to algebra, trigonometry, and number theory. In
astronomy, India's knowledge of celestial movements was advanced, leading to the creation of
precise calendars and observatories.

Yoga and Meditation: India is renowned for its tradition of yoga and meditation. Yoga, a
system of physical, mental, and spiritual practices, aims to achieve harmony between body and
mind. Meditation, as practiced in various forms, is a key component of yoga and serves as a tool
for self-realization and inner peace.

Classical Arts and Literature: Bharat has a rich heritage of classical arts and literature. Indian
classical dance forms, such as Bharatanatyam, Kathak, Odissi, Manipuri, and others, are known
for their intricate footwork, gestures, and expressive storytelling. Classical music, with its
various ragas and talas, has a profound impact on the emotions of the audience. Indian literature,
encompassing ancient epics like Ramayana and Mahabharata, as well as classical works of poets
and writers, reflects the country's deep cultural and moral values.

Spiritual Traditions: Bharat has been the birthplace of several spiritual traditions, including
Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism. Each of these traditions has its unique philosophical
and spiritual teachings, contributing to the diversity of spiritual practices in India.

Guru-Shishya Parampara: The knowledge traditions of Bharat are often passed down through
the guru-shishya parampara, an ancient system of education where knowledge is transmitted
from a guru (teacher) to a shishya (student) through personal guidance and discipleship.

Literature and Languages: India's literary heritage is extensive, with classical works in
Sanskrit, Pali, Prakrit, Tamil, and other languages. The vast literary corpus includes religious
scriptures, epics, poetry, plays, and philosophical treatises.

Non-violence and Ethical Values: Bharat's knowledge traditions have long emphasized the
importance of non-violence (ahimsa) and ethical values. Mahatma Gandhi's practice of non-
violence during India's freedom struggle had a profound impact on the nation and inspired
similar movements worldwide.

These knowledge traditions of Glorious Bharat have left an indelible mark on the world's
intellectual, spiritual, and cultural heritage. They continue to influence modern thought and
inspire people globally to seek knowledge, wisdom, and a deeper understanding of life and
existence.
THE SUBLIME JOURNEY OF BHARATIYA CULTURE AND CIVILIZATION

India got its name from the Sindhu river (Indus river). The origin of the name Sindhu is from a
Greek word in the 5th century BC. Indian civilization began in the area near Indus Riover; thus,
the nation got its name from the Indus River and the lower Indus BSIN IN Pakistan. India is also
known to be the home of different indigenous tribe which was called Bharat, thus the other
name Bharat was given to our country. Bharate-Varsha is derived from the Bharate, son of
Rishabh or Bharate, son of Dushyanta. Hisdustan, like the name Bharat, originated from the river
Indus, as the Persian mispronounced the word Sindu as Hindu.

The sublime journey of Bharatiya (Indian) culture and civilization is a captivating narrative that
spans thousands of years, marked by resilience, continuity, and a profound impact on the world.
This journey reflects the diverse, spiritual, and intellectually rich nature of Indian civilization.
Let's explore the key milestones and characteristics of this sublime journey:

Ancient Civilizations: The journey of Bharatiya culture dates back to the ancient Indus Valley
Civilization (3300–1300 BCE). The cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro stand as a testament to
the advanced urban planning, architecture, and trade practices of that time.

Vedic Era: The Vedas, composed around 1500–500 BCE, form the foundation of Vedic
knowledge. marked the emergence of the Vedas, Upanishads, and various other sacred texts.
The word “Veda” means knowledge. The vedic literature has evolved in the course of many
centuries and was handed down from generation to generation by the word of mouth. Later, they
were compiled and written down. They consist of four main texts: Rigveda, Samaveda,
Yajurveda, and Atharvaveda. These sacred scriptures contain hymns, rituals, and philosophical
discussions that have shaped the religious and spiritual beliefs of the Indian subcontinent. The
Vedic knowledge laid the foundation for Hinduism and introduced profound philosophical and
spiritual ideas.

(a) Rig Veda: It is the oldest veda. Its text consists of 1028 hymns (sukta) which are divided
into 10 Mandalas or books. The Upaveda of Rig Veda is the Ayurveda.

(b) Sama Veda: The Sama Veda or the ‘Veda of Chanta”. It is the collection of verses that
are provided with musical notations and are intended as an aid to the performance of
sacred songs. It contains the famous Dhrupada Raga, later sung by Tansen in medieval
times. The Upaveda of Sama Veda is the Gandharva Veda.

(c) Yajur Veda: It is the veda of worship or ritual knowledge. This veda deals with the
procedure for the performance of sacrifices. It is divided into:

- Shukla/ white Yajur Veda: It contain only mantras.

- Krishna/ Black Yajur Veda: It includes mantras as well as prose explanations.

 - The Upaveda of Sama Veda is the Dhanur Veda.

(d) Atharva Veda: It provides detailed guidance on the daily rituals and procedures of
life. It comprises of 730 hymns and 6000 mantras and it si divided into 20 books. It is
known as a Veda of magical formulas, it includes three important Upanishads:
Mundaka Upanishads, Mandukya Upanishads, Prashna Upanishads.

- The Upaveda of Sama Veda is the Shilpa Veda.

Upanishads: The literal meaning of Upanishad is to “sit near someone”. There are 108
Upanishads of which 13 are the most prominent. It introduces the concept of ‘Atman’ and
‘Brahman’. The Upanishads are mainly philosophical in nature and speak of the highest
knowledge. Satyamev Jayate in the National Emblem is taken from Mandukya Upanishads.

The Chandogya Upanishads clearly refers to the first 3 ashrams and discusses mainly two
types of marriage:

- Anuloma marriage: The marriage of a man in his own varna or below his varna. It is
the most accepted and common form of marriage in society.

- Pratiloma marriage: The marriage of a woman in a varna lower than her own. It is
not sanctioned (approval) by the Vedas.

Puranas: The word purana means ‘Ancient’ or ‘Old’. The puranas are considered to be
composed by Ved Vyasa. The Puranas reflect the growth of Hondu Dharma, the condition of
society in ancient times, social customs, religious ceremonies as well as yogic method of
discipline. The puranas are regarded as Post-vedic texts.

Golden Age of Empires: India witnessed the rise and fall of various empires, such as the
Maurya, Gupta, Chola, and Vijayanagara empires. These periods were characterized by
flourishing trade, art, literature, and advancements in science and mathematics.

(a) Maurya Empire: It is around 321-185 BC. It was the largest and one of the most
powerful empires. Chandragupta Maurya is the founder of Maurya dynasty. The most
powerful empires exist in the history of Indian subcontinent during this eras. The empire
saw significant advancements in the fields of literature, sciences, arts and architecture.
Important works like the Arthashastra and Sushruta samhita was written and expanded
in this period. This era also saw the emergence of scholar like Acharya Pingal and
Patanjali.

(b) Gupta Empire: The Gupta Empire lasted from 320 to 550 CE. It is the Golden Age of
India. This era has many achievements in the field of arts, science and literature that
Indians made under the Guptas. Kalidas the great poet and playwright were in the court
of Chandragupta Vikramaditya. Vishnu Sharma of Panchatantra fame lived during
 this era. Aryabhatta, the great Indian mathematician, Varahamihira was a astronomer
and a astrologer were the scholars of this era. The Nalanda University, a centre of
Buddhist were The Iron pillar at mehrauli, Delhi is a marvellous creation of this period.
The game of chess is said to have originated from this time.

(c) Chola Empire: South India in 10th and 11th century CE under the imperial cholas is
considered as another ‘Golden age”. The period saw extensive achievement in
architecture, Tamil lecture, Sculpture and bronze working. GDP constituted the world’s
largest GDP at that time.

(d) Vijayanagara Empire: The period was between 11th top 16 th century. They are
controlling the lands of the modern states of Karnataka, A.P., T.N., Kerala, Goa, some
paets of Telengana and Maharashtra.

Contributions to Science and Mathematics: Bharatiya civilization made remarkable

contributions to the fields of science and mathematics. Aryabhata, Brahmagupta, and other
mathematicians and astronomers made significant discoveries in algebra, trigonometry, and
astronomy. It is essential to know about the ancient, medieval and modern time Indian
mathematicians and their contribution to Science and Mathematics. Ancient Indian
mathematicians have contributed immensely to the field of mathematics. The invention of zero is
attributed to Indians and this contribution outweighs all other made by any other nation since it is
the basis of the decimal number system, without which no advancement in mathematics would
have been possible. The number system used today was invented by Indians and it is still called
Indo-Arabic numerals because Indians invented them and the Arab merchants took them to the
western world.

Science and technology have played a critical role in the evolution of human society. Humans
have had a desire to observe and understand nature since prehistoric times in order to control and
manipulate nature for their own benefit and welfare. Since ancient times, India has had a glorious
culture of education, science, and technology, and has made significant contributions in the
fields of astronomy, arithmetic, geometry, metallurgy, the ayurvedic system of medicine,
and surgery.

Here we are giving the list of important Indian mathematicians from ancient to modern times.

(a) Aryabhata: He was born in 476 CE at Kusumapura. He was regarded as the first of the
major mathematician-astronomers from the classical age. Aryabhaṭiya and Arya-
Siddhanta were his known works. He worked on the ‘place value system’ using letters to
signify numbers and stating qualities. He discovered the position of the 9 planets and
found that these planets revolve around the sun. He also described the number of days in
a year to be 365.
(b) Bhaskara: He is also known as Bhaskaracharya. He was born in 1114. He was the one
who acknowledged that any number divided by zero is infinity and that the sum of any
 number and infinity is also infinity. The famous book “Siddhanta Siromani” was written
by him.
(c) Brahmagupta: He was born in 598 CE near present-day Rajasthan. The most important
contribution of Brahmagupta to mathematics was introducing the concept and computing
methods of zero (0).

Then after Srinivas Ramanujan, P.C. Mahalanobis, C. Radhakrishna Rao,D.R. Kaprekar,

Satyendranath Bose, Shakuntala Devi, Narendra Karamakar was known for their modern
theories.
Spiritual Traditions: Bharat has been the birthplace of several major spiritual traditions,
including Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism. These religions have deeply influenced
the cultural, social, and philosophical fabric of the country. In Bharat 80% are Hindus and 13%
are Muslims. India is the birthplace of Buddhism and at one time many Indians were Buddhists
but in modern times less than 1% populations follows Buddha, Christians and Sikhs have 2%.
Hinduism like some of its Gods an d Goddess has many faces depending on caste and locations.
Indian Muslims follow Islam and its God is Allah and they refer to the Quran as their sacred text.
Overall, Indian’s saints have profoundly imparted the country’s spiritual and philosophical
traditions and continue into inspire and guide people around the world today. So the guidance of
a guru, the spiritual path of India offers many opportunities for personal growth and self
discovery.

Influence on Southeast Asia: Indian culture and civilization spread to Southeast Asia through
maritime trade and cultural exchanges. Indian art, architecture, and religious practices left a
profound impact on the region, as seen in temples like Angkor Wat in Cambodia and Borobudur
in Indonesia.

(a) Angkor Wat (Cambodia): Angkor Wat is a magnificent temple complex located in
Cambodia. It is one of the largest religious monuments in the world and a UNESCO World
Heritage Site. Built in the 12th century by King Suryavarman II, Angkor Wat combines Hindu
and Buddhist architectural elements. It was originally dedicated to the Hindu god Vishnu and
later transformed into a Buddhist temple. The site's grandeur and intricate carvings reflect the
Khmer Empire's cultural and artistic achievements.

(b) Lepakshi Temple (Andhra Pradesh, India): The Lepakshi Temple is renowned for its
intricate sculptures and unique hanging pillar. Located in Andhra Pradesh, India, this temple is a
splendid example of Vijayanagara architecture. The temple is dedicated to Lord Shiva and
features intricate carvings depicting mythological scenes, animals, and celestial beings.

(c) Jagannath Puri Temple (Odisha, India) : The Jagannath Puri Temple, located in Odisha,
India, is one of the Char Dham pilgrimage sites for Hindus. It is dedicated to Lord Jagannath and
renowned for the annual Rath Yatra, during which the deities are ceremonially pulled on grand
chariots. The temple's distinctive architectural style, with its towering spire (sikhara) and unique
sculptures, is a significant landmark in Indian temple architecture.
(d) Brihadeeswarar Temple (Thanjavur, India) : Also known as the Thanjavur Temple or
Periya Kovil, the Brihadeeswarar Temple is a UNESCO World Heritage Site located in Tamil
Nadu, India. It is built during the Chola dynasty in the 11th century, the temple is dedicated to
Lord Shiva. Its towering vimana (tower) and intricate sculptures reflect the architectural and
artistic achievements of the Chola dynasty.

(e) Modhera Sun Temple (Gujarat, India): The Modhera Sun Temple, dedicated to the sun
god Surya, is located in Gujarat, India. It is an example of Solanki architecture and dates back to
the 11th century. The temple complex features intricately carved pillars, stunning sculptures, and
a central sanctuary designed to capture the first rays of the rising sun during the equinox.

(f) Konark Sun Temple (Odisha, India) : The Konark Sun Temple is another UNESCO World
Heritage Site located in Odisha, India. Built in the 13th century, it is dedicated to the sun god
Surya. The temple's architecture resembles a chariot with intricately carved wheels, horses, and
other mythological figures. The temple's remarkable artistry and engineering make it an
exceptional example of Indian temple architecture.

(g) Hampi Temples (Karnataka, India): Hampi, a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Kamataka,
India, is a vast complex of ruins that was once the capital of the Vijayanagara Empire. The site is
dotted with numerous temples, shrines, and monolithic structures. These structures showcase the
grandeur of Vijayanagara architecture and depict scenes from Hindu epics and mythology.

Medieval Period: The medieval period saw the establishment of powerful dynasties like the
Delhi Sultanate and the Mughal Empire. It was a time of cultural fusion, where Indian and
Islamic influences coexisted, giving rise to unique art forms and architectural styles. Islamic
architecture, exemplified by the Qutub Minar and the Taj Mahal, blended with traditional
Indian style.

Colonial Era and Independence Struggle: It is the era of 17 th to 20th CE. The arrival of
European colonial powers, starting with the Portuguese, Dutch, French, and ultimately the
British, significantly impacted Indian society. During the British colonial era, Indian art and
traditions experienced both challenges and preservation efforts. Traditional art forms were
supported by princely states and the Swadeshi movement promoted indigenous products. The
struggle for independence, led by Mahatma Gandhi and other freedom fighters, showcased
India's resilience and non-violent approach to change.

Independent India: India gained independence in 1947, leading to the formation of a sovereign,
democratic, and secular nation. The Constitution of India, with its commitment to pluralism and
equality, reflects the values of Bharatiya culture. After gaining independence in 1947, India
embraced its cultural diversity while promoting modernization. Traditional art forms continue to
thrive alongside contemporary expressions.
Cultural Diversity and Unity: The sublime journey of Bharatiya culture is characterized by its
incredible diversity, with over 2,000 distinct ethnic groups, numerous languages, and diverse
religious practices. Despite this diversity, a strong sense of unity and common heritage prevails,
emphasizing the concept of "unity in diversity."

India is renowned for its rich and diverse cultural heritage, which encompasses a wide range of
art forms, traditions, and practices. This cultural diversity is a result of the country's long history,
multiple religions, regional variations, and the interplay of various civilizations. Here are some
key aspects of Indian art and traditions:

(1) Visual Arts:

(a) Classical Indian Art: Indian classical art forms include painting, sculpture, and architecture.
These art forms are deeply rooted in religious and mythological themes.

(b) Mural Painting: Intricate mural paintings can be found in ancient temples and palaces, often
depicting stories from Hindu epics and religious narratives.

(c) Miniature Painting: Miniature paintings, characterized by intricate details and vibrant
colors, were popular during various historical periods.

(2) Performing Arts:

(a) Classical Dance: India boasts several classical dance forms, such asBharatanatyam, Kathak,
Odissi, Manipuri, Kuchipudi, and Kathakali. Each dance style has its own distinct movements,
gestures, and stories.

(b) Music: Indian classical music is divided into two major traditions: Hindustani (North Indian)
and Carnatic (South Indian). Instruments like the sitar, tabla, flute, and veena are integral to these
traditions.

(c) Theater: Traditional Indian theater includes forms like Yakshagana, Jatra, and Nautanki,
each with its own dramatic style and themes.

(3) Festivals and Celebrations:

(a) Diwali: Known as the Festival of Lights, Diwali is celebrated by lighting lamps, exchanging
gifts, and enjoying festive sweets. It symbolizes the victory of light over darkness.

(b) Holi: The Festival of Colors involves joyous celebrations, the throwing of colored powders,
and dancing to mark the arrival of spring.

(c) Eid, Christmas, and Other Religious Festivals: India's religious diversity i reflected in the
celebrations of various festivals, such as Eid-ul-Fitr, Christmas, an Guru Nanak Jayanti.

(4) Cuisine:
(a) Regional Diversity: Indian cuisine is incredibly diverse, varying from region to region. Each
region has its own specialties and flavors, often influenced by loc Ingredients and traditions.

(b) Spices: Indian cuisine is renowned for its use of aromatic spices that enhanance flavors and
create a balance of tastes.

(5) Traditional Clothing:

(a) Sari: The sari is a traditional attire worn by women in India. It is a long piece of cloth that is
draped elegantly around the body.

(b) Kurta-Pajama and Sherwani: Men often wear kurta-pajama, a comfortable and traditional
outfit. The sherwani is a more formal version worn for special occasions.

(6) Religion and Spirituality:

(a) Hinduism: As the majority religion, Hinduism has profoundly influenced Indian culture.
Temples, rituals, and festivals play a significant role in the daily lives of Hindus.

(b) Buddhism, Jainism, Islam, Sikhism, and Christianity: India is also home to followers of
these major religions, each contributing to the cultural fabric.

(7) Craftsmanship:

(a) Handicrafts: India is known for its intricate handicrafts, including textiles, pottery, jewelry,
and metalwork.

(b) Block Printing and Embroidery: Traditional techniques like block printing and embroidery
are used to create beautiful fabrics with intricate patterns.

These are just a few glimpses of India's vibrant and diverse art and traditions. The country's
cultural tapestry is a reflection of its history, values, and the myriad influences that have shaped
its identity over the centuries.

Global Influence: The cultural and spiritual aspects of Bharatiya civilization have a global
impact. Yoga, meditation, Ayurveda, and Indian classical arts have gained immense popularity
worldwide and continue to be embraced as sources of physical, mental, and spiritual well-being.

Ayurveda is an ancient system of holistic healing that originated in India over 5,000 years ago.
Derived from the Sanskrit words "Ayur" (life) and "Veda" (knowledge). Ayurveda is often
referred to as the "science of life." It is a comprehensive system of natural medicine that focuses
on achieving balance and harmony in the body, mind, and spirit to promote optimal health and
well-being.
At its core, Ayurveda views each individual as a unique combination of the five elements-earth,
water, fire, air, and ether (space)-and categorizes people into three primary doshas, or energetic
constitutions: Vata (air and ether), Pitta (fire and water), and Kapha (earth and water).

Ayurveda encompasses a wide range of practices and principles, including:

(a) Diet and Nutrition: Ayurveda emphasizes the importance of proper nutrition.recommending
foods that balance an individual's dosha and support digestion. Dietarychoices are seen as a key
factor in maintaining health and preventing diseases.

(b) Herbal Medicine: Herbal remedies play a significant role in Ayurvedic healing. Various
herbs and botanicals are used to address specific imbalances and promote overall well-being.

(c) Yoga and Meditation: Ayurveda is closely intertwined with yoga and meditation practices.
Yoga helps maintain physical flexibility and balance, while meditation supports mental clarity
and inner peace.

(d) Massage and Body Therapies: Ayurvedic massages and therapies, such as Abhyanga (oil
massage) and Shirodhara (oil poured on the forehead), are used to relax the body, reduce stress,
and promote energy flow.

(e) Detoxification: Ayurveda emphasizes periodic detoxification to eliminate toxins and

impurities from the body through practices like Panchakarma.

(f) Lifestyle Recommendations: Ayurveda offers guidelines for daily routines, sleep patterns,
exercise, and overall lifestyle choices to maintain balance and prevent illness.

(g) Personalized Approach: One of the key strengths of Ayurveda is its individualized
approach to health. Practitioners consider a person's constitution, imbalances, and unique needs
when creating wellness plans.

(h) Mind-Body Connection: Ayurveda recognizes the interconnectedness of the mind and body.
Emotional well-being is considered essential for overall health.

(i) Preventive Medicine: Ayurveda places a strong emphasis on preventive care. focusing on
maintaining health before illness occurs.

Ayurveda has gained recognition globally as an alternative and complementary system of

medicine. While modern medical science has made remarkable advancements, Ayurveda's
holistic approach to health and well-being continues to resonate with individuals seeking natural
and balanced ways to enhance their quality of life. It's important to consult qualified Ayurvedic
practitioners when considering Ayurvedic practices for your health.
Resilience and Continuity: Throughout its journey, Bharatiya culture has demonstrated
remarkable resilience, preserving its core values, traditions, and wisdom while embracing
modernity and global interactions.

In conclusion, the sublime journey of Bharatiya culture and civilization is a tale of continuous
evolution, cultural exchanges, and profound contributions to human knowledge and spirituality.
It reflects the enduring nature of India's rich heritage, which continues to inspire and influence
the world's cultural landscape.

DISSEMINATION AND CONTRIBUTION OF BHARATIYA KNOWLEDGE SYSTEMS

IN THE WORLD GLORIOUS TRADITION OF SCIENCE AND ARTS IN BHARAT

The dissemination and contribution of Bharatiya knowledge systems in the world have had a
profound impact on the glorious tradition of science and arts in India. Over the centuries, India's
knowledge and wisdom have spread far beyond its borders, influencing various cultures and
civilizations. Let's explore how Bharatiya knowledge systems have been disseminated and their
contributions to the world's tradition of science and arts:

Dissemination of Knowledge:

a. Ancient Trade Routes: India's strategic location on ancient trade routes, such as the Silk
Road and maritime trade, facilitated the exchange of knowledge and ideas with neighboring
regions and distant lands.

b. Travelers and Scholars: Indian scholars, monks, and travelers like Bodhidharma, Faxian,
and Xuanzang journeyed to other countries, carrying with them Indian knowledge and culture.
Their interactions with foreign civilizations fostered intellectual exchange and mutual learning.

c. Maritime Connections: India's maritime connections with Southeast Asia, the Middle East,
and Africa allowed the dissemination of Indian art, culture, and religious practices to these
regions.

Contributions to Science:

a. Mathematics: India's contributions to mathematics include the decimal system, concept of

zero, and algebraic methods. The works of Indian mathematicians like Aryabhata and
Brahmagupta significantly influenced mathematical developments in the world.

b. Astronomy: Indian astronomers made notable observations of celestial bodies and developed
advanced astronomical instruments. The concept of the heliocentric solar system was proposed
by Indian astronomers before Copernicus.
c. Medicine: Ayurveda, India's ancient system of medicine, emphasized a holistic approach to
health and influenced traditional medicine systems in other countries, such as Traditional
Chinese Medicine.

d. Metallurgy: India's expertise in metallurgy, particularly in iron and steel production, was
highly regarded and sought after by other civilizations.

Contributions to Arts:

a. Indian Classical Arts: Indian classical dance forms like Bharatanatyam, Kathak, Odissi, and
others, with their intricate movements and expressive storytelling, have captivated audiences
worldwide.

b. Indian Classical Music: Indian classical music, with its unique ragas and rhythmic patterns,
has inspired musicians and music enthusiasts across the globe.

c. Visual Arts: Indian art, characterized by intricate paintings, sculptures, and architectural
wonders like the Taj Mahal, has influenced artistic traditions in neighboring regions.

Spiritual and Philosophical Contributions:

a. Yoga and Meditation: The practice of yoga and meditation, rooted in ancient Indian spiritual
traditions, has gained global popularity as a means of promoting physical, mental, and spiritual
well-being.

b. Philosophy: Indian philosophical traditions, such as Vedanta, Samkhya, and Buddhism, have
been studied and appreciated by scholars and seekers of wisdom worldwide.

Influence on Southeast Asia and Beyond:

a. Indian cultural and religious influences spread to Southeast Asia through trade and cultural
exchanges. Indian architecture, art, and religious practices left a lasting impact on the region's
temples and cultural practices.

b. Indian philosophies and spiritual traditions, particularly Buddhism, spread to East Asia,
including countries like China, Korea, Japan, and Tibet.

In conclusion, the dissemination and contribution of Bharatiya knowledge systems in the world
have enriched the global tradition of science and arts. India's ancient knowledge, philosophy, and
artistic expressions continue to be celebrated and respected internationally, reflecting the
enduring legacy of Bharatiya culture and its profound impact on humanity's quest for knowledge
and beauty.