BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN NURSING:

MICP 211 MICROBIOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY

COURSE MODULE COURSE UNIT WEEK
1 1 1

Scope of Microbiology

 Implement a study habit to read and comprehend the following prior to online class proper:
unit objectives; course module and learning videos.
 Actively search for unfamiliar medical terminologies and relate to discussions.
 Establish effective teacher- student interactions through participation in the synchronous
online class discussion. through LMS discussion board or through Online Class chat box. Ask
relevant questions.
 Answer and submit course unit tasks online if there is any.
 For additional direction read study guide prior to class proper

At the end of the lesson the students are expected to:

A. Cognitive Objectives:
a.1.Knowledge Acquisition:
Recall and articulate the fundamental principles and concepts of microbial biology, evolution and
classification
a.2. Application of Concepts:
Apply microbiological concepts to real-world scenarios, such as identifying and proposing solutions for
microbial-related issues in healthcare, food safety, or environmental settings
B. Psychomotor Objective:

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b.1. Develop a deep understanding of the microscope's anatomy. Through touch, they would be able to
differentiate between the eyepiece, objective lenses, stage, and focus knobs.
C. Affective Objective:
c.1. Appreciation for Microbial Diversity:
Develop an appreciation for the diversity and importance of microorganisms in various ecosystems and
human activities.

MODULE OUTLINE
SCOPE OF MICROBIOLOGY
1. Organisms that make up the microbial world
2. Evolution of Microbiology. Development of microbiology
3. Microorganisms
4. Division of Microbiology
5. Practical Applications of Microbiology
6. Significance of Microbiology

This module was derived from the book titled

"MICROBIOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY: A Textbook
& Laboratory Manual for the Health Sciences"
authored by Dr. Quiles and Dr. Bartolome, published
by C & E Publishing in its 2nd Edition.

Read pages 3 - 4 and pages 20 to 24

Organisms That Make-Up The Microbial World.

 Germ is derived from the Latin word germen, which means to sprout or germinate. First applied to
bacteria in the nineteenth century to explain disease-causing cells that grew quickly.
 Microbes, often known as microorganisms, are microscopic living organisms that are visible only
with a microscope
 Microbiology is the study of all living organisms that are too small to be visible with the naked eye.
This includes bacteria, archaea, viruses, fungi, prions, protozoa and algae, collectively known as
'microbes'.

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 Evolution Of Microbiology
The Development Of Microbiology
PIONEERS IN THE SCIENCE OF MICROBIOLOGY
 Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723). Referred to as the “Father of Microbiology,” the “Father of
Bacteriology,” and the “Father of Protozoology”
 As a hobby, he ground tiny glass lenses, which he mounted in small metal frames, thus
creating what today are known as single-lens microscopes or simple microscopes.
 In many of these specimens, he observed various tiny living creatures, which he called
“animalcules.”

 Louis Pasteur (1822–1895). Discovered forms of life that could exist in the absence of oxygen. He
introduced the terms “aerobes” (organisms that require oxygen) and “anaerobes” (organisms that
do not require oxygen).
 Created pasteurization to eliminate wine spoilage-causing bacteria.
 A vaccine was developed to prevent rabies in dogs and effectively used to treat human rabies.
 Discovered alcoholic fermentation process. His research showed that various microorganisms
create distinct fermentation products. Yeasts ferment grape glucose to ethanol, but invading
bacteria like Acetobacter ferment glucose to acetic acid (vinegar), affecting wine taste.

 Joseph Lister. During the 1860s Joseph Lister, an English surgeon, reasoned that surgical infection
(sepsis) might be caused by microorganisms. (Sepsis = The condition resulting from the presence of
pathogenic microbes or their products in blood or tissues.)
 Devised methods to prevent microbes from entering the wounds of his patients. His
procedures came to be known as antiseptic (against sepsis) surgery, and included hand
washing, sterilizing instruments, and dressing wounds with carbolic acid (phenol).

 Ignaz Philip Semmelweis . About this same time (1840s), a physician by the name of Ignaz Philip
Semmelweis began using antiseptic procedures to prevent "childbirth" or puerperal fever (a
serious and often fatal disease associated with infection contracted during delivery)

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 Robert Koch. Direct evidence demonstrating that bacteria were disease-causing agents (etiological
agents) was provided by Robert Koch, a German physician, in 1867.
 Koch identified Bacillus anthracis as the cause of anthrax in sheep and cattle. Koch developed
a series of experiments to prove a specific microbe caused an illness. These postulates, known
as Koch's, contributed significantly to the germ theory of illness.
 Koch found B. anthracis spores that can withstand harsh environments.
 Koch created procedures for fixing, staining, and photographingbacteria.
 Koch's research on tuberculin, a protein from M. tuberculosis, led to a skin test for the disease.

 Richard J. Petri - developed the Petri dish in which microbial cultures could be grown and
manipulated.

 Fanny Hesse - developed the use of agar as a solidifying agent for microbiological media.

 Hans Christian Gram - developed the Gram stain, a stain technique that could be used to separate
two major groups of disease causing bacteria. • Koch discovered the bacterium (M. tuberculosis)
that causes tuberculosis and the bacterium (Vibrio cholerae) that causes cholera.

 Edward Jenner. In 1796, Edward Jenner (a British Physician) reported the use of material scraped
from the skin of an individual infected with cowpox to immunize a child against smallpox.

 Paul Ehrlich. A German physician by the name of Paul Ehrlich searched for a “magic bullet”, and in
around 1910 developed the first effective cure for a bacterial disease.
 The drug he developed was called salvarsan, and was an arsenic compound that was effective
against syphilis.

 Alexander Fleming. A short time later (1928), Alexander Fleming, a Scottish physician, discovered
penicillin.

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  Noticed that mold growing on one of his culture plates inhibited the growth of bacteria there,
and eventually isolated the substance responsible

Microorganisms
 Microorganisms –An organism that can be seen only through a microscope.
 The two major categories of microbes are called acellular microbes (also called infectious particles)
and cellular microbes (also called microorganisms).

 Acellular microbes - lacking cellular organization; not delimited by cytoplasmic membrane
(viruses, viroids, virusoids, prions). CANNOT BE SEEN IN A LIGHT MICROSCOPE. Include viruses
and prions.
 Cellular microbes - cytoplasmic membrane present. Broken into prokaryotes and eukaryotes
include all bacteria, all archaea, some algae, all protozoa, and some fungi
 Prokaryotes / Eukaryotes. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes are distinguished on the basis of
their cellular characteristics

 Eukaryotes - cells where genomes not contained within a nucleus. Include such
microorganisms as fungi, protozoa, and simple algae. Eukaryotic cells are larger and
more complex than prokaryotic cells. They contain variety of cellular bodies called
organelles.

 Prokaryotes - genome contained in a nucleus; are probably the smallest living

organisms. They can range in size from 0.15 μm (mycoplasmas) to 2.0 microscopic
(many of the bacteria). Some bacteria have a comma shape (vibrio) or a flexible, wavy
shape (spirochete).

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 Here is a Diagrammatic
Explanation

1. Bacteria are prokaryotic organisms with no nucleus or nuclear membrane in their cells. It takes the
form of rods (bacilli), spheres (cocci), or spirals (spirals) (spirilla or spirochetes). It reproduces through
binary fission, has unique ingredients in its cell walls, and can be found in nearly all of the world's
ecosystems. It can survive in temperatures ranging from 0° to 100°C and in oxygen-rich or oxygen-
depleted environments.

2. Fungus. Eukaryotic microorganisms such as multicellular molds and unicellular (single-celled) yeasts
are classified as fungi. Yeasts are slightly larger than bacteria and are employed in the production of
alcoholic beverages and bread. Candida albicans, for example, is a pathogenic yeast (disease causing).
Molds are filamentous, branching fungus that reproduce through spores. The fungi prefer acidic
surroundings, and the majority of them can survive at ambient temperature in an oxygen-rich
environment. A fungus is what the common mushroom is.

3. Protozoa are unicellular eukaryotic creatures. Many species have a feature of movement, and
protozoa can be classed according on how they move: Some protozoa have flagella, whereas others
have cilia or pseudopodia. Some animals are not mobile. Because they lack cell walls, protozoa can

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take on an unlimited number of shapes. Malaria, sleeping sickness, dysentery, and toxoplasmosis are all
caused by different species

4.Algae refers to a wide range of plant-like creatures. Several species of singlecelled algae are essential
in microbiology. Their cells are surrounded by cell walls made of cellulose, a type of carbohydrate.
Diatoms and dinoflagellates, which live in the oceans and are found at the bottom of marine food
chains, are examples. In the process of photosynthesis, most algae catch sunlight and convert it to
chemical energy in the form of carbohydrates.

5. Viruses are tiny amounts of genetic material (DNA or RNA) encased in a protein shell and,
occasionally, a membranous envelope. Because viruses lack a metabolism, interfering with their
structures or activities with medications is challenging. Viruses reproduce in living cells & utilize cells'
chemical machinery for their own purposes. In process of duplicating, they frequently damage the cells.

6.Bacteriophages. A special type of virus that infects primarily bacteria.

Microorganisms are very diverse; they include bacteria, fungi, algae, and protozoa; microscopic plants
(green algae); also include viruses.

Let’s apply what you have learned: Determine the microorganism that causes the following infections

1. Streptococcus pneumoniae Choices:

2. Escherichia coli A. Bacteria
3. Amoeba B. Fungi
4. Rhabdoviridae C. Algae
5. Candida infection D. Protozoa
6. HIV E. Viruses
7. Pneumocystis jirovecii

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 Answer the self-assessment
questions on page 27 of
Microbiology and Parasitology,
2nd Edition by Bartolome &
Quiles (C & E Publishing).

Division Of Microbiology
 Branches of microbiology can be classified into pure and applied sciences.
 Pure Microbiology - Organisms are thoroughly investigated.
 Microbiology can be also classified based on taxonomy. Branches Of Microbiology by
Taxonomy are:
 Bacteriology. Study of bacteria.
 Immunology. Study of the immune system. It looks at the relationships between
pathogens such as bacteria and viruses and their hosts.
 Mycology. Study of fungi, such as yeasts and molds.
 Nematology. Study of nematodes (roundworms).
 Parasitology. Study of parasites. Not all parasites are microorganisms. Protozoa and
bacteria can be parasitic; the study of bacterial parasites is usually categorized as part
of bacteriology.
 Phycology. Study of algae.
 Protozoology. Study of protozoa, single-celled organisms like amoebae.
 Virology. Study of viruses.

 Applied Microbiology - Organisms themselves are not examined in applied microbiology; rather,
they are applied to a specific process. They are as follows:
 Medical microbiology. Study of the pathogenic microbes and the role of microbes in
human illness. Includes the study of microbial pathogenesis and epidemiology and is
related to the study of disease pathology and immunology. This area of microbiology also
covers the study of human microbiota, cancer, and the tumor microenvironment.

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 Pharmaceutical microbiology. Study of microorganisms that involved in the
manufacturing of antibiotics, enzymes, vitamins, vaccines, and other pharmaceutical
goods that cause pharmaceutical contamination and spoil.
 Industrial microbiology. Explore microbes for use in industrial processes. Examples
include industrial fermentation and wastewater treatment. Closely linked to
the biotechnology industry. This field also includes brewing, an important application of
microbiology.
 Microbial biotechnology. Manipulation of microorganisms at the genetic and molecular
level to generate useful products.
 Food microbiology. Study of microorganisms causing food spoilage and foodborne illness.
Using microorganisms to produce foods, for example by fermentation.
 Agricultural microbiology. Study of agriculturally relevant microorganisms. This field can
be further classified into the following:
 Plant microbiology and Plant pathology. Study of the interactions between
microorganisms and plants and plant pathogens.
 Soil microbiology. Study of those microorganisms that are found in soil.
 Veterinary microbiology. Study of the role of microbes in veterinary medicine or
animal taxonomy.
 Environmental microbiology. Study of the function and diversity of microbes in their
natural environments. This involves the characterization of key bacterial habitats such
as the rhizosphere and phyllosphere, soil and groundwater ecosystems,
open oceans or extreme environments (extremophiles). This field includes
bioremediation, which is the use of micro-organisms to clean air, water and soils.
 Water microbiology (or aquatic microbiology). Study of those microorganisms that are
found in water.
 Aeromicrobiology (or air microbiology). Study of airborne microorganisms.
 Biotechnology. Related to recombinant DNA technology or genetic engineering.

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 Week 1 Discussion Board - Scope of Microbiology
Analyze and discuss in class the applications of microbiological ideas
to real-world situations, including food safety, healthcare, and
environmental environments.
Share your thoughts with us in the canvas's discussion board or in our
ZOOM chat box.

Practical Applications Of Microbiology

There are microbes that help us (“microbial allies”); those that harm us (“microbial enemies”)
(Engelkirk, 2011). Listed below are a few of the many reasons to study microbiology & learn about
microbes:
1. Genetic Engineering. Engineered microorganisms are used to make hormones, antibiotics,
vaccines and other products. New genes can be inserted into plants and animals.
2. Biotechnology. Commercial applications include the synthesis of acetone, organic acids, enzymes,
alcohols and many drugs.
3. Biological Warfare. Also known as germ warfare, is the use of biological toxins or infectious agents
such as bacteria, viruses, insects, and fungi with the intent to kill, harm or incapacitate humans
4. Microbial Ecology. Recycling Vital Elements. Martinus Beijerinck and Sergei Winogradsky were
the first to show how bacteria help recycle vital elements between the soil and the atmosphere.
Microbial ecology, the study of the relationship between microorganisms and their environment
 Microbes are vital for life. Some produce oxygen through photosynthesis. Algae and
cyanobacteria produce oxygen.
 Many microorganisms decompose dead creatures and waste items left behind by living
species. Their collective name is decomposers or saprophytes. Saprophytes live on
decomposing organic substances.
5. Medical microbiology is important because it aids in detection, isolation, diagnosis, and treatment
of pathogenic bacteria, as well as the production of helpful organisms such as yeasts and antibiotics.

 The number of bacterial species on and in humans is estimated to be 500-1,000. Our

indigenous microflora makes up our microbiota. Mostly helpful.

 Opportunistic pathogens are bacteria that colonize the body. Although these bacteria are
mostly harmless, they can cause diseases if they invade the body.

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  Microorganisms that cause disease are called pathogens (sometimes called infectious agents).
Nonpathogens cause no disease. About 3% of bacteria can cause disease. Thus, most
bacteria are nonpathogens.

Microbes that cause disease are known as pathogens

Let’s do a brief exercise : Which type of microorganism causes these diseases?

1. Covid - 19 infection Choices:

2. Tuberculosis A. Bacteria
3. Leptospirosis B. Fungi
4. Dandruff C. Algae
5. Red Tide infection D. Protozoa
6. Genital Herpes E. Viruses
7. Measles Infection
8. Malaria

Better learning through visuals . Here are some useful links

Topics Links

The Concept of Microorganisms: Historical https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q_zOkNHNb

Findings Ys

Introduction to Microbiology: Microbes & https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oEvUbWPW

Bacteria Vqw

 Astro microbiology. Study of microorganisms in outer space

 Biological agent. Study of those microorganisms which are being used in weapon industries.
 Cellular microbiology. - Reveals how pathogenic microorganism interacts with host cells in what is
turning out to be a complex evolutionary battle of competing gene products.

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  Evolutionary microbiology. Study of microbial evolution. This field can be classified into the following
categories are microbial systematics and microbial taxonomy
 Generation microbiology. Study of those microorganisms that have the same characters as their
parents
 Microbial cytology. Study of microorganisms' microscopic and submicroscopic features.
 Microbial ecology. Relationship between microorganisms and their environment
 Microbial genetics. Study of how genes are structured and regulated in microbes in relation to their
cellular functions Closely related to the field of molecular biology
 Microbial pathogenesis. Study of the process by which a microorganism causes a disease.
 Microbial physiology. Study of how the biochemistry of a microbial cell works. Includes the study of
microbial growth, microbial metabolism and microbial cell structure
 Nano microbiology. Study of those microscopic organisms on nano level.
 Phylogeny. Study of the genetic relationships between different organisms
 Predictive microbiology. Quantification of relations between controlling factors in foods and responses
of pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms using mathematical modelling
 Systems microbiology. Bridge systems biology and microbiology.

1. What is the significance of Microbiology in the following?

A. Medicine
B. Food Industry
C. Healthy Environment
2. Identify five (5) areas of human activities that are influenced by microorganisms; Discuss how
microorganisms participated in each of the human activity identified.

Bartolome and Quiles. (2020) Microbiology and Parasitology: A Textbook and Laboratory
Manual for the Health Sciences. 2nd Edition. C&E Publishing House. Quezon City. QR65. B37
2020

Engelkirk, Paul G. (2019). Burton's microbiology for the health sciences, 8th ed. . Philadelphia :
LWW.616.01 E3 2007

Tortora, G.J. (2014) Microbiology. Pearson: Singapore. 616.9041 T63 2014

/avg

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