Understanding Peace Typologies: Simple Explanations

1. Crisis-Cross Model:

This model refers to a situation where conflicts are spread across different regions or contexts, avoiding direct
confrontation between major powers in critical areas. In this model, large-scale conflicts are prevented by
engaging in smaller, less direct confrontations elsewhere. For example, during the Cold War, the USA and
USSR avoided direct conflict in Europe but fought “proxy wars” in regions like Korea and Vietnam.

2. Multiple Loyalties

This refers to situations where individuals or nations have overlapping commitments or responsibilities that
encourage cooperation rather than conflict. These loyalties can be economic, political, or cultural, creating
incentives for peace. For instance, European Union countries have economic, legal, and political ties that
reduce the likelihood of war, as their interests are aligned across multiple areas.

3. Individual Loyalty Conflicts

This concept focuses on the role of individual or personal connections in preventing conflicts. It refers to
initiatives that create personal loyalties across borders, such as international student exchange programs,
which foster understanding and friendships among people from different countries. It can also refer to
organizations like the United Nations, where soldiers or workers are loyal to global peace rather than national
interests.

4. Degree of Homology:
“Homology” here refers to the similarity between different groups or nations. When two nations have
maximum homology, they share many cultural, political, or economic traits, making cooperation easier
and reducing the likelihood of conflict. On the other hand, minimum homology refers to situations
where countries or groups are very different from one another, which may create tensions but also
reduce direct competition, as seen in the Cold War rivalry between the USA and USSR

5. International Stratification:
 This heading refers to the hierarchy or structure of power among nations. In a feudal system, a few
powerful nations dominate weaker ones, often through colonialism or exploitation. In a modern
system, smaller or less powerful nations band together (such as in the Non-Aligned Movement) to
resist domination by superpowers and work towards fairer international relations. This concept
highlights how the distribution of power affects peace and conflict.

6. Interdependence

This refers to the level of economic, political, or social connections between nations. Minimum
interdependence means that countries are isolated and have few ties, making conflict more likely because they
don’t rely on one another. Maximum interdependence, on the other hand, occurs when nations are highly
interconnected (such as within the European Union), which encourages cooperation and peace because
conflicts would disrupt mutually beneficial relationships.

7. Functional Cooperation

This heading refers to situations where countries collaborate on specific, practical projects, regardless of their
political differences. Such cooperation, particularly in areas like science or infrastructure, builds trust and
long-term relationships between countries, reducing the likelihood of conflict. A prime example is the
International Space Station (ISS), where countries like the USA and Russia work together on space
exploration, even if they have political disagreements on Earth.

1. Sub-International Peace Plans

Example: Northern Ireland Peace Process (Good Friday Agreement, 1998)

- What: Northern Ireland had a long conflict between Protestants and Catholics. This agreement

was made to bring peace between them.

- Why: The conflict had hurt many people, and this agreement helped them share power and stop

the fighting.

- How: They created a government where both groups could work together, which helped reduce

the violence and create lasting peace.

2. International Peace Systems

- What: The UN is a group of countries that work together to keep peace and solve

problemswithout fighting.

- Why: After two world wars, countries wanted a way to solve problems without going to

waragain.

- How: The UN sends peacekeepers, helps countries talk through problems, and providessupport

to avoid conflicts.

Slide 7: Distribution of Power

1. Minimum Equality

Example: Pax Romana

- What: During ancient Rome's rule, they kept peace by being the strongest power in the region. - Why:

Rome controlled many areas and prevented major wars because no one was strong enough to challenge

them.

- How: By using their military and keeping control over their empire, Rome maintained order for hundreds

of years.

2. Maximum Equality

Example: Cold War Balance of Power

- What: During the Cold War, the USA and USSR were equally strong and didn't want to risk

fighting directly.

- Why: Both had nuclear weapons and knew if they fought, it could destroy both countries. - How: This

balance made sure they didn't attack each other directly. Instead, they focused on smaller conflicts in other

parts of the world.

Example: Nuclear Arms Control Treaties

- What: The USA and Russia made agreements to reduce the number of nuclear weapons.

- Why: Having fewer weapons made the chance of war smaller.

- How: By agreeing to reduce their weapons and checking on each other, they helped reduce therisk of

nuclear war.

4. Zero Level

Example: Costa Rica's Disarmament

- What: Costa Rica got rid of its army in 1949.

- Why: Instead of spending money on the military, they used it for education and healthcare.

- How: Without a military, Costa Rica avoids war and focuses on peaceful solutions through diplomacy and

international cooperation.

Slide 8: Organization of Conflicts

1. Crisis-Cross Model

Example: Post-World War II Europe

- What: After WWII, Europe was split into two parts (East and West), but the USA and USSR avoided

fighting directly there.

- Why: Instead of fighting big wars in Europe, they had smaller conflicts in other places, like Korea

and Vietnam.

- How: By having smaller conflicts in different parts of the world, they avoided a huge war in Europe.

2. Multiple Loyalties
 Example: European Union (EU)

- What: The EU is a group of countries in Europe that work together on trade, politics, and laws.

- Why: Countries that depend on each other for business and cooperation are less likely to fight. -

How: The countries in the EU have many connections, like trade and shared laws, which makes them

want to solve problems together instead of fighting.

Slide 9: Individual Loyalty Conflicts

1. Manipulating National Loyalties

Example: Erasmus Student Exchange Program

- What: This program allows students in Europe to study in different countries.

- Why: When students from different countries learn about each other's cultures, they become friends

and understand each other better.

- How: These friendships across borders help reduce prejudice, so when they become adults, they are

less likely to support war with countries they feel connected to.

2. Cross-Cutting Organizational Loyalties

Example: United Nations Peacekeepers

- What: Soldiers from many countries work for the UN to keep peace in areas of conflict.

- Why: They are loyal to the UN's goal of global peace rather than their home countries.

- How: By working for the UN, peacekeepers help prevent violence in conflict zones without being

biased towards their own country, promoting peace and cooperation.

Slide 10: Degree of Homology

Example: USA and USSR during the Cold War

- What: The USA and USSR had very different political systems (democracy vs. communism). -

Why: Because they were so different, they didn't compete for the same goals directly, but they still

had a lot of tension.

- How: Their differences created rivalry, but it also meant they competed more in technology and

ideology than through direct fighting.

2. Maximum Homology

Example: Nordic Countries (Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Iceland)

- What: These countries are very similar in culture, language, and politics.

- Why: Since they share similar values and ways of life, they don't have misunderstandings or conflicts
with each other.

- How: Their similarities make it easy for them to cooperate and work together peacefully.

Slide 11: International Stratification

1. Feudal System

Example: Colonial Era

- What: During the colonial period, powerful nations like Britain and France controlled many

countries in Africa, Asia, and the Americas.

- Why: These countries used their military and political power to control others and take

resources, which created an unfair world order.

- How: The colonial powers enforced peace through force and control, but it wasn't fair or

peaceful for the colonized people, which led to future conflicts and resistance.
2. Modern System

Example: Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)

- What: During the Cold War, many smaller countries didn't want to choose sides between USA

and USSR.

- Why: These countries wanted to stay independent and work together without being dominated

by the superpowers.

- How: By uniting, these smaller countries had more power to demand fairness and avoid getting

pulled into the conflicts between the USA and USSR.

Slide 12: Interdependence

1. Minimum Interdependence

Example: North Korea

- What: North Korea is a very isolated country that doesn't trade much or rely on other countries. -

Why: Since they don't depend on other countries, they don't cooperate with them, which creates

tension.

- How: By staying isolated, North Korea doesn't have the connections that could lead to peace making

it more likely for conflicts to happen.

2. Maximum Interdependence

Example: European Union (EU)

- What: The EU countries rely on each other for trade, jobs, and cooperation.

- Why: When countries are connected economically and politically, they have more reasons to keep the

peace.

- How: Because EU countries need each other, they work hard to avoid conflicts and solve problems

together, which reduces the chances of war.

Example: International Space Station (ISS)

- What: The ISS is a space station built and maintained by several countries, including the USA,

Russia, and Japan.

- Why: By working together on a big project like this, these countries build trust and friendship. -

How: Sharing responsibilities on the ISS helps these countries cooperate in space exploration, which

also creates stronger ties that help maintain peace on Earth.