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Lecture 3

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16 views26 pages

Lecture 3

Uploaded by

sherlinshruti31
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Codes and Standards Interior Design

Lecture-3
Unit-1 Fire Safety Code
Fire Alarm Systems
• Fire detection systems are
designed to discover fires
early in their development
when time will still be
available for the safe
evacuation of occupants.
• Fire Alarm System is
designed to alert us to an
emergency so that we can
take action to protect
ourselves, staff and the
general public.
Fire Alarm Systems
• Alarm systems provide
notice to at least the
building occupants and
usually transmit a signal to
a staffed monitoring
station either on or off site.
• Most alarm systems provide
information to emergency
responders on the location
of the fire, speeding the
process of fire control.
Fire Alarm Systems
• In some cases, alarms
may go directly to the
fire department,
although in most
locations this is no longer
the typical approach.
• To be useful, detectors
must be coupled with
alarms.
Fire Alarm Systems
• The slowest system to detect
a fire is a heat detector,
which is also the least
expensive.
• An air-aspirating smoke
detection system provides
the most rapid indication of
fire, but these systems are
five to 10 times as
expensive.
• Whatever the method of
detection is, if the alarm is
triggered, sounders will
operate to warn people in the
building that there may be a
fire and to evacuate.
Fire Alarm Systems
• The type of fire detection
and alarm system used in
your facility should be
based upon your fire
safety objectives.
• These objectives flow from
a risk assessment of your
facility and operation.
• Your tolerance for risk and
how much you can afford
to lose is an important part
of this process.
Different Types of Fire Alarm Detectors

• At the core of a fire


alarm system are
the detection
devices, from
sophisticated
intelligent smoke
detectors to simple
manually operated
break glass units.
Different Types of Fire Alarm Detectors

• There are a wide array


of different types, but
we can divide them
into groups including:
– Heat detectors
– Smoke detectors
– Carbon Monoxide detectors
– Multi-sensor detectors
– Manual Call Points
Different Types of Fire Alarm Detectors
1. Heat Detectors
• Heat detector can
either work on a fixed
temperature basis,
where it will trigger an
alarm if the
temperature exceeds a
pre-set value or they
can work on the rate of
change in
temperature.
Different Types of Fire Alarm Detectors
1. Heat Detectors
Commonly Heat
detectors work in a
similar way to an
electrical fuse, the
detectors contain a
eutectic alloy which is
heat sensitive when a
certain temperature is
reached the alloy turns
from a solid to a liquid
which in turn triggers the
alarm.
Different Types of Fire Alarm Detectors
2. Light Scattering Smoke
Detector

• The light scattering smoke


detector operates on the Tyndall
effect; a photocell and light
source are separated from each
other by a darkened chamber
such that the light source does
not fall on the photocell.

• The passage of smoke into the chamber causes the light from the source to be
scattered and fall on the photocell. The photocell output is being used to initiate an
alarm.
Different Types of Fire Alarm Detectors
3. Carbon Monoxide
Detectors
• Carbon monoxide
detectors are known also
as CO fire detectors are
electronic detectors used
to indicate the outbreak of
fire by sensing the level of
carbon monoxide in the
air.
Different Types of Fire Alarm Detectors
3. Carbon Monoxide
Detectors

• Carbon monoxide is a
poisonous gas produced
by combustion.
• Carbon monoxide
detectors have an
electrochemical cell,
which senses carbon
monoxide, but not smoke
or any other combustion
products
Different Types of Fire Alarm Detectors
4. Multi-Sensor Detectors

• The Multi-sensor detectors


combine inputs from both
optical and heat sensors and
process them using a
sophisticated algorithm built
into the detector circuitry.
• When polled by the control
panel the detector returns a
value based on the combined
responses from both the
optical and heat sensors. They
are designed to be sensitive to
a wide range of fires.
Different Types of Fire Alarm Detectors
5. Manual Call Points
• A Manual Call Point
or Break Glass Call
Point is a device
which enables
personnel to raise
the alarm by
breaking the
frangible element
on the fascia; this
then triggers the
alarm.
Different Types of Fire Alarm Systems
1. Conventional Fire
Alarm Systems
• In a Conventional Fire
Alarm System, physical
cabling is used to
interconnect several
call points and
detectors, the signals
from which are wired
back to the main
control unit.
Different Types of Fire Alarm Systems
1. Conventional Fire
Alarm Systems
• Call points and
detectors are arranged
in “Zones” to simplify
locating the cause of
the alarm, this is
important for both the
fire brigade and general
building management.
Different Types of Fire Alarm Systems
1. Conventional Fire
Alarm Systems
• Each zone is indicated
at the Fire Alarm
Control Panel either
with an indicator lamp,
a text display or in
some cases both.
Different Types of Fire Alarm Systems
1. Conventional Fire
Alarm Systems
• It makes sense that the
more we can divide a
building into zones, the
more accurate locating
the alarm trigger will
be.
Different Types of Fire Alarm Systems
2. Addressable Fire Alarm
Systems
• The detection principle of
an Addressable System is
the same as a
Conventional System
except that each detector
is given a set Address
(usually by means of a
dip-switch) and the
Control Panel can then
determine exactly which
detector or call point has
initiated the alarm.
Different Types of Fire Alarm Systems
• The detection circuit is
wired as a loop and up to
99 devices may be
connected to each loop.

• It is common for the loop


to be fitted with Loop
Isolation Modules so that
the loop is sectioned in
order to ensure that a short
circuit or single fault will
only cause the loss of a
small part of the system;
allowing the rest of the
system to function
normally.
Different Types of Fire Alarm Systems
3. Intelligent Fire Alarm
Systems
• However, in our next
type of System, which is
an Intelligent Fire Alarm
system, each detector
effectively incorporates
its own computer which
evaluates the
environment around it
and communicates to
the Control Panel
whether there is a fire,
fault or the detector
head needs cleaning.
Different Types of Fire Alarm Systems
3. Intelligent Fire Alarm
Systems

• Essentially Intelligent
Systems are far more
complex and
incorporate far more
facilities than
Conventional or
Addressable Systems.
Their primary purpose
is to help prevent the
occurrence of false
alarms.
Different Types of Fire Alarm Systems
• Intelligent Fire
Alarm Systems are
available in 2, 4, and
8 loop versions
which means large
premises can be
monitored from
one single panel.
Different Types of Fire Alarm Systems
4. Wireless Fire Alarm
Systems
• The final type of system we
will consider is the Wireless
Fire Alarm System.
• These are an effective
alternative to traditional
wired fire alarm systems for
all applications. They utilize
secure, license-free radio
communications to
interconnect the sensors
and devices with the
controllers.
Different Types of Fire Alarm Systems
4. Wireless Fire Alarm
Systems

• It is a simple concept, which


provides many unique
benefits and is a full
intelligent fire detection
system without the need
for cabling.

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