"Implementation of Distance measurement

using Arduino UNO, HC-SR04 Ultrasonic

Sensor and LCD display"

CHANDU YADAV D N 1CD21EC036

HARSHITHA N 1CD21EC051
KUMUDA K V 1CD21EC061
LIKITH M 1CD21EC063
MANOJ N 1CD21EC074

ABSTRACT
This work presents the development of an Ultrasonic Range Finder utilizing readily available
components, including an Arduino microcontroller, an HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor, a 16x2
LCD Display, and an I2C LCD Module. The system is designed to measure distances
accurately by emitting ultrasonic waves and calculating the time taken for the waves to
bounce back. The Arduino processes this data and displays the distance on the LCD screen in
real time.
The hardware setup involves wiring the HC-SR04 sensor to the Arduino to facilitate
communication and power supply. Additionally, the 16x2 LCD Display is connected to an
I2C module, simplifying the wiring process and enabling easy communication between the
Arduino and the LCD.The Arduino code implements the functionality by periodically
triggering the ultrasonic sensor, measuring the time it takes for the ultrasonic waves to return,
and converting this time into distance measurements in centimeters. These measurements are
then displayed on the 16x2 LCD in a user-friendly format.This work serves as a practical
example of sensor integration, data processing, and real-time display on an LCD screen. It
can be a valuable educational resource for those interested in Arduino-based projects and the
principles of ultrasonic distance measurement.

INTRODUCTION

The Ultrasonic Range Finder endeavor is an innovative and practical work that combines the
power of technology and common electronic components to create a device capable of
measuring distances accurately and in real-time. By employing an HC-SR04 Ultrasonic
Sensor, an Arduino microcontroller, a 16x2 LCD Display, and an I2C LCD Module, this work
offers an accessible solution for distance measurement applications.

The fundamental principle underlying this work is the emission of ultrasonic waves, which
bounce off objects and return as echoes. By precisely measuring the time taken for these
echoes to return, the device can calculate distances with remarkable precision. This capability
makes the Ultrasonic Range Finder a valuable tool for a wide range of applications, from
robotics and automation to automotive systems, DIY projects, and educational endeavors.

This work report deals with the objectives, design, components, and potential applications of
the Ultrasonic Range Finder, providing a comprehensive understanding of how this
technology can be harnessed for practical purposes. Whether you are an electronics
enthusiast, a student, or a professional seeking to explore the world of distance measurement,
this work offers an exciting and educational journey into the realm of ultrasonic sensing and
data visualization.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Sirumalla Mansi et. al. [1] present a research project focused on Ultrasonic Distance
Detection using Arduino, with the aim of measuring distances through an ultrasonic sensor
integrated with an Arduino UNO microcontroller. The essential components, including the
Arduino UNO, ultrasonic sensor (HC-SR04), LCD display (16x2), and a buzzer, collectively
enable the detection of objects and display their distance from the ultrasonic sensor. The
literature review reveals the broader applications of ultrasonic distance detectors, citing prior
work that underscores the functionality of ultrasonic sensors in precise distance measurement.
The pivotal role of the Arduino UNO is discussed, drawing parallels with, which explores the
integration of Arduino UNO in hardware and software solutions. Object detection,
particularly using LCD displays, is explored in, aligning with the proposed project's
objectives. Furthermore, discusses vehicle detection in various scenarios, emphasizing the
calculation of longitudinal and horizontal distances to preceding vehicles. This literature
review identifies a gap in research, prompting the current project to address specific
applications, such as vehicle detection on curve roads and during night-time conditions,
contributing to the evolving field of ultrasonic distance detection.

Mutinda Mutava Gabriel et. al. [2] present a motion detection system in their research titled
"Arduino Uno, Ultrasonic Sensor HC-SR04 Motion Detector with Display of Distance in the
LCD." The study addresses the increasing demand for automated sensing to monitor human
activity efficiently and remotely, minimizing the need for manpower. Using components such
as Arduino Uno, Ultrasonic sensor, LEDs, Piezo Buzzer, and an LCD, the authors design a
system that accurately measures and displays the distance of approaching objects on the LCD
while providing visual LED signals and a sound alarm. The research builds upon previous
studies, introducing features like distance display and sound alerts to enhance the capabilities
of motion detectors. Experimental results demonstrate the successful implementation of the
motion detector, with LEDs and Piezo Buzzer signaling based on programmed distance
thresholds. The LCD displays distance readings, confirming the precision of the system. The
authors suggest potential applications in security, traffic monitoring, and industrial settings.
Overall, their work contributes to advancing sensor-based systems, offering an efficient and
reliable solution for motion detection and distance measurement.

Arijit Goswami et.al [3] explores the development and application of an obstacle detection
system utilizing Arduino Uno and ultrasonic sensor technology. The system's primary
objective is to accurately measure distances from 0.5m to 4m with a high precision of 1cm,
overcoming limitations associated with conventional tools like tape measures. The
implementation involves the emission of high-frequency sound waves by the ultrasonic
sensor, and the Arduino Uno calculates the distance based on the time taken for the echo to
return, subsequently displaying the results on an LCD module. The paper provides historical
context to ultrasonic distance measurement and details the implementation process using
Arduino Uno, emphasizing its user-friendly nature. The experimental analysis indicates the
system's reliability, showcasing minimal errors in distance measurements. The authors
discuss potential future enhancements, such as incorporating humidity sensors and advanced
ultrasonic sensors to extend measurement ranges. Overall, the research contributes a cost-
effective and efficient solution for distance measurement systems, demonstrating practical
applications in diverse fields.

Prakhar Shrivastava et. al [4] discusses the development of an ultrasonic distance

measurement device using an AT89S51 microcontroller. The project addresses the limitations
of manual measurement tools and previous range finder modules, offering a precise and fixed
measurement of low-range distances (0.5m to 4m) with an accuracy of 1cm. The ultrasonic
sensor, emitting waves at 40 kHz, calculates distance based on the time taken for sound
waves to travel to a surface and return as an echo. The AT89S51 microcontroller processes
this information, displaying the distance on an LCD module. The paper highlights the
device's applications in various fields, including construction, robotics, and car sensors for
obstacle avoidance. The research emphasizes the economic and versatile nature of the
technology, suggesting applications such as parking assistance systems, burglar alarms, liquid
level measurement, and wire or thread breakdown detection. The study explores the
ultrasonic transducer's beam pattern, discusses sources of error, and outlines the scope and
potential of the technology in different domains. Overall, the paper presents a comprehensive
overview of the project's objectives, methodology, and practical applications.

Tarek Mohammad et. al [5] explores the integration of ultrasonic (US) and infrared (IR)
sensors for distance measurement in robotics applications in his research paper. The IR
sensors, relying on the reflectance properties of surfaces, are prone to inaccuracies without
prior knowledge of surface properties. Mohammad introduces the Phong Illumination Model
to determine surface properties and calculates distance based on this model. US sensors
provide initial distance information. Experimental results, facilitated by LabView,
demonstrate the complementary use of these sensors. The calibration of both sensors reveals
the US sensor's slightly higher resolution for small distances. The paper validates the Phong
Model, showing satisfactory agreement with real data. It concludes with recommendations
for improving mobile robot navigation in diverse environments using sensor fusion. Tarek
Mohammad is a graduate student at the University of Western Ontario, specializing in
Mechanical Engineering.

Biswas et al. [6] the authors proposed a novel radar system for moving object detection using
ultrasonic sensors. The study aimed to overcome limitations in radar applications by
simultaneously capturing distance, direction, and object shape. The radar system employed an
Arduino UNO and a single ultrasonic sensor, offering a cost-effective and efficient solution.
The system accurately measured the distance and angle of objects, demonstrating superior
performance compared to previous works. Notably, the algorithm enabled the direct
measurement of object velocity, contributing to accident prevention systems. The research
evaluated the system's efficiency against various object shapes and sizes, highlighting its
capability to detect square and large cylindrical objects with high accuracy. Despite
limitations in detecting extremely small objects or distances less than one centimeter, the
proposed radar system showcased promising results, emphasizing its potential for practical
applications in security and monitoring.
METHODOLOGY

The Ultrasonic Range Measurement endeavor combines various components, such as the
Arduino UNO microcontroller, HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor, 16x2 LCD Display, and I2C
LCD Module, to construct a device capable of precisely gauging distances in real-time. The
fundamental principle involves emitting ultrasonic waves and determining the time taken for
these waves to bounce back, enabling the Arduino UNO to process this data and showcase the
distance on the LCD screen. The hardware configuration encompasses connecting the HC-
SR04 sensor to the Arduino for power supply and communication, while the 16x2 LCD
Display interfaces with the Arduino through an I2C module, streamlining the wiring process.

The operational concept of the Ultrasonic Range Measurement initiative is grounded in

SONAR technology. The HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor functions by emitting ultrasonic
signals and receiving echoes from obstacles. By precisely measuring the time interval
between emission and reception, the Arduino calculates distances using the speed of sound.
This distance data is then continuously updated and displayed on the 16x2 LCD screen via
the I2C module, offering real-time feedback on the spatial relationship between the sensor
and obstacles.

HC-SR04
16x2 LCD
Ultrasonic Arduino UNO
Display
Sensor

Power supply The I2C LCD

Block Diagram for Distance measurement using Arduino UNO and HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor

The logical sequence embedded in the program revolves around triggering the sensor,
measuring echo return times, and converting these times into distance measurements. The
Arduino code initializes the LCD Display, configures sensor pins, and implements a
continuous loop for triggering and calculating distances.
 Circuit Diagram for Distance measurement using Arduino UNO and HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor

The velocity of the sound wave is commonly considered as 340 m/s. This velocity, when
expressed in terms of cm/us (centimeters per microsecond), equates to 0.034 cm/us. The
distance traveled by the sound wave can be determined by multiplying this speed by the time
it takes for the wave to return. In the context of the ultrasonic sensor, the time calculated
corresponds to the duration of the pulse sent out and then reflected back, signifying the
complete cycle of transmission and reception. To obtain the actual distance of the object from
the Ultrasonic sensor, the result is halved, considering that the pulse undergoes a round trip.
Hence, the distance (in centimeters) is given by the formula: Distance = (Speed x Time) / 2,
where Distance = (0.034 cm/us x Time (us)) / 2.

Time taken × Speed of Sound

Distance=
2

This formula ensures an accurate measurement by accounting for the round trip nature of the
ultrasonic waves.The calculated values are presented on the LCD screen, providing a user-
friendly representation of the spatial measurements. This systematic approach ensures the
seamless and accurate execution of the Ultrasonic Range Measurement initiative

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

The outcome of an ultrasonic range finder utilizing Arduino and an LCD is a device capable
of precisely measuring distances and presenting the results in real-time on a screen. The
system incorporates an ultrasonic sensor to emit sound waves, which then rebound off an
object and return to the sensor. By calculating the time taken for the sound waves' journey,
the device deduces the distance to the object.

Implementing this system with Arduino and linking it to an LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)
yields a user-friendly interface displaying distance measurements in a comprehensible format.
The LCD screen offers a visual output, simplifying the reading and comprehension of the
distance between the sensor and the object. Such projects find common applications in
robotics, automation, or any scenario demanding non-contact distance measurement.

FUTURE SCOPE
Additional Features: There's room for incorporating additional features such as obstacle
avoidance, multiple sensor integration, or the ability to measure distances in different units.
Wireless Connectivity: Introducing wireless communication capabilities could allow users
to receive distance measurements remotely, expanding the range of applications.
Energy Efficiency: Future developments might emphasize energy-efficient designs,
exploring ways to extend the device's battery life or optimize power consumption.
Compact Designs: Efforts could be directed towards creating smaller and more compact
designs, making the ultrasonic range finder more portable and suitable for a broader range of
applications.
Integration with IoT: Connecting the device to the Internet of Things (IoT) could enable
data sharing, remote monitoring, and integration with other smart devices, enhancing overall
functionality.
Industrial Applications: Exploring applications in industrial settings, such as warehouse
automation or robotics, could be a promising avenue for future development.

CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the Ultrasonic Range Finder employing Arduino and an LCD stands out as a
successful project that offers a non-contact method for measuring distances. By leveraging
the principles of sound wave reflection, the device calculates the time it takes for these waves
to bounce back, providing an accurate representation of the distance to an object. This
innovative project serves as a versatile tool, finding utility in a spectrum of applications
ranging from engaging DIY projects to practical scenarios where precise distance
measurements are essential.
The project's strengths lie in its simplicity, affordability, and accuracy. Its user-friendly
design, coupled with the ease of implementation using Arduino and an LCD, makes it
accessible for a wide audience. Whether for educational purposes, hobbyist endeavors, or
real-world applications, this Ultrasonic Range Finder offers a straightforward and efficient
solution to measure distances without the need for physical contact. Overall, it exemplifies
the fusion of technology and practicality, showcasing the potential of such projects in making
complex measurements more accessible and enjoyable.

REFERENCE
[1]. Sirumalla M. Ultrasonic Distance Detector Using Arduino. Available at SSRN 3918137.
2021 Aug 26.
[2]. Gabriel, Mutinda M., and Kamweru P. Kuria. "Arduino uno, ultrasonic sensor HC-SR04
motion detector with display of distance in the LCD." (2020).
[3]. Goswami, Arijit, et al. "Analysis of Obstacle Detection with Distance Measuring using
Arduino Uno and Ultrasonic Sensor." International Research Journal of Engineering and
Technology (IRJET) 8.11 (2021).
[4]. Shrivastava, Prakhar, Praveen Kumar, and Ankit Tiwari. "Project review on ultrasonic
distance measurement." Int J Eng Tech Res. ISSN (2014): 2321-0869.
[5]. Mohammad, Tarek. "Using ultrasonic and infrared sensors for distance measurement."
World academy of science, engineering and technology 51 (2009): 293-299.
[6]. Biswas, Angona, Sabrina Abedin, and Md Ahasan Kabir. "Moving object detection using
ultrasonic radar with proper distance, direction, and object shape analysis." Journal of
Information Systems Engineering and Business Intelligence 6.2 (2020): 99-111.
[7]. https://techatronic.com/ultrasonic-range-finder-using-arduino-lcd/