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Line Following Robot Using IR Sensors

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19 views5 pages

Line Following Robot Using IR Sensors

Uploaded by

Artistine
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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NATIONAL UNIVERSITY - LAGUNA

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE


COMPUTER ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

ECMIXS30 - FUNDAMENTALS OF MIXED SIGNALS AND SENSORS

FINAL PROJECT
LINE FOLLOWING ROBOT USING IR SENSOR

SUBMITTED BY:
FANDIÑO, JULIANE NICOLE P.
JANDICALA, ELROY JOHN A.
MAGBUHOS, JUSTINE CHLOE R.
PULLAN, CRYSTAL U.
BSCPE221A

SUBMITTED TO:
ENGR. JOHN REJANO

OCTOBER 17, 2024


I. INTRODUCTION
In the field of electronics and robotics, sensors play a pivotal
role in bridging the gap between the physical world and digital
systems. The study of Fundamentals of Mixed Signals and Sensors
delves into the various types of sensors and their applications,
highlighting their importance in modern technology. This project
explores the diverse range of sensors, emphasizing their principles
of operation, signal processing, and integration into mixed-signal
systems.

Sensors are devices that detect changes in the environment


and convert these changes into signals that can be measured and
analyzed. They are essential components in numerous applications,
from industrial automation to consumer electronics. This project
specifically focuses on the Infrared (IR) sensor and its application in
building a line-following robot.

The IR sensor is a crucial component in this project, as it


detects the contrast between a line and the surrounding surface,
enabling the robot to follow a predetermined path. The principles of
operation of IR sensors involve emitting infrared light and detecting
the reflected light from surfaces. This data is then processed to
guide the robot’s movements accurately.

II. OBJECTIVES
 To familiarize with the function of IR sensor
 To design a robot capable of following a predetermined path
marked by a line using IR sensors
III. MATERIALS
 IR sensor
 Arduino Uno
 Jumper Wires
 BO motors
 L298N motor driver
 Wheel Rubber Caster
 Popsicle sticks

IV. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS/OBSERVATIONS


In this section, we will discuss the results and observations
obtained from the implementation and testing of the line-following
robot using IR sensors.

A. Sensor Performance
1. IR Sensor Accuracy:
 The IR sensors demonstrated high accuracy in detecting the
contrast between the line and the surrounding surface. The
sensors were able to consistently identify the line, even
under varying lighting conditions.
 Calibration of the sensors was crucial to ensure optimal
performance. Adjustments were made to the sensor
sensitivity to improve detection accuracy.

2. Response Time:
 The response time of the IR sensors was observed to be
quick enough to allow real-time adjustments to the robot’s
path. This ensured smooth and continuous movement along
the line without significant delays.

B. Robot Navigation
3. Path Following:
 The robot successfully followed the predetermined path
marked by the line. The integration of the IR sensors with the
Arduino Uno and motor driver allowed for precise control of
the robot’s movements.
 During testing, the robot was able to navigate curves and
straight paths effectively, demonstrating the robustness of
the sensor integration and control algorithms.

C. Signal Processing
4. Data Processing:
 The data from the IR sensors was processed using the
Arduino Uno, which converted the analog signals into digital
data. This data was then used to control the motors via the
L298N motor driver.

D. Challenges and Solutions


5. Sensor Calibration:
 One of the main challenges encountered was the calibration
of the IR sensors. Initial tests showed variability in sensor
readings due to changes in ambient light. This was
addressed by fine-tuning the sensor sensitivity and
implementing adaptive thresholding techniques.

V. CONCLUSION
The project of building a line-following robot using IR sensors
has successfully demonstrated the practical application of sensor
technology in robotics. Through careful design and integration, the
IR sensors effectively detected the contrast between the line and
the surrounding surface, enabling the robot to follow a
predetermined path with high accuracy. The project highlighted the
importance of sensor calibration and signal processing in achieving
reliable performance. Despite challenges such as variability in
sensor readings due to ambient light changes, the implementation
of adaptive thresholding techniques ensured consistent results.
Overall, this project not only achieved its objectives but also
provided valuable insights into the fundamentals of mixed signals
and sensors, laying a solid foundation for future advancements in
autonomous robotic systems.

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