BOTSWANA COLLEGE OF DISTANCE AND OPEN LEARNING BGCSE —- MATHEMATICS UNIT 3. MENSURATION March 2001ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This Units a product of many people who worked hard to see it eady for use ‘by BOCODOL learners. BOCODOL wishes 1o acknowledge contributions ‘rom the fllowing. Course Development Officer Dikeme Kgamanyane Writer Isiah Bwale Content Editor Oduetse Setlhare Editor ‘Augustine Nzabona-Ntuma DTP Assistant Unobia Segokgo re We thank everybody who assisted in nother production ofthis Unit in one way or {©2001 Botswana Collegeof Distance and Open Learing llrightsreserved. Reproduction, copying and transmission of this material is only in accordance with the Copyright Laws that are in force. Please address comrspondence to The Director BOCODOL. Private Beg BO 187 Tel 581470, Fax 581473, Gaborone, Botswana ISBN 99912 -86-13-6Contents Introduction to Block 2 Introduction to Unit 3 [Lesson 1: Pesimeter [Lesson 2: Ciroumference and area of circular figures. Lesson 3: surface atea of solids Lesson 4: Volume and density Answers to Exercises. Lesson I Exerises. Lesson 2 Exercises. Lesson 3 Exercises, Lesson 4 Exercises. Page 3 a 37 37 37 38 39Introduction to Block 2 Block 2: Measures ‘Welcome to the second block of the BGCSE Mathematics course, The tite ofthe block is Measures andi is divided into two units. Measures play an important part ‘in life all the quantities that we come acros in life require measuring and i this Block we will look at some of them which include perimeters, areas, mass, density, volume,time and distance. In he frst block we looked at numbers and, ina way numbers, ae some kindof measuring. Block Content This Block is divided into two units and eight lessons as follows Block two Units Lessons 1. Mensuration 4 Measures 2, Eniates an travel graghs 3 ‘The first unit as you can see above ison mensuration and it concentrates mainly on the total surface area, volume and density of solids. The second one is on estimates and travel graphs, For estimates more emphasis were on lower and upper bounds of any given measurement and for travel graphs we are going to oak at distance-time sv=phs and velocity ime graphs. Resources ‘Make sure that you sill have the recommended calculator, that i, SHARP. A. Le ‘with you. Alto get yourself « mathematical set as some of teats and excises ‘equite meastriag with mathematical instrumentsTiters rem ene) ecm tele cela) Introduction Welcome to Unit 3 ofthe Botswana General Certificate of Secondary Education (BGCSE) Mathematics. Tiss the ted unit in a course of 14 units designed to help you prepare for BGCSE Mathematics Examinations. Before starting this Unit make sure that you have completed Unit 2 and is assignment. “This Units on measures, particularly mensuration and we will focus mainly on perimeter, are, volume, mass, density and time, Unit Objectives By the end of this Unit you should beable to: + use units of ime and metric unis of length, area, mass and volume + solve problems involving perimeters and areas of compound shapes + calolate surface area and volume of eylinders, prisms, pyramids, cones and spheres + understand Jationship between density, volume and mass. Unit Structure Block 2 Unie3 Lessons I. Perimeter and Area 2. Surface Area of Solids Measures Mensuration 3 Circumference and Area 4. Volume and Density Resources [Apart fom an exereise book, pens, pencil anda rubber you still need the calculator ‘you were advised to get and tathematical instrumentsLesson 1 Perimeter and Area Introduction In every day life, we experience many instances in which we require messuring, and ‘we can messure in many different ways. Numbers, which we dealt with in units | and 2are ina way some kind of measuring. The distance from home tothe shop isa ‘measure of distance and so itis length. A piece of land is measure of area. A bucket of mik isa measure of volume, In this lesson we wil look atthe different kinds of measures and we wil start with perimeter and area. Learning Objectives By the end ofthis lesson you shouldbe abet: + develop nowiedge on measures an apply them + caleulateperneser nd are of shapes with saight edges + Solve problems on perimeter and aea of rectangular and quadrilateral shapes and composite shapes ‘+ solve practical problems on perimeter and area of straight edged shapes Lesson Contents List 4.0 Units of Measurements. 2 20 Perimeter 3 30° Area 6 3.1 Area of a rectangle and-a square 6 3.2 Areas of composite figures 6 3.3 Area of a parallelogram 10 34 Area of a trapezium 12 25 Area of a kite “ 40 Summary 161.0 Units of Measurements In the metic units, the standard unit of length isthe metre, which is approximately ‘equal to a persons pace. But there ae other units which can be used depending on the size ofthe object which you are measuring, The comnon ones are millimeters, centimeters and kilometer. CCan you measure the length of «room in metres? Can you measure the length of your mathematics exercise book in metres? Approximately how many steps can it be? ‘You will find that the length of book is small to be measured by a person space Smaller lengths can be measured in centimetres (em) and millimetres (mm). Longer distances are measured in kilometres (kam) The following are standard conversions used to change from one unit to another, Jem= 10 mm m= 1 ém (decimetre) 10am=1m 1000m= tkm 100em= Im is commonly used ‘Let us ry the following conversions so that we get familiar with ther Activity 1 Change fo om (@) 58mm (&) 230m = Change tom @ 67Som= (©) 49em (©) 23k1. (a) tOmm= 10m 10 change mm to em, you divide by 10. 2 = Ssicm io ©) t00em = 1m {0 change m to om, you mutply by 100. 280mx 100 =23000m 2 (@/ 10 change cm tom you divide by 100. O75em= = 6.75 (®) to change om to m, you aivide by 100. 490m = =0.49m (©) 100m = thm 10 change km to m you multiply by 1000. 234m = 23% 1000 =2300m 2.0 Perimeter ‘When you walk around your house, you can count the numberof steps you tke to get ‘ack to your starting point. This wil give you an approximate distance around your house. This distance is called the perimeter ofthe house. Perimeter isthe distance around any given figure. We usally find the perimeter of given figures by measur- ing their sides using a tape messue ora ruler. ativity Use a tapo measure to measure the distance around your house or your classroom block. What answer do you find and in which unit? ‘Measure the length of your exercise book. What length do you find and In which unit? Decide the appropriate units to use.Use your exercise book. Feedback ‘n this actly diffrent answers wil be obtained but forthe distance around {he house or elassroom the answer should bo in metres and for length of @ ‘00k the answer shouldbe in centimetres. (a) Perimeter of a Rectangle A rectangle (s a quadrilateral (four sided figure) with straight edges of which ‘he opposite sides are parale! and equal and all four angies are 90, as shown inthe aiegram, ff lek ‘ict (breach) (0) To find the perimeter ofa roctangle we take the sum of the four equal sides Lo. Porimetor » longth + breadth(wicth) + length + breadth Ib +146 2642 A special type of a rectangle, which has four equal sites is called a SQUARE. ‘Simtarty to get the perimeter ofa square we add all the four sides as shown botow, Perimeter = length + length + length + length Felelel =4 Apart from the rectangles ofscussed above we aiso have composite shapes. A ‘composite shape is @ foure which is particularly not known, but & ‘combination of more than one known shapes. Consider the figure below. ‘This is composite shape, it ean be divided into two rectangles, the figure itself is not rectangle. A T oR xExample 1 Find the perimeter ofthese shapes o ® es sam sem tan oy ‘Solution () Perinewr=14w +14 @) 615246152 mAen Sometimes you will have to some find ofthe sides before calculating the perimeter as it isthe case in the activity below. Activity 2 Calculate the perimeter @ Sem © oem J2em el am Som Sem Sem Gem Feedback (a) Perimeter: The figure has six sites. Two sides are not given but can be found, The sides opposite Bom should add up to Bom. The unknown side is 83x 50m. The side opposite 6 should aad up to Gem. The unknown side is 6-2 = dem. Therelore the perimeter: 61812431445 = 280M@) Perimeter 10cm sem] em Wthas 8 sides Perimeter = 84104844 3+3¢8+3 =42em 3.0 Area ‘Arai the space occupied by ny boundary or perimeter, The units used are square ‘its keen, mn, kn? hectares A square unit is used forthe basic unit of area, ‘Asquate of side Im covers anarea of Int A square of side em covers an area of lem 3.1 Area of rectangles and squares 1 L = im) [7 ‘Area = length x breadth area = length x length =Ixb =Ix1 b ASP 3.2 Area of composite figures ‘Areas composite figures are found by dividing the figure nto known figures like ‘rectangles and triangles. Then calculate and add adding up their separate areas. Activity 3 CASTS ie BER OT GGT Ts HAG fcm som bem 7am 6a sem [Bom "| 3c | emFeedback 1. To caloulate the area divide the figure ino two rectangles. This can be done in three (alternative) ways. Atomative() pola Tem Area of rectangle A= 8x 2 =16om? Area of rectangle B= 5x4 =20em* Total area = 16 +20 = 36cm" Alternative(i fi) Te) B 2 ol A The] ow Area of rectangle A = 6x5=300nt Area of rectangle B = 3x2 =6 ont Total area = 30+6 = 360m"Alternative (ii) i i 4 Instead of viding, tis made ito a big rectangle of measurements 6 by 8 Area of rectangle A Area of rectangle B. Area required (subtract): 2. This fure can be alvided in three ways, but we wil do just one. Make ‘sure that you get the right answer, never mind how the figure is divided. We divide the gure into three rectangles as shown by the dotted lines. oem ToT IBie tam) © [em Sem tem Area of rectangle A = 8x3 =2hemt Area of rectangle B = 5x3 =180n# Area of rectangle C= 4x8 = 208 Total aoa 24 +15 +.32=71em* Exercise 1 1, The figures represent a rctangle8.7em by 5.3em and a square withthe same perimees. Sem f.3em.(@) Find the perimeter ofthe rectangle? () Find he side length ofthe square (© Find the difference inthe areas of both shapes, 2. Wor out the areas ofthese shapes ll units ae in em. 3 i @ ) 7 jk 2 Lp | . a 3 5 3 13cm ston s © tem ® sem Ty nem Tea3.3 Area of a parallelogram Consider the diagram blow to see how a parallelogram i formed; al BI D c ‘When you have a rectangle A’BCD and you push the side AB without changing, the position ofthe base CD and maintaining the same height() from AB to CD. The new shape will be A'B'CD. A moves to’, B moves to Band the igure A’B'CD js called a parallelogram. A! is parallel to CD and equal in length. A" Dis parallet to BIC and equal in length The ares occupied bythe rectangle isthe same asthe arca coccupid by the parallelogram and so, Area of parallelogram = ase x perpendicular height (perpendicular means the eight should meet the base at right angle) [Now try tous the formula above to answer the questions in the following activty Activity 4 7. Caleulate the area of the parallelograms. ison 1 d from Gem tom 2. The area ofthe parallelogram is SOcm#, ‘The base Is 6em, calculate the height. 0Feedback 1. Area = base x perpendicular height 2 Area= base x height 90 =bxh 90= Bx (divide by 6 both sides ) 6 h=Som* Exercise 2 1. Caleulate the areas of each ofthe following parallelogram. ® ) © ‘Bom "Tem / i ssf Hc A Tem © 11cm Tro em Sem ! tom 2. Caleulate the heighis of hese parallelograms a 5 Ye ” Ts ‘Area =33em* ‘Area 60et - a© @ 3, Caleulate the base ofthe folowing prallelograms. ® ® ‘base area= 360m? o . @ fl 1 25cm area = 606m base sea = Tem? 3.4 Area of a trapezium ‘A trapezium is quailateral which ha a set of two oppesite parallel sides a shown, inthe diagram below. 8 ; =< La =\ In this diagram BC and AD are parallel sides. The tapezium ABCD is divided into ‘triangles ABC and ACD thyough the disgonal AC. Area oftriangle ABC = x 9x10 Sem? 22008 emanate Ls Loser 1-4 ‘Area of triangle ABD = 1 x 14x 10 [Now using the same argument lt us try and find the general form forthe area of trapezium, we shall use the trapezium below. © A D For the total area ofthe trapezium we ad the areas ofthe two trang Area of trapezuim dant Lon 22 Fae 3 @tbh 13 aeFormula for area ofa trapezium == 1 (a+byh 2 Exercise 2 Calculate the area ofthe following tapeziums ‘ —~—_ Z n Loe\ 4 7 a ‘ 3 sony ‘0 \s m2 a 3.5 Area of akite For akite consider the diagrams below. BB B A pra =) come) € AB=ac BD=cD AB=AC BD=CD Ifthe side BC of wiangle ABC is equal tothe side BC of tiangle BCD, and the triangles are isosceles, then when these to isosceles triangles are joined at BC, a ‘quarilterel called a KITE is formed, ‘The diagonal from A to D will divide the kite into two equal triangle. This diagonal is called a ine of symmetry. The diagonal BC end the diagonal AD meet at 90 BC is, then divided into two equal pats. BX = XC 1“[Note that line of symmetry s line that divides a figure into two equal pats in such away that when you fold italong this line one side wil fit the other side exactly. ‘Area of ite can be found by dividing it int triangles, then finding the sum ofthe areas ofthe triangles, CCatalong the main diagonal 4.0 Summary ‘You have been able to study perimeter and area of figures with straight sides, Perimeter isthe distance around any given. Area of evan figures is found by using formula, andthe following have been discussed, Perimeter ofa rectangle: 21+1W ‘Areas rectangle :lw=Ib (b= breadth) Triangle : 1 bh 2 Parallelogram :bh Trapetum : 1 (a+b 2 Kite : sum of areas of triangles In he next lesson you wil leam about the perimeter and ara of circular figures, 15 ‘epco00LLesson 2 Cer ute ea Ct em Lee Figures Introduction Inthe last lesson we looked at how we ean measure length, calculate perimeter and acca of shapes with straight edges, Now in ths esson we will look at eireumference ‘and area of circular figures. [Acircle is around figure with afxed distance from the centre called the radius, The perimeter of a cirle, tha isthe distance around the circle, sealed the tdreumference, Tis, including are, willbe dealt with thoroughly in his leson, Lesson Objectives By the end ofthis lesson you shouldbe able to + find circumference and area of circle + solve problems on circumference and area of cirle + find are length and area ofa sector ‘+ solve problems on ae length and area of sector. Lesson Contents Lists 1.0 Circumference of acrcle 7 20 Area ct actrele 20 3.0 Length of an Are Ey 40 Area of a Sector a 5.0 Summary 20 161.0 Circumference of a Circle ‘When you draw any circle, you can measure its circumference by using a string, putt around the circle and then stretch the string oa a ruler. You can also use the ruler to ‘measure the diameter, Activity 1 Draw three or more circles of ny size, Measure the clrournference of each circle, vide by its diameter. Compare the answere, What do you notice about the answors? Fooaback When you alvide the circumference of any cicle by ls diameter you got the ‘same value throughout ora constant. This constant is called PF whose symbol {x andits an irational number whose value s approximately equal to or 3.142 [0.3 decimal places. Therefore Cheunterence =n using cfor circumference ror radius. Diameter 2.=m muliply by d both sides. a Cae The dlameter is twice the raalus a Substtuting inthe forma c=nQn C= lnr - ‘encca0at‘The two formule can be used to calculate the circumference of any crcl. Now try the activity two below. Activity 2 7. Calculate the Grcumference of a circle with= (@) radius 7em (0) radius 40cm (©) diameter 7om (@) diameter 10¢m 2, Find radius when circumference is 50 om. 2 Since r= 7, itis easier to tako as S0 thet the 78 can cancel out Ia a muliple of7, take x as22. btherwise use the calculator valve, 7 2 2x2 x2 (0) racius tom Since 10. not a muliple of Fuse = 3.142 Czexr 2x R12K10 =6204x 10 62.64cm() dlameter=7em sinced = 7usen Onna Baz 7 c= 22cm (9 diameter = 10cm uso =3.142 Cand =8.12x10 420m The above activiy shouid have given you enough practice, now try the exeraise below in your books. Exercise 1 Leave your answer to three significant figures. 1, Calculate the circumference of. ciel, taking as 3.142 with (®) diameter 68em (©) radius 5.660 (© radius Bem 2 2. Without using a caeaatr, and taking n= = find the circumference ofa circle with (@ diameter 210m, ©) diameter 42cm, (© radius. 2tem (© radiue 350m 3. Calculate the circumference ofatyre of radius 3Sema, How far does the ear move when the wheel turns 100 revolutions? ‘A running track has two semi-circular ends of radius 2m and two straight sides. The perimeter of the track is 400m, Calculate 2s [2 10 ‘280c0001(@)_ the length ofeach curve (©) the length ofeach straight side 5. Caloulte the diameter of cirle of circumference 62cm, 2.0 Area of a Circle ‘The are ofa circle isthe space occupied by the ciscumference ar the space enclosed by the circumference The formula forthe area ofa circle is. Area=aet "Now try and spply this formula in the activity below. Activity 3 1. Find the area of a circle of radius 5 Sam. 2. Calculate the area ofa circle of rads 7em. 3, Calculate the area of crcie of diameter 15cm. 4, Calculate the area of ths rectangle attached to a semi shown, 2m 20mFoodback 1. Using the formula Po ne8148r=85 4 142x (657 B12x 55X55 A=95.00m = B12 x IEX IE 35 = BMOX7 SATS 76.7em 4. Divide the tgure into two parts. Ares of rectangle A = 20x 12 = 2400 ABIRKORB react sonteree B= bn 2 = 100.540nt Area of required figure = 240 + 100.54 a= 340.5em* hope the activity above helped you understand how lo calculate the arca ofa ‘role using the area given above. Now ty the folowing exercise. Exercise 2 2 User 3.142 oras on a calculator. 1, Calculate the area ofa cree of (© radius Tom, (©) radius 420m. © diameter Nem. (@ diameter 13.3em. 2. Acar whee! has a diameter of 80em. During journey, the wheel makes 1500 revolutions. (@) How many metres does the car travel? Change the metres obtained to Iilometres? (0) Caleulate the 1g wheel 3. The minute hand of a clock is 12.Sem long. (@) how far does the tp of the hand travel in | hour? () What area does it sweep through in 1 hour? 4. Find the area ofthe shaded section. 225. Abieycle whee! has 8 spokes. Each spoke is 20cm long, Taking x o be 3 caleulate- 20cm (@) thearea of the wheel (©) circumference ofthe wheel. (© how far will the whee travel in metes, iit goes round 15 times, 6. Forte shape below, caleuate:- (@) the perimeter ©) thearea Is. Sem, 7. school uniform badge i circular. Ithas adismeter of Sem. What sits are? 8. A workshop tool is made inthe shape shown, out side i rectangular attached to ‘semi-circle, Caleulate the area of the too s surface. 68cm 3.0 Length of Arc Azarcof ils partof the ctvumference. Ifa lookatthe angle atthe conte ‘which make the are, you wll notice that the bigger the angle the bigger the are and the smaller the angle the smaller the are,Circles canbe divided into two arcs that is the major and minor ares, and tis i ‘how inthe diagram bolow, major are The ae length is part ofthe circumference and so to caleulate it we use the formula given below; ARC LENGTH = ANGLE AT CENTRE x circumference 360 ‘When using mathematical notation this canbe writen as 0 Arelength = 565 2a "Now let try the following activity. Activity 3 7 Find the lengih ofan arc AB with angie 120° at the centre. B x 2. The diagram shows a piace of wire used Inthe frame ur x sampshade, Its inthe form of a major aro AB of tho circle centre O and the two radii OA and OB, The marked angle AB = 30" and the radius of the circle is Sem, A pec05aL aaCalculate (@) the length of the major are AB, (©) the total iongth of the wire, Leave your answers correct to three significant figures. Take x = 3.14 Hs SIN =14.7em 2 (@) The mejorarc AB makes an angie at the centre of 360° 30° = 3307, A D Tem ‘major arc length AB = 959x257(0) The wire is made up of the arc and the two rai The total length of the wire = major are length AB + rads + radius = 2881545 =98.8em Ifyou are given the length ofan are and ether the circumference or radius of circle, you can find the angle atthe centre. The same formula is used, 4 Arc length =. x circumference; multiply by 360 both side. ahs ily by Arc length x 360-5. x circumference x 360 @ ‘Are length x 360=0 x circumference; divide circumference both sides. ‘Arelengthx360 = ‘czoumerence @ = _Arclength x 360 roumterence “The subject ofthe formula is changed to 8 Exercise 3 1. What isthe length of an arc subtended by an angle of 120%, in circle of radius Tem? CCaleulate te length ofan are, comet to 3 significant figures, of sectors with the following (@) radius Sem, angle atthe centre 45°, () radius 15em, angle atthe entre 30°. (©) radius 13.7em, angle the conte 136° 3, Theminor are ofa circle whose radius is em is 16 Sem, Calculate the angle at the centre. 264.0 Area of a Sector Inthe previous section we said the Ieagh of ae is part ofthe circumference, siilaly the area ofa sector is pat ofthe area of circle. The size ofthis sector is dependent on the sizeof the angle atthe centre, thats ‘Area ofthe sector = angle at centre x aea of circle 360 and this ean be written at Area of the sector= 0 xmr* 6 ‘Lotus now try and epply this formula on the following activity. Activity 4 The Cheddah cheese is divided into sectors, each with an angio {60°and radius 15cm, Caloulate the area of each sector. Sem 2. Awindscreen wipor of a vehicle, has a rotating arm 40cm long. The rubber blade is fied to the outor 80cm ofthe arm. The arm totates ‘through an angle of 110°. Find the area ofthe windscreen wiped by the rubber blade. Use p = 3.142 and give your answor correct to the nearest square centimetre Oe 342K 15K 15 360 = 178 ent 7 ‘e80ca001— G pe "The area wiped by the blade is the alllerence between the area of bigger sector/(A), whose radius is dem and the area of the smaler sector{8) whose radius is 40-30= t0em Area of sector A= 110 xn. 360 =110X 8.142 40x 40 360 596 ont Area of sector B= 110xn 360 = 110.«3.142x 104 10 360 [Note that you can find the angle Q at the centre, ifyou know the radius and the area of the cirle. Area of sector = 8 x mx (Area of ctl). ‘Multiply 360 both sides Area of sector x360=£ xe x360, @ =E xara of cice Area of sector 3602. x area of cicDivide area of circle both sides Area of sector 360 9 xarea ofccle ‘Aresofeitle “Area of cicle Area. of actor x 360 ope eee Here we have not changed the formula but we have changed the subject of the formula. Now try the exercise below. Exercise 4 1. Find inthe given igure. (the length ofthe arc, (©) the shaded area fora quadrant with radius 16m. Tem 2. Find the area ofthe shaded part 3. Theminute hand ofa watch is 1.Sem long, Find the circular distance moved by (he tip ofthe hand in 10 minutes. 4. AOB isasector ofa circle centre O and radius 2em, as shown in the diagram, The length ofthe are AB is em: (calculate the angle AOB, (i) Hence find the area of the sector AO. 5. Find the radius of circle with the following areas. (@) Mem? —() 360m? (©) 1456m? (A) Ae? 6 A dise brake in a car isa fat metal ring Sem in diameter with Sem diameter hole in the middle,250m, Sem Calculate the area of the meal 5,0 Summary ‘You have been staying te ctl and parts of circle, You have Ben bet fad ts area, camfrene, at length and wea of econ Somake sue the you know and can aply te following Formule; Civumference of ile =2nt =n Area aPEST) Sat lee Retell (oy Introduction Inthe lst two lessons you have studied perimeter, and area of figures ftom straight ‘edged shapes (polygons), to cireular prisms. In this lesson you are going to study the furfices which male up these solids and the fist part ofthe leson i on net. Nets ae very important when itcomes to calculating surface areas as they show all diferent faces on the figure in flat form. The second paris mainly on surface areas of three dimensional figures lke eylinders, prisms, pyramids and spheres. Thope you will find the lesson enjoyable, Lesson Objectives By the end ofthis lesson you should be able to + draw the net of common prisms + calculate the surface area of prisms + solve problems involving surface ara of prisms Lesson Content Lists 1.0 Nets 2 2.0 Surface Area of Solids 34 2.1 Cylinders and Other prisms 35 212 Pyramids and Spheres 3 3.0 Summary a at1.0 Nets If you get carton box, which is a cuboid and study it, you will identify 6 foes, You can name the 6 faces as front left, right, back, bottom and top sides as shown inthe diagram. [you cut atthe edges in the order from 1 to7 and you spread, what you will remain ‘with, will ook ike tis Tel 'Front | Bottom Back ‘Top ‘This flat figure is called the NET of a cuboid and canbe folded to get back tothe original cuboid. This euboid ean be cut in different ways and sill geta net which could be folded into the original cuboid Lis helpful to label the faces and even comers as you canbe asked which points on the net jin up when the solid is formed. ‘Accabe is slightly different as shown below; 32eas you cu this cube along the edges marked from Ito 7 you will get a NET which will look like this figure below. Back. Left [Bottom| Right| Top Front ‘This nets similar fo that of cuboid the only difference i that in a cube all he faces are ofthe same size. Now let us look ata slightly different net ut try it ist ‘e20c000.‘The prism has five faces as shown. The feces are labeled front, right,bottom, eft, and back. it's cut along the edges labeled 1 t0 5. The net formed is shown below. AB Let AC Front oa Back >B Right aL ‘When you know how to find nets of different figures the next section which ison surface area becomes simpler 2.0 Surface Area of Solids “The total surfce area ofa solid isthe area ofthe face ofthat figure. We are familar _with the surface areas of cubes and cuboids but we will have a quick review of these before looking at others. For e cuboid we have the length and breadth and height as shown inthe diagram below. We sad the surface isthe sum of areas of all the faces in the figure, so forthe euboid, Surfice Area = 261+ 26h +2Ih =2(01 + bh-+ 8) 34‘The cube is almost similar to the cuboid. The only difference is that ina cube1=b = ',and therefore the formula changes to; Surface Area ofeube = 2(b + bel +I) 20+ E+) 2x3P In his lesson we will concentrate more onthe surface area of eylinders, prisms, cones and spheres. We will start with cylinders, 2.1 Cylinders and other prisms A cylinders a prim with circular base and top ofthe seme size anda curved surfice as shown below, { carved surfice ‘A.closedeylinder has atop, a bottom snd the eurved surfice, Ifyou get tn and ‘remove the top and the boom, you will se that they are circular and equal ‘When the top andthe bottom surfaces are removed, you remain with a hollow tin, e (Cut along here and spread it out The shape you will get will be rectangular. ‘The height isthe same as tat ofthe tnIfyou abserve, what do you think the width ofthis rectangle is, when the top and the bottom are removed? We ead the top and the bottom are circles, the width will be ‘equal tothe distance around the citele, which has now been stretched. ‘Therefore the width is equal tothe circumference ofthe cross-section of the cylinder. ‘The three surfaces ofthe cylinder are @ a LI Ava=ee “The total sutfice area af a closed cylinder is mx-+ Incr h-+ m= On? + Oth Activity 1 7. Calculate the total suriace area of a cylinder with radius 8.7em and height 21.40. 2. Calculate the total surface of a tin which Is open atthe top wiih the siamoter of 12cm and height 14cm. Feedback 1 & curved surface a eee 21tom ' ‘a z0mArea of top =n = BM2KBIX 7X B7= 287.00 x 297.8 = 476. 64em? The surtece area of a tin NOTE: there is no top, itis removed. curved surface Area = eth 22x82 x2 Id = 527.856 Total surtaco aroa = 527.856 + 113.112 = 640.968. =641 em* to 3 significant figures. 7 ‘28000001FFor any other prisms the formula for calculating the total surface area is, Surface Area = 2 x(cross-sectional eea) + sum of th areas of al other faces, Inthe example of the cylinder discussed above the the cross-sectional area isthe circle. Now ty the exercise below. Exercise 1 ‘A cuboid is 6em long 4em wide and 2om high. Calculate the surface area of the cuboid, 2. Calculate the total surfice area of a cylinder of radius 6:9em and height 1S 3em. 13. An open eylindccal can of coffe has a radius of 21cm and height of Sem. Calculate the surface area of the an, 4, Find the total surface area ofthe figure below. a 5. A.piece of wood Sem in diameter and 1Sem long has «groove eut from it shown below. ‘Take w=3.142, lesen (@) Calculate the ars ofthe end (cross-section). (©) Calculate the total surface area ofthe wood.2.2 Pyramids and spheres ‘A pyramid isa tree dimensional figure witha base and triangular faces that meet st ‘one point not on the base. Consider the diagram drawn below, For ths figure the total surface area is: ‘Area ofthe base + Sum of the areas of four sloping triangles. ‘There isa special type of pyramid called a cone whichis shown inthe diagram £> Fr this one, the area ofthe curved surface i given by nel where ris the radius and | is the length ofthe sloping edge. These are shown in the diagram above and his the height ofthe triangle Its base isa circle eo th total surface area ofthe cone is, Surface Area ofa cone= se +1 (the formula is given during examinations) ‘A sphere on the other hand isa thre-dimensional counterpart ofa cirele. An example ‘of an objet that is ephercal sa socer ball. The surface area of epere is given by Surface Area of a sphere = 4m? "Now apply the formulae given above in the following activity Activity 1. Calculate the surface area of a cone with a base radius of 6 om and hejght 120m. 2. Caloulate the surface area of a sphere with radius Som. 39Surface Area =n? +n11 = (RXSKI)+ (XS 19) = 7854420474 = 262,74 Note that you have to calculate! frst. Consider the dlagram betow, “The, the [and ther form aright angled triangle, so using the pythagorus rule we have Pees Pats2 Total surtace area of the sphere = dare atanes = 113. ton? To check your understanding attempt the exercise below: Exercise 2 1. Find the surface srea ofeach ofthe following pyramids, ® © 2. The Pyramid of Cheops hes a square base of side 220m. Its height is 150m. ‘What i the surface area of four triangular sides? Summary ‘Tocaleuate the total surface area itis easier and simpler if you know the net ofthat ‘gue, The nets show all the faces of a figure in a flat form. You should have leat the following formulae from the lesson; Surface Area of a cuboid = 2(01+ bh-+1h) Surface Area of a cube Surface Area of a cylinder = 2nr°+ 2nrh Surface Area ofa cone= n+ m4 Surface Area of a sphere= 4r°. ‘n ‘epc0001RTT Volume and Density Introduction Inthe last esson we looked at how we can measure lengths and areas of two dimensional shapes. In our ily lives we do get in contact with quantities of liquid, like a packet of milk, a bucket of water, a drum of petrol. All these are measures of | volume, We shall learn about these inthis unit. Lesson Objectives By the end of this lesson you shouldbe able to: + Calcalate volume of elinder ‘+ Solve problems on volume of eylinder + Calealate volume of prisms ‘+ Solve problems on volume of prisms ‘+ Solve problems involving density. Lesson Contents List 1.0 Prisms 43 1.1 Volume of a prism 2 1.2 Volume of a cylinder “4 1.3 Volume a cone and a sphere 50 2.0 Mass and Density 51 2.1 Mass 51 2.2 Density 82 3.0 Summary 58CSE Maenatin ii Lezon 1.0 Prisms A prism isa solid witha uniform cross-section. Asa solid thas a volume. Here are ‘some solids with their eross sections shaded. sigue /T figure 2 ‘The eros-sectons for figures 1, 2 and 3 are the same throughout the length. The ‘cross-sections for figure 4 ate not the same, they differ in size anywhere along the length. Figures 1,2 and 3 are prisms. Figure fours not a pris. 1.1 Volume of a prism ‘The volume of an object is measured by the space that it occupies. In the metric system the units of volume wed are: “Millimetre cubed (mm?) Center cubed (m’) ‘Metre cubed (m") Decimetre cubed (dm') 1000 1000 miiiees (mi )= 1 1hee len? = ml. Volume ofa prism = Area of cross-section x emgth NOTE Itis very important to identify the uniform cross-section when calculating volume of & ism, ‘epecc50t4.2 Volume of a cylinder A cylinders prism whose cross-section isa circle te length ie normally referred to as height. Acylinder is use in many cases as container of ined food sta A tn of baked beans tin of coe and atin of pow ered milk are examples of cylindrical tn containers “The cross-section is cirle Are height @) Volume of eylinder = rh Example 1 1. Find the volume of these prisms —60S shots ts asn 34 Solution 1. (@) Cylinder Cross-section = cltcle Area of circle? Volume of cylinder = Area of cross earth 1424 5x5x8 x length © Geiangular prism crose-seetion= tangle Volume = Area of rangle x length hx length 10x 7x15 Sem? Exercise 1 1, Calculate the volume af the eyfinders (2) and (2) @ © dem lissem ' TI dem! Lisson2, Anoil storage tankis a cylinder of height 4.5m and radius 1.8m, as shown in the diagram below, Estimate its volume tothe nearest cubic metre. 43m 7 iim 3. The intemal diameter of a metal pipe 6a ong; is Sm. Calculate the greatest volume of water the pipe can hold. The cross-section ofthe pipe is shown below. Exercise 2 1. Calculate the volume ofthe following cuboid; @ o o an len = Tim Ne 2. copper bars inthe shape ofa cuboid 1Sem by 10cm by Gem, (@) Calculate the volume ofthe copper ba (©) The copper bar is melted dovm snd made into a cube. During this process none of the copper i lost. Calculate the length ofthe side ofthe cube, 3. A fish pond isin the shape ofa cuboid. The pond measures 4.5m by 3.6m. ‘When the pond is fll the depth of the water is 25cm. Calculate the volume of| the water inthe pond when the pond is full. 4, A glass fish tank is cuboid of length SOem, breadth 32cm and height28em, 2élitres of water are poured into the tank. Find the depth of the water, 5. Caleuate the length ofa cube which has a volume of 600m, 6. —Arectangolar tank measures 60cm by 40cm by 30cm, How many litres of water can it hold?Exercise 3 1 Calculate the volume of each ofthe following prisms, » 10cm, seopo | Aram © © Sem {sem fem 10cm, 200m im Tem 2. A piece of metal as a diameter of Sem and 1Sem long Ithasa groove cut from itas shown inthe diagram below. Calculate its volume, Thope you goal the questions inthe above exercise correctly, if not go over the section again, After geting them all correct go over te activity below for more proctse, Activity 2 12) Selives of water are poured ino a reclangular tank Sem long and 400m wide. Calculate the depth of water inthe tank, (0) When ful, a carton in the shape of a cuboid, holds 1 litre of orange juice. The base of the carton measures 9.5m by 6.2cm. ‘What is its height? (©) The orange juice is poured into cylindrical glasses. The radius ‘of each glass is Sem and the depth of orange juice is 7em, How many of those glasses wilt fl? - ‘e80cc0e.Volume ofthe tank up tothe water level =55x40xh volume of the water is 831 = 83 x 1000em The two volumes are equal 55x 40xh = 38% 1000 idx 1000 55x40 = 15cm, Solution to (b) Ae Fe ih ‘tem =< ke _| Sem aVolume of juice in the cuboid = 1 lire = 10006? Volume of the cuboid = 9.5x 6.2.x h Volume of the cuboid = volume of ice 1697 170em 2) Volume of cylindrical glass volume =p rh 612 x3KIx7 197-9enP (6) Number ot glasses = volume of ice = 1009 1979 = 505 full glasses Exercise 4 1, Awater trough is shown below, Calculate (@) thearea ofthe cross-section ©) the volume in izes 2. Calculate the volume ofthe following cylinders (@) with radius 6Sem, height 10cm ” e50c000.(©) withradiue 12cm, height Sem (©) with diameter 5 Sem, height 82cm 3. Atm of beans has a diameter of [em and aheight of 21cm, Calculate the volume ofthe tin 4. A closed eylndricel water tank has a height of 1m and a diameter of SOem, Calculate its volume in fies. 5. Calculate the volume ofa lof of bread shown. 44, Caleulate the volume ofthe bench shown leaving your answer in lies 1.3 Volume of a cone and a sphere A cones special typeof pyramid wi crulr bate, In lesson three section 22, ‘we looked atthe srfice area of «cone snd now the formula forthe volume of cone ispiventy Volume =n 3 ‘This formula incuding that ofa sphere are given during examinations. A sphere as ‘mentioned earlier on isa three-dimensional counter-part ofa circle. Its volume is siven by ‘Volume =4 rat 3 [Now let us do the following activity which mainly involves substitutionActivity 3 1. Acone has a base radius Som and height 120m. Calculate its volume, 2, Calculate the volume ofthe sphere with radius 3 om, Foodback 1 Val afb 3 wn 5x 5x12 914.16 om? (correct to 2 decimal places ) 2 Vo of sprere = £ ARXIKIKS = 118.10 om (correct to 2 decimel places ) 2.0 Mass and Density 2.1 Mass All materials we know are refered toas matter in science. Itmay be easy tose this ‘matter, lke a block of wood, a bar of copper or it may be different to see as it ean be ‘ery small, lke air and gases. So mater is made up of particles which ean be in form of solids liquids or eases, ‘When the amount of matter a material contains s measured, it scaled Mass. The ‘mass ofan object isnot the same as its weight, Weight i the down wards pull a force, ofthe carth on matter. The mass ofan objet on earth is the same asthe mass ofthe same object on the moon. They will not necessarily hve the same Weight asthe pull ‘on mater by th earth (atmosphere pressure) i nt the same asthe pull on matter by the moon, in fact the pull by the moon is zero. The common units of mass are milligrams, grams, kilograms snd tonnes 512.2 Density ‘Usually in casal tall, poople would say stel is heavier than wood. This does not ‘mean that steel needle has more mass than a tree trunk, What it means i that apiece ‘of steel has more mass than apiece of Wood when both have the same volume, eaviness is considered when comparing the muss per unit volume, This comparison {s called Density. Therefore density of any substance isthe amount of mass per unit volume and for calculations the formula used is Density = mass Units of density is grams per cubic centimetre(/ ex). ‘ean also be expressed as kg /m?. Let us try and use the above formula in the aciv- ity below. Activity 3 7. What s the densily ofa piece of coment, which has a mass of 6.769 and a volume 3.76m? 2. Ifthe density of wood Is 0.5g/em? What isthe massif its volume is 4om?? 8, The densty of gold is 19g/er. Find the volume of 30g of gold. 4, Aholiow cylinder has an inside diameter of Som and the thickness of the material is cm. itis made of metal of density Sglom and its total mass is 3:3kg, Find the length of the cyinder. 82Substitute M = 876, V= 37 = 826 a7 = 237 glem? Mattoly both sides by V DxV= MeV v Substitute ‘= don, D = 05 fem? OS ov=M Divide both sides by D Dev= DD0S anon Lyastanon 4 Jot the length (high) he hem ‘The volume ofthe eyliner is found fist (Outside volume = 77h = Rx(ASPxb “The inside volume =n (2.5) 7x4. ‘The volume of the material = Outer vol — Inside vol. = ex(45Pxh-ex (25° = exh(45-25) (The squares ae worked out ad subtracted.) =22 xh (2025-625) 7 =22 xhxid 7 = 4¢hem? As the density is 5 glom* D=M v OMtuttiply V both sides) Dx = MV Vv M = DV = Sx4th o “This mass is equal to 33 kg = 300g @ ‘Bquating 1 with2 Sx44h =3300 ‘eenc000.b= 3300 5x44 = 150m [Now try the exreise below. Exercise 4 1. @) Ifthe density of wood is 0.5 g/cm’. What i the mas if the volume is tem (i) 2em? (i) 10cm" (©) What isthe density ofa substance of (@ Mass 100 g and volume 10 ex’? (i) Volume 3 and mass 9 kg? 2. The density of golds 19 giom. Find the volume of @ 3s (i) 9S gofgold 3. Apicce of tel has volume of 12 cm? and mass of 9 g. What i its density? 4, What is the mass of Sm? of cement of density 3000 kp/n?? ‘What isthe mass of air in a room measuring 10 m by Smby 2m, ifthe density ofaris 1.3 kg/m? 6. Whats the density ofa piece of cork, which has mass of 0,650 g ané a volume of 271 ex? 5 ‘enccan,3.0 Summary ‘We have seen from this lesson thatthe generl formule for calculating the volume of @ prism is ‘Volume Area of the cross-section x length, ‘Also you have leat the volume of other solids as given by these formula Cylinder = nh Cubola = 1h Cube volume =P Density on the other hand isthe measure of mast per unit volume of matter, Density = massAnswers to Self Asses: 1a a Lesson 1 exercises Exercise 1 1 @) Bem Tom 2 @ em ©) Gem 3. @ 268em? (0). 8726 em? Exercise 2 L @ 42cm) tom? © Went 2 @ 33cm ©) bem 3. @ 25em ©) bom Exercise 3 1, Sent 2 4600m? 3 Lesson 2 Exercises Exe e1 (©) 21.4em, () 352m (@) 66m () 132m 206m, 22 00cm (220%) (@) 88m © 112m (@) 19.76 87 © 289em (©) 5803 em (©) 7364 em? © S16 0n8 © Wem © 4m 26 em? (©) 528m (© 132m © 650m (© 15Sem* © 460m" @ 2m © 5.76em 4, 59.16 em? @ 2mExercise 2 1. (@) Sdem# (6) 55.42em* —(€)95.0em* —_(@) 138.9em? 2. @37704m,3.77km ——(@) 5027 2m? 3. (@ 78.55. ©) 4909em? 4 @ 34Jem 5. (@)1256.8em? () 125.686 () 18.85 6 (9) 42.70m () Sem" 7 (a) 19.600 8,3348.4em? Exercise 3 1. 14tem 2 @392em (@) 785 em x25 3.675 Exercise 4 1 @ 25.tem © TB.tem* 2. @.84em® 3. @ 12cm 4 @ 859" © 3mS. (@)6.7Iem —(W) 10Fem_ (6) 21.Sem (A) 106m 6 @ 1885.2cm" Lesson 3 Exercises Exercise 1 1 88cm 2 962.6 em? 3.7986 om? 4, 280 ene 5. @ 470m (©) 206.16 om Exercise 2 1 @) 90cm (©) 72.65 en 2 s18447m? Lesson 4 Exercises Exercise 1 1 @) 1508.2m° © 87976? 2 45.8m 3. 178m? Exeercise 2 1. (@) Sodem? (©) 25cm —_(@) 94.Sem? 2 (©) 900m? ®) 202m, 3. 4050 ites 4. 15cm. 5. 843 Exercise 3 1 @2600em? ©) 300m? (¢) 292.5emm? 2 $65.6om 59 © 960m?Exercise 4 1. @ 750m? ©) 135 ives 2, (@) 1327Sem? ©) 4072em? (©) 194.8em* 3. (@) 237Sem? 4. @ 274.9 ines 5.5236 Sem = 5.236 lites 6, 2000 lies Exercise 5 1. @@05e (108 cine (©) 10¢/em? Gi) 3kgfem* 2.(@ em? ©) Sem? 3.fgfen 4.15 000ke. 5.130kg 6.0.24 piom? ‘eeccon0 60