Inder

1. AcRnowledgement
2. Certificate
3. Photosynthesis
4. Historical BacRground.
5.Chloroplast
6. Photosynthehc pigments
t. Acion & absorptin spectrum
8. Light reactiong
9 Photosystems
10.Dark Reactions
11. C3 Pathway
12. Cu Pathway
I3.FactorS affechng phoBosynthesis
I4. BlacRman's lauw.
 Date :

Jekoolodgemer
d would Jike do express my Special thonks of ratimuda.
to mu biologs toocho Mr. Amit who gae me this
qoldon appartunitå to this wondonßulLproject om.
the topic " Photosynthes ig
Secondly would lize to thank my panonts and
uiinds who holped ma a dot in halizing this
pmject wtthin drtd. dima of hame Then contributions
haue plauec a signilicant role in mokinq thiS Drojact
Gomprehans Le and inarmatiue

D501
 Date :
Topic

Ceglilicnte
This ústo contiu sthot "Risha Saono" Shudant
Of clasS 11 th B has successl
COmplatod than Rioog4 pojzct on"phatoSynhesis"
undon the. quidolinos undon the limilod timo.
OF frame
4+ is Quthun cenhAed that this project is tho
individuLal wark and upto as pe expectatins
jsSued bs CBSE

Teacher's Sign

D501
 Date :
1
Topic

Ptolosyriesi
Process bs ubich green pants f the plant syothesize orqaic
Compounds (sugn) using Simple ingroanic substance like
CO & Ha0 in the preseCe of light to release O2 aS a by
-product.
JA (S a physio-chemical proress.
Input Output
CO2 carbohydrates
HaO H0
Light
chlormphyll

6C02t 10Ha0 chl¡rophyl!eHaOs +602 + 6H20

ugnt

Importance Of phoBesynthúsis:
)SOUDCe Of all food n eanth.
a)3t produces C that is crucial (er all Qnobic life lerm.

D501
 2.
ijoical
Backgyoun
-bel or
Gzpimot. brmthhg
plo, reho I0 he a) whoteven
-Condusi¡n (onde remow.
animal and. bonDg

Jon IngLtihoL.L ptoce)

sunlghl is eDNol for hu planl
conchuded hot uming candke
candle got eshnguvhurd and pnfes ab
Ihatbralhng jalecd /damapd by
mouse dd of sugontion ond onina.,
-wTed on oqutlhc plant Mydbilla.pos f thrd and.
ilaobfed
bubblu, atound. gpeen
olerved gas
hern io be 0,

;
pos of pant n whenc glu00
-found hat qreen

pwpo baciena
-WOTkd on grren nd.
 Date
Topic
hydoqen ä
-demanstrated tho doing þhotoynthasiy reducos
aeloased am Auitable hydzogen /e donen co. to
conbohydratu
Sulphur bacteria.
úght ’CH20 t 2St H20
CO2 + 2H,Q
n Oxidised to sulph
not 02

H-donor
higher plants
CO, +2H0) ight CHe0 + Oz t Ha0
chloroprgT

D501
 Date
Topic

Chtooplatr SrUctne.
1- doublo membrane boun
a. hae a third mnombrane ysBem within chloroplast
(Grana and shromalamellao)
nsida chlaroplast
3 Clean cut diisi¡n of doboun, lonues
Mainly found un mOsophyll. coll of
functins Of Chlaoplast
" daaR aactins cf photosynthasjs
and poBeinx
Syntheis f caaboh1ydnatos
H0$ riboSoMox.
"Cantain ds cirCulon DNA ONd

D501
 Date:
5
Topic

Pholosilhphe
Piomeni
Pigments
Pigment Rf value
Caratenoid (Pat soluble)
Carotene 05 ChlÛTophyll
CanÝtenes xannophylls
technique.
Xanthophyll 071 leaf piqments can be seprate by q
Sn bighen plants CHROAIOGRAPHY
"PAPER "
called
Chlorophyl a 0.65
Chiorophyl b 0.45
sepratim of lea Digments shous
Leal stan
AGhlerophl chromatograpbic pigments:
that the coloun of leaf is due to 4
1 Chlorophyll a (oright cr blue. green)
2 Chlorophyll b (Yellow green )
3. Canotene (yellou onnge
4. Xanthophylls (Yellow
chl¡ophyll
Raw materials requned for synthesis of

Glycine
All the pigmenis oihen than chlarophyl a (che pigmet)
Roown Acressory plgmenta.
D501
 Actiogt and absopia
Specbin
Absarphon spectrum- CuNIe. OT qpaph shouwing
the. ablity
uaelengtha of
pigmud to absorb enIgy at digenent
light
absrbonce
chl-b

a (nm)

and red regi n

chlorophyll- maxm absarph¡n at blue voiletregion
carotenoid- maxn absorpion at blue-qreen &
achan specirun-ne
absorbance
graph showing felatia
rate of phoBesynthesi > carotenoids
at diggerent uauelongths

a(nm )
 Date :

Rate
ofPhotosyntnesis

2(om)

thesis C¡Trespondg osels to

Achonspectrumof photosyn -a. he wave length at
absarphiam spectrum f clorophyll chlorophyll-a also
which thoe maxm absorpthan by
Ghous maxm rate of photosynthesiS.

cthlorophylla ua he chÑi! photcsynthote pigmat

thesis
Rate of photosyn
> ight absorbeh
by chl -a

2 (nm)

D501
 Date

Title

operimert of T..
Enqelmann
400 500 600 700
Aerobic bacteria Cladophora
alga
Chloroplast

Light
Prism

On passing white light through the prism it splis inte its spehal
componentsuhich is then used to illumúnate qreen algea,
bocteria will aCumute where O2 evolved ig more.

He obseyed that aerobic bacHeN0a, mainls accumLlatod

dn bluyp. qnd red regians thus 1st achon spectum
OF photoSynthesis was desonibed.

DELTAOgnee 9I
 Date

PAyolosyslem of pigments.
. uB.an onganised groUp consist of2 9pots
AXch photoSysBem (group)
Recchon cenre single molecula of chl¡roph1ll-a
aight harvesting complex- accessory pigments.

Electron transfer Primery

olectron
Photon Bcceptor
Resction
Resctlon conter
center
chiorophyl

Transfer Antenna
of eneray
plgment
molecules
Photosystem

- isof tuo types:

PS- I Reactiom centre sbow maxn absorphn at
PS-II : Reacion centre Show maxm absorptiom at 680 om

DELTA D.Ngea gI
 (O] +21
26+ H,0
P680
LHC
Synthesised. P700
are NADPH
and. ATP -both
ADPP
P
involved aPS-T)
re NADP OCccptor
PSI AcCeptor)
&(System NADPH Photosystem
II
photO tbe Both - Photosystem1
Phosphórylation
Photo
nm-Cyclic
photophsphoryjatian Cyclic 2.NOn
photophosphorylatm 1Cyclic
lati¡n. Of
type includes reacion Eight
NADPH ATP&Formaton
of 4.
splittingrelease wader 3.O9 2.
n, abSOrph reactian
liqh by light 1
enctiong: ight involved
in -Steps
Date
Title
 Date

Title

1otos, stem I Splithng Of Ha0 40 Compensate

otosy stem |
e ccepor
NADI the loste of PS-1 taRes place.
Lght C accepior

ADPP AP

ranspot
-O2 is released 0S a by
SYstem
product
LC

LHC P700

PoBO ETS 4ORes_place in reducing edox

H,0 2e 21 (0)
potentialsequence
-Proposed by Hill and Bendal
olso_ called z- gcheme

Cycic PhoophosphotylaHon
-3nNolves only pS-I Photosystem 1
-e is Cåcled back to PS-I
Hhrough ETS (Light
acceptor)
- No Ha0 splithng ond O2
release tORes place. Electron
transport
system
-only ATP ie suyntbesised
-TOReS place in ShromQ Chlorophyl
P 700

Iamella uhere PS-I is Cyclic photo phosphonytatbon

absnt

DELTA Oignea 9T
 Title
Date

Dkrah, Heeclioet,
Sndirectls
dependent on light as it uses the produds
CATP and NADPH) Of light re0chn
Lizht H
Lieht

Pastogn
H Plastocy a

OxtatXo
H
of water H
Hah H
Ekctroshetcal Lumen
Potenhul (huzh H)
Gradient F
ThvLo
meubrane

Stroma
Lon ATI
F

ADP P. ATE
H

CHEMIOSMOTIC HYPOT HESIS

Giuen by Peter Mibchell t0 explain the mochanisM CE
ATP Synthesis in Chloroplast and. mitechandnin.

"ATP Sunthesis lioked to daeopmant of protn

Qrodient acnoss th. thulaoid. mombnne
Breakdon Of this pmten qnd iont lads io cunihasis af ALO
 Title
Date

Factors reSpansible for de velopment of_proBon qPadant

Cacross_the thalokoid membrone
) PhoBolyeis of Ha0 touod. thylakoid uunen.
) Iranafo pumping) f Hhom stroma. to lurnen (acnos S
the membrane as e moue. thoough photosye1ern)
3. NADP reductose reactiom occeun% towand strano.

Chermiosmoho process requiÖes i

1 Amembane
2. Proton Pump
3._protm q2adient
4. ATP Ssnthase enymo

Biosyniheic phase ocouIS thonough, he followingi

Ga pathuay or Calvin Cycle (UÁeNsal cycle)
Cu pathuay (hatch & slack plathuay)
 Title
Date

C3 PolhtJOL
- wTR OF Melvin ßalvin on
gfeen algas -chlorella.
J6+ sBable co2
fixatin_product was 3-G organc acid
(3-phosphogycoe acid (3c)
ly C3 Gycle opeNates in phnts called C3
plants ex
tomata. bell pepper etc.
-OCCOUDS in sBema of chloroplast in mesophyll cells.
PER C02 molecle
fixed3AIP and 2NADPH
PER Glucose malecule formed 18AIP and NADPH

RuBisCo- Ribulose Atmosphere

biphosphate canboxyase Ribulose-1,5

blsphosphate

aOxyerase. () Carbaxylation
most abundagt an eacth ADP

Aas bilunchonal nanue

Regeneratlon
enume For CO2 fixai¡n 3-phospheglycerate

ATT

AT
O) Reeluction
NAD.
Trdose
phasphate
ADP

-NAD

Sucrose, stareh

DELTA"Onigeg gI
 Date

Title

Mosophyll
Atmospheric Co, -disouøed by Hatch &
cell Plasma
membrane Slack (australian botonist.)
Hconosphoonot
Coll wa -Cy plants neadapted to
VOte
doy opical. region ex- Maize,
Fixatlon
Regeneration Sogham.Amnanthug etc
Cacid C, acid
Plasmo
desmata -has special type oF anaBemy
Bundlo
sheath
cell
RRANZ ANATOMY (cell ane
Tronsport Transport ranqed in a ring anound
Flxation by
Vascula bundle
C ocid Calvin cycle

CO,
Decarboxylation Cacid Q TypesOf cells ne involued
mesophylL cells
"Bándlo. sheath coll.
1s+ CO2 fixaion stable
Oxalo acoic acid (OAA) produd is 4C Crganic 0cid

Double cqboxylation with spatal dilenen occoLN

in Cy Plpntx

DELTAO: ignes qE9i

 Title
Date

Fouclors alfecting
Photosunlhesís
BlacRman's lauw Of umiting factor
"When a chemical proeseiS olected by moTe tan aMe
facBors hen its rate E daidad by tho facler that is present
heaneet te its mmMum valuo.

-FacBorS
External Internal
" light n0.0ge &size Of chloroplast
"TempatuJe "CO2 COmcantration.
"CO2 c¡ncentratin

bsynthess ofPhotosynthess
Rale Pholosynlhess
Rale
of

Pho
of
Rale

LIght intensity co, Concentration Temperature

Factors affecting Photosynthesis

DELTA O:vgrea HI