Department of Environmental Science and Technology

Course Tittle: Earth Science-2 sessional

Course Code: EST 1206
Session: 2022-2023

An Assignment
On
Submitted To:
Fariha Farzana
Lecturer, Submitted By:
Department Of Environmental Science And Technology MD.Roman
Jashore University Of Science And Technology Roll:220222
1st year, 2nd semester
Department Of Environmental Science And Technology
Jashore University Of Science And Technology

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 Chapter-1

Figure 1:A figure on world map 2

Maps:

❖ symbolic representation of selected characteristics of a place.

❖ present information about the world.
❖ show exact locations of houses and streets in a city neighbourhood.

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Map Reading:

❑ the process of looking at the map to determine what is depicted and how the cartographer depicted
it

❑ Six main steps of map reading :

Step 1: choosing the right kind of map.

Step 2: choosing the right scale.
Step 3: understanding the legend.
Step 4: understanding contour lines.
Step 5: Relating the map and the land to each other.
Step 6: Orientate your map.

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Topographic Maps:

▪types of maps that show the different land

features
▪used to determine where the landscape is flat
and where it is dominated by mountains
▪identify valleys, canyons, and hillsides
▪show the elevation of different landforms above
sea level

Figure 2:Topographic map

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Topographic Features:

❑Topographic maps identified

numerous ground features
which can be grouped into the
following categories:
§Relief
§Hydrography
§Vegetation
§Transportation
§Culture
§Boundaries
§Toponymy Figure 3:Topographic Features

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Symbols for Topographic Map reading

Figure 4:Symbol of topographic map 7

 Enlargement and Reduction of Maps

❑ In the process of compiling maps cartographers are often required to either reduce or
enlarge maps
❑ Reduction or enlargement involves change in the size
❑ the origina an enlargement provides the same map but proportionally larger than
❑ A reduction gives the same map that is proportionally smaller than the original

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Graphical method on the enlargement and reduction of maps:

▪Graphically maps can be enlarged or reduced with the help of similar squares
▪The square method is the most common and simplest method
▪The side of the square of the new map has to be determined using the formula
▪Scale of the new map = New scale/old scale x Side of the square of the original map

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Map projection longitude and latitude:

❑Projection:
▪the term used to describe a broad set of transformations employed to represent the two-dimensional
curved surface of a globe on a plane
▪a necessary step in creating a two-dimensional map and is one of the essential elements of
cartography
▪shows the directions and distances very accurately
often expressed as latitude and longitude
❑ Latitude:
a coordinate used to specify the north-south position of a location on the surface of the
Earth
an angle which starts from 0° at the equator to 90° at the Earth North-South poles

described in degrees, minutes and seconds

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❑ Longitude:

▪ a coordinate used to specify the east-west

location on the surface of the Earth

defined in degrees, minutes and seconds

Meridian lines are lines running from the

North Pole to the South Pole

The prime meridian line, passing through

the Royal Observatory, Greenwich,
England, is defined at 0 degrees
Figure 5:Map latitude and longtitude

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 Elements of Map Projection

Parallels of latitude Reduced earth

Elements of
Map Projection

Global properties Meridians of longitude

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Classification of Map projection

Figure 6:classification of map projection

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 Chapter 2

Representation of geographical data

The study of the natural features of the earth surface , including topography ,climate ,soil , vegetation
etc.

The natural features of a region

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 Representation of geographical data

Raster Data

Vector Data

Raster Data:

Figure 7:Raster data

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Vector Data:

Figure 8:Vector data

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 Cartography

Cartographic Process

• Step 1: Define purpose and meaning

• Step 2: Choose scale

•Step 3: Format , printing and economics

•Step 4: Abstract and generalize

•Step 5: Design layout

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 Map Interpretation

Map interpretation procedure:

▪ Find out from the index number of the topographical sheet

▪ Major landforms
▪ Drainage and water features
▪ Land use
▪ Explain the distributional pattern of each of the features
▪ Superimpose pairs of these maps and note down the relationship

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 Environmental surveying

• environmental surveying seeks to understand the symbiotic relationship that exists between the
environment and architectural development.

•Professional activities.

•Main areas of operation.

•Technique.
Topo sheet
Toposheets is a topographic map which is a two dimensional representation of a three dimensional land surface
Interpretation of Topo Sheet:
▪ Marginal information
▪ Relief
▪ Drainage
▪ Vegetation
▪ Land use

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