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Lec 3

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Lec 3

Uploaded by

Mariam Ayman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lec3:Diode Applications

Rectifiers
Rectifier Circuits

• One important
application of diode is
the rectifier –
– Electrical device which
converts alternating
current (AC) to direct
current (DC) Figure 4.20: Block diagram of a
• One important dc power supply
application of rectifier
is dc power supply.
step #1: increase / decrease rms magnitude of
AC wave via power transformer
step #2: convert full-wave AC to half-wave DC
(still time-varying and periodic)
step #3: employ low-pass filter to reduce wave
amplitude by > 90%
step #4: employ voltage regulator to eliminate
ripple
step #5: supply dc load
.

Block diagram of a dc power supply


The Half-Wave Rectifier

• half-wave rectifier –
utilizes only alternate
half-cycles of the
input sinusoid
– Constant voltage
drop diode model is
employed.

Figure 4.21: (a) Half-wave rectifier (b) Transfer characteristic of the


rectifier circuit (c) Input and output waveforms
4.5.1. The Half-Wave Rectifier

• current-handling capability – what is


maximum forward current diode is expected to
conduct?
• peak inverse voltage (PIV) – what is
maximum reverse voltage it is expected to
block w/o breakdown?
– PIV = Vs
4.5.2. The Full-Wave Rectifier

 Q: How does full-


wave rectifier differ
from half-wave?
 A: It utilizes both
halves of the input
 One potential is
shown to right.
Figure 4.22: Full-wave rectifier utilizing a
transformer with a center-tapped secondary
winding.
The key here is center-tapping of the transformer,
allowing “reversal” of certain currents…

Figure 4.22: full-wave rectifier utilizing a transformer with a center-


tapped secondary winding: (a) circuit; (b) transfer characteristic
assuming a constant-voltage-drop model for the diodes; (c) input
and output waveforms.
When instantaneous source voltage is positive, D1
conducts while D2 blocks…
when instantaneous source voltage is negative, D2
conducts while D1 blocks
4.5.2. The Full-Wave Rectifier

• Q: What are most important observation(s)


from this operation?
– A: The direction of current flowing across
load never changes (both halves of AC wave
are rectified). The full-wave rectifier
produces a more “energetic” waveform than
half-wave.
• PIV for full-wave = 2VS – VD
4.5.3. The Bridge Rectifier

 An alternative
implementation of
the full-wave
rectifier is bridge
rectifier.
 Shown to right. rms

Figure 4.23: The bridge rectifier


circuit.
when instantaneous source voltage is positive, D1
and D2 conduct while D3 and D4 block

Figure 4.23: The bridge rectifier circuit.


when instantaneous source voltage is positive, D1
and D2 conduct while D3 and D4 block

Figure 4.23: The bridge rectifier circuit.


4.5.3: The Bridge Rectifier (BR)

• Q: What is the main advantage of BR?


– A: No need for center-tapped transformer.
– the PIV is about half the value for the full-
wave rectifier with a centertapped
transformer.(PIV =Vs -2VD + VD = Vs –VD)
• Q: What is main disadvantage?
– A: Series connection of TWO diodes will
reduce output voltage.
4.5.4. The Rectifier with a Filter Capacitor

 Pulsating nature of
rectifier output
makes unreliable dc
supply.
 As such, a filter
capacitor is
employed to remove
ripple.
Figure 4.24: (a) A simple circuit used to illustrate the effect of a
filter capacitor. (b) input and output waveforms assuming an ideal
diode.
4.5.4. The Rectifier with a Filter Capacitor

 step #1: source voltage is


positive, diode is forward
biased, capacitor charges.
 step #2: source voltage is
reverse, diode is reverse-
biased (blocking), capacitor
cannot discharge.
 step #3: source voltage is
positive, diode is forward
biased, capacitor charges
(maintains voltage).

Figure 4.24 (a) A simple circuit used to illustrate the effect…


4.5.4. The Rectifier with a Filter Capacitor

 Q: What happens
when load resistor is
placed in series with
capacitor?
 A: One must now
consider the
discharging of
capacitor across
load.
4.5.4. The Rectifier with a Filter Capacitor

 The textbook outlines


how Laplace
Transform may be used
to define behavior
below.
circuit state #1

circuit state #2
Q: What happens when load resistor is placed in series
with capacitor?

 step #1: Analyze circuit


state #1.
 When diode is
forward biased and
conducting. circuit state #1
vO
 step #2: Input voltage iL 
R
(vI) will be applied to
output (vO), minus 0.7V
iD  iC  iL
drop across diode. action: define capacitor
current differentially

dvI
iD  C  iL
dt
Q: What happens when load resistor is placed in series
with capacitor?

 step #3: Define output


voltage for state #1.

circuit state #1
Q: What happens when load resistor is placed in series
with capacitor?

• step #4: Analyze circuit


state #2.
– When diode is
blocking and capacitor
is discharging.
• step #5: Define KVL and
KCL for this circuit.
– vO = RiL circuit state #2
– iL = –iC
Q: What happens when load resistor is placed in series
with capacitor?

• step #6: Use combination of circuit and


Laplace Analysis to solve for vO(t) in terms of
initial condition and time…
4.5.4. The Rectifier
with a Filter Capacitor
4.5.4. The Rectifier with a Filter Capacitor

 step #7: Define output


voltage for states #1 and
#2.

circuit state #1

circuit state #2
A Couple of Observations

• During the diode off-interval, the capacitor C


discharges through R causing an exponential decay in
the output voltage (vO). At the end of the discharge
interval, which lasts for almost the entire period T,
voltage output is defined as follows – vO(T) = Vpeak –
Vr.
• When the ripple voltage (Vr) is small, the output (vO)
is almost constant and equal to the peak of the input
(vI). the average output voltage may be defined as
below…
1
(eq4.27) avg VO   Vpeak  Vr  Vpeak if Vr is small
2
4.5.4. The Rectifier with a Filter Capacitor

• Q: How is ripple voltage


(Vr) defined?
– step #1: Begin with transient
response of output during
“off interval.”
– step #2: Note T is discharge
interval.
– step #3: Simplify using
assumption that RC >> T.
– step #4: Solve for ripple
voltage Vr.

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