Ingotii

REPUBLIC OF KENYA
MINISTRY OF TRANSPORT, INFRASTRUCTURE, HOUSING, URBAN
DEVELOPMENT & PUBLIC WORKS
STATE DEPARTMENT FOR INFRASTRUCTURE

Consultancy Services for Review and Updating of Road

Design Manuals and Standard Specifications for Kenya
Ref. No. KENHA/PCS/342/2021

FINAL PRELIMINARY REVIEW REPORT

November 2022
Report details
Report prepared for: KeNHA
Project/customer reference: 11226171
Copyright: © TRL Limited
Report date: 24th November, 2022
Report status/version: Version 4
Quality approval:
Bopoto, C. T. Workman, R.
(Team Leader) (Technical Reviewer)

Disclaimer
TRL Limited (TRL) has produced this report under a contract with KeNHA. Any views
expressed in this report are not necessarily those of KeNHA.
The information contained herein is the property of TRL Limited and does not necessarily
reflect the views or policies of the customer for whom this report was prepared. Whilst
every effort has been made to ensure that the matter presented in this report is relevant,
accurate, and up‐to‐date, TRL Limited cannot accept any liability for any error or omission,
or reliance on part or all of the content in another context.
When purchased in hard copy, this publication is printed on paper that is FSC (Forest
Stewardship Council) and TCF (Totally Chlorine Free) registered.

Contents amendment record

This report has been amended and issued as follows:
Version Date Description Editor Technical
Reviewer
1.0 8th March 2022 Draft Preliminary Review Report Bopoto, C. T. Workman, R.
2.0 13th April 2022 Final Preliminary Review Report Bopoto, C. T. Workman, R.
3.0 2nd June 2022 Final Preliminary Review Report Bopoto, C. T. Workman, R.
th
4.0 24 November 2022 Final Preliminary Review Report Bopoto, C.T. Workman, R.

Document last saved on: 28‐Nov‐2022 7:31 AM

Document last saved by: Eng C T Bopoto

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Table of Contents
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Overall project objective 1
1.3 Specific project objectives 1
1.4 Purpose and structure of this report 2

2 Objective, Scope of Review, and Method 4

2.1 Objective 4
2.2 Scope of review 4
2.3 Methodology 4

3 Legal Mandate for Road Standards and Manuals 6

3.1 The Constitution 6
3.2 Roads Act 2007 6
3.3 Standards Act 9
3.4 Gazetting of Eurocodes as Kenya Standards 10
3.5 International practices in setting road standards 11

4 Road Manuals Structures and Coding – Regional and International Practices 13

4.1 Australia 13
4.2 India 15
4.3 South Africa 18
4.4 Namibia 23
4.5 The United Kingdom 24
4.6 The United States of America 28
4.7 Uganda 30
4.8 Mozambique 32
4.9 Ethiopia 33

5 Road Manuals Structures and Coding – Kenya Existing Manuals and SRBC 35
5.1 Approved and in‐use road and bridge design manuals 35
5.2 EGIS Draft manuals (2009) 35
5.3 Approved and in‐use standard specification 36
5.4 EGIS Draft 2009 standard specification 37

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5.5 Summary of observations 38

6 Manual Structures and SRBCs Review Conclusions 39

6.1 Manual structures 39
6.2 Manual coding 39
6.3 Technical specifications 39

7 Consultant’s Proposed Revisions to Kenya’s RDM and SRBC Structures and

Coding 40
7.1 Objectives 40
7.2 Consultant’s proposed manual structure and coding 40
7.3 Gap analysis – Consultant proposed manual structure and coding 41
7.4 Consultant’s proposed standard specification structure 46
7.5 Gap analysis – Consultant’s proposed standard specification structure 46

8 The TTF’s and TAs Proposed Revisions to Kenya’s RDM and SRBC Structures and
Coding 48
8.1 Background 48
8.2 TTF’s proposed revised manual structure and coding 48
8.3 Gap analysis – TTF’s proposed manual structure and coding 49
8.4 TTF’s proposed standard specification structure 54
8.5 Gap analysis – TTF’s proposed standard specification structure 55
8.6 TAs’ Recommendations on Kenya’s RDM and SRBC Structure and Coding
and Concurrence by the TTF 56
8.7 Recommendations for Kenya RDM and SRBC Structure and Coding
following the TA’s recommendations 61

9 Final Recommended Kenya RDM and SRBC Structure and Coding 68

9.1 Background 68
9.2 The Road Manual (RM) system 68
9.3 Final proposed revised road and bridges design manual structure and
coding 70
9.4 Final proposed standard specification structure 70
9.5 Gap analysis for Road Manual, Road Design Manual and SRBC 71

10 Contractual Implications of RDM and SRBC Structure Changes 72

10.1 Background 72
10.2 Definition of extra scope for RDM and priority support manuals 72

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10.3 Input and financial implications of out‐of‐scope manuals 73

10.4 Procurement options for extra scope 74

11 Next Steps 75

Appendix A Lists of Existing Manuals and 2009 Drafts 76

Appendix B International System Example: Australia 80

Appendix C International System Example: India 84

Appendix D International System Example: South Africa 86

Appendix E International System Example: United Kingdom 88

Appendix F Draft Tables of Content of TTF Proposed Manuals 93

Appendix G TTF Proposed SRBC Contents 128

Appendix H Minutes of the TTF’s PRR Review Meeting 132

Appendix I TTF’s Technical Note No. 1 and Transmittal Note 172

Appendix J TA/TTF/Consultant Correspondence on the PRR 173

Appendix K TTF’s Technical Note No. 2 and Transmittal Note 174

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Acronyms
Acronym Description
AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
ACEK The Association of Consulting Engineers ‐ Kenya
ADMM Asset Data Management Manual
AfDB African Development Bank
AG Austroads Guide
AM Asset Management
AMOR Asset Maintenance and Operation Requirements
ATS Austroads Technical Specifications
BT Bridge Technology
BoQ Bill of Quantities
CE Compensation Event
CEG Consulting Engineers Group
COLTO Committee of Land and Transport Officers
COTO Committee of Transport Officials
COMESA Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa
DCP Dynamic Cone Penetrometer
DMRB Design Manual for Roads and Bridges
DoC Date of Commencement
EAC East African Community
EAT East African Time
EU European Union
EWN Early Warning Notice
FSC Forest Stewardship Council
IANs Interim Advice Notes
IMESA Institute of Municipal Engineers South Africa
IRC Indian Roads Congress
KEBS Kenya Bureau of Standards
KeNHA Kenya National Highway Authority
KeRRA Kenya Rural Roads Authority
KRB Kenya Roads Board
KURA Kenya Urban Roads Authority
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Acronym Description
KWS Kenya Wildlife Services
MCHW Manual for Contract Documents for Highway Works
MORT&H Ministry of Road Transport and Highways
MTRD Materials Testing and Research Department
NMM Network Management Manual
NMT Non‐Motorised Transport
NPM Network Project Planning Manual
NSC National Steering Committee
NTR National Technical Requirement
OPBRC Output and Performance‐Based Road Contracts
PAM Project Appraisal Manual
PD Project Delivery
PID Project Implementation Department
PLWD People Living With Disabilities
PRR Preliminary Review Report
PSM Procedures and Standards Manual
PT Pavement Technology
RAN Roads Authority of Namibia
RCB Roads Coordinating Body
RD Road Design
RDM Road Design Manual
RM Road Manual
RS Road Safety
RT Road Tunnels
RTMC Roads Traffic Management Corporation
RWSC Routine Winter Service Code
SABITA South African Bitumen Association
SABS South African Bureau of Standards
SADC Southern African Development Community
SANRAL South African National Roads Agency Limited
SANS South African National Standards
SAPEM South African Pavement Engineering Manual

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Acronym Description
SARSM South African Road Safety Manual
SARTSM South African Road Traffic Signs Manual
SMCA Standards, Metrology, and Conformity Assessment
SRBC Specification for Road and Bridge Construction
SSA Sub‐Saharan Africa
TA Technical Administrator
TBT Technical Barriers to Trade
TCF Totally Chlorine Free
TM Traffic Management
TMH Technical Methods for Highways
ToR Terms of Reference
TRH Technical Recommendations for Highways
TRL Transport Research Laboratory
TTF Technical Task Force
TTM Temporary Traffic Management
UK United Kingdom
USA United States of America

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1 Introduction

1.1 Background
The Constitution of Kenya, in the Fourth Schedule, assigns to the National Government the
function of setting standards for the construction and maintenance of all public roads.
To fulfil the above‐mentioned function, the Ministry of Transport, Infrastructure, Housing,
Urban Development and Public Works (Ministry) is charged with the sectorial responsibility
for the formulation of all policy and standards for public roads, including development and
updating of standards for road design, construction, maintenance, and operations.
The current Kenya road and bridges standards, design manual, and construction
specifications were proposed and drafted in the 1970s and 80s and only a few have been
finalized and published. To complement the above, which is termed the Road Design Manual
(RDM), other related manuals were drafted on low‐volume sealed roads and road
maintenance.
In 2006, the Ministry, with EU funding, commissioned EGIS International to review and
update the entire RDM including the associated standard specifications. The draft
submissions by EGIS International were reviewed by the National Steering Committee (NSC)
and were not adopted.
The management of a large road network requires appropriate manuals that consider
modern road construction and maintenance technology, including new construction
materials and equipment. Changes in motorized and non‐motorized traffic demand levels,
recent developments in vehicle specifications particularly changes in vehicle size, carrying
capacity and axle configuration have put pressure on existing road networks not only in
Kenya but the entire Sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA) region. All these changing features have a
direct effect, in one way or another, on pavement design and road functionality. The
Ministry has therefore found it necessary to seek the services of a consultant to assist with
the review and updating of the RDM and the Standard Specification, with particular
attention to the draft RDM prepared by EGIS International.
Transport Research Laboratory (TRL), in partnership with CEG of India and Norken of Kenya
(Consultant), were appointed in late 2021 to undertake the above‐mentioned review and
update.

1.2 Overall project objective

The main and overall objective of the Consultant’s assignment is to assist the Ministry to
review and update the Kenya road design manual and construction specification to
incorporate best practices, climate change considerations, and recent technologies that
enable cost‐effective and efficient implementation of road development and maintenance
projects and ensure a safe, secure and efficient road transport system.

1.3 Specific project objectives

The specific objectives of the project are as follows:
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 Objective 1: Review and establish structures and coding systems for Kenyan road
design and construction standards.
 Objective 2: Review and update existing pavement design manuals and the standard
specification for road and bridge construction.
 Objective 3: Review and finalization of the highway and structural design manuals
drafted in 2009 under a European Union (EU) funded review by EGIS International.
 Objective 4: Dissemination and training on the updated manuals.

1.4 Purpose and structure of this report

The purpose of this Preliminary Review Report (PRR) is to present recommendations for a
new roads manual structure and coding system for Kenya following discussions between the
Consultant, the Technical Task Force (TTF) and Technical Administrators (TAs), all towards
the fulfilment of Objective 1 mentioned above.
This report will be presented for approval to the National Steering Committee.
The structure of the report is as follows:
Section 1 is introductory and presents a summarised background to the entire project of
reviewing and updating the Road Design Manual (RDM) and the Specification for Road and
Bridge Construction (SRBC).
Section 2 outlines the specific objective of the preliminary review stage of the project, the
scope, and the methodology followed.
Section 3 is a summary of the legal mandate on setting and maintaining road standards and
manuals in Kenya; it points out the legal instruments that pertain to the matter.
Section 4 reviews, in brief, the practices in a representative number of countries vis a vis
road design manual and standard technical specification systems and coding.
Section 5 examines the current road design manual and standard technical specification
structure and coding in Kenya.
Section 6 summarises the processes undertaken in Sections 4 and 5.
Section 7 presents the Consultant’s proposals for a new manual structure and coding for
Kenya. The section compares the current structure and coding to the proposed, thus
identifying the gap that needs be attended by the current project and future endeavours.
Section 8 is a record of the consultations between the Consultant, the TTF and the TAs. It
presents the TTF’s proposal for a new manual structure and coding following a series of
meetings. The meetings deliberated on the draft of this PRR and culminated in the
preparation of Technical Notes No. 1 and No. 2 on the manual structure and coding for
presentation to the TAs. Technical Note No. 2 was prepared following the TTF’s final review
of the draft PRR that was prepared based on the TAs’ comments and recommendations after
receipt of the TTF’s Technical Note No. 1 mentioned above.
Section 9 outlines the final recommended Road Manual (RM), RDM and SRBC structure and
coding system for presentation to the NSC for approval.

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Section 10 is a concise summary of the contractual implications of the proposed final manual
structure on the Consultant’s contract.
Section 11 is an administrative outline of the next steps following the review of this report.
Readers should take note of the existence of active web hyperlinks in this report that point
to several sources of reference material. The document is to be read with active access to
the internet in order to view the information behind the hyperlinks.

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2 Objective, Scope of Review, and Method

2.1 Objective
The specific objective of the preliminary review process is to review and establish structures
and coding systems for Kenyan road design and construction standards.

2.2 Scope of review

The scope of the review under the above‐mentioned objective is as follows:
1) Review the structure and coding system of:
a. The existing road design and construction standards listed in Appendix A, Annex
1;
b. The standards in other jurisdictions particularly France, U.S.A, U.K., India, South
Africa, and Australia; and,
c. The drafts of the RDM and Standard Specifications under the Review of 2009
indicated in Appendix A, Annex 2.
2) In consultation with the TTF and the TAs, identify gaps and shortfalls of the existing
systems and propose appropriate structures and coding systems.
3) Prepare a preliminary review report covering the identified gaps and shortfalls and
the proposed structure and coding systems for the Road Design Manual (RDM) and
the Standard Specification for Road and Bridge Construction (SRBC).
4) Submit the preliminary review report to the NSC for discussion and approval of the
structure and coding system for the RDM and the SRBC.

2.3 Methodology
The Consultant, as guided by the ToR, collected and collated information on the manuals
structure and coding systems in the countries listed in Sub‐section 2.2.
Information on the French system was not readily available. Systems of other alternative
countries were considered instead, and these are Uganda, Mozambique, Namibia, and
Ethiopia.
Following on the above, a general literature review of the information from a total of nine
peer countries was undertaken. The review focussed mainly on design manuals and
construction specification matters, as per the requirements of the ToR.
The following steps defined the process:
1) For each of the above‐mentioned countries the manuals for design and construction
specifications were listed, and the structure and coding systems described in general.
2) Drawing on the structure of the current Kenya manual and coding system and
practices in other countries, a manual structure and coding system was then
formulated for discussion with the TTF/TAs.
3) A lean and simple system that mimics and improves the current system and would
be largely similar to those in use in the SSA was targeted.
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4) An appropriate coding of the manual system was then recommended that constantly
remind the user of the design subject.
5) A gap analysis process between the proposed system and the existing system was
then undertaken to reveal areas that needed attention.
6) Some of the areas identified as requiring attention fall under the current review and
update project, others must be planned for and undertaken when resources permit.
7) The Consultant then presented the results of the above steps in a Draft Preliminary
Review Report to the TTF and discussions were held in several meetings.
8) Based on the deliberations mentioned above the TTF eventually settled on its final
proposals for the manual structure and coding that was then presented to the TAs
through a Technical Note No. 1 that was accompanied by a further revised
Preliminary Review Report.
9) The TTF’s Technical Note and the further reviewed Preliminary Review Report were
then considered by the TAs who made recommendations for adjustments to the
TTF’s proposal as well certain specific revisions to the Preliminary Review Report.
10) This report now presents the details of the above consultations and the final
recommendations for a new manual structure and coding for Kenya’s road design
process, as well as the proposed structure and content of the SRBC.
11) These recommendations are for consideration for approval by the NSC.

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3 Legal Mandate for Road Standards and Manuals

3.1 The Constitution

The Fourth Schedule of the Kenya Constitution assigns functions between the national
government and counties. As shown in the extracts from the Constitution below, the
Schedule assigns the construction and operation of national trunk roads to the national
government. It also gives powers to the national government to set standards for the
construction and maintenance of county roads.

3.2 Roads Act 2007

3.2.1 Mandate for standards

The Roads Act 2007 is silent on the setting of standards for roads and bridge design and
construction.

3.2.2 Road Authorities

The Act is the legal instrument that allowed for the establishment of KeNHA, KURA, and
KeRRA and their functions are defined as follows:

3.2.2.1 KeNHA
(1) The Highways Authority is responsible for the management, development,
rehabilitation and maintenance of national roads.
(2) For the purposes of discharging its responsibility indicated above, the Highways
Authority has the following functions and duties:
a) Constructing, upgrading, rehabilitating and maintaining roads under its control;
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b) Controlling national roads and road reserves and access to roadside developments;
c) Implementing road policies in relation to national roads;
d) Ensuring adherence to the rules and guidelines on axle load control prescribed under
the Traffic Act (Cap. 403) and under any regulations under this Act;
e) Ensuring that the quality of road works is in accordance with such standards as may
be prescribed by the Minister;
f) In collaboration with the Ministry responsible for Transport and the Police
Department, overseeing the management of traffic and road safety on national
roads;
g) Collecting and collating all such data related to the use of national roads as may be
necessary for efficient forward planning under this Act;
h) Monitoring and evaluating the use of national roads;
i) Planning the development and maintenance of national roads;
j) Advising the Minister on all issues relating to national roads;
k) Preparing the road works programmes for all national roads;
l) Liaising and co‐ordinating with other road authorities in planning and on operations
in respect of roads; and
m) Performing such other functions related to the implementation of this Act as may be
directed by the Minister.

3.2.3 KURA
(1) The Urban Roads Authority has the responsibility for the management, development,
rehabilitation and maintenance of all public roads in the cities and municipalities in Kenya
except where those roads are national roads.
(2) For the purposes of discharging its responsibility indicated above the Authority has
the following powers and duties—
a) Constructing, upgrading, rehabilitating and maintaining roads under its control;
b) Controlling urban road reserves and access to roadside
developments;
c) Implementing roads policies in relation to urban roads;
d) Ensuring adherence by motorists to the rules and guidelines on axle load control
prescribed under the Traffic Act (Cap. 403) and under any regulations under this Act;
e) Ensuring that the quality of road works is in accordance with such standards as may
be defined by the Minister;
f) In collaboration with the Ministry responsible for transport and the Police
Department, overseeing the management of traffic and road safety on urban roads;
g) Monitoring and evaluating the use of urban roads;
h) Planning the development and maintenance of urban roads;
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i) Collecting and collating all such data related to the use of urban roads as may be
necessary for efficient forward planning under this Act;
j) Preparing the road works programmes for all urban roads;
k) Liaising and co‐ordinating with other road authorities in planning and on operations
in respect of roads;
l) Advising the Minister on all issues relating to urban roads; and
m) Performing such other functions related to the implementation of this Act as may be
directed by the Minister.

3.2.3.1 KeRRA
(1) The Rural Roads Authority has responsibility for the management, development,
rehabilitation and maintenance of rural roads.
(2) For the purpose of discharging the responsibility described above the Rural Roads
Authority has the following functions and duties:
a) Constructing, upgrading, rehabilitating and maintaining roads under its control;
b) Controlling reserves for rural roads and access to roadside developments;
c) Implementing road policies in relation to rural roads;
d) Ensuring adherence by motorists to the rules and guidelines on axle load control
prescribed under the Traffic Act (Cap. 403) or any regulations under this Act;
e) Ensuring that the quality of road works is in accordance with such standards as may
be defined by the Minister;
f) In collaboration with the Ministry responsible for Transport and the Police
Department, overseeing the management of traffic on rural roads and issues related
to road safety;
g) Collecting and collating all such data related to the use of rural roads as may be
necessary for efficient forward planning under this Act;
h) Monitoring and evaluating the use of rural roads;
i) Planning the development and maintenance of rural roads;
j) Liaising and co‐ordinating with other authorities in planning and operations in
respect of roads;
k) Preparing the road work programmes for all rural roads;
l) Advising the Minister on all issues relating to rural roads; and
m) Performing such other functions related to the implementation of this Act as may be
directed by the Minister.

3.2.4 Road Classification

In terms of the Roads Act (2007) all Kenyan road are classified and gazetted in terms of Part
VI – Miscellaneous, Clause 47. All public roads under the management of an Authority are
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classified in the manner set out in the First Schedule of the Act with each road being allotted
such number, name or description as to uniquely identify it among all other roads of its class
within the country. The categorisation is as indicated in Table 3‐1 below.
Table 3‐1: Kenya road classification categories
Class Description
PART A – NATIONAL ROADS
CLASS A International trunk roads linking centres of international importance and
crossing international boundaries or terminating at international ports.

CLASS B National trunk roads linking nationally important centres.

CLASS C Primary roads linking provincially important centres to each other or to higher‐
class roads.
PART B – RURAL ROADS
CLASS D Secondary roads linking locally important centres to each other, to more
important centres or to higher‐class roads.
CLASS E Any link to a minor centre.
CLASS F Forest roads.
CLASS G Roads serving Government institutions.
CLASS K Roads accessing coffee (kahawa) growing areas.
CLASS L Roads accessing settlement scheme areas.
CLASS P National Park roads.
CLASS R Roads accessing rural areas.
CLASS S Roads accessing sugar growing areas.
CLASS T Roads accessing tea‐growing areas.
CLASS U Unclassified rural roads including mining roads, etc.
CLASS W Roads accessing wheat‐growing areas.
PART C – URBAN ROADS
CLASS UA Urban Arterials.
CLASS UC Urban Collectors including primary distributors, district distributors.
CLASS UL Urban local roads including minor distributors, local streets, residential stand
accesses, commercial and industrial stand accesses, shopping streets.

3.3 Standards Act

The Kenya Bureau of Standards (KEBS) has remained the premier government agency for
the provision of Standards, Metrology, and Conformity Assessment (SMCA) services since
its inception in 1974. Over that period its main activities have grown from the development
of standards and quality control for a limited number of locally made products in the 1970s
to the provision of more comprehensive Standards development, Metrology, Conformity
Assessment, Training, and Certification Services. KEBS activities also include participation in
the development and implementation of SMCA activities at the regional level (EAC and

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COMESA) where it participates in the harmonization of standards, measurements, and

conformity assessment regimes for regional integration.
The functions of KEBS as mandated by the Standards Act, Chapter 496 of the Laws of Kenya
are, inter alia:
1) To promote standardization in industry and commerce.
2) To make arrangements or provide facilities for the testing and calibration of
precision instruments, gauges, and scientific apparatus, for the determination of
their degree of accuracy by comparison with standards approved by the Minister on
the recommendation of the Council, and for the issue of certificates in regard thereto.
3) To make arrangements or provide facilities for the examination and testing of
commodities and any material or substance from or with which and how they may
be manufactured, produced, processed, or treated.
4) To control, by the provisions of this Act, the use of standardization marks and
distinctive marks.
5) To prepare, frame, modify or amend specifications and codes of practice.
6) To encourage or undertake educational work in connexion with standardization.
7) To assist the Government or any local authority or other public body or any other
person in the preparation and framing of any specifications or codes of practice.
8) To provide for co‐operation with the Government or the representatives of any
industry or with any local authority or other public body or any other person, to
secure the adoption and practical application of standards.
9) To provide for the testing at the request of the Minister, and on behalf of the
Government, of locally manufactured and imported commodities to determine
whether such commodities comply with the provisions of this Act or any other law
dealing with standards of quality or description.
KEBS is the custodian of national standards for materials, codes of practice and test methods
in most if not all sectors, inclusive of manufacturing, service provision, infrastructure, etc.
KEBS holds the national standards for almost all materials in use in road construction i.e.
cement, concrete, bitumen culvert etc. Samples of available standards are obtainable from
KEBS via the link given above.

3.4 Gazetting of Eurocodes as Kenya Standards

Certain Eurocodes have been adopted as standards in Kenya. The following Structural Design
Eurocodes were adopted as Kenya Standards through the Kenya Gazette Notice No. 13048
of 14th September 2012, following recommendations for the same by the Ministry and
KeNHA:
1) KS EN 1990 – Eurocode 0: Basis of structural design.
2) KS EN 1991 – Eurocode 1: Actions on structures.
3) KS EN 1992 – Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures.
4) KS EN 1993 – Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures.
5) KS EN 1994 – Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and concrete structures.
6) KS EN 1995 – Eurocode 5: Design of timber structures.
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7) KS EN 1996 – Eurocode 6: Design of masonry structures.

8) KS EN 1997 – Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design.
9) KS EN 1998 – Eurocode 8: Design of structures for earthquake resistance.
10) KS EN 1999 – Eurocode 9: Design of aluminium structures.
Recently KEBS has been running training courses on structural design of bridges to Eurocode
standards.

3.5 International practices in setting road standards

3.5.1 General
The International Standards Organisation (ISO) defines a standard as “a document that
provides requirements, specifications, guidelines or characteristics that can be used
consistently to ensure that materials, products, processes and services are fit for their
purpose.”
Standards are created at the international, regional and national levels. In general,
stakeholders meet under the umbrella of dedicated standards bodies or organisations. In
the field of infrastructure provision and maintenance, government department or agencies
take the leading role in the development of standards and codes of procedure or practice.
Groups of committed experts participate in working groups or committees that follow a
formal process of development, review and ratification and this is done with the support of
governments or government agencies, and in some instances private companies.

3.5.2 The United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, road standards are proposed and developed by the overseeing
governments, government departments or agencies responsible for road provision and
maintenance. These are National Highways (formerly Highways England), Transport
Scotland, the Welsh Government and Northern Ireland’s Department for Infrastructure.
Recently, National Highways spearheaded the comprehensive revisions to the manual
structure and coding of the Design Manual for Roads and Bridges (DMRB).
The above‐mentioned entities work closely with the British Standards Institution (BSI), the
institution which is the custodian of national standards for materials, codes of practice and
test methods in most if not all sectors.

3.5.3 South Africa

In South Africa, the Roads Coordinating Body (RCB) of the Committee of Transport Officials
(COTO), a body that is responsible to the Department of Transport’s Minister, has published
several standards, most of which have been adopted as national standards.
In addition to the work of COTO, SANRAL, an agency wholly owned by government that is
responsible for national roads, actively develops standards and procedures for own use and
some of them have also been adopted as national standards.

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The private sector also works closely with government departments, agencies and research
bodies such as the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) to develop standards
that introduce new materials, greater efficiencies and cost savings in infrastructure
provision and maintenance
A statutory body known as the South African Bureau of Standards (SABS) is mandated to:
1) Develop, promote and maintain South African National Standards (SANS).
2) Promote quality in connection with commodities, products, and services.
3) Render conformity assessment services and assist in matters connected therewith.
SABS’s main role is to coordinate the above activities and ratify a range of standards covering
the demands of the engineering industry, from quality management systems to test
methods for specific materials or parts.

3.5.4 The United States of America

In the United States of America the American Association of State Highway and
Transportation Officials (AASHTO) is a standards setting body that publishes specifications,
test protocols, and guidelines that are used in highway design and construction throughout
the country. AASHTO also caters for air, rail, water and public transportation.
Although AASHTO sets transportation standards for the United States as a whole, it is not
an agency of the federal government; rather it is an organization of the states themselves.
AASHTO, whose membership is by the Departments of Transport from each state,
coordinates standard setting activities through various committees made up of experts in
specific fields.

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4 Road Manuals Structures and Coding – Regional and

International Practices

4.1 Australia

4.1.1 General
In Australia and New Zealand, Austroads is responsible for road transport and traffic
standards.
Austroads is a collective of the Australian and New Zealand transport agencies, representing
all levels of government.
Its members include:
11) Transport for New South Wales.
12) Department of Transport Victoria.
13) Queensland Department of Transport and Main Roads.
14) Main Roads Western Australia.
15) Department for Infrastructure and Transport South Australia.
16) Department of State Growth Tasmania.
17) Department of Infrastructure, Planning and Logistics Northern Territory.
18) Transport Canberra and City Services Directorate, Australian Capital Territory.
19) Commonwealth Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development,
and Communications.
20) Australian Local Government Association.
21) Waka Kotahi NZ Transport Agency.
In July 2009, Austroads formally launched a comprehensive set of technical guides covering
the design, construction, maintenance, operation, and safety of Australian and New Zealand
road networks in several subject areas.
Generally, in Australia, manuals can be all‐encompassing documents made up of many
guides or procedures related to a particular topic.

4.1.2 Austroads guides

Austroads Guides inform the design, construction, maintenance, and operation of the road
network in Australia and New Zealand. There are nine (9) guides which are divided into parts
with some having sub‐parts that are alphabetically ordered. The design guidelines are titled
according to the subject matter and part number. For example, AGAMxx‐yy represents
Austroads Guide (AG) for Asset Management (AM) part number xx and yy is the last two
digits of the year edition. Table 4‐1 shows a summary of the Austroads guides as well as the
corresponding parts and nomenclature. The guide is structured as a report with chapters,
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sections, and sub‐sections and not clauses. The detailed list of the guides is contained in
Appendix B.
Table 4‐1: Summary of Austroads Guides and their corresponding part numbers
# Austroads Guide (AG) Nomenclature Parts
1 Asset Management (AM) AGAMxx‐yy 15
2 Bridge Technology (BT) AGBTxx‐yy 8
3 Project Delivery (PD) AGPDxx‐yy 4
4 Pavement Technology (PT) AGPTxx‐yy 10
5 Road Design (RD) AGRDxx‐yy 7
6 Road Safety (RS) AGRSxx‐yy 7
7 Road Tunnels (RT) AGRTxx‐yy 4
8 Traffic Management (TM) AGTMxx‐yy 13
9 Temporary Traffic Management (TTM) AGTTMxx‐yy 10

In addition to the Guides listed above, Austroads publishes several other guide‐type
publications for example:
1) Cycling Aspects of Austroads Guides.
2) Guidelines for Environmental Reporting.
3) Austroads Design Vehicles and Turning Path Templates.
4) Bituminous Materials Sealing Safety Guide.

4.1.3 Technical specification

Currently, Australian transport and traffic agencies rely on individual technical specifications
for the construction of roadworks and bridge projects as well as test methods. However,
since 2019, revisions are being made through Austroads to standardize the specifications.
The standardization of all specifications shall be completed by the end of the 2022/23
financial year. The aim of standardizing is to allow for uniformity of works across the state
and international boundaries and therefore ease contract and tendering processes. It was
also noted that similar standard technical requirements apply to all road and bridge works
across all states and territories.

The technical specifications are titled ATS‐xxxx‐yy where xxxx is a four‐digit number within
the respective series and yy is the last two digits of the year when the technical specifications
came into effect.
Under the revisions, the Austroads Technical Specifications (ATS) have been numerically
sequenced as a series, and several specifications on the subject matter included under each
series as shown in Table 4‐2. The structure follows previous agency specifications with
succinct numbered clauses 2‐4 lines long. A logical structure, which includes planning the

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work, undertaking the work, surveillance, testing, and reporting was followed in developing
the specifications.
Table 4‐2: Numerical sequences of the ATS 1120
Series # Subject
1000 General
2000 Earthworks and Storm‐water
3000 Pavements
4000 Traffic Facilities and Incidental Construction
5000 Bridgeworks

4.1.4 Summary of observations

Aspect Remarks
General The Australian system provides clear guidance to road authorities
enabling them to structure their own systems around a common
reference/standard.
Structure Concise, focussed.
Coding Clear, simple.

4.2 India

4.2.1 Codes of practice

The Indian Roads Congress (IRC) is the apex body of road sector engineers and professionals
in India and promotes the use of Standard Specifications for Road and Bridge Works. There
are Apex and Technical Committees of IRC that are responsible for the formulation and
updating of the Standards.
The IRC publishes guidelines in a format for IRC Standards to have uniformity and
consistency in contents. Standards cover the necessary technical provisions relating to the
subject and avoid unnecessary details and repetitions.
As per these guidelines, the basic structure of any code covers the following aspects shown
in Table 4‐3 below.
Table 4‐3: Basic structure of an IRC code
# Description
1 Index/ Table of Contents
2 Introduction
3 Scope
4 Notations

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# Description
5 Terminology/Definitions
6 Specifications
7 Paragraphing and numberings
8 Appendices
9 Tables
10 Illustrations
11 Units of Measure

IRC has published several Codes of Practices for Specifications and Standards as well as
Special Publications on Guidelines and Manuals. A list of a few of them to demonstrate the
structure of the Coding System is shown in Table 4‐4 below.
Table 4‐4: Examples of IRC published codes
Code # Description
IRC:6‐2017 Standard Specifications and Code of Practice for Road Bridges, Section‐II
Loads and Load Combinations (Seventh Revision)
IRC:35‐2015 Code of Practice for Road Markings (Second Revision)
IRC:37‐2018 Guidelines for the Design of Flexible Pavements” (Fourth Revision)
IRC:38‐1988 Guidelines for Design of Horizontal Curves for Highways and Design Tables
(First Revision)
IRC:58‐2015 Guidelines for the Design of Plain Jointed Rigid Pavements for Highways
(Fourth Revision)
IRC:67‐2012 Code of Practice for Road Signs (Third Revision)
IRC:73‐1980 Geometric Design Standards for Rural (Non‐ Urban) Highways
IRC:78‐2014 Standard Specifications and Code of Practice for Road Bridges, Section VII‐
Foundations and Substructure (Revised Edition)
IRC:93‐1985 Guidelines on Design and Installation of Road Traffic Signals
IRC:112‐2020 Code of Practice for Concrete Road Bridges (First Revision)
IRC:119‐2015 Guidelines for Traffic Safety Barriers
IRC: SP:19‐2001 Manual for Survey, Investigation, and Preparation of Road Projects (Second
Revision)
IRC: SP:42‐2014 Guidelines on Road Drainage (First Revision)
IRC: SP‐88‐2010 Road Safety Audit Manual

All the Codes have a numbering format as “IRC: (number) ‐ (year of publication)”.

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All the Special Publications have a numbering format as “IRC: SP (number)‐ (year of
publication)”.
India’s coding system does not have any grouping category. They are numbered one after
the other. Whenever any new code is developed, it is numbered sequentially after the last
number. If there is any revision in the existing code, the year of publication is revised, but
the number remains the same. The history of revisions is also maintained in the Code.
A few publications are prepared and published on behalf of the Ministry of Road Transport
and Highways (MORT&H). These are not numbered and provided with the title of
specification.
Appendix C gives a list of examples of publications by the IRC.

4.2.2 Technical specification

The Specifications for Road and Bridge Works, 2013 (Fifth Revision) is divided into series as
in Table 4‐5 below.
Table 4‐5: Specifications for Road and Bridge Works‐2013 Structure
Series Description
100 General
200 Site Clearance
300 Earthwork, Erosion Control and Drainage
400 Sub‐Bases, Bases (Non‐ Bituminous), and Shoulders
500 Bases and Surface Courses (Bituminous)
600 Concrete Pavement
700 Geosynthetics
800 Traffic Signs Marking & Other Road Appurtenances
900 Quality Control for Road Works
1000 Materials for Structures
1100 Pile Foundations
1200 Well Foundations
1300 Brick Masonry
1400 Stone and Concrete Block Masonry
1500 Formwork
1600 Steel Reinforcement
1700 Structural Concrete
1800 Pre‐stressing
1900 Structural Steel

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Series Description
2000 Bearings
2100 Open Foundations
2200 Sub‐Structure
2300 Concrete Super‐Structure
2400 Surface and Sub‐Surface Geotechnical Investigation
2500 River Training Work and Protection Work
2600 Expansion Joints
2700 Wearing Coat and Appurtenances
2800 Repair of Structures
2900 Pipe Culverts
3000 Maintenance of Road
3100 Reinforced Earth
3200 Soil Nailing

4.2.3 Summary of observations

Aspect Remarks
General Manuals or standards not categorised by subject.
Structure Manual structure not evident, it is time‐series of documents listed
sequentially as they are published.
Coding Simple continuous numbering system that includes year of
publication. Searching for documents by topic or subject may be
difficult.

4.3 South Africa

4.3.1 Overview
In South Africa, the responsibility for the road network is divided amongst the following
jurisdictions:
1) SANRAL manages the national road network, being a public company wholly owned
by the government.
2) Provincial governments are responsible for inter‐provincial roads, classified as
secondary roads.
3) Metros manage roads in major built‐up areas, that is cities and towns.
4) Municipalities are responsible for roads in rural areas and small towns.
The manual system in South Africa is composed of numerous and comprehensive
documents that have been instrumental in the delivery of world‐class infrastructure for
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many years. The documents are backed up by extensive local experience and research.
However, the system is not in any structured form although the documents making up the
same are sometimes grouped in distinct series by subject, area of application, or jurisdiction.
The Department of Transport is responsible for setting transport policy in general and road
design standards in particular, albeit mainly for the national road network.
Over the years, several publications have been issued by the Department of Transport as
guidelines and manuals for the design of roads and bridges. The Technical Methods for
Highways (TMH) and Technical Recommendations for Highways (TRH) series of publications
are compiled under the auspices of the Roads Coordinating Body (RCB) of the Committee of
Transport Officials (COTO). The RCB is responsible to the Department of Transport.
SANRAL publishes manuals and guidelines that apply to the national road system that is
under their management.
Municipalities, individually or collectively through the Institute of Municipal Engineers South
Africa (IMESA), have their guidelines and design standards on issues related to transport
planning, non‐motorized transport, traffic safety, parking provision, the provision of
transport infrastructure in informal settlements, geometric standards, etc. They are also
guided by publications issued by the Department of Human Settlements, the key document
being the Red Book – Guidelines for Human Settlement Planning and Design.
The South African Bureau of Standards (SABS) is a statutory body that was established in
terms of the Standards Act, 1945 (Act No. 24 of 1945) and continues to operate in terms of
the latest edition of the Standards Act, 2008 (Act No. 8 of 2008) as the national
standardization institution in South Africa, mandated to:
4) Develop, promote and maintain South African National Standards (SANS)
5) Promote quality in connection with commodities, products, and services
6) Render conformity assessment services and assist in matters connected therewith.
SABS provides a range of standards covering the demands of the engineering industry, from
quality management systems to test methods for specific materials or parts.

4.3.2 Design manuals and standards

Table 4‐6 lists key documents that make up the un‐defined road design manual system that
is employed by the jurisdictions mentioned above.
Table 4‐6: South Africa – key manuals and guidelines
Code Title
Code of Procedure for the Planning and Design of Roads and Highway
Structures in South Africa
TMHxxx Technical Methods for Highways
TRHxxx Technical Recommendations for Highways
SARSM South African Road Safety Manual
Non‐motorized Transport (NMT) Facility Guidelines 2015
SAPEM South African Pavement Engineering Manual

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Red Book – Guidelines for Human Settlement Planning and Design

UTG 1 UTG 1: Geometric Design of Urban Arterials
UTG 5 UTG 5: Geometric Design of Urban Collector Roads
UTG 7 UTG 7: Geometric design of Local Residential Streets
UTG 10 UTG 10: Guidelines for the Geometric Design of Commercial and Industrial
Local Streets
COLTO COLTO Standard Specifications for Road and Bridge Works for State Road
Authorities (1998 Edition)
COTO COTO Standard Specifications for Road and Bridge Works (2020)
SABS 1200 SABS 1200 – Specification for Civil Engineering Works
SANSxxx SANS Series

The Code of Procedure for the Planning and Design of Roads and Highway Structures in South
Africa was drafted almost 20 years ago specifically for the South African National Roads
Agency Limited. The code of procedure covers the procedures to be followed and design
requirements to be met in the planning and design of structures for the South African
national roads agency limited. It is also applicable to structures that are being designed for
other authorities, which are funded by SANRAL.
The TRH series provide information about current, recommended practice in selected
aspects of road engineering, based on proven South African experience. They are intended
as guides for the practicing engineer and leave room for engineering judgment to be used.
The TMH manuals prescribe methods that can be used in various road design and
construction procedures. They are manuals for engineers, prescribing methods to be used
in various road design and construction procedures. Both sets of documents are relevant to
all roads in general, not just highways, and are used by all the road management bodies
mentioned above. Hence, they are applied over all classes of roads.
The Department of Transport’s publications includes the Non‐Motorised Transport (NMT)
Facility Guidelines 2015 and the South African Road Safety Manual (SARSM), which is under
the custodianship of the Road Traffic Management Corporation (RTMC). The South African
Road Traffic Signs Manual 2012 (SARTSM) is an important guideline document for all road
traffic signs, including the signing requirements at various intersection types and guidelines
for the design of traffic signal systems at intersections. Other publications include relevant
to universal access (as it applies to transportation) include SANS 10400‐S: 2011 (Facilities for
Persons with Disabilities), SANS 784: 2008 (Design for access and mobility ‐ Tactile
indicators), and National Technical Requirement 1: Pedestrian Crossings (NTR1 2016).
SANRAL’s South African Pavement Engineering Manual (SAPEM), is a best‐practice guideline
covering a range of elements of pavement engineering. The South African Bitumen
Association (SABITA) publishes several technical manuals, covering the selection, handling,
and use of bituminous materials for road construction.
Appendix D includes a list of the TRH and TMH documents.

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4.3.3 Technical specifications

The existing COLTO Standard Specifications for Road & Bridge Works for State Road
Authorities, published under the auspices of the Department of Transport, has been in use
since 1998. The structure of the content is given in Table 4‐7 below.
Table 4‐7: COLTO (1998) standard specification structure
Series Title
1000 General
2000 Drainage
3000 Earthworks and Pavement Layers of Gravel or Crushed Stone
4000 Asphalt Pavements and Seals
5000 Ancillary Roadworks
6000 Structures
7000 Sundry Structures
8000 Testing Materials and Workmanship

The 1998 COLTO Standard Specification was substantially revised to cater for new
developments, to repeal outdated requirements, to include the use of sophisticated
equipment and new materials, and to keep up with international standards and the need to
create more job opportunities in the industry.
The new COTO Standard Specifications for Road and Bridge Works for South African Road
Authorities was approved by the Committee of Transport Officials (COTO) on 18 August 2020
as a Draft Standard (DS) consists of contents as given in Table 4‐8.
Table 4‐8: COTO (2020) standard specification structure
Chapter Title
1 General
2 Services
3 Drainage
4 Earthworks and Pavement Layer Materials
5 Earthworks and Pavement Layers Construction
6 Concrete Layers
7 Repair Concrete Layers
8 Repair Existing Layers
9 Asphalt Layers
10 Surface Treatments
11 Ancillary Roadworks
12 Geotechnical
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Chapter Title
13 Structures
14 Repair of Structures
15 Reserved
16 Reserved
17 Reserved
18 Reserved
19 Reserved
20 Quality Assurance

The revisions made to the 1998 specification included a drastic shift from the Series and
Clause numbering system to that of Chapters and Sections. The scope of each Section is
given in Part A of each Section of every Chapter of the 2020 version. Each Part A and Part B
of each Section of every Chapter generally contains the following standard headings:
1) Scope
2) Definitions
3) General
4) Design by Contractor / Performance‐based systems
5) Materials
6) Construction equipment
7) Execution of the works
8) Workmanship.
The Consultant established that the reason for the change to a Chapter system was mainly
to facilitate ease of editing by the various authors of specific chapters. In other words, the
Chapter system allowed independent editing of each chapter. It is expected that once the
draft specification has been substantially finalised then the final documents will revert to
the Series system. Kenya will benefit from lessons learnt during South Africa’s update of the
COLTO specification to form the COTO specification both in terms of adopting the Chapter
system to allow for ease of editing and improvement, as well from the technical content of
the same.

4.3.4 Summary of observations

Aspect Remarks
General Manuals, guidelines etc. that make up the system are well
established and have been tested over the years.
Structure The system for SANRAL is not defined, it is a simple compilation
of available documents/manuals/methods/recommendation;
each with its own independent coding, eg., the TRH series.
The resultant system has significant number of individual
documents that in a normal situation would make up a single

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document. The rationale is to make for ease of revisions and

updating. Smaller manuals are given to making changes an easy
process.
Coding There is no specific or standardised coding system for the manual
system as whole, however components of the same are well
coded, e.g., the TMH and TRH series.

4.4 Namibia

4.4.1 Overview

The Roads Authority of Namibia is a statutory body established in terms of the Roads
Authority Act, Act 17 of 1999.

Section 3 of the Act sets out the object of the Authority as follows:

“Subject to this Act and the Road Fund Administration Act, the object of the Authority is to
manage the national roads network under section 16 to obtain a safe and efficient road
sector.”
Key clauses of the Roads Authority Act that are of particular relevance to operational issues
are Section 15 wherein the Roads Authority’s functions are set out; and Section 16, which
elaborates on one of these functions that are the management of the national road network
including inter alia:
1) The planning, design, construction, and maintenance of roads.
2) The quality control of materials required for the construction and maintenance of
roads.
3) The supervision of work contracted out.
4) The prescribing of minimum standards to achieve a safe road system and cause the
least possible disruption to the environment.

4.4.2 Manuals
To comply with these obligations, the Roads Authority commissioned a suite of manuals
applicable to related matters. The Namibian suite of manuals is made up of the documents
given in Table 4‐9 below.
Table 4‐9: Namibia manual structure
Chapter Title
1 Procedures Manual
2 Surveys Manuals
3 Materials Manual
4 Economic Evaluation Manual
5 Geometrics Manual

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Chapter Title
6 Drainage Manual
7 Structures Manual
8 Environmental Manuals
9 Construction Manual

The Geometrics Manual is supported by Standard Drawings and a Traffic Signs Policy
documents.
The Procedures Manual is the controlling document of the suite of manuals depicted
above. It describes the duties and responsibilities of consultants contracted to the Roads
Authority for the preparation of designs, tenders for, and supervision of construction of
roads by contract. It is also relevant to other projects such as feasibility studies and other
investigations and studies carried out on behalf of the Roads Authority. It is relevant to all
projects carried out by external service providers for the Roads Authority.
Roads Authority personnel carrying out similar functions are also subject to the
requirements of the Procedures Manual.
These manuals are seen as books of reference and instructions to be used in the planning,
design, and administration of projects.
Both relevant in‐house personnel and all consultants are therefore expected to make
themselves thoroughly familiar with the contents of the Procedures Manual and such other
manuals as may be relevant to a project, so that each project can pass through the different
stages of planning, design, tendering and construction satisfactorily and that the submission
of reports, records, drawings, documents, etc. is according to requirements.

4.4.3 Summary of observations

Aspect Remarks
General A reasonable set of manuals available readily on the internet. The
Procedures Manual is appropriately concise and focussed.
Structure Concise, focussed, simple.
Coding No special coding, manuals are simple documents each with
sequential chapters.

4.5 The United Kingdom

4.5.1 Overview
When the DMRB was originally published in 1992 it only covered roads in England and Wales.
Its remit was subsequently extended to include roads in Scotland and Northern Ireland.
DMRB is managed by the Highways England on behalf of the agencies responsible for trunk

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roads in Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland, however, the requirements given may be
subject to regional variations.

4.5.2 Standards
Standards for Highways used in the UK include:
1) DMRB – Design Manual for Roads and Bridges
2) MCHW – Manual for Contract Documents for Highway Works
3) IANs – Interim Advice Notes
4) NMM and RWSC – Network Management Manual and Routine Winter Service Code
5) ADMM – Asset Data Management Manual
The UK Road and bridge network development, maintenance, planning, and management
are delivered using the DMRB.
The DMRB is over‐seen by:
1) National Highways
2) Transport Scotland
3) Welsh Government
4) Department for Infrastructure

4.5.3 The Old UK DMRB

The old Design Manual for Roads and Bridges (DMRB) is a series of 15 volumes that provide
standards, advice notes, and other documents relating to the design, assessment, and
operation of trunk roads, including motorways in the United Kingdom, and, with some
amendments, the Republic of Ireland. It also forms the basis of the road design standards
used in many other countries.
The DMRB is made up of separate volumes with each being divided into a number of sections.
Most sections are further sub‐divided into parts. Documents are allocated to a volume,
section, and part according to their subject matter.
The volumes within the old DMRB are as given in Table 4‐10 below.
Table 4‐10: UK DMRB old structure
Volume Title
0 Introduction and General requirements
1 Highway Structures: Approval Procedures and General Design
2 Highway Structures: Design (Substructures and Special Structures),
Materials
3 Highway Structures: Inspection and Maintenance
4 Geotechnics and Drainage
5 Assessment and Preparation of Road Schemes
6 Road Geometry
7 Pavement Design and Maintenance

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Volume Title
8 Traffic Signs and Lighting
9 Traffic Control and Communications
10 Environmental Design
11 Environmental Assessment
12 Traffic Appraisal of Road Schemes
13 Economic Assessment of Road Schemes [Volume Withdrawn]
14 Economic Assessment of Road Maintenance [Volume Withdrawn]
15 Economic Assessment of Road Schemes in Scotland
The individual volumes contain technical requirements and guidance on a wide range of
highway‐related topics, necessary to deliver works on the UK strategic road network.

4.5.4 The New UK DMRB

In 2015 as part of the Protocol attached to the license for Highways England Ltd to be the
Strategic Highways Company, there was a requirement to review the structure, usability,
and content of the DMRB by March 2020. Highways England appointed WSP to assist with
thought leadership on what these changes should be. Between April 2015 and March 2016,
wide‐ranging stakeholder consultation was undertaken and developed several
recommendations that then led to the publishing of the first batch of the new format
documents in June 2018.
The new DMRB documents are referenced as follows:
A. Discipline / technical area:
a) G ‐ General principles & scheme governance; (100‐999)
b) L ‐ Sustainability & environment; (100‐999)
c) C ‐ Civil engineering (comprising road layout (100‐199), pavements (200‐299),
highway structures and bridges (300‐499), geotechnical engineering and drainage
(600‐699)
d) T ‐ Technology (comprising control and communications technology (100‐499) and
road lighting (500‐999)
B. Life‐cycle stage of asset
a) G ‐ General information;
b) A ‐ Appraisal;
c) D ‐ Design;
d) C ‐ Construction;
e) M ‐ Maintenance and operation;
f) S ‐ Inspection and assessment;
g) Z ‐ Disposal.
The document reference comprises five characters, of which the first two are based on a
combination of discipline, then life‐cycle designation letters, and the final three are a
number allocated by the policy group responsible for the document.
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Example 1: GG102 Quality management systems for highway works: Discipline = G ‐ General
principles and scheme governance; Life‐cycle stage of asset = G – General Information;
Document No. = 102.
Example 2: CD109 Highway Link Design: Discipline = C – Civil Engineering; Life‐cycle stage of
asset = D – Design; Document No. = 109.
The documents making up the new DMRB are as given in Table 4‐11 below.
Table 4‐11: UK DMRB new structure
# Title Code #
1 General Principles & Scheme Governance G 101‐999
2 Sustainability & Environment L 101‐999
3 Road Layout C 101‐199
4 Pavement C 201‐299
5 Highway Structures & Bridges C 301‐499
6 Drainage C 501‐599
7 Geotechnics C 601‐699
8 Control & Communications Technology T 101‐499
9 Road Lighting T 501‐999

4.5.5 Summary of observations

Aspect Remarks
General The new UK DMRB is a complex system developed over many
years with a significant input of a wide spectrum of stakeholders.
The system is suited to a highly specialised system where an
individual specialises in one particular code/discipline and may
not have knowledge of the others. For example, while one may
have the title of pavement engineer they may only have
specialised in deflection measurements only. They may not have
the knowledge to apply the deflections to carry out pavement
rehabilitation design. This setup is not suited to the SSA and Kenya
where a great degree of generalised experience is called for.
Structure Sophisticated, recognises all project cycle stages and well as
disciplines involved in the provision of roads. Allows for
categorisation of many documents that were developed
independently over the years. The many documents seem
disjointed.
Coding Complex coding that calls for training in the use of the same.
Users may require special introductory training to understand the
system.

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4.6 The United States of America

The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) is the
standards‐setting body that publishes specifications, test protocols, and guidelines that are
used in highway design and construction throughout the United States. The catalogue of
publications is available for free here.
AASHTO publications relevant to this assignment include:
1) Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets Manual (7th Edition).
2) AASHTO Guide for Design of Pavement Structures (4th Edition).
3) AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications.
4) Standard Specifications for Construction of Roads and Bridges on Federal Highway
Projects.
The Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets Manual (7th Edition) was recently
released by AASHTO. It is commonly referred to as the “Green Book” and is considered by
many to be the pre‐eminent industry guide to current highway and street design research
and practices.
The “Green Book” presents an updated framework for geometric design that is more flexible,
multimodal, and performance‐based than in the past and provides guidance to engineers
and designers who strive to make unique design solutions that meet the needs of all highway
and street users on a project‐by‐project basis.
The Table of Content of the Green Book is 82 pages long, that points to the level of detail
contained in the Manual.
The AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications (Ninth Edition) contains the 15 sections and
an index as shown in Table 4‐12 below.
Table 4‐12: AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design specification
Section Title
1 Introduction
2 General Design and Location Features
3 Loads and Load Factors
4 Structural Analysis and Evaluation
5 Concrete Structures
6 Steel Structures
7 Aluminium Structures
8 Wood Structures
9 Decks and Deck Systems
10 Foundations
11 Abutments, Piers, and Walls
12 Buried Structures and Tunnel Liners
13 Railings
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Section Title
14 Joints and Bearings
15 Design of Sound Barriers
Index

The AASHTO Guide for Design of Pavement Structures (Fourth Edition) contains the following
four (4) Parts:
1) Part I – Pavement Design and Management Principles (in 5 chapters)
2) Part II – Pavement Design Procedures for New Construction or Reconstruction (in 4
chapters)
3) Part III – Pavement Design Procedures for Rehabilitation of Existing Pavements (in 5
chapters).
4) Part IV – Mechanistic‐Empirical Design Procedures (single chapter)
The Standard Specifications for Construction of Roads and Bridges on Federal Highway
Projects contains 10 divisions as in Table 4‐13 below.
Table 4‐13: Standard specification structure on Federal Highway Projects
Division Title No of
Sections
100 General Requirements 9
150 Projects Requirements 8
200 Earthworks 13
250 Slope Reinforcement and Retaining Walls 11
300 Aggregate and Base Course 14
400 Asphalt Pavement and Surface Treatment 18
500 Rigid Pavements 2
550 Bridge Construction 19
600 Incidental Construction 37
700 Materials 25

4.6.1 Summary of observations

Aspect Remarks
General AASHTO provides good guidance to states and other users to build
their own systems. Enables standardisation of approaches.
Structure The manuals are laden with detail, which this explains why they
are recognised worldwide as a rich reference source.
Coding The coding system by used by AASHTO is based on the manual
title. For example, the Green Book’s title is Policy on Geometric

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Design of Highways and Streets, 7th Edition (The "Green Book")

and its code is GDHS‐7. This system is robust and with time, users
are most likely to develop a high sense of familiarity with the
manuals based on the coding only.

4.7 Uganda

4.7.1 Road design manual

In Uganda, the Road Design Manual is issued by the Ministry of Works and Transport. The
Manual gives guidance and recommendations to the Engineers responsible for the design of
roads and its components are shown in Table 4‐14 below.
Table 4‐14: Uganda Road Design Manual Structure
Volume Part Title
I Geometric Design
II Drainage Design
III Pavement Design
1 Flexible Pavements
2 Rigid Pavements
3 Gravel Roads
4 Pavement Rehabilitation
IV Bridge Design

Road Design Manual: Vol. I Geometric Design ‐ This Manual provides the procedures for
the geometric design of roads that apply to all classified roads as defined in the manual. The
contents of the Manual are partly guidelines and recommendations to be considered and
partly standards which, as a general rule, should be adhered to.
Road Design Manual: Vol. II Drainage Design ‐ This Manual guides the planning and design
of storm drainage systems that collect, convey, and discharge storm water flowing within
and along a road. It guides professionals in the planning and design procedures by discussing
the various options followed in design.
Road Design Manual: Vol. III Pavement Design: Part I: Flexible Pavements ‐ This manual
provides a simple and easily applied method for determining an appropriate pavement
structure for given design criteria. It is based on the use of a comprehensive design
catalogue that enables the pavement designer to rapidly select possible structural
configurations that should meet the design criteria. Suggested designs have been checked
against current mechanistic analysis methods for suitability.
Road Design Manual: Vol. III Pavement Design: Part II: Rigid Pavements ‐ This manual gives
specific guidance and recommendations to the engineers responsible for the design of rigid
pavements in Uganda. It contains a description of rigid pavements: their characteristics,

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their components, their function, the different types of slabs and joints, including drawing
details. Also, a description of the factors influencing the pavement type selection and the
design process as well as a design procedure for the different types of pavements, slab
reinforcement, joint details, and joint layout are provided.
Road Design Manual: Vol. III Pavement Design: Part III: Gravel Roads ‐ This guide for the
design of gravel roads sets out the standards for pavement design and specifies the
materials which may be used for gravel roads. Gravel road pavements are generally utilized
for roads where design traffic flow Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT) is less than 300 at
the time of construction.
Road Design Manual: Vol. III Pavement Design: Part IV: Pavement Rehabilitation ‐ This
manual gives specific guidance and recommendations to the engineers responsible for
the maintenance and rehabilitation of existing pavements. The manual provides, as a
complement, a guide for the design of the most common rehabilitation solutions applicable
to paved roads, and the selection of an appropriate rehabilitation alternative for a particular
project. The manual also provides design procedures for the rehabilitation of both flexible
and rigid pavements.
Road Design Manual: Vol. IV Bridge Design ‐ This manual provides a specification for loads
that is used in conjunction with the other Part of BS 5400 that deals with the design, material,
and workmanship of steel, concrete and composite bridges. The part of BS 5400 of interest
specifies nominal loads and their application, together with the partial factors γfL to be used
in deriving design loads. The loads and load combinations specified are for highway, railway,
and foot/cycle track bridges in the United Kingdom. Where different loading regulations
apply, modifications may be necessary.

4.7.2 Technical specifications

In Uganda, The General Specifications for Road and Bridge Works are divided into seven
SERIES as in Table 4‐15 below.
Table 4‐15: Uganda standard specification structure
Series Title
1000 General
2000 Drainage
3000 Earthworks and Pavement Layers of Gravel or Crushed Stone
4000 Bituminous Layers and Seals
5000 Ancillary Roadworks
6000 Structures
7000 Tolerances, Testing and Quality Control

Each of the seven series is divided into sections comprising several clauses, designated by a
four‐digit number, where the first digit is the series number; the second digit is the section
number and the last two digits are a sequential number, followed by the clause title. Each
clause may have been divided into sub clauses designated (a), (b), (c), etc.
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4.7.3 Summary of observations

Aspect Remarks
General Simple, aged. Need revision.
Structure The structure is an example of the common system found in SSA.
It is simple and practical.
Coding The manual viewed as one system with Parts defined for the
various design areas. No special coding other than the numbering
of the Parts as I, II, III etc.

4.8 Mozambique

4.8.1 Manual structure

Mozambique has individual standalone Manuals and Specification Documents, which are
listed below in Table 4‐16.
Table 4‐16: Mozambique manuals structure
# Title
1 Site Investigation Manual
2 Geometric Design Manual
3 Pavement Design Manual
4 Rehabilitation Design Manual
5 Hydrology and Drainage Design Manual
6 Specifications for Bridge Loads
7 Standard Details for Roads and Bridges
8 Output and Performance‐Based Road Contracts (OPBRC)
9 Standard Specifications for Road and Bridge Works
10 Geotechnical Design Manual
11 Road Network Planning and Management Manual
12 Field and Laboratory Testing Manual

The manuals are linked through cross‐referencing of relevant information in the other
manuals.

4.8.2 Technical specification

The Standard Specifications for Road and Bridge Works has a coding system given in the
form of Series and listed as in Table 4‐17.
Table 4‐17: Mozambique standard specification structure

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Series Title
1000 General
2000 Drainage
3000 Earthworks and Pavement Layers of Gravel or Crushed Stone
4000 Asphalt Pavements and Seals
5000 Ancillary Roadworks
6000 Structures
7000 Testing and Quality Control

4.8.3 Summary of observations

Aspect Remarks
General Manual system recently updated.
Structure Concise, focussed, simple. A simple catalogue of documents each
attending to a specific aspect of road provision.
Coding No special coding, manuals are simple documents each with
sequential chapters.

4.9 Ethiopia

4.9.1 Overview
The Ethiopian Roads Authority is the custodian of the series of technical manuals, standard
specifications, and bidding documents that are written for the practicing engineer in
Ethiopia. The series describes current and recommended practices and sets out the national
standards for roads and bridges. They are based on national experience and international
practice and are approved by the Director‐General of the Ethiopian Roads Authority.

4.9.2 Manuals and specification

The complete series of documents, covering all roads and bridges in Ethiopia, are contained
within the series as in Table 4‐18.
Table 4‐18: Ethiopia manuals structure
Chapter Title
1 Geometric Design Manual
2 Site Investigation Manual
3 Geotechnical Design Manual
4 Route Selection Manual
5 Pavement Design Manual Volume I Flexible Pavements

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Chapter Title
6 Pavement Design Manual Volume II Rigid Pavements
7 Pavement Rehabilitation and Asphalt Overlay Design Manual
8 Drainage Design Manual
9 Bridge Design Manual
10 Low Volume Roads Design Manual
11 Standard Environmental Procedures Manual
12 Standard Technical Specifications
13 Standard Detailed Drawings
14 Standard Bidding Documents for Road Work Contracts

4.9.3 Summary of observations

Aspect Remarks
General Manual system recently updated.
Structure Concise, focussed, simple. As with Mozambique, the manual
system is a simple catalogue of documents each attending to a
specific aspect of road provision.
Coding No special coding, manuals are stand‐alone documents each with
sequential chapters.

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5 Road Manuals Structures and Coding – Kenya Existing

Manuals and SRBC

5.1 Approved and in‐use road and bridge design manuals

The current Kenyan road design manual system is composed of the documents listed in
Table 5‐1 below.
Table 5‐1: Kenya’s current manuals structure
# Doc Part Manual Status Publica‐
Code tion Date
1 RDM I Geometric Design of Rural Roads Approved Jan‐79
2 RDM II Geometric Design of Urban Roads Proposed ‐
3 RDM III Materials and Pavement Design for New Roads Approved Aug‐87
4 RDM IV Bridge Design:
Bridge Design Draft Nov‐89
Hydraulic Design of Drainage Structures Draft 1983
6 RDM V Pavement Rehabilitation and Overlay Design Draft May‐88
7 None Standard Designs for Small Concrete Drainage
Structures:
None Part I: Standard Small Span Concrete Bridges Draft 1987
None Part II: Standard concrete box culverts Draft 1987
8 None Road Design Guidelines for Urban Roads Draft Aug‐01
(Geometric Design of Urban Roads)
9 PDG1 PDG1 Pavement Design Guidelines for Low Volume Approved Apr‐17
Sealed Roads
10 None Street Design Manual for Urban Areas in Kenya Draft Apr‐19
11 None Road Marking Draft 1972
12 None Traffic Signs in Kenya Draft 1975
13 None Traffic Signals Proposed
14 None Other Traffic Control and Road Safety Devices Proposed
15 None Road Maintenance Manual Approved 20104
16 None Minor Roads Programme Technical and Approved 1989
Maintenance Manual
17 None Roads 2000 Operations Manual Approved 2008
18 None Manual on Roadside Development and Control Proposed
19 None Highway Capacity Proposed
23 None Manual on the Form and Layout of Road Design Proposed
Plans and Reports

5.2 EGIS Draft manuals (2009)

Following the 2009 review, the manual structure indicated in Table 5‐2 below was
recommended for adoption:

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Table 5‐2: Proposed Kenya manuals structure, EGIS 2009 review

# Doc Part Manual Status Publication
Code Date
1 RDM 1 Geometric Design Draft Not approved
a) Geometric Design Draft Not approved
b) Road Safety Audits Draft Not approved
c) Traffic Surveys Draft Not approved
2 RDM 2 Drainage Design Draft Not approved
3 RDM 3 Materials and Pavement Design – New Draft Not approved
Gravel, Bituminous and Concrete Roads
4 RDM 4 Materials and Pavement Design – Overlay Draft Not approved
and Asphalt Pavement Rehabilitation
5 RDM 5 Traffic Controls Devices Draft Not approved
a) Traffic Signs Draft Not approved
b) Road Marking Draft Not approved
c) Traffic Signals Draft Not approved
d) Street Lighting Draft Not approved
6 RDM 6 Bridge and Culverts Draft Not approved
a) Bridge and Culvert Design Draft Not approved
b) Catalogue of Drawings Draft Not approved
i. Standard Culverts and Drifts Draft Not approved
ii. Standard Concrete Box Draft Not approved
Culverts – Schedules and Quantities
iii. Standard Small Span Concrete Draft Not approved
Bridges
iv. Standard Structures Draft Not approved

5.3 Approved and in‐use standard specification

The existing Standard Specification, which was published in 1986, is made up of 22 Sections
as shown in Table 5‐3 below.
Table 5‐3: Current standard specification structure
Section Title
1 General
2 Materials and Testing of Materials
3 Setting Out and Tolerances
4 Site Clearance and Topsoil Stripping
5 Earthworks
6 Quarries, Borrow Pits, Stockpiles and Spoil Areas
7 Excavation and Filling for Structures
8 Culvert and Drainage Works
9 Passage of Traffic
10 Gravel Wearing Course

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Section Title
11 Shoulders to Pavement
12 Natural Materials, Subbase, and Base
13 Graded Crushed Stone Subbase and Base
14 Cement and Lime‐treated Subgrade, Subbase, and Base
14A Lean Concrete
15 Bituminous Surface Treatments and Surfacing Dressings
16 Bituminous Mix Bases, Binder Courses, and Wearing Courses
17 Concrete Works
18 Pre‐stressed Concrete Works
19 Structural Steelworks
20 Road Furniture
21 Miscellaneous Bridgeworks
22 Day works

5.4 EGIS Draft 2009 standard specification

The EGIS proposed 2009 Draft Standard Specification is divided into seven SERIES as in Table
5‐4 below.
Table 5‐4: EGIS 2009 proposed standard specification structure
Series Title
1000 Preamble and General
2000 Drainage
3000 Earthworks and Pavement Layers of Gravel or Crushed Stone
4000 Bituminous Layers and Seals
5000 Ancillary Roadworks
6000 Structures
7000 Tolerances, Testing and Quality Control

Each of the SERIES is divided into SECTIONS comprising several CLAUSES, designated by a
four‐digit number, where the first digit is the SERIES number; the second digit is the SECTION
number, and the last two digits are a sequential number followed by the CLAUSE title.

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5.5 Summary of observations

Aspect Remarks
General The current Kenya roads manual system is a mix of old and new
documents. Approved manuals in use are the old versions; and
the new manuals prepared in 2009 were not adopted by the NSC.
The specification for roads and bridges construction that is
currently in use was published in 1986, hence it is viewed as very
old. Although it is in use and is relatively comprehensive it
requires significantly comprehensive improvements to cater for
new materials and technology as well as modern methods of
procuring works. Currently it is incorporated in in contract
documents accompanied by substantial modification through
drafting of project‐specific particular specifications.
Structure The design manual has traditionally been seen as one document,
a Roads Design Manual with a number of distinct Parts. The Parts
are representative of a distinct element of design, e.g. “Geometric
Design”, “Bridge Design” etc. Recent addition to system, though,
have not been viewed as Parts, e.g. the Low Volume Sealed Roads
Manual.
Coding The 2009 EGIS review suggested the same manual system and
coding that was introduced many years ago, probably its
simplicity being a favourable point. The various elements of
design are numbered by Parts. For example, “Part III – Pavement
Design”.

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6 Manual Structures and SRBCs Review Conclusions

6.1 Manual structures

The manual structures vary from country to country and are mainly ad hoc structures,
except for the United Kingdom and Australia. From a more focused perspective, it was noted
that the United Kingdom has the most complex system. This complex system is related to
the level of specialisation of professionals in the United Kingdom and Australia. For example,
instead of having one profession such as pavement engineer, there can be up to four
professions such as foundation engineer, unbound materials engineer, bituminous materials
engineer, and rigid pavement engineer. Additionally, there are several codes, regulations,
and laws covering each subject sub‐area thus requiring the need for these levels of detail
and specialisation. This does not suit the situation in low‐and‐middle‐income countries
where professionals cover larger subject areas. From the standpoint of ease of use, such
complex systems make it difficult to locate and find information.
Manual structures attributed to Sub‐Saharan countries tend to be simple. Additionally,
revisions have recently moved towards stand‐alone manuals for project cycle stages. It is on
this basis that the Consultant recommends a simplified but effective system for Kenya. This
reflects the specialisation and emerging trend in specialisation in the region. For example,
road safety, environmental and social impact assessment, engineering surveys (related to
traffic and pavement assessment), and materials and site investigation surveys are now
showing a growing trend in specialisation within the region.

6.2 Manual coding

The Australian and the UK systems are good examples of how manuals can be coded to
provide focussed guidance to users and to capture design documents that could have been
developed independently. They relate to specific project cycle stages and design disciplines.
The coding of manuals in SSA countries is rudimentary and calls for improvement. A certain
degree of generalisation that comes with composite stand‐alone manuals must be
maintained.

6.3 Technical specifications

Across all the identified countries, specification structures follow a similar pattern that was
imported from the American system many years ago. Kenya is an exception where use is still
made of a specification that is quite descriptive and method‐based.
South Africa, which has held the most comprehensive specification over a long period, has
now moved to further improve the same. There have been some radical changes in the
structure of the specification to provide more detail to cater for Contractor designed works,
new materials, labor enhancement and new technologies. The new specification was
approved in 2020, and forms a good reference point as the Kenya specification is updated.

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7 Consultant’s Proposed Revisions to Kenya’s RDM and SRBC

Structures and Coding

7.1 Objectives
As a starting point, and to generate debate, the Consultant proposed consideration of
Kenya’s national aspirations over the planning horizon of 15‐20 years and recommended
the adoption of a system that caters to likely demands for improvements in infrastructure
that matches such aspirations. The system must be sophisticated enough to enable the
attainment of world‐class standards whilst remaining practical, simple to understand, use,
and readily accessible. The system must be dynamic and amenable to continuous
improvements.

7.2 Consultant’s proposed manual structure and coding

To satisfy the above‐mentioned objectives, the Consultant recommended a system that has
stand‐alone documents for design and other related elements that are likely to be
encountered over the next 15‐20 years.
The proposed system borrows its structure from experiences in Ethiopia, South Africa and
Mozambique whilst the coding system used by AASHTO, and to certain extent by Austroads,
was seen as suitable for Kenya.
The coding system proposed for Kenya is an acronym‐based system on the name of the
proposed manual. The manual name mimics the design activity, for example “GTDM –
Geotechnical Design Manual”. The Consultant believes adoption of this system makes it
easier for users to relate seamlessly to the manual over time. Whilst it may take some time
for users to get used to the new codes, it is believed that eventually it will become the norm
to refer to the manuals using the proposed acronyms that continuously echo the design
activity under each manual.
Table 7‐1 below shows the Consultant’s proposal of the basic structure and coding of a road
design manual system for Kenya. The parts making up each manual, where applicable, are
given in detail in Table 7‐2.
Table 7‐1: Consultant’s proposed new manual structure and coding for Kenya
Code Manual
CoPS Code of Procedure and Standards
ESM Engineering Surveys Manual
MSIM Materials and Site Investigations Manual
GTDM Geotechnical Design Manual
EAM Economic Appraisal Manual
GDM Geometric Design Manual
TCFM Traffic Control Facilities Manual
RSM Road Safety Manual
PDM‐FL Pavement Design Manual – Flexible Pavements
PDM‐RG Pavement Design Manual – Rigid Pavements
PDM‐RH Pavement Design Manual – Rehabilitation
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Code Manual
HDDM Hydrology and Drainage Design Manual
BSDM Bridges and Structures Design Manual
SSDW Standard Structural Drawings
ESIAM Environmental Impact Assessment Manual

7.3 Gap analysis – Consultant proposed manual structure and coding

Table 7‐2 shows the results of a gap analysis exercise that compared the Consultant
proposed new manual system to the existing system currently in use in Kenya.
The mapping of the existing manuals to the proposed new system is also shown in the same
table as well as an indication of the likely contents of the new manuals.
In summary, the following new and stand‐alone manuals will be required to augment the
road design manual system if the Consultant’s proposal is adopted:
1) Code of Procedure and Standards.
2) Engineering Surveys Manual.
3) Materials and Site Investigations Manual.
4) Geotechnical Design Manual.
5) Economic Appraisal Manual.
6) Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Manual.

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Table 7‐2: Gap analysis – Consultant proposal compared to Kenya’s current manuals structure
Code Proposed Manual Current Title of Approved Manual Current Title of Draft Manual or Part Notes
or Part applicable to new manual applicable to new manual structure
structure
CoPS Code of Procedure and 1. Code of practice and materials 1. RDM Part III [2009], Chapter 14: The code will guide users on road
Standards testing standards (KEBS) Material Testing and sampling provision policies, manuals, guidelines,
2. RDM Part III, Chapter 14: Program procedures, processes and standards; will
Material Testing and sampling 2. RDM Part III[2009], Chapter 15: be a quick reference document. Sketchy
Program; and, Standard Methods of Testing information exists for incorporation into
3. RDM Part III, Chapter 15: the new proposed manual.
Standard Methods of Testing
ESM Engineering Surveys 1. BS 5930:1981: Geotechnical 1. Road Design Manual Part V, Chapter 5: This manual will be made up of content
Manual Sites Investigations. Road Condition Surveys. that currently sits in other manuals and
2. Overseas Road Note 40: 2. RDM Part 1(a) [2009], Chapter 4: will be further enhanced. It will mainly
Traffic and axle load surveys. Route Selection and Survey. comprise Topographic surveys, Traffic
3. KS EN 1997‐2 (Eurocode 7 Part 3. RDM Part 1(c) [2009]: Traffic surveys Counts and axle load Surveys, Pavement
2): Ground Investigation and condition assessments. Significant
Testing improvements to the content mentioned
above is required.
MSI Materials and Site 1. BS 5930:1981: Geotechnical 1. RDM Part III [2009], Chapter 14: This manual will be made up of content
Investigations Manual Sites Investigations. Material Testing and sampling that currently sits in other manuals and
2. KS EN 1997‐2 (Eurocode 7 Part Program will be further enhanced. It will mainly
2): Ground Investigation and comprise intrusive sampling for route
Testing. alignment, borrow‐pit materials
3. RDM Part III, Chapter 14: sampling, coring sampling for bridge
Material Testing and sampling foundations, sampling for geotechnical
Program; structures, sampling from existing
pavements, etc. Significant
improvements to the content mentioned
above is required.
GTDM Geotechnical Design 1. BS 5930:1981: Geotechnical None Design of high embankments and deep
Manual Sites Investigations. cuts, slope stability analysis and design,

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Code Proposed Manual Current Title of Approved Manual Current Title of Draft Manual or Part Notes
or Part applicable to new manual applicable to new manual structure
structure
2. Overseas Road Note 40: design of bridge foundations, design of
Traffic and axle load surveys. retaining walls.
3. KS EN 1997‐2 (Eurocode 7 Part
2): Ground Investigation and
Testing
EAM Economic Appraisal 1. Project Appraisal Guideline None Manual will cover the entire process of
Manual (2016) undertaking feasibility studies. It will
2. Feasibility Study Guideline include project and programme appraisal
(2016) procedures. Information currently
3. Project Management – Road available as indicated in the second
Sector Process Map column makes up less than 30% of what
4. Risk Management Handbook is required in the new manual.
for Traditional Projects
GDM Geometric Design 1. RDM Part I: Geometric Design 1. RDM Part 1a):: Geometric Design (2009)
Manual of Rural Roads (1979) 2. RDM Part 1c): Traffic Surveys (2009)
3. Road Design Guidelines for Urban Roads
(Geometric Design of Urban Roads) (2001)
4. Street Design Manual for Urban Areas in
Kenya (2019)

TCFM Traffic Control Facilities None 1. RDM Part 5: Traffic Control Devices
Manual (2009)
RDM Part 5a): Traffic Signs
RDM Part 5b): Road Marking
RDM Part 5c): Traffic Signals
RDM Part 5d): Street Lighting
2. Road Marking (1972)
3. Traffic Signs in Kenya (1975)

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Code Proposed Manual Current Title of Approved Manual Current Title of Draft Manual or Part Notes
or Part applicable to new manual applicable to new manual structure
structure
RSM Road Safety Manual None RDM Part 1b): Road Safety Audits (2009) Will include safety audits, managing and
protection of NMTs, safe systems
approach to road safety.
PDMF Pavement Design Manual 1. RDM Part III: Materials and RDM Part 3: Materials and Pavement Significant information exists for
– Flexible Pavement Design for New Roads Design ‐ New Gravel, Bituminous and incorporation into new manual.
(1987) Concrete Roads (2009)
2. Pavement Design Guideline for
Low Volume Sealed Roads (2017)
PDMR Pavement Design Manual None RDM Part 3: Materials and Pavement The EGIS developed RDM Part 3 is
– Rigid Pavements Design ‐ New Gravel, Bituminous and inadequate, will require a complete re‐
Concrete Roads (2009) write.
PDMR Pavement Design Manual 1. RDM Part V: Pavement RDM Part 4: Materials and Pavement The EGIS developed RDM Part 4 needs a
– Rehabilitation and Rehabilitation and Overlay Design Design ‐ Overlay and Asphalt Pavement complete re‐write. Invaluable
Overlay (1988) Rehabilitation (2009) information is available from RDM Part V
2. Road Maintenance Manual (1988). This will require modernization.
(2014)
3. Minor Roads Programme
Technical and Maintenance
Manual (1989)
4. Roads 2000 Operations Manual
(2008)
HDDM Hydrology and Drainage None 1. RDM Part 2: Drainage Design (2009)
Design Manual 2. Hydraulic Design of Drainage Structures
(1983)
BSDM Bridges and Structures RDM Part !V: Bridges Design RDM Part 6: Structural Design–
Design Manual (1993) 1. RDM Part 6a): Bridge and Culvert Design
2. Bridge Design (1982)

SSDC Standard Structural Standard Designs for Small RDM Part 6b): Structural Design – What exists applies only to bridges
Drawings Catalogue Concrete Drainage Catalogue of Drawings (2009)
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Code Proposed Manual Current Title of Approved Manual Current Title of Draft Manual or Part Notes
or Part applicable to new manual applicable to new manual structure
structure
Structures (1987): i) Standard Culverts and Drifts
Part I: Standard Small Span ii) Standard Concrete Box Culverts –
Concrete Bridges Schedules and Quantities
Part II: Standard concrete box iii) Standard Small Span Concrete Bridges
culverts iv) Standard Structures
ESIAM Environmental and Social 1. Environmental and Social None This will include guidance on how road
Impact Assessment Impact Assessment Guideline projects should apply and comply with
Manual (2013) NEMA guidelines and standards and
OSHA regulations in Kenya. Will provide
guidance tailor‐made for roads on
environmental impact assessment as well
as social impact assessment. ESIA
management processes will also be
defined.

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7.4 Consultant’s proposed standard specification structure

The current Kenyan specification was viewed by the Consultant as being relatively detailed
and forming a good basis for the updating exercise. The specification has served Kenya well
over the years albeit with introduction of significant particular specifications in many
contracts.
The Consultant’s proposed structure for Kenya is as shown in Table 7‐3 below and it leans
towards the common structure found in SSA, with improvements drawn from other
international experiences.
Table 7‐3: Consultant’s proposed SRBC structure
Series Title
1000 General
2000 Services
3000 Materials and Testing of Materials
4000 Accommodation of Traffic
5000 Earthworks
6000 Culvert and Drainage Works
7000 Natural Materials Subbase and Base
8000 Graded Crushed Stone Subbase and Base
9000 Cement and Lime‐treated Subgrade, Subbase, and Base
10000 Concrete Layers
11000 Bituminous Mix Bases, Binder Courses, and Wearing
Courses
12000 Bituminous Surface Treatments and Surfacing Dressings
13000 Structures
14000 Ancillary Works
15000 Repair of Subbase, Base, and Concrete Layers
16000 Repair of Structures
17000 Testing, Quality Control, and Tolerances
18000 Day works

7.5 Gap analysis – Consultant’s proposed standard specification structure

Table 7‐4 shows the results of a gap analysis exercise on the proposed standard specification
structure compared to the 2009 EGIS Draft Specification.
Additions proposed to the specification are informed by recent experiences in Kenya such
as use of pre‐stressed and post‐tensioned concrete, reinforced earth embankments and
composite structures. The ongoing works on the Nairobi expressway have introduced new
technologies into the sector and information from the project, along with others, that will
be reviewed with the objective of enriching the content of the new specification.
The aspect of repairs and rehabilitation of bridges was found to be well developed as a
practice in South Africa and it is proposed that the same be introduced in Kenya.

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Table 7‐4: Current vs Consultant’s proposed standard specification gap analysis

Series Title Series Remarks
Exist in
2009
Draft?
1000 General Yes
2000 Services No Will include relocation of services etc.
3000 Materials and Testing of Yes To consider closely the aspect of
Materials purchasing materials from commercial
sources, winning materials from road
alignment for re‐use, e.g., quarrying rock
outcrops – all to ensure Client obtains
value for money
4000 Accommodation of Traffic Yes
5000 Earthworks Yes Including grubbing and top‐soil removal,
rock‐fill, treatment of swamps and
unsuitable materials. To include
reinforced earth embankments
6000 Culvert and Drainage Works Yes
7000 Natural Materials Subbase and Yes
Base
8000 Graded Crushed Stone Subbase Yes
and Base
9000 Cement and Lime‐treated Yes
Subgrade, Subbase, and Base
10000 Concrete Layers No To include rigid pavements
11000 Bituminous Mix Bases, Binder Yes
Courses, and Wearing Courses
12000 Bituminous Surface Treatments Yes
and Surfacing Dressings
13000 Structures Yes Will include pre‐stressing and post‐
tensioning; piling
14000 Ancillary Works Yes
15000 Repair of Subbase, Base, and Yes Repairs to existing pavement layers,
Concrete Layers most likely before overlays
16000 Repair of Structures No Rehabilitation of structures to be
included.
17000 Testing, Quality Control, and Yes To guide on assessment of old bridges –
Tolerances scanning and coring of bridges
18000 Day works Yes

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8 The TTF’s and TAs Proposed Revisions to Kenya’s RDM and

SRBC Structures and Coding

8.1 Background
This chapter presents the results of the consultations between the Consultant, the TTF and
the TAs. It presents the TTF’s recommendations for the structure and coding of both the
RDM and SRBC. The TTFs’ recommendations were made following considerations of all
content given in Chapters 1 to 7. The said content was presented to the TTF by the
Consultant in several meetings held in March 2022. This chapter also presents the comments
and recommendations made by the TAs following receipt of the proposals by the TTF
through Technical Note No. 1. The comments and recommendations by the TTF were then
considered again by the TTF and concurrence was reached.

8.2 TTF’s proposed revised manual structure and coding

Following the deliberations between the Consultant and the TTF on the Consultant’s
proposal as given in the previous chapter, the design manual structure and coding given in
Table 8‐1 below was agreed for recommendation to the TAs via the TTF’s Technical Note No.
1. A full record of the deliberations of the TTF that led to the structure and coding given in
Table 8‐1 are given in Appendix H.
Table 8‐1: TTF proposed revised new manual system for Kenya
Vol Code Manual Title Part Name Part/Code
1 COP Code of Procedure and ‐ COP‐yyyy1
Standards
2 NPM Network and Project Part 1 – Road Classification NPM‐1‐yyyy
Planning Manual Part 2 ‐ Route and Corridor Planning NPM‐2‐yyyy
Part 3 – Feasibility Study NPM‐3‐yyyy
3 ESM Environmental and Part 1 ‐ Environmental Impact ESM‐1‐yyyy
Social Impact Assessment
Assessment Manual Part 2 – Social Impact Assessment ESM‐2‐yyyy
4 GDM Geometric Design Part 1 – Topographic Survey GDM‐1‐yyyy
Manual Part 2 – Traffic Survey GDM‐2‐yyyy
Part 3 – Geometric Design for Highways GDM‐3‐yyyy
and Rural Roads
Part 4 – Geometric Design for Urban GDM‐4‐yyyy
Roads
5 GTM Geotechnical Design Part 1 ‐ Geotechnical Investigation GTM‐1‐yyyy
Manual Part 2 – Geotechnical Design GTM‐2‐yyyy
6 HDM Hydrology and Drainage Part 1 – Hydrology HDM‐1‐yyyy
Design Manual Part 2 – Drainage Design HDM‐2‐yyyy

1
‐yyyy represents year of publication
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Vol Code Manual Title Part Name Part/Code

7 PDM Materials and Pavement Part 1 – Material Prospecting and PDM‐1‐yyyy
Design for New Roads Alignment Survey Manual
Manual Part 2 – Materials Field and Laboratory PDM‐2‐yyyy
Testing Manual
Part 3 – Pavement Design for New PDM‐3‐yyyy
Roads
8 BDM Bridges and Retaining Part 1 – Bridge and Culvert Design BDM‐1‐yyyy
Structures Design Part 2 – Retaining Walls Design BDM‐2‐yyyy
Manual
9 TCM Traffic Control Facilities Part 1 – Road Marking TCM‐1‐yyyy
and Road Lighting Part 2 – Traffic Signs TCM‐2‐yyyy
Manual Part 3 – Traffic Signals and TCM‐3‐yyyy
Communication System
Part 4 – Road Lighting TCM‐4‐yyyy
Part 5 – Other Traffic Control Devices TCM‐5‐yyyy
10 RSM Road Safety Audit and Part 1 – Road Safety Audit RSM‐1‐yyyy
Impact Assessment Part 2 – Road Safety Impact Assessment RSM‐2‐yyyy
Manual
11 MRM Maintenance and Part 1 – Pavement Condition Survey MRM‐1‐yyyy
Rehabilitation Manual Part 2 – Pavement Maintenance and MRM‐2‐yyyy
Rehabilitation
Part 3 – Bridge Condition Survey MRM‐3‐yyyy
Part 4 – Bridge Maintenance MRM‐4‐yyyy

The TTF manual structure and coding proposal had the following key characteristics:
1) The structure of volumes and parts was viewed as more suitable for Kenya because
it would be easier to update parts independently to keep up with advancing
technologies.
2) A 3‐letter acronym coding system was agreed upon; the acronym mimics the manual
discipline.
3) It was also agreed that putting the year of publication in the nomenclature for the
coding, as in the Australian coding system, would be good for referencing and
gazetting of individual parts, if it is a requirement.
Detailed draft Tables of Content for the various parts of the proposed manual are given in
Appendix F.

8.3 Gap analysis – TTF’s proposed manual structure and coding

Table 8‐2 shows the results of a gap analysis exercise that compared the TTF’s proposed
new design manual system to the existing system.
The mapping of the existing manuals to the new system is also shown in Table 8‐2, as well
as the likely contents of the new manuals. New manuals that will need drafting are indicated.
The following new and stand‐alone manuals will be required to augment the road design
manual system if the TTF’s proposal is adopted:

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1) Code of Procedure and Standards.

2) Network and Project Planning Manual.
3) Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Manual.
4) Geotechnical Design Manual.

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Table 8‐2: Gap analysis – TTF’s proposal compared to Kenya’s current manuals structure
Vol Code Proposed Manual Current Title of Approved Manual or Current Title of Draft Manual or Part Notes
Part applicable to new manual applicable to new manual structure
structure
1 COP Code of Procedure and 1. Code of practice and materials None The code will guide users on road
Standards testing standards (KEBS) provision policies, manuals, guidelines,
2. RDM Part III, Chapter 14: Material procedures, processes and standards; will
Testing and sampling Program; be a quick reference document. Sketchy
and, information exists for incorporation into
2. RDM Part III, Chapter 15: Standard the new proposed manual.
Methods of Testing
2 NPM Network and Project 1. RDM Part I, Chapter 2: Road None Manual will cover the entire process of
Planning Manual Classification undertaking feasibility studies. It will
2. Project Appraisal Guideline (2016) include project and programme appraisal
3. Feasibility Study Guideline (2016) procedures. Available content indicated
4. Project Management – Road in this table will assist in formulation of
Sector Process Map new manual, notwithstanding that the
5. Risk Management Handbook for information is not comprehensive.
Traditional Projects
3 ESM Environmental and Social None None This will include guidance on how road
Impact Assessment Manual projects should apply and comply with
NEMA guidelines and standards and
OSHA regulations in Kenya. Will provide
guidance tailor‐made for roads on
environmental impact assessment as well
as social impact assessment. ESIA
management processes will also be
defined.
4 GDM Geometric Design Manual 1. RDM Part I: Geometric Design of 1. RDM Part 1a): Geometric Design
Rural Roads (1979) (2009)
2. RDM Part 1c): Traffic Surveys
(2009)
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Vol Code Proposed Manual Current Title of Approved Manual or Current Title of Draft Manual or Part Notes
Part applicable to new manual applicable to new manual structure
structure
3. Road Design Guidelines for Urban
Roads
(Geometric Design of Urban Roads)
(2001)
4. Street Design Manual for Urban
Areas in Kenya (2019)

5 GTM Geotechnical Design Manual 1. BS 5930:1981: Code of Practice for None Design of high embankments and deep
Geotechnical Sites Investigations. cuts, slope stability analysis and design,
2. KS EN 1997‐2 (Eurocode 7 Part 1): design of bridge foundations, design of
Geotechnical design. retaining walls.
3. BS 8004: Code of Practice for
Foundation
4. BS 8006: Code of Practice for
Strengthened/Reinforced soils
6 HDM Hydrology and Drainage None 1. RDM Part 2: Drainage Design
Design Manual (2009)
2. Hydraulic Design of Drainage
Structures (1983)
7 PDM Materials and Pavement 1. RDM Part III: Materials and 1. RDM Part 3: Materials and New manual will be a complete re‐write
Design for New Roads Pavement Design for New Roads Pavement Design ‐ New Gravel, of the EGIS unapproved draft.
Manual (1987) Bituminous and Concrete Roads
2. Pavement Design Guideline for Low (2009). Draft not approved as a
Volume Sealed Roads (2017) Draft.
8 BDM Bridges and Retaining RDM Part IV: Bridges Design (1993) RDM Part 6: Structural Design–
Structures Design Manual 1. RDM Part 6a): Bridge and Culvert
Standard Designs for Small Concrete Design
Drainage 2. Bridge Design (1982)
Structures (1987):

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Vol Code Proposed Manual Current Title of Approved Manual or Current Title of Draft Manual or Part Notes
Part applicable to new manual applicable to new manual structure
structure
Part I: Standard Small Span Concrete RDM Part 6b): Structural Design –
Bridges Catalogue of Drawings (2009)
Part II: Standard concrete box culverts i) Standard Culverts and Drifts
ii) Standard Concrete Box Culverts –
Schedules and Quantities
iii) Standard Small Span Concrete
Bridges
iv) Standard Structures
9 TCM Traffic Control Facilities and 1. RDM Part 5: Traffic Control Devices
Road Lighting Manual (2009)
RDM Part 5a): Traffic Signs
RDM Part 5b): Road Marking
RDM Part 5c): Traffic Signals
RDM Part 5d): Street Lighting
2. Road Marking (1972)
3. Traffic Signs in Kenya (1975)

10 RSM Road Safety Audit and None RDM Part 1b): Road Safety Audits Will include safety audits, managing and
Impact Assessment Manual (2009) protection of NMTs, safe systems
approach to road safety.
11 MRM Maintenance and 1. RDM Part V: Pavement RDM Part 4: Materials and Pavement
Rehabilitation Manual Rehabilitation and Overlay Design Design ‐ Overlay and Asphalt
(1988) Pavement Rehabilitation (2009).
2. Road Maintenance Manual (2014) Draft not approved as a Draft.
3. Minor Roads Programme Technical
and Maintenance Manual (1989)
4. Roads 2000 Operations Manual
(2008)

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8.4 TTF’s proposed standard specification structure

Table 8‐3 shows the SRBC structure as proposed by the TTF following extensive deliberations.
Detailed contents of the same are given in Appendix G.
A full record of the deliberations of the TTF that led to the structure and coding given in
Table 8‐3 are given in Appendix H.
Table 8‐3: TTF proposed new SRBC structure
Series Title
1000 General
2000 Drainage
3000 Earthworks
4000 Natural, Crushed Stone and Stabilized Materials in Pavement
Layers
5000 Bituminous Surface Treatments, Seals and Pavement Layers
6000 Concrete Layers and Modular Paving
7000 Structures
8000 Ancillary Roadworks
9000 Environmental, Health, Safety and Social Aspects
Appendices

The proposed Specification for Road and Bridge Construction has the following key
characteristics:
1) Various options of the specification were discussed, and the resolution was to
recommend a system of a maximum of nine (9) Series (i.e., Series 1000 to Series 9000)
and several Clauses under each Series.
2) It was also resolved to re‐organise the Clauses to reflect the sequence in which work
is carried out on projects.
3) Key new matters now to be included in the new specification, amongst others, are:
a) Land acquisition and services.
b) Environmental protection and waste disposal.
c) Resettlement and compensation of project affect parties.
d) Traffic management and work zone safety
e) Contractor designed works.
f) Measurement aspects on PPP projects.
g) Rigid pavements.
h) Repair of granular and bituminous pavement layers.
i) Repair and rehabilitation of bridges
j) Pre‐stressed concrete.

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8.5 Gap analysis – TTF’s proposed standard specification structure

Table 8‐4 shows the results of a preliminary gap analysis exercise on the proposed standard
specification structure compared to the 2009 EGIS Draft Specification. The gaps in the
content of the series will be attended to in depth as part of the technical review process that
follows this preliminary review stage.
In general, all the proposed series of the new SRBC exist under the 2009 EGIS Draft and the
content will be rearranged and improved as necessary. The existing and approved Kenya
specification has served well over the years and aspects considered as beneficial to Kenya
will be incorporated into the updated specification.
Table 8‐4: Current vs TTF’s proposed standard specification structure gap analysis
Series Title Series Remarks
Exist in
2009
Draft?
1000 General Yes
2000 Drainage Yes
3000 Earthworks Yes Ground improvement will be catered for
under this series.
4000 Natural, Crushes Stone and Yes To include:
Stabilized Materials Pavement • Hand‐packed stone.
Layers • Bitumen stabilised material.
5000 Bituminous Surface Treatments, Yes
Seals and Pavement Layers
6000 Concrete Layers and Modular Yes To be more comprehensive and cater
Paving for:
• Paver laid concrete.
• Formwork laid concrete.
7000 Structures Yes To include:
• Non‐intrusive bridge inspections.
• Structural repairs.
• Earth‐reinforced structures.
• Pre‐stressed and post‐tensioned
concrete.
8000 Ancillary Roadworks Yes
9000 Environmental, Health, Safety No Will be a new stand‐alone section to
and Social Aspects emphasize the importance of the
matters related to preservation of the
environment, enhancement of health
and safety and attention to poverty,
gender equality and social inclusion.

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8.6 TAs’ Recommendations on Kenya’s RDM and SRBC Structure and

Coding and Concurrence by the TTF

8.6.1 Transmittal of the TTF’s proposals and revised PRR to the TAs
The TTF’s proposals of the new road and bridges design manual and SRBC structure, and
coding, as detailed in the fore‐going sub‐sections of this chapter, were subsequently
presented to the TAs via Technical Note No. 1 of the 6th of April 2022.
Copies of the Technical Note No. 1 and Transmittal Note for the same, are given in Appendix
I.
Following submission of the Technical Note, the Consultant prepared an updated version of
the PRR and submitted officially by email on the 13th of April, 2022. The updated report was
received by the TAs as per contractual requirements.

8.6.2 TA’s request for clarifications on the PRR

The TAs, by official letter, then sought clarifications on the categorisation of the extra scope
of work that will arise following the definition of a new manual and SRBC structure. The
clarification was provided by the Consultant in a letter issued on the 26th of April 2022. The
letters pertaining to the above are included as Appendix J to this report.
Key to the Consultant’s response was the categorisation of the TTF proposed manuals listed
in Table 8‐1 to reflect changes that would be necessary in the Consultant’s scope of work to
deliver a full suite of pre‐design and design manuals. The categorisation was as given below.
Category 1: In scope ‐ existing contract – No Change
The manuals shown in the Table 8‐5 are all within the contract scope and will be delivered
as per original plan.
Table 8‐5: Category 1: In‐scope manuals – existing contract – no change
Vol Code Manual Title Part Name Part/Code
4 GDM Geometric Part 1 – Topographic Survey GDM‐1‐yyyy
Design Manual Part 2 – Traffic Survey GDM‐2‐yyyy
Part 3 – Geometric Design for Highways GDM‐3‐yyyy
and Rural Roads
Part 4 – Geometric Design for Urban GDM‐4‐yyyy
Roads
6 HDM Hydrology and Part 1 – Hydrology HDM‐1‐yyyy
Drainage Part 2 – Drainage Design HDM‐2‐yyyy
Design Manual
7 PDM Materials and Part 3 – Pavement Design for New Roads PDM‐3‐yyyy
Pavement
Design for New
Roads Manual
8 BDM Bridges and Part 1 – Bridge and Culvert Design BDM‐1‐yyyy
Retaining Part 2 – Retaining Walls Design BDM‐2‐yyyy
Structures
Design Manual

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Vol Code Manual Title Part Name Part/Code

9 TCM Traffic Control Part 1 – Road Marking TCM‐1‐yyyy
Facilities and Part 2 – Traffic Signs TCM‐2‐yyyy
Road Lighting Part 3 – Traffic Signals and TCM‐3‐yyyy
Manual Communication System
Part 4 – Road Lighting TCM‐4‐yyyy
Part 5 – Other Traffic Control Devices TCM‐5‐yyyy
10 RSM Road Safety Part 1 – Road Safety Audit RSM‐1‐yyyy
Audit and Part 2 – Road Safety Impact Assessment RSM‐2‐yyyy
Impact
Assessment
Manual
11 MRM Maintenance Part 1 – Pavement Condition Survey MRM‐1‐yyyy
and Part 2 – Pavement Maintenance and MRM‐2‐yyyy
Rehabilitation Rehabilitation
Manual
Note: Volume 11 (MRM) will not include General Maintenance, this would be additional
scope and not included in the scope of the current contract.
Category 2: Manual within contract scope – partial change
The delivery of the manuals as given in Table 8‐6 is within the scope of the existing contract,
however, there will be an increase in the work required to deliver them as well as some
extra funding.
Table 8‐6: Category 2: In‐scope manuals – existing contract – partial change
Vol Code Manual Title Part Name Part/Code Contract
Scope
7 PDM Materials and Part 1 – Material Prospecting PDM‐1‐yyyy Increased
Pavement and Alignment Survey Manual
Design for New Part 2 – Materials Field and PDM‐2‐yyyy Increased
Roads Manual Laboratory Testing Manual

Category 3: Out of scope for delivery in this contract

The following proposed manuals listed in Table 8‐7 are outside the scope of the existing
contract. The delivery of these manuals will require a change to the contract and additional
funding.
Table 8‐7: Category 3: Out of scope manuals – contract change required
Vol Code Manual Title Part Name Part/Code Contract
Scope
1 COP Code of Procedure ‐ COP‐yyyy2 Out of scope
and Standards
2 NPM Network and Project Part 1 – Road Classification NPM‐1‐ Out of scope
Planning Manual Part 2 ‐ Route and Corridor yyyy Out of scope
Planning Out of scope

2
‐yyyy represents year of publication
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Vol Code Manual Title Part Name Part/Code Contract

Scope
Part 3 – Feasibility Study NPM‐2‐
yyyy
NPM‐3‐
yyyy
3 ESM Environmental and Part 1 – Environmental Impact ESM‐1‐yyyy Out of scope
Social Impact Assessment ESM‐2‐yyyy Out of scope
Assessment Manual Part 2 – Social Impact
Assessment
5 GTM Geotechnical Design Part 1 ‐ Geotechnical GTM‐1‐yyyy Out of scope
Manual Investigation GTM‐2‐yyyy Out of scope
Part 2 – Geotechnical Design
11 MRM Maintenance and Part 3 – Bridge Condition MRM‐3‐ Out of scope
Rehabilitation Survey yyyy Out of scope
Manual Part 4 – Bridge Maintenance MRM‐4‐
yyyy

8.6.3 TA’s comments on the PRR and clarification by the Consultant

Comments by the TAs on the PRR and clarifications given by the Consultant are detailed in
the letters included in Appendix J and in summary requested attention to the following
major points, amongst others:
1) That the roles and responsibilities of KeNHA, KURA and KeRRA as stipulated in the
Roads Act 2007 be listed in the PRR.
2) Road classification as given in the same Act was to be included.
3) Introduce a section in the PRR that summarised the TAs’ recommendations on the
manual structure and coding.
4) The Consultant was to include a separate chapter giving the final manual structure
and coding that took into account all the comments to date from the TTF and TAs.
5) Another chapter was to be introduced that outlined the contractual implications of
the recommended final manual and SRBC system on the Consultant’s scope of work
as defined in the current contract.
6) Category 1: In‐scope manuals, no change under existing contract:
General maintenance was seen as already covered under the road maintenance manuals
provided in Annex 1 of the ToR and which were developed based on the existing RDM III
and RDM V and the Standard Specifications and therefore forms part of the scope of the
current review as per the contract. The TAs therefore did not view this as additional
scope.
7) Category 2: Manuals within contract scope, partial change – additional work:
The TAs presented that material prospecting and alignment survey (Part 1) were covered
under Chapter 14 of the existing RDM III and required review and updating as per the
Contract scope and was therefore not viewed as additional in scope.

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Chapter 15 of RDM III provides guidelines on Standard Methods of Testing for materials
and requires review and updating under the current contract. The Consultant was to be
requested to demonstrate and justify the additional work under Part 2 ‐ Materials Field
and Laboratory Testing Manual.
8) Category 3: Out of scope for delivery under Consultant’s contract:
Code of Procedures and Standards ‐ the TAs agreed that, as a manual, it is not within the
Contract scope.
Network and Project Planning Manual Part 1: Road Classification ‐ the TAs’s opinion was
that road classification aspect of the proposed manual was covered under RDM 1 of the
existing manual and required review and updating under the current contract. This
should be a chapter or part under the Geometric Design Volume as envisaged in the
2009 draft of Part I.
Network and Project Planning Manual Part 2: Route and Corridor Planning ‐ based on
provided table of content, corridor selection and road way cross sections are covered
under existing Geometric design manual and are therefore within the scope of the
current contract. Network administration should be covered by the introduction chapter
of the Geometric Design Volume or under road classification part/chapter.
Network and Project Planning Manual Part 3: Feasibility study – the TAs concurred that
this manual is out of scope as per the Consultant's submission. However, there are
existing guidelines on feasibility study and project appraisal published by the Ministry in
2016 which can be used in the interim.
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Manual ‐ the TAs concurred that this
manual is out of scope of the current contract. However, they pointed out that there
were existing statutes and guidelines developed by NEMA for environmental impact
assessment and the Ministry developed guidelines applicable to the roads sector
projects, which would be used alongside the Road Design Manual (RDM) in the interim.
Geotechnical Design Manual ‐ the TAs noted that the roadway geotechnics formed part
of RDM III. The TAs therefore did not view this as additional scope and therefore
recommended that this be reviewed and updated as part of that volume. In addition,
design of geotechnical structures i.e. foundations and reinforced fill structures, are
covered by BS 5400, BS 8006‐1 and Eurocode 7. The TAs proposed that this be covered
in the proposed RDM volume on bridges and retaining structures.

8.6.4 TA’s proposed revised road and bridges design manual structure and coding
After considering the TTF’s proposals, the TAs proposed a road and bridges design manual
structure as given in Table 8‐8 below that, in essence, adopts the structure proposed by the
TTF with the following few modifications:
1) The TAs proposed that the TTF proposed Geotechnical Manual be discarded and the
contents incorporated into the Bridges Design Manual and the Pavement Design
Manual, as applicable.
2) That the coding of the entire manual system be modified to reflect stand‐alone
manuals for each specific discipline.
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3) The coding system for the RDM be changed to RDM.xx.yy:zzzz where RDM stands
for Road Design Manual; xx = Volume No. and yy = Part No. and zzzz = year of
publication.
Table 8‐8: TAs proposed new structure of the Road Design Manual (RDM) for Kenya
Vol Manual Title Part Name Part/Code
1 Geometric Design Part 1 – Topographic Survey RDM 1.1
Manual Part 2 – Traffic Surveys RDM 1.2
Part 3 – Geometric Design for Highways and RDM 1.3
Rural Roads
Part 4 – Geometric Design for Urban Roads RDM 1.4
2 Hydrology and Drainage Part 1 – Hydrology RDM 2.1
Design Manual Part 2 – Drainage Design RDM 2.1
3 Materials and Pavement Part 1 – Material Prospecting and Alignment RDM 3.1
Design for New Roads Survey Manual
Manual Part 2 – Materials Field and Laboratory RDM 3.2
Testing Manual
Part 3 – Pavement Design for New Roads RDM 3.3
4 Bridges and Retaining Part 1 – Bridge and Culvert Design RDM 4.1
Structures Design Manual Part 2 – Retaining Structures Design RDM 4.2
Part 3 – Bridge Condition Survey RDM 4.3
Part 4 – Bridge Maintenance RDM 4.4
5 Maintenance and Part 1 – Pavement Condition Survey RDM 5.1
Rehabilitation Manual Part 2 – Pavement Maintenance and RDM 5.2
Rehabilitation
6 Traffic Control Facilities Part 1 – Road Marking RDM 6.1
and Road Lighting Part 2 – Traffic Signs RDM 6.2
Manual Part 3 – Traffic Signals and Communication RDM 6.3
System
Part 4 – Road Lighting RDM 6.4
Part 5 – Other Traffic Control Devices RDM 6.5
7 Road Safety Audit and Part 1 – Road Safety Audit RDM 7.1
Impact Assessment Part 2 – Road Safety Impact Assessment RDM 7.2
Manual

The TA’s proposed Road Design Manual (RDM) documentation would form part of a suite
of standard documents that form the Kenyan Manuals and Guidelines. Table 8‐9 lists the
documents currently making up the Road Manuals and Guidelines as presented by the TAs.
It should be noted that the list is not comprehensive and may be made up of more
documents.
Table 8‐9: TAs list of Road Manuals and Guidelines
Manual Title Remarks
Code of practice and materials testing standards Published and adopted
by KEBS/Ministry
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Guideline Published 2013
Feasibility Study Guideline Published 2016
Project Appraisal Guideline Published 2016
Road Design Manual Under Review
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Manual Title Remarks

Standard Specification for Road and Bridge Construction Under Review
Project Management – Road Sector Process Map Published 2016
Risk Management Handbook for Traditional Projects Published 2016
Traffic Management Toolkit Published 2016
Road Assets Management Proposed

8.6.5 TAs on the TTF’s proposed SRBC structure and content

The TAs had no major comments on the TTF’s proposed SRBC structure and content thus
signifying acceptance of the same. The only change suggested to the TTF structure was to
include sub‐series for stabilisation of granular materials using bituminous products.

8.7 Recommendations for Kenya RDM and SRBC Structure and Coding
following the TA’s recommendations

8.7.1 Background
This section presents the recommendations for structure and coding of both the RDM and
SRBC following the comments received from the TAs. This incorporates all agreed changes
following consultations with, and recommendations from, the TTF and TA’s. The
recommendations were based on the Consultant’s analysis of the outcomes and
recommendations emanating from the entirety of the consultations detailed in Chapters 7
to 8.

8.7.2 Adoption of Road Manual (RM) system

In line with the comments by the TTF and TAs over the entire consultation period, it was
recommended that Kenya adopts a roads manual system that recognises the various stages
of the project cycle.
The Road Design Manual will then be part of a set Roads Manual system made up of various
manuals, some of which have a bearing on road design. The proposed Road Manual system
will consist of manuals listed in Table 8‐10 below.
Table 8‐10: Proposed new Road Manual (RM) system for Kenya
Project Cycle Stage Manual: Volume or Part/Chapter Code Status

A. General Procedures and Standards Manual PSM

1. General Not developed
2. Policies Not developed
3. Procedures Guidance Not developed
4. Codes of Practice Not developed
5. Guidelines Not developed
6. Product/Testing Standards Partially developed

B. Planning Network and Project Planning Manual NPM

1. Road Classification Partially developed
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Project Cycle Stage Manual: Volume or Part/Chapter Code Status

2. Route/Corridor Planning Not developed

3. Roadside Development and Control Not developed
4. Highway Capacity Not developed
5. Project Planning Not developed

C. Appraisal Project Appraisal Manual PAM

1. Environmental Impact Assessment and Not developed
Audit
2. Social Impact Assessment Not developed
3. Traffic Impact Assessment Not developed
4. Road Safety Audits Partially developed
5. Project Appraisal Partially developed
6. Feasibility Studies Partially developed

D. Design Road Design Manual RDM

1. Geometric Design Partially developed
2. Hydrology and Drainage Design Partially developed
3. Materials and Pavement Design for New Partially developed
Roads
4. Bridges and Retaining Structures Design Partially developed
5. Pavement Maintenance, Rehabilitation Partially developed
and Overlay Design
6. Traffic Control Facilities and Partially developed
Communication Systems Design
7. Road Lighting Design Partially developed

E. Contracts Works and Services Contracts Manual WSCM

1. Forms of Contracts Not developed
2. Standard Specification for Road and Partially developed
Bridge Construction
3. Bills of Quantities Partially developed
4. Standard/Typical Drawings Partially developed

F. Construction Road Construction Manual RCM

1. Construction Management Not developed
2. Project Management Partially developed
3. Site Supervision Not developed
4. Quality Assurance Not developed
5. Quality Control Not developed

G. Maintenance Road Asset Management Manual RAMM

1. Maintenance Management Partially developed
2. General Maintenance Partially developed
3. Pavement Maintenance Partially developed
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Project Cycle Stage Manual: Volume or Part/Chapter Code Status

4. Bridges and Structures Maintenance Partially developed

H. Operations Road Operation Manual ROM

1. Traffic Management Partially developed
2. Vehicle Load Control Not developed
3. Emergency Services Not developed
4. Tolling Not developed

I. Monitoring and Monitoring and Evaluation Manual MEM

Evaluation
1. Performance Monitoring Manual Not developed
2. Technical Audits Not developed
3. Poverty, Gender Equality and Social Not developed
Inclusion Monitoring

8.7.3 Proposed revised road and bridges design manual structure and coding
After consideration of proposals by Consultant, the TTF and TAs as detailed in this report, it
is recommended that the final proposed structure and coding for the RDM was as given in
Table 8‐11 be presented to the NSC for approval.
Table 8‐11: Final proposed revised new RDM system for Kenya
Vol Manual Title Part Name Part/Code
1 Road Design Manual: Part 1 – Topographic Survey RDM 1.1
Vol. 1 ‐ Geometric Part 2 – Traffic Surveys RDM 1.2
Design Part 3 – Geometric Design for Highways and Rural RDM 1.3
Roads
Part 4 – Geometric Design for Urban Roads RDM 1.4
2 Road Design Manual: Part 1 – Hydrological Surveys RDM 2.1
Vol 2 ‐ Hydrology and Part 2 – Drainage Design RDM 2.1
Drainage Design
3 Road Design Manual: Part 1 – Material Prospecting and Alignment RDM 3.1
Vol. 3 ‐ Materials and Survey Manual
Pavement Design for Part 2 – Materials Field and Laboratory Testing RDM 3.2
New Roads Manual
Part 3 – Pavement Foundation Design RDM 3.3
Part 4 – Flexible Pavement Design RDM 3.4
Part 5 – Rigid Pavement Design RDM 3.5
4 Road Design Manual: Part 1 – Bridge and Culvert Design RDM 4.1
Vol. 4 ‐ Bridges and Part 2 – Retaining Structures Design RDM 4.2
Retaining Structures Part 3 – Bridge Condition Survey RDM 4.3
Design Part 4 – Bridge Maintenance Design RDM 4.4
5 Road Design Manual: Part 1 – Pavement Condition Survey RDM 5.1
Vol 5 – Pavement Part 2 – Pavement Maintenance, Rehabilitation RDM 5.2
Maintenance, and Overlay Design
Rehabilitation and
Overlay Design
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Vol Manual Title Part Name Part/Code

6 Road Design Manual: Part 1 – Road Marking RDM 6.1
Vol. 6 ‐ Traffic Control Part 2 – Traffic Signs RDM 6.2
Facilities and Part 3 – Traffic Signals and Communication System RDM 6.3
Communication Systems Part 4 – Other Traffic Control Devices RDM 6.4
Design
7 Road Design Manual: Part 1 – Grid‐connected Road Lighting RDM 7.1
Vol. 7 ‐ Road Lighting Part 2 – Solar Road Lighting RDM 7.2
Design

8.7.4 Gap analysis – Final proposed manual structure and coding for RDM and other
priority support manuals
Table 8‐12 below shows the results of a gap analysis exercise that compared the proposed
new road manual system given in Table 8‐10 to the existing system. The mapping of the
existing manuals to the new system pointed to the need for new manuals to cater for various
project cycle stages.
Relevant to the current project, and in summary, the following new and stand‐alone pre‐
design manuals are priority requirements that augment the RDM system:
1) Procedures and Standards Manual.
2) Network and Project Planning Manual.
3) Project Appraisal Manual.
Table 8‐12: Gap analysis – Final proposed manual system compared to Kenya’s current
manuals structure
Code Vol Proposed Manual Remarks
PSM Procedure and Standards Manual does not exist as a stand‐alone
Manual comprehensive document.
The code will guide users on road provision policies,
manuals, guidelines, procedures, processes and
standards; will be a quick reference document.
Sketchy information exists for incorporation into
the new proposed manual.
NPM Network and Project Planning Manual does not exist as a stand‐alone
Manual comprehensive document.
The proposed new manual will attend to corridor
planning, overall road network planning and
determination of capacity of highways. Available
content indicated in this table will assist in
formulation of new manual, notwithstanding that
the information is not comprehensive.
PAM Project Appraisal Manual Manual does not exist as a stand‐alone
comprehensive document.
Manual will cover the entire process of undertaking
feasibility studies. It will include project and
programme appraisal procedures.
Manual will include guidance on how road projects
should apply and comply with NEMA guidelines and
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Code Vol Proposed Manual Remarks

standards and OSHA regulations in Kenya. Will
provide guidance tailor‐made for roads on
environmental impact assessment as well as social
impact assessment. ESIA management processes
will also be defined.
RDM 1 Road Design Manual: Vol. 1 ‐ Substantial information available in approved and
Geometric Design draft formats to feed into manual update.
RDM 2 Road Design Manual: Vol 2 ‐ Substantial information available in draft to feed
Hydrology and Drainage Design into manual update.
RDM 3 Road Design Manual: Vol. 3 ‐ Substantial information available in draft to feed
Materials and Pavement Design into manual update of design of flexible
for New Roads pavements. Information of rigid pavement is
inadequate.
RDM 4 Road Design Manual: Vol. 4 ‐ Some limited information available in draft to feed
Bridges and Retaining into manual update.
Structures Design Manual to include design of high embankments and
deep cuts, slope stability analysis and design,
design of bridge foundations, design of retaining
walls. Careful rationalization will be required in
adoption of international standards as Kenyan
standards. Eg adoption of the Eurocode and
AASHTO standards.
RDM 5 Road Design Manual: Vol 5 – The EGIS draft on the subject is relatively
Pavement Maintenance, inadequate and will call for a complete re‐write.
Rehabilitation and Overlay
Design
RDM 6 Road Design Manual: Vol. 6 ‐ Significant information available in the existing
Traffic Control Facilities and document for incorporation into updates.
Communication Systems
Design
RDM 7 Road Design Manual: Vol. 7 ‐ Some information available in the draft for
Road Lighting Design incorporation into update. Significant effort will be
required to incorporate the electrical design details
into the manual.

8.7.5 Proposed standard specification structure

Table 8‐13 shows the overall new Kenya SRBC structure as proposed by the TTF following
extensive deliberations.
Detailed contents of the same are given in Appendix G.
This TTF proposed SRBC structure, which was found acceptable by the TAs, is recommended
for adoption by the NSC.
Table 8‐13: Final proposed new SRBC structure
Series Title
1000 General
2000 Drainage
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3000 Earthworks
4000 Natural, Crushed Stone and Stabilized Materials in Pavement
Layers
5000 Bituminous Surface Treatments, Seals and Pavement Layers
6000 Concrete Layers and Modular Paving
7000 Structures
8000 Ancillary Roadworks
9000 Environmental, Health, Safety and Social Aspects
Appendices

The proposed structure has the following key characteristics:

1) It is a system with a maximum of nine (9) Series (i.e., Series 1000 to Series 9000) and
several Clauses under each Series.
2) The Clauses will be organised to reflect the sequence in which work is carried out on
projects.
3) Key new matters now to be included in the new specification, amongst others, are:
a) Land acquisition and services.
b) Environmental protection and waste disposal.
c) Resettlement and compensation of project affect parties.
d) Traffic management and work zone safety
e) Contractor designed works.
f) Measurement aspects on PPP projects.
g) Rigid pavements.
h) Hydraulically bound granular materials.
i) Bitumen stabilised granular materials.
j) Repair of granular and bituminous pavement layers.
k) Repair and rehabilitation of bridges.
l) Pre‐stressed and post‐tensioned concrete.

8.7.6 Gap analysis – final proposed standard specification structure

Table 8‐14, for completeness, presents the results of a gap analysis exercise on the proposed
standard specification structure compared to the 2009 EGIS Draft Specification that was
previously indicated in Table 8‐4.
In general, most the proposed content for series of the new SRBC exist under the 2009 EGIS
Draft and the content will be rearranged and improved as necessary. The existing and
approved Kenya specification has served well over the years and contains aspects
considered as beneficial to Kenya and these will be incorporated into the updated
specification.

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Table 8‐14: Gap analysis – EGIS draft vs final proposed standard specification
Series Title Series Remarks
Exist in
2009
Draft?
1000 General Yes
2000 Drainage Yes
3000 Earthworks Yes Ground improvement will be catered for
under this series.
4000 Natural, Crushes Stone and Yes To include:
Stabilized Materials Pavement • Hand‐packed stone.
Layers • Bitumen stabilised material.
5000 Bituminous Surface Treatments, Yes
Seals and Pavement Layers
6000 Concrete Layers and Modular Yes To be more comprehensive and cater
Paving for:
• Paver laid concrete.
• Formwork laid concrete.
7000 Structures Yes To include:
• Non‐intrusive bridge inspections.
• Structural repairs.
• Earth‐reinforced structures.
• Pre‐stressed and post‐tensioned
concrete.
8000 Ancillary Roadworks Yes
9000 Environmental, Health, Safety No Will be a new stand‐alone section to
and Social Aspects emphasise the importance of the
matters related to preservation of the
environment, enhancement of health
and safety and attention to poverty,
gender equality and social inclusion.

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9 Final Recommended Kenya RDM and SRBC Structure and

Coding

9.1 Background
This section presents the final recommendations for structure and coding of both the RDM
and SRBC. This incorporates all agreed changes following consultations with, and
recommendations from, the TTF and TA’s. Contents of this section will be presented to the
NSC for approval. The recommendations follow on the TTF’s submission of Technical Note
No. 2 to the TAs. The said Technical Note No. 2 is given in Appendix K to this report.

9.2 The Road Manual (RM) system

In line with the comments by the TTF and TAs over the entire consultation period, it is
recommended that Kenya adopts a roads manual system that recognises the various stages
of the project cycle.
The Road Design Manual will then be part of a set Roads Manual system made up of various
manuals, some of which have a bearing on road design. The proposed Road Manual system
will consist of manuals listed in Table 9‐1 below.
Table 9‐1: Proposed new Road Manual (RM) system for Kenya
Project Cycle Stage Manual: Volume or Part/Chapter Code Status

A. General Procedures and Standards Manual PSM

7. General Not developed
8. Policies Not developed
9. Procedures Guidance Not developed
10. Codes of Practice Not developed
11. Guidelines Not developed
12. Product/Testing Standards Partially developed

B. Planning Network and Project Planning Manual NPM

6. Road Classification Partially developed
7. Route/Corridor Planning Not developed
8. Roadside Development and Control Not developed
9. Highway Capacity Not developed
10. Project Planning Not developed

C. Appraisal Project Appraisal Manual PAM

7. Environmental Impact Assessment and Not developed
Audit
8. Social Impact Assessment Not developed
9. Traffic Impact Assessment Not developed
10. Road Safety Audits Partially developed
11. Project Appraisal Partially developed
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Project Cycle Stage Manual: Volume or Part/Chapter Code Status

12. Feasibility Studies Partially developed

D. Design Road Design Manual RDM

8. Geometric Design Partially developed
9. Hydrology and Drainage Design Partially developed
10. Materials and Pavement Design for New Partially developed
Roads
11. Bridges and Retaining Structures Design Partially developed
12. Pavement Maintenance, Rehabilitation Partially developed
and Overlay Design
13. Traffic Control Facilities and Partially developed
Communication Systems Design
14. Road Lighting Design Partially developed

E. Contracts Works and Services Contracts Manual WSCM

5. Forms of Contracts Partially developed
6. Standard Specification for Road and Partially developed
Bridge Construction
7. Bills of Quantities Partially developed
8. Standard/Typical Drawings Partially developed

F. Construction Road Construction Manual RCM

6. Construction Management Not developed
7. Project Management Partially developed
8. Site Supervision Not developed
9. Quality Assurance Not developed
10. Quality Control Not developed

G. Maintenance Road Asset Management Manual RAMM

5. Maintenance Management Partially developed
6. General Maintenance Partially developed
7. Pavement Maintenance Partially developed
8. Bridges and Structures Maintenance Partially developed

H. Operations Road Operation Manual ROM

5. Traffic Management Partially developed
6. Vehicle Load Control Not developed
7. Emergency Services Not developed
8. Tolling Not developed

I. Monitoring and Monitoring and Evaluation Manual MEM

Evaluation
4. Performance Monitoring Manual Not developed
5. Technical Audits Not developed
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Project Cycle Stage Manual: Volume or Part/Chapter Code Status

6. Poverty, Gender Equality and Social Not developed

Inclusion Monitoring

9.3 Final proposed revised road and bridges design manual structure and
coding
After consideration of proposals by the Consultant, the TTF and TAs as detailed in this report,
it is recommended that the final proposed structure and coding for the RDM as given in
Table 9‐2 be presented to the NSC for approval.
Table 9‐2: Final proposed revised new RDM system for Kenya
Vol Manual Title Part Name Part/Code
1 Road Design Manual: Part 1 – Topographic Survey RDM 1.1
Vol. 1 ‐ Geometric Part 2 – Traffic Surveys RDM 1.2
Design Part 3 – Geometric Design RDM 1.3
2 Road Design Manual: Part 1 – Hydrological Surveys RDM 2.1
Vol 2 ‐ Hydrology and Part 2 – Drainage Design RDM 2.1
Drainage Design
3 Road Design Manual: Part 1 – Material Prospecting and Alignment RDM 3.1
Vol. 3 ‐ Materials and Survey Manual
Pavement Design for Part 2 – Materials Field and Laboratory Testing RDM 3.2
New Roads Manual
Part 3 – Pavement Foundation Design RDM 3.3
Part 4 – Flexible Pavement Design RDM 3.4
Part 5 – Rigid Pavement Design RDM 3.5
4 Road Design Manual: Part 1 – Bridge and Culvert Design RDM 4.1
Vol. 4 ‐ Bridges and Part 2 – Retaining Structures Design RDM 4.2
Retaining Structures Part 3 – Bridge Condition Survey RDM 4.3
Design Part 4 – Bridge Maintenance Design RDM 4.4
5 Road Design Manual: Part 1 – Pavement Condition Survey RDM 5.1
Vol 5 – Pavement Part 2 – Pavement Maintenance, Rehabilitation RDM 5.2
Maintenance, and Overlay Design
Rehabilitation and
Overlay Design
6 Road Design Manual: Part 1 – Road Marking RDM 6.1
Vol. 6 ‐ Traffic Control Part 2 – Traffic Signs RDM 6.2
Facilities and Part 3 – Traffic Signals and Communication System RDM 6.3
Communication Systems Part 4 – Other Traffic Control Devices RDM 6.4
Design
7 Road Design Manual: Part 1 – Grid‐connected Road Lighting RDM 7.1
Vol. 7 ‐ Road Lighting Part 2 – Solar Road Lighting RDM 7.2
Design

9.4 Final proposed standard specification structure

Table 9‐4 shows the overall new Kenya SRBC structure as proposed by the TTF following
extensive deliberations.

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Detailed contents of the same are given in Appendix G.

Table 9‐4: Final proposed new SRBC structure
Series Title
1000 General
2000 Drainage
3000 Earthworks
4000 Natural, Crushed Stone and Stabilized Materials in Pavement
Layers
5000 Bituminous Surface Treatments, Seals and Pavement Layers
6000 Concrete Layers and Modular Paving
7000 Structures
8000 Ancillary Roadworks
9000 Environmental, Health, Safety and Social Aspects
Appendices

9.5 Gap analysis for Road Manual, Road Design Manual and SRBC
Reference shall be made to Chapter 8 for detailed gap analysis between the current manual
and SRBC structure and coding system, compared to the new proposed system.
The analysis made in the mentioned chapter applies to the final recommendations
presented in this Chapter 9.

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10 Contractual Implications of RDM and SRBC Structure Changes

10.1 Background
This chapter presents the contractual implications of the final recommendations for
structure and coding both the RDM and SRBC. The changes call for drafting of certain new
manuals under the proposed Road Manual system.

10.2 Definition of extra scope for RDM and priority support manuals
Following the consultative process detailed in this report, the recommended final manual
structure will result in the need to draft new manual.
Table 10‐1 below indicates the extent of the extra scope of work for production of manuals
covering the project cycle stages from project initiation to end of the detailed design process
only. Manuals that are part of pre‐design stages are viewed as priority documents and hence
have been included in this analysis.
Table 10‐1: Definition of scope of work coverage under Consultant’s contract
Code Vol Manual Title Part Name Scope change
PSM Procedure and Part 1 ‐ General Out of scope/new manual
Standards Manual Part 2 ‐ Policies Out of scope/new manual
Part 3 ‐ Procedures Guidance Out of scope/new manual
Part 4 ‐ Codes of Practice Out of scope/new manual
Guideline
Part 5 ‐ Product/Testing Standards Out of scope/new manual
NPM Network and Part 1 ‐ Road Classification Out of scope/new manual
Project Planning Part 2 ‐ Route/Corridor Planning Out of scope/new manual
Manual Part 3 – Roadside Development Out of scope/new manual
and Control
Part 4 – Highway Capacity Out of scope/new manual
Part 5 ‐ Project Planning Out of scope/new manual
PAM Project Appraisal Part 1 ‐ Environmental Impact Out of scope/new manual
Manual Assessment and Audit
Part 2 ‐ Social Impact Assessment Out of scope/new manual
Part 3 ‐ Traffic Impact Assessment Out of scope/new manual
Part 4 ‐ Road Safety Audits No change
Part 5 ‐ Feasibility Studies Out of scope/new manual
RDM 1 Road Design Part 1 – Topographic Survey No change of scope
Manual: Vol. 1 ‐ Part 2 – Traffic Surveys No change of scope
Geometric Design Part 3 – Geometric Design for No change of scope
Highways and Rural Roads
Part 4 – Geometric Design for No change of scope
Urban Roads
RDM 2 Road Design Part 1 – Hydrology No change of scope
Manual: Vol 2 ‐ Part 2 – Drainage Design No change of scope
Hydrology and
Drainage Design

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Code Vol Manual Title Part Name Scope change

RDM 3 Road Design Part 1 – Material Prospecting and No change of scope
Manual: Vol. 3 ‐ Alignment Survey Manual
Materials and Part 2 – Materials Field and No change of scope
Pavement Design Laboratory Testing Manual
for New Roads Part 3 – Pavement Foundation No change of scope
Design
Part 4 – Flexible Pavement Design No change of scope
Part 5 – Rigid Pavements Design No change of scope
RDM 4 Road Design Part 1 – Bridge and Culvert Design No change of scope
Manual: Vol. 4 ‐ Part 2 – Retaining Structures No change of scope
Bridges and Design
Retaining Part 3 – Bridge Condition Survey Out of scope/new manual
Structures Design Part 4 – Bridge Maintenance Out of scope/new manual
Design
RDM 5 Road Design Part 1 – Pavement Condition No change of scope
Manual: Vol 5 – Survey
Pavement Part 2 – Pavement Maintenance, No change of scope
Maintenance, Rehabilitation and Overlay Design
Rehabilitation and
Overlay Design
RDM 6 Road Design Part 1 – Road Marking No change of scope
Manual: Vol. 6 ‐ Part 2 – Traffic Signs No change of scope
Traffic Control Part 3 – Traffic Signals and No change of scope
Facilities and Communication Systems
Communication Part 4 – Other Traffic Control No change of scope
Systems Design Devices
RDM 7 Road Design Part 1 – Grid‐connected Road No change of scope
Manual: Vol. 7 ‐ Lighting
Road Lighting Part 2 – Solar Road Lighting No change of scope
Design

10.3 Input and financial implications of out‐of‐scope manuals

10.3.1 Overview
The extra scope identified above will call for extra resources to be provided for the
engagement of extra experts to undertake drafting of the new manuals that are indicated
as being out of scope in Table 10‐1 above and are seen as priority manuals that support the
design process.
These are:
1) Procedure and Standards Manual (PSM).
2) Network and Project Planning Manual (NPM).
3) Project Appraisal Manual (PAM).
4) Bridges and Retaining Structures Design – Parts 3: Bridge Condition Survey and Part
4: Bridge Maintenance.

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10.3.2 Resource requirements for increased scope and new priority pre‐design
manuals
The extent of time input by experts and estimated direct and indirect costs, for out of scope
manuals related to the project cycle stages up the end of the design process, will be as
follows:
1) Total extra time input required for new scope/manuals: 41 man‐months.
2) Indicative Cost: GBP £810,000 (this figure does not include direct & indirect local
taxes, or provisional sums (for workshops etc.)). The final price will depend on the
deliverables required, the level of stakeholder engagement (workshops) as well as
training.
3) Time required: 13 months excluding training.

10.4 Procurement options for extra scope

In terms of Section 139 of the Public Procurement and Asset Disposal Act, 2015, the manuals
identified as out of scope of the original contract will need to be delivered under a new
contract. This is due to the additional cost exceeding the 25% allowable variation on the
original contract price. The Project Coordinator will need to recommend a way forward for
these manuals.

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11 Next Steps
The draft of this report was a working document that facilitated discussion amongst the
Consultant, the TTF and TAs towards coming up with an agreed recommendations for a new
manual system and coding for Kenya.
This Final Preliminary Review Report will be presented to the NSC for approval. The TAs,
assisted by the TTF and the Consultant, will make the presentation.
On approval of the Preliminary Review Report by the NSC, indicating agreement on the new
Manual Structure and Coding System, the Consultant will proceed with finalising and
presenting the Draft Review Report.
The Draft Review Report will detail the status of the technical content of the manuals and
specification that is in current use, identify gaps and propose how the same will be attended
to in the manual and specification updating process.

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Appendix A Lists of Existing Manuals and 2009 Drafts

ANNEX 1A: ROAD DESIGN MANUAL

Part Manual Status Publication Received KeNHA

Date comments
17/01/22
i.
Geometric Design of Rural Roads Approved Jan 1979 Y
ii.
Geometric Design of Urban Roads Proposed ‐ ‐
iii.
Materials and Pavement Design for Approved Aug 1987 Y
New Roads
iv.
Bridge Design: Original Y Availed an
required update draft
published in
November 1989
 Bridge Design
Draft Jan 1982 Y
 Hydraulic Design of
Draft 1983 Y
Drainage Structures
v.
Pavement Rehabilitation and Draft May 1988 Y
Overlay Design

ANNEX 1B: DOCUMENTS COMPLEMENTING THE ROAD DESIGN MANUAL

No. Manual Status Publication Received
Date
Standard Designs for Small Approved 1987 Y
Concrete Drainage Structures:
Part I: Standard Small Span
Concrete Bridges Part II: Standard Y
concrete box culverts

Road Design Guidelines for Urban Draft Aug 2001 Y

Roads (Geometric Design of
Urban Roads)
PDG 1 Pavement Design Guidelines for Approved April 2017 Y
Low Volume Sealed Roads
Street Design Manual for Urban Draft April 2019 Y
Areas in Kenya

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ANNEX 1C: OTHER DOCUMENTS/MANUALS

1. Manual on Traffic Control Devices
Part Manual Description Status Publication Received KeNHA
Date comments
17/01/2022
Road Marking Draft 1972 Y – hard Availed a clearer
i.
copy copy
required
Traffic Signs in Kenya Draft 1975 Y
ii.

Traffic Signals Proposed

iii.

Other Traffic Control and Road Proposed

iv.
Safety Devices

2. Road Maintenance Manuals

Part Manual Description Status Publication Received KeNHA
Date comments
17/01/22
Road Maintenance Manual Approved 20104 Y

Minor Roads Programme Approved 1989 Y Availed

Technical and Maintenance drafts of the
Manual technical
manual of
1987 and
maintenance
manual of
1988
The manuals
were
incorporated
into the
Roads 2000
manual
published
2008
Roads 2000 Operations Manual Approved 2008 Y

4. Manual on Roadside Development and Control

Proposed but not drafted.
5. Highway Capacity
Proposed but not drafted.
6. Manual on the Form and Layout of Road Design Plans and Reports
Proposed but not drafted.
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ANNEX 1D. STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR ROAD AND BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION

Received
B. STANDARD SPECIFICATION FOR ROAD AND BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION The 1986 Y
current Standard specification for Road and Bridge Construction was published
in 1986. It is divided into sections, parts and clauses

ANNEX 2:
LIST OF DRAFT ROAD MANUALS AND STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FROM RDM
REVIEW OF 2009
A. Road Design Manual

Part Manual Description Received KeNHA comment

a) Geometric Design
1 Y
b) Road Safety Audits
Y
c) Traffic Surveys
Y

2 Drainage Design Y

3 Materials and Pavement Design – New Gravel, Y

Bituminous and Concrete Roads

4 Materials and Pavement Design – Overlay and Asphalt Y

Pavement Rehabilitation

5 Traffic Controls Devices

a) Traffic Signs
Y
b) Road Marking
Y
c) Traffic Signals
Y
d) Street Lighting
N Proposed but not yet
drafted
a) Bridge and Culvert Design
6 Y
b) Catalogue of Drawings
Y
i. Standard Culverts and Drifts
ii. Standard Concrete Box Culverts –
N Not available
Schedules and Quantities
iii. Standard Small Span Concrete Bridges
Y
iv. Standard Structures
N Not available

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B. Standard Specifications
The Draft proposed Standard Specification divided in seven SERIES as follows:
SERIES 1000: General
SERIES 2000: Drainage
SERIES 3000: Earthworks and Pavement Layers of Gravel or Crushed Stone
SERIES 4000: Bituminous Layers and Seals
SERIES 5000: Ancillary Roadworks
SERIES 6000: Structures
SERIES 7000: Tolerances, Testing and Quality Control
.

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Appendix B International System Example: Australia

The Guide to Asset Management comprises:
Part 1: Introduction
Part 2: Managing Asset Management
Part 3: Scope of Asset Management
Part 4: Customer Needs, Expectations, and Levels of Service
Part 5: Strategic Approach to Managing Road Networks
Part 6: Defining and Understanding Asset Requirements
Part 7: Program Development and Implementation
Part 8: Financial Management
Part 9: Asset Information Management Systems and Data
Part 10: Implementation and Improvement
Part 11: Techniques to Reduce Social and Environmental Impacts
Part 12: Pavements
Part 13: Structures
Part 14: Other Assets
Part 15: Technical Supplements

The Guide to Bridge Technology comprises:

Part 1: Introduction and Bridge Performance
Part 2: Materials
Part 3: Typical Superstructures, Substructures, and Components
Part 4: Design Procurement and Concept Design
Part 5: Structural Drafting
Part 6: Bridge Construction
Part 7: Maintenance and Management of Existing Bridges
Part 8: Hydraulic Design of Waterway Structures

The Guide to Project Delivery comprises:

Part 1: Overview
Part 2: Project Delivery Planning and Control
Part 3: Contract Management

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Part 4: Direct Management and Construction

Part 5: Road Construction Quality Assurance

The Guide to Pavement Technology comprises:

Part 1: Introduction to Pavement Technology
Part 2: Pavement Structural Design
Part 3: Pavement Surfacing’s
Part 4: Pavement Materials
Part 4A: Granular Base and Sub Base Materials
Part 4B: Asphalt
Part 4C: Materials for Concrete Road Pavements
Part 4D: Stabilised Materials
Part 4E: Recycled Materials
Part 4F: Bituminous Binders
Part 4G: Geotextiles and Geogrids
Part 4I: Earthworks Materials
Part 4J: Aggregate and Source Rock
Part 4K: Seals
Part 4L: Stabilising Binders
Part 5: Pavement Evaluation and Treatment Design
Part 6: Unsealed Pavements
Part 7: Pavement Maintenance
Part 8: Pavement Construction
Part 10: Sub‐Surface Drainage

The Guide to Road Design comprises:

Part 1: Objectives of Road Design
Part 2: Network Wide Design (under development)
Part 3: Geometric Design
Part 4: Intersections and Crossings ‐ General
Part 4A: Unsignalized and Signalised Intersections
Part 4B: Roundabouts
Part 4C: Interchanges

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Part 5: Drainage – General and Hydrology Considerations

Part 5A: Drainage – Road Surface, Networks, Basins, and Subsurface
Part 5B: Drainage: Open Channels, Culverts, and Floodways’
Part 6: Roadside Design, Safety and Barriers
Part 6A: Pedestrian and Cyclist Paths
Part 6B: Roadside Environment
Part 7: New and Emerging Treatments

The Guide to Road Safety comprises:

Part 1: Introduction and the Safe System
Part 2: Safe Roads
Part 3: Safe Speed
Part 4: Safe People
Part 5: Safe Vehicles
Part 6: Road Safety Audit
Part 7: Road Safety Strategy and Management

The Guide to Road Tunnels comprises:

Part 1: Introduction to Road Tunnels
Part 2: Planning, Design, and Commissioning
Part 3: Operation and Maintenance
Part 4: Retrofitting Tunnels

The Guide to Traffic Management comprises:

Part 1: Introduction to the Guide to Traffic Management
Part 2: Traffic Theory Concepts
Part 3: Transport Study and Analysis Methods
Part 4: Network Management Strategies
Part 5: Link Management
Part 6: Intersections, Interchanges and Crossings Management
Part 7: Activity Centre Transport Management
Part 8: Local Street Management
Part 9: Transport Control Systems – Strategies and Operations

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Part 10: Transport Control – Types of Devices

Part 11: Parking Management Techniques
Part 12: Integrated Transport Assessments for Developments
Part 13: Safe System Approach to Transport Management

The AGTTM comprises:

Part 1: Introduction
Part 2: Traffic Management Planning
Part 3: Static Worksites
Part 4: Mobile Works
Part 5: Short Term Low Impact Worksites
Part 6: Field Staff – Implementation and Operation
Part 7: Traffic Controllers
Part 8: Processes and Procedures
Part 9: Sample Layouts
Part 10: Supporting Guidance

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Appendix C International System Example: India

Packing&
Code/ Title of the Publication
Price Postage
S No DocumentNo. (Titles given in bold types have been Just
(Rs.) Charges
Published)
(Rs.)

I. IRC SPECIFICATIONS, STANDARDS, DESIGN CODES

Route Marker Signs for National Highways

1 IRC:2‐1968 80 20
(FirstRevision)
Dimensions & Weights of Road Design Vehicles
2 IRC:3‐1983 80 20
(FirstRevision)
Standard Specifications and Code of Practice for Road
3 IRC:5‐2015 Bridges, Section I – General Features of Design (Eighth 470 40
Revision)
Standard Specifications and Code of Practice
4 IRC:6‐2017 forRoad Bridges, Section‐II Loads and Load 1000 40
Combinations (Seventh Revision)
Recommended Practice for Numbering
5 IRC:7‐2017 100 20
Culverts,Bridges and Tunnels
(Second Revision)
Type Designs for Highway Kilometre Stones
6 IRC:8‐1980 80 20
(SecondRevision)
7 IRC:9‐1972 Traffic Census on Non‐Urban Roads (First Revision) 80 20
Recommended Practice for Borrowpits for Amalgamated with
8 IRC:10‐1961
Road Embankments Constructed by Manual IRC:36‐2010
Operation
Recommended Practice for the Design and
9 IRC:11‐2015 400 40
Layout ofCycle Tracks (First Revision)
Unified Guidelines for Access Permission to Fuel
Stations, Private Properties, Rest Area Complexes
10 IRC:12‐2016 300 20
andSuch Other Facilities Along National Highways
(FourthRevision)
Recommended Practice for Open Graded Premix
11 IRC:14‐2004 100 20
Carpets(Third Revision)
Code of Practice for Construction of Jointed Plain
12 IRC:15‐2017 1000 40
Concrete Pavements (Fifth Revision)

13 IRC:16‐2008 Standard Specifications and Code of Practice for 80 20

Primeand Tack Coat (Second Revision)

Lateral and Vertical Clearances at Underpasses

51 IRC:54‐1974 80 20
forVehicular Traffic

52 IRC:55‐1974 Recommended Practice for Sand‐Bitumen Base Courses 60 20

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Recommended Practices for Treatment of

53 IRC:56‐2011 600 40
Embankmentand Roadside Slopes for Erosion Control
(First Revision)
Recommended Practice for Sealing of Joints
54 IRC:57‐2018 300 20
inConcrete Pavements (Second Revision)

55 IRC:58‐2015 Guidelines for the Design of Plain Jointed Rigid 868 40

Pavements for Highways (Fourth Revision) (with
CD)
Tentative Guidelines for the Design of Gap Amalgamated with
56 IRC:59‐1976
GradedCement Concrete Mixes for Road IRC:44‐2008
Pavements

57 IRC:60‐1976 Tentative Guidelines for the Use of Lime‐ Fly 60 20

AshConcrete as Pavement Base or Sub‐Base

Tentative Guidelines for the Construction of Amalgamated with

58 IRC:61‐1976
CementConcrete Pavements in Hot Weather IRC:15‐2011
59 IRC:62‐1976 Guidelines for Control of Access of Highways 80 20
Tentative Guidelines for the Use of Low Grade
60 IRC:63‐1976 Aggregates and Soil Aggregates Mixtures in Road 60 20
Pavement Construction
Guidelines for Capacity of Roads in Rural Areas
61 IRC:64‐1990 80 20
(FirstRevision)
Guidelines for Planning and Design of Roundabouts
62 IRC:65‐2017 400 20
(First Revision)
Recommended Practice for Sight Distance on
63 IRC:66‐1976 80 20
RuralHighways (First Revision)

64 IRC:67‐2012 Code of Practice for Road Signs (Third Revision) 1350 40

Tentative Guidelines on Cement‐Fly Ash Concrete Amalgamated with

65 IRC:68‐1976
forRigid Pavement Construction IRC:44‐2008
66 IRC:69‐1977 Space Standards for Roads in Urban Areas 60 20
Guidelines on Regulation and Control of Mixed Traffic
67 IRC:70‐2017 400 40
in Urban Areas (First Revision)
68 IRC:71‐1977 Recommended Practice for Preparation of Notations 125 20
Recommended Practice for Use and Upkeep of
69 IRC:72‐1978 Equipment, Tools and Appliances for Bituminous 60 20
Pavement Construction
Geometric Design Standards for Rural (Non‐
70 IRC:73‐1980 120 20
Urban)Highways

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Appendix D International System Example: South Africa

TMH Documents
TMH 3 Traffic Monitoring Services CD 2
TMH 8 Traffic Monitoring Procedures CD2
TMH 9 Manual for Visual Assessment of Road Pavements ‐ Part A General
TMH 9 Manual for Visual Assessment of Road Pavements ‐ Part B Flexible
TMH 9 Manual for Visual Assessment of Road Pavements ‐ Part C Concrete
TMH 9 Manual for Visual Assessment of Road Pavements ‐ Part D Block
TMH 9 Manual for Visual Assessment of Road Pavements ‐ Part E Unpaved
TMH 13 Automated Road Condition Assessments ‐ Part B Positioning
TMH 13 Automated Road Condition Assessments ‐ Part C Roughness
TMH 13 Automated Road Condition Assessments Part D: Rutting
TMH 13 Automated Road Condition Assessments Part E: Skid Resistance and Texture
TMH 13 Automated Road Condition Assessments: Part F: Surface Deflection
TMH 14 South African Standard Traffic Data Collection Format
TMH 18 Road Asset Data Electronic Exchange Formats
TMH 19 Manual for the Visual Assessment of Road Structure: Part A: Road Structure
Management
TMH 19 Manual for the Visual Assessment of Road Structure: Part B: Visual Assessment
Guide
TMH 19 Part A: Manual for the Visual assessment of Road Structures
Draft TMH 22 Road Asset Management Manual

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TRH Series

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Appendix E International System Example: United Kingdom

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The DMRB is provided in the form of several Codes for different key categories of road
provision and management listed below:
1. General Principles and Scheme Governance
Examples:
GD 300 ‐ Requirements for new and upgraded all‐purpose trunk roads (expressways)
GD 301 ‐ Smart motorways
GD 304 ‐ Designing health and safety into maintenance
GG 101 ‐ Introduction to the Design Manual for Roads and Bridges
GG 103 ‐ Introduction and general requirements for sustainable development and design
GM 701 ‐ Asset delivery and asset maintenance requirements
GM 704 ‐ Operational requirements for severe weather
2. Sustainability and Environment
Examples
LA 101 ‐ Introduction to environmental assessment
LA 102 ‐ Screening projects for Environmental Impact Assessment
LA 107 ‐ Landscape and visual effects
LA 114 ‐ Climate
LD 119 ‐ Roadside environmental mitigation and enhancement
3. Road Layout
Examples
CA 185 ‐ Vehicle speed measurement
CD 109 ‐ Highway link design
CD 116 ‐ Geometric design of roundabouts
CD 122 ‐ Geometric design of grade‐separated junctions
CG 153 ‐ Traffic signs to retail destinations and exhibition centers
CM 125 ‐ Maintenance of traffic signs
4. Pavement
Examples
CD 224 ‐ Traffic assessment
CD 225 ‐ Design for new pavement foundations
CD 226 ‐ Design for new pavement construction
CS 229 ‐ Data for pavement assessment

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5. Highway Structures and Bridges

Examples:
BD 97/12 ‐ The Assessment of Scour and Other Hydraulic Actions at Highway Structures
CD 350 ‐ The design of highway structures
CD 355 ‐ Application of whole‐life costs for design and maintenance of highway structures
CD 357 ‐ Bridge expansion joints
CG 300 ‐ Technical approval of highway structures
CM 430 ‐ Maintenance of road tunnels
CS 451 ‐ Structural review and assessment of highway structures
6. Drainage
Examples
CD 521 ‐ Hydraulic design of road edge surface water channels and outlets
CD 529 ‐ Design of outfall and culvert details
CG 501 ‐ Design of highway drainage systems
CS 551 ‐ Drainage surveys

7. Geotechnics
Examples:
CD 622 ‐ Managing geotechnical risk
CS 641 ‐ Managing the maintenance of highway geotechnical assets

8. Control and Communication Technology

Examples:
TA 101 ‐ Traffic signalling systems (appraisal)
TD 101 ‐ Traffic signalling systems
TD 131 ‐ Roadside technology and communications
TG 411 ‐ Electricity supply connections
TM 101 ‐ Traffic signalling systems (maintenance and operation)
TS 101 ‐ Traffic signalling systems (inspection and assessment)

9. Road Lighting
Examples:
TD 501 ‐ Road lighting design

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TM 501 ‐ Road lighting maintenance

TS 501 ‐ Road lighting inspection

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Appendix F Draft Tables of Content of TTF Proposed Manuals

Volume 1: Code of Procedure and Standards
Chapter Content Sub‐heading
Preface
Definitions
Chapter 1 Introduction Structure of Manual
Purpose of Roads Manual
Design Policy
Design Process Overview
Key Decision Points
Roles and Responsibilities
Pre‐design Activities
Quality Assurance
Chapter 2 Procedures
Chapter 3 Network Planning Requirements
Chapter 4 Environmental Guidelines
Chapter 5 Economic Evaluation Criteria
Chapter 6 Social Guards
Chapter 7 Safety First
Chapter 8 Geometric Standards
Chapter 9 Survey Requirements
Chapter 10 Geotechnical Investigations
Chapter 11 Structural Evaluations
Chapter 12 Hydrology and Hydraulic
Requirements
Chapter 13 Standards
Chapter 14 Drawings
Chapter 15 Reports
References
Appendices

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Volume 2: Network Planning – Part 1 – Road Classification

Chapter Content
Preface
Definitions
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 Legal Framework 1. Acts of Parliament
2. Regulations
Chapter 3 Roads Administration 1. Ministry
2. Road Agencies
3. Counties
4. Urban
Chapter 4 Policies 1. Road Classification and Numbering
Chapter 5 Procedures 1. Road Classes
2. Reclassification
References
Appendices

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Volume 2: Network Planning – Part 2 – Route and Corridor Planning

Chapter Content
Preface
Definitions
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 Legal Framework 1. Acts of Parliament
2. Regulations
Chapter 3 Roads Administration 1. Ministry
2. Road Agencies
3. Counties
4. Urban
Chapter 4 Policies and Procedures 1. Road Classification and Numbering
2. Route Selection
3. Corridor Selection
4. Roadway Cross‐sections
Chapter 5 Network Administration 1. Right of Way Reservation
2. Land Acquisition for Right of Way
3. Relocation Assistance
4. Land Acquisition for Road Building
Materials
5. Compensation of Project Affected
Parties
6. Building Restrictions
7. Utilities
8. Environmental Approvals
References
Appendices

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Volume 2: Network Planning – Part 3 – Feasibility Study

Chapter Content
Preface
Definitions
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 Feasibility Study Principles
Chapter 3 Preliminary Design
Chapter 4 Traffic
Chapter 5 Costs and Benefits
Chapter 6 Network Level Evaluation
Chapter 7 Programme Evaluation
Chapter 8 Project Evaluation
Chapter 9 Reports
References
Appendices

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Volume 3: Environmental and Social Impact Assessment ‐ Part 1 – Environmental Impact

Assessment
Chapter Content
Glossary and Abbreviations
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: Policies, Legal and 1. Policy Provisions
Administrative Frameworks 2. Relevant National Legal Framework
3. International Policies, Guidelines, And
Standards
4. Conventions, Treaties, And Protocols
5. Institutional Framework
Chapter 3: Environmental Assessment 1. Screening
Procedures 2. Scoping
3. Baseline
4. Potential Impacts
5. Alternatives
6. Mitigation Measures
7. Monitoring and Evaluation
Chapter 4: Consultation and Stakeholder 1. Introduction
Involvement 2. Project Stakeholders
3. Stakeholder Mapping
4. Involving Stakeholders
5. Stakeholders Consultation
6. Addressing Stakeholders Concerns
Chapter 5: Environmental Impacts of 1. Physical Environment
Roads and Mitigation 2. Natural Environment
Measures 3. Human Environment
Chapter 6: Environmental Management 1. Roles and Responsibilities
Plan 2. Awareness and Education
3. Environmental Management
4. Impacts Mitigation Plan
5. Environmental Monitoring Plan
6. Emergency Preparedness and Response
Plan
Chapter 7: Reports 1. Project Background
2. Project Justification
3. Rationale of the Project
4. Objectives the EIA Study
5. Scope of Work
6. Approach and Methodology
7. Report Structure
8. Design Concept
9. Project Activities
10. Environmental Management Action Plan
Appendices

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Volume 3: Environmental Impact Assessment ‐ Part 2 – Social Impact Assessment

Chapter Content
Glossary and Abbreviations
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: Policies, Legal and 1. Policy Provisions
Administrative Frameworks 2. Relevant National Legal Framework
3. International Policies, Guidelines, And
Standards
4. Social Impact Management Guidelines
5. Convention, Treaties, And Protocols
6. Institutional Framework
Chapter 3: Baseline Social and Economic 1. Project Boundaries
Conditions 2. Human Environment
3. Cultural Environment
4. Economic Environment
5. Infrastructure and Social Services
6. Land Use and Ownership Patterns
7. Other Development Programmes
8. Cross Cutting Issues
Chapter 4: Consultation and Stakeholder 1. Introduction
Involvement 2. Project Stakeholders
3. Stakeholder Mapping
4. Involving Stakeholders
5. Stakeholders Consultation
6. Addressing Stakeholders Concerns
Chapter 5: Impacts Assessment and 1. Introduction
Identification of Alternatives 2. Mobilization Phase
3. Construction Phase
4. Demobilization Phase
5. Operation Phase
6. Maintenance Phase
7. Health and Safety Related Impacts
8. Other Impacts
9. Alternatives
Chapter 6: Impact Mitigation and 1. Mobilization Phase
Enhancement Measures 2. Construction Phase
3. Demobilization Phase
4. Operation Phase
5. Maintenance Phase
6. Health And Safety Related Impacts
7. Other Impacts
Chapter 7: Social Management Plan 1. Roles and Responsibilities
2. Awareness and Education
3. Social Impact Management
4. Impacts Mitigation Plan
5. Social Impact Monitoring Plan
6. Accompanying Measures
Chapter 8: Reports 1. Project Background
2. Project Justification
3. Rationale of the Project
4. Objectives the SIA Study
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5. Scope of Work
6. Approach and Methodology
7. Report Structure
8. Design Concept
9. Project Activities
10. Land Requirements
11. Land Acquisition and Resettlement Issues
12. Resettlement Action Plan
Appendices

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Volume 4 – Geometric Design ‐ Part 1: Topographic Surveys

Chapter Content
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 Planning Surveys
Chapter 3 Equipment and Software
Chapter 4 Basic Surveys
Chapter 5 Tacheometric/Strip Surveys
Chapter 6 Localised Surveys: Bridges, Culverts, etc
Chapter 7 Large Scale Photogrammetric Strip Surveys
Chapter 8 Digital Terrain Modelling
Chapter 9 Cadastral Surveys
Chapter 10 Data Management
Chapter 11 Data Processing, Analysis and Reporting
Chapter 12 Drawings
Appendices

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Volume 4 – Geometric Design ‐ Part 2 – Traffic Surveys

Chapter Content
Glossary and Abbreviations
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: Traffic Counts 1. Introduction
2. Survey Considerations
3. Vehicle Classification
4. Traffic Survey Methods
5. Planning Traffic Counts
6. Count Procedures
7. Analysis and Reporting of Results
Chapter 3: Origin‐Destination Surveys 1. Introduction
2. Survey Considerations
3. O‐D Survey Procedure
4. Planning O‐D Surveys
5. Conducting O‐D Surveys
6. Analysis and Reporting of Results
Chapter 4: Axle Load Surveys 1. Introduction
2. Survey Considerations
3. Vehicle Classification
4. Equipment
5. Planning Surveys
6. Survey Procedures
7. Analysis and Reporting of Results
Appendices

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Volume 4 – Geometric Design ‐ Part 3: Geometric Design for Highways and Rural Roads
Chapter Content
Geometric design manual
Preface
Acknowledgements
Abbreviations
Glossary of Terms
List of Tables
List of Figures
Chapter 1 Introduction and Scope
Chapter 2 Road Classification and Design Standard
Chapter 3 Design Data Collection and Analysis
Chapter 4 General Design Criteria for Road Alignments
Chapter 5 Design of Cross Section Elements
Chapter 6 Design of Horizontal Alignment
Chapter 7 Design of Vertical Alignment
Chapter 8 Design Standards for Road Alignment
Chapter 9 Phasing of Horizontal and Vertical Alignment
Chapter 10 Design of At‐Grade Intersections
Chapter 11 Roundabouts
Chapter 12 Grade Separated Interchanges
Chapter 13 Additional Safety and Miscellaneous Design Items
Chapter 14 Road Signs, Road Markings and Road Furniture
Chapter 15 Departures from Standards
Chapter 16 References
Appendix A: Design Traffic
Appendix B: Measuring Sight Distance on Plans
Appendix C: Sight Distances at Intersections
Case A: Intersection with no control
Case B: Intersection with stop control
Case C: Intersections with yield control on the minor road
Case D: Intersections with traffic signal control
Case E: Intersections with all‐way Stop control
Case F: Right turns from a major road
Appendix D: Road Friction
Appendix E: Utilities
Appendix F: Compact Grade Separated Interchanges
Appendix G: Passing Sight Distance
Appendix H: Elements of a Circular Curve

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Volume 4 – Geometric Design ‐ Part 4: Geometric Design of Urban Roads

Chapter Content
Abbreviations
Glossary of Terms
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 Urban Planning Considerations 1. Legal framework
2. Road agency roles and
responsibilities
3. Classification of urban roads
4. Functionality of urban roads
5. Link to planned developments
6. Environmental considerations
7. Social inclusion
8. Gender equality
Chapter 3 Design Criteria
Chapter 4 Road Capacity
Chapter 5 Traffic Growth and Assessment
Chapter 6 Roadway Definition
Chapter 7 Design of Geometric Elements
Chapter 8 Parking, Lay‐byes and Bus Stops
Chapter 9 Footpaths and Pedestrian Crossings
Chapter 10 Provision for NMTs
Chapter 11 Design of At‐Grade Intersections
Chapter 12 Roundabouts
Chapter 13 Grade Separated Interchanges
Chapter 14 Traffic Signals
Chapter 15 Road Signs and Hoardings
Chapter 16 Road Markings
Chapter 17 Road Furniture
Chapter 18 Street Lighting
Chapter 19 Provision for Services
Bibliography
Appendices

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Volume 5: Geotechnical Design ‐ Part 1 – Geotechnical Investigations

Chapter Title Key Contents
Chapter 1 General Introductions, definitions,
classification of materials, sampling
and investigations for feasibility
studies, sampling and investigations
for detailed design.
Chapter 2 Prospecting Methods of prospecting, choice of
methods, key considerations for
prospecting, equipment and tools,
test‐pits, frequency and pattern of
test‐pits, mass of sample required.
Chapter 3 Sampling from alignments Sampling for new alignments,
sampling from existing pavement
layers. Sampling intervals, numbers,
and depths, mass of sample
required.
Chapter 4 Sampling from borrow‐pits Principles of random sampling,
mass of sample required, frequency
of sampling.
Chapter 5 Sampling from stockpiles and Principles of random sampling,
quarries mass of sample required, frequency
of sampling. segregation.
Chapter 6 Sampling and investigation for Augering, SPT, DPL, Boring, slope
deep structure foundations stability samples. Geophysical
methods.
Chapter 7 Standard Methods of Testing List of applicable standard test
methods to be used with the
manual and specifications.

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Volume 5: Geotechnical Design – Part 2 – Geotechnical Design

Glossary and
Abbreviations
Chapter 1: Introduction 1. Scope
2. Structure
Chapter 2: Roadway 1. General Considerations
Geotechnics a. Sub grade Geotechnical Parameters
(Strength, Stiffness, Moisture, Density etc.)
b. Problem Soils, Mitigations etc).
2. Road Embankments
a. Types (rock, earth)
b. Soft subgrade – Preloading, Replacement
etc.)
c. Settlements of Embankments, Instability
Mitigation etc.
d. Bridge Approach Embankments
3. Roadside Soil Slopes
a. General Considerations
b. Types (Fill Slopes, Cut Slopes, Natural
Slopes,)
c. General stability (rule of thumb measures)
d. Geotechnical Stability Analysis
4. Road Rock Slopes
a. General Considerations (geological
considerations)
b. Geological Investigations (field
measurements & rule of thumb rules)
c. Stability Analysis

Chapter 3: Design of Retaining 1. General Considerations

Structures a. Types of Abutments,
(Abutments)
b. Lateral Earth & Structural Loads, etc.)
2 Movements & Stability at Service Limit State
c. Abutments
d. Conventional Retaining Walls
e. Overall Stability.
3. Bearing Resistance and Stability at Strength Limit
States
a. General Considerations (passive resistance,
scour, drainage etc.)
b. Bearing Resistance and General stability
(Overturning, Sliding etc.)
4. Earth Reinforced Walls
a. General Considerations (types)
b. Loading, movements, and overall stability
c. Design – Sliding, bearing resistance
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d. Design of Reinforcement.

Chapter 4: Design of 1. General Considerations

Foundations for a. Types of Foundations and general
Bridge Structures
considerations (shallow & piled)
b. Geotechnical Requirements (Parameters
from field investigations, laboratory testing)
c. Resistance Factors
2. Shallow Foundations
a. General Considerations
b. Service Limit State Design (settlements,
tolerable movements and overall stability)
c. Strength Limit Design, Bearing Resistance.
3. Piled Foundations (Driven & Drilled cast in situ)
a. General Considerations (Types, design
requirements, Loads, down drag, uplift,
installation methods)
b. Plie Groups ‐ Service Limit State Design
of piles (general, settlements of pile
groups, in soils/ rock)
c. Pile groups ‐ Strength Limit Design of
Piles (Point resistance, Skin friction,
Lateral loads etc. in soils / rock)

Appendices

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Volume 6: Hydrology and Drainage Design Manual ‐ Part 1 Hydrology

Glossary and Abbreviations
Chapter 1: Introduction Introduction and Scope of Manual
Chapter 2: Hydrology and Planning 1. General Overview
2. Hydrological Basins in Kenya
3. Road flood Hydrology & Drainage

Chapter 3: Hydrological Data Collection 1. Specific Data requirements for Road flood
hydrology
2. Data Types and Sources
3. Data collection process and procedure
4. Field survey
5. Hydrological Data Checks

Chapter 4: Design Standards & Design 1. Concept of Return Period and Design
Flow Return Periods Frequency
2. Applicable design flow Return Periods
Chapter 5: Flood Estimation for Gauged 1. Introduction
Catchments 2. Sources of River Flow data
3. Statistical analysis of gauged data
4. Regional Basin Curves

Chapter 6: Flood Estimation for Gauged 1. Introduction

Catchments 2. Specific Discharge method
3. Rational method
4. East Africa Flood Model – TRRL method
5. Soil Consecration Service method
6. Use of Mean Annual Flood ‐ MAF
Chapter 7: Climate Resilience & 1. Introduction
Adaptation 2. Climate Change Factors
3. Climate and Drainage Designs
4. Climate Resilience Matrix and
Infrastructure
5. Anticipated Risks and adaptation measures
on Road Infrastructure
Chapter 8: References and Bibliography
Appx A: Selected IDF Curves in Kenya
Appx B: Gauged Data Worked Example
Appx C: Rational Method Worked Example
Appx D: EAFM worked Example

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Volume 6: Hydrology and Drainage Design Manual, Part 2 ‐ Drainage Design

Glossary and Abbreviations
Chapter 1: Introduction Introduction and Scope of Manual
Chapter 2: Hydraulic Design of open 1. Flow Types
Channels 2. Channel Flow parameters using Manning
Equation
3. Hydraulic Analysis
4. Design Consideration for open channels
5. Channel design Techniques

Chapter 3: Drifts and low level 1. General introduction & Terminology

crossings 2. Application Characteristics
3. Design Consideration

Chapter 4: Hydraulic Design of Culverts 1. Types of culverts

2. Design criteria and considerations
3. Hydraulic Design
4. Design Limitations

Chapter 5: Bridge Design 1. Scour types

2. Design criteria and considerations
3. Hydraulic Design
4. Design Limitations
5. Bridge scour and aggradation
6. Free Board

Chapter 6: River Channel Training & 1. Probable problems

Erosion Protection Works 2. General river Training Designs
3. Choice of side drains
4. Dimensions of side drains
5. Erosion Control at slope and embankment
Chapter 7: Urban Drainage 1. Urban Hydrology
2. Types of Urban Drain
3. Urban Drainage Networks

Chapter 8: References and Bibliography

Appendices

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Volume 7: Materials and Pavement Design for New Roads ‐ Part 1 – Materials and Site
Investigation
Chapter Title Key Contents
Chapter 1 General Introductions, definitions,
classification of materials, sampling
and investigations for feasibility
studies, sampling and investigations
for detailed design.
Chapter 2 Prospecting Methods of prospecting, choice of
methods, key considerations for
prospecting, equipment and tools,
test‐pits, frequency and pattern of
test‐pits, mass of sample required.
Chapter 3 Sampling from alignments Sampling for new alignments,
sampling from existing pavement
layers. Sampling intervals, numbers,
and depths, mass of sample
required.
Chapter 4 Sampling from borrow‐pits Principles of random sampling,
mass of sample required, frequency
of sampling.
Chapter 5 Sampling from stockpiles and Principles of random sampling,
quarries mass of sample required, frequency
of sampling. segregation.
Chapter 6 Sampling and investigation for Augering, SPT, DPL, Boring, slope
deep structure foundations stability samples. Geophysical
methods.
Chapter 7 Standard Methods of Testing List of applicable standard test
methods to be used with the
manual and specifications.

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Volume 7: Materials and Pavement Design for New Roads ‐ Part 3A – Flexible Pavements
Chapter Title Key Contents
Chapter 1 General Introductions, definitions, principles
of pavement design.
Chapter 2 Traffic Assessment and Estimation Vehicle Classification, Traffic
Surveys, Axle load surveys,
Equivalence factors, Design life, and
determination of design CESALs.
Chapter 3 Earthworks Cuttings and Embankments (minor),
protection, materials, construction.
Chapter 4 Subgrade Assessment Definition of subgrade,
Classification of Kenyan soils, Design
Moisture Content, Design Density,
Problem subgrades (expansive soils,
dispersive soils, etc), Subgrade
improvement and treatment.
Design subgrade strength and
classification.
Chapter 5 Granular and Lightly‐bound Natural gravels, crushed granular
Materials materials, mechanical stabilisation,
chemical stabilisation, Selection,
specifications for capping, sub‐
bases, and base materials.
Chapter 6 Bituminous Materials Sand‐bitumen mixes, Dense
Bitumen Macadam, Emulsion
Mixes, Asphalt Concrete, Stone
Mastic Asphalt, EME. Mix design
methods.
Prime coat, Tack coat, Sand Seal,
Primer Seals, Surface dressing
(inverted, racked‐in), Slurry seal,
Cape Seal, Otta Seal
Chapter 7 The Kenyan Environment Climatic characteristics, and zones
in Kenya and their implications on
pavement design
Chapter 8 Pavement Drainage Surface Drainage, Sub‐surface
Drainage.
Chapter 9 Structural Design Methods The structural number principle, the
Foundation Class principle,
empirical design method,
mechanistic‐empirical design

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method, criteria for selection of

method.
Chapter 10 Standard Pavement Structures Criteria for selection of pavement
structures, Catalogues of structures.
Shoulder design and structures.
Chapter 11 Design of Low‐volume Sealed Pavement design for low volume
Roads roads, principles of design,
materials selection, surfacing
materials for low volume roads,
catalogue of structures.
Chapter 12 Design of Unpaved Roads Applicability, thickness design,
wearing course selection, control of
gravel loss, control of roughness.
Appendix A Materials Sampling Sampling intervals, numbers, and
depths, mass of sample required,
sampling from alignment, sampling
from borrow‐pits and quarries.
Sampling for feasibility studies,
sampling for final design
Appendix B Standard Methods of Testing List of applicable standard test
methods to be used with the
manual and specifications.

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Volume 7: Materials and Pavement Design for New Roads ‐ Part 3B – Rigid Pavements
Glossary and Abbreviations
Chapter 1: Introduction Introduction and Scope of Manual
Chapter 2: About Rigid Pavements 1. General Characteristics
2. Pavement Structure and Layers
3. Joints (Construction, Contraction and
Expansion)
4. Load Transfer Devices (Dowels and Tie Bars
5. Reinforcement and Ground Anchors
Chapter 3: Types of Rigid Pavement 1. Block Paving (BP)
2. Ultra‐Thin Reinforced Concrete Pavement
(UTRCP)
3. Jointed Unreinforced Concrete (JUCP)
4. Roller Compacted Concrete (RCC)
5. Jointed Reinforced Concrete Pavement
(JRCP)
6. Continuously Reinforced Concrete
Roadbase (CRCR)
7. Continuously Reinforced Concrete
Pavement (CRCP)
Chapter 4: Selection of Rigid Pavement 1. Traffic Level ‐ Suitability of Each Pavement
Type Type
2. Pros and Cons of Each Pavement Type
Chapter 5: Design of Rigid Pavements 1. Stresses in Concrete Pavements
2. Design Life
3. Design Traffic Loads
4. Environment
5. Subgrade, Capping and Sub‐base
6. Concrete Shoulders
7. Reinforcement Design
8. Pavement Thickness
9. Slab Shape and Joint Layout
10. Transition from Concrete Pavement to
Asphalt Pavement/Bridge
Chapter 6: Pavement Structure 1. Introduction to Pavement Structure
Catalogue Catalogues given in Appx A‐G
2. Explanation of Design Method Used
Chapter 7: Construction Details 1. Paving Plant
2. Capping and Sub‐base
3. Separation Membrane
4. Concrete Joints (Construction, Contraction
and Expansion)
5. Load Transfer Devices (Dowels and Tie
Bars)
6. Reinforcement and Ground Anchors
7. Formwork
8. Concrete Mix and Admixtures
9. Quality Control of Mix and Slab Thickness
10. Compaction
11. Surface Texture
12. Curing
13. Joint Sealing
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14. Opening to Traffic

Chapter 8: References and Bibliography
Appx A: Pavement Structure Catalogue: Block Paving (BP)
Appx B: Pavement Structure Catalogue: Ultra‐Thin Reinforced Concrete Pavement
(UTRCP)
Appx C: Pavement Structure Catalogue: Jointed Unreinforced Concrete Pavement
(JUCP)
Appx D: Pavement Structure Catalogue: Roller Compacted Concrete (RCC)
Appx E: Pavement Structure Catalogue: Jointed Reinforced Concrete Pavement (JRCP)
Appx F: Pavement Structure Catalogue: Continuously Reinforced Concrete Roadbase
(CRCR)
Appx G: Pavement Structure Catalogue: Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavement
(CRCP)
Appx H: Examples of Rigid Pavement Design

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Volume 8: Bridge and Culverts Design Manual, Part 1A ‐ Loads

Glossary and Abbreviations
Chapter 1: Introduction 1. Scope
2. Definitions
3. Notations
4. Classification of Bridges
Chapter 2: General Requirements 1. General
2. Design philosophy
3. Limit States
4. Planning considerations
5. Clearances
Chapter 3: Loads and Load Factors 1. General
2. Dead Loads
3. Traffic Loads
4. Pedestrian Loads
5. Accidental Loads
6. Earth Pressures
7. Water Loads
8. Wind Loads
9. Thermal Loads
10. Seismic Loads
11. Construction Loads
12. Combination of Loads and Load Factors
Appendices

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Volume 8: Bridge and Culverts Design Manual ‐ Part 1B ‐ Bridges and Culverts Design
Glossary and
Abbreviations
Chapter 1: Introduction 1. Scope
2. Definitions
3. Notations
Chapter 2: Concrete Structures 1. General
2. Basis of Design
3. Material Properties
4. Analysis
5. Design for Axial and Flexural Forces
6. Design for Shear and Torsion
7. Reinforced Concrete
8. Prestressed Concrete
9. Reinforcement
10. Seismic Design and Details
Chapter 3: Steel Structures 1. General
2. Materials
3. General Dimension and Detail
4. Tension Members
5. Compression Members
6. Flexural Members
7. Trusses
8. Beams and Plate Girders
9. Connections and Splices
Chapter 4: Composite Structures 1. General
2. Materials
3. Design Philosophy
4. Composite Columns
5. Steel Beam and Concrete Deck
6. Shear Connectors
Chapter 5: Masonry and Timber 1. General
Structures 2. Masonry Structures
3. Timber Structures
Chapter 6: Foundations 1. General
2. Materials
3. Spread Footing
4. Pile Foundations
Chapter 7: Joints and Bearings 1. General
2. Movement and Loads
3. Joints
4. Bearings
Chapter 8: Bridge Inspection and 1. Bridge Inspection
Maintenance 2. Bridge Maintenance
3. Bridge Load Rating
Appendices

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Volume 8: Bridge and Culverts Design Manual ‐ Part 2 – Retaining Walls Design
Glossary and
Abbreviations
Chapter 1: Introduction 1. Scope
2. Structure
Chapter 2: Design of Retaining 1. General Considerations
Structures a. Types of Abutments,
(Abutments)
b. Lateral Earth & Structural Loads, etc.)
2 Movements & Stability at Service Limit State
a. Abutments
b. Conventional Retaining Walls
c. Overall Stability.
3. Bearing Resistance and Stability at Strength Limit
States
a. General Considerations (passive resistance,
scour, drainage etc.)
b. Bearing Resistance and General stability
(Overturning, Sliding etc.)
Chapter 3: Design of Retaining 1. General Considerations (types)
Structures (Earth 2. Loading, movements and overall stability
Walls)
3. Design – Sliding, bearing resistance
4. Design of Reinforcement.
Appendices

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Volume 9: Traffic Control Facilities ‐ Part 1 – Road Markings

Chapter Content
Glossary and Abbreviations
Chapter 1: Introduction 1. General
2. Scope
3. Definition
4. Authority
Chapter 2: Road Marking Materials and 1. General
General Features 2. Thermoplastic Markings
3. Solvent borne and Waterborne Road
Marking Paints
4. Cold Applied Plastics
5. Preformed Adhesive Tapes
6. Colour Pattern for Markings
7. Visibility Related to Speeds
8. Retro Reflectivity
9. External Factors Influencing Marking
Performance
Chapter 3: Classification of Pavement 1. Longitudinal Marking
Markings 2. Transverse Markings
3. Hazard Marking
4. Block Marking
5. Arrow Marking
6. Directional Marking
7. Facility Marking
8. Colour of Pavement Markings
9. Applications
Chapter 4: Markings for Road Links 1. Centre Line
2. Traffic Lane Lines
3. No Overtaking Lines
4. Warning Lines
5. Border or Edge Lines
6. Longitudinal Marking for Undivided
Roads
7. Longitudinal Marking for Divided
Carriageway
8. Longitudinal Marking for Ramp/Slip
Roads/One Way Streets
Chapter 5: Road Studs 1. General
2. Types of Road Studs
3. Lateral Placement of Road Studs
4. Colour for Road Studs
5. Spacing of Road Studs
6. Solar Road Studs
Chapter 6: Stop and Give Way Markings 1. Stop Line
2. Give Way Lines
3. Guidance for Installation of Stop or Give
Way Markings
Chapter 7: Markings for Transition and 1. General
Lane Changes 2. Diagonal and Chevron Markings
3. Continuity Lines
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4. Word Messages
5. Lane Change & Merging/Diverging
Markings
6. Hatch Markings
7. Raised Profile Edge Lines
8. Lane Reduction/Narrowing Situations
and Transitions
Chapter 8: Arrows and Word Messages 1. Directional Arrows
2. Deflection Arrows
3. Bifurcation Arrows
4. Arrows on Side Road Approach
5. Arrows on Main Road Approaches
6. Word Messages
Chapter 9: Markings for At‐grade 1. General
Intersections 2. Simple Junction
3. Skew or Y‐Junction
4. Ghost Island Junction
5. Right Turn Protected T‐Junction
6. Staggered Junction
7. Dual Carriageway Junctions
8. Signalised Intersection
9. Roundabout
10. Signal Controlled Roundabouts
11. Double Roundabout
12. Mini Roundabout
Chapter 10: Grade Separated Junctions 1. General
2. Merging/Diverging without Lane Gain or
Lane Drop
3. Merging/Diverging with Lane Gains/Lane
Drop
Chapter 11: Markings For Speed 1. Markings on Speed Breakers
Reduction Measures, 2. Thermoplastic Bar Marking
Pedestrian Crossing & 3. Pedestrian Crossings
Cyclists 4. Marking for Vulnerable Road Section
5. Bicycle Lane Marking
6. Railway Level Crossing
Chapter 12: Markings for Buses, Truck 1. Bus Lane
Lay‐bye and Toll Plazas 2. Bus Stop
3. Bus Bay Marking
4. Truck Lay By Marking
5. Toll Plaza Marking
Chapter 13: Parking and Restrictions 1. Parking Spaces
2. Restrictions
Chapter 14: Object Paintings 1. Object Markings
2. Markings for Objects within the
Carriageway
3. Markings for Objects Adjacent to
Carriageway
Chapter 15: Performance Assessment and 1. General
Monitoring 2. Wear Durability
3. Daytime Visibility
4. Nighttime Visibility
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5. Performance Criteria
6. Skid Resistance
Chapter 16: Warranty and Test Methods Warranty
CTesting Methods – Inspection
An Assessment of Wear
An Assessment of the Luminance Co‐
efficient
Road Marking Evaluation Process
Category of Defect and Maintenance
Records
Inventory
Figures
Annexures

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Volume 9: Traffic Control Facilities ‐ Part 2 – Traffic Signs

Chapter Content
Chapter 1: Glossary and Abbreviations
Chapter 2: Introduction
Chapter 3: General 1. Classification of Road Signs
2. Siting of Signs with respect to the
Carriageway
3. Orientation of Signs
4. Material for Signs
5. Posts and Mountings for Signs
6. Colour for Signs
7. Size of Signs
8. Visibility of Signs
9. Size of Letters
10. Maintenance of Signs
Chapter 4: Maintenance of Signs
Chapter 5: Mandatory/Regulatory Signs
Chapter 6: Cautionary/Warning Signs
Chapter 7: Informatory Signs
Chapter 8: Facility Information Signs
Chapter 9: Other useful Information Signs
Chapter 10: Signs for Persons with Disabilities
Chapter 11: Route Marker Signs
Chapter 12: Guidelines for Signs on Expressways
Chapter 13: Guidelines for Signs on Urban and
City Roads
Chapter 14: Sign Plan Examples for Typical
Situations
Figures
Annexures

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Volume 9: Traffic Control Facilities ‐ Part 3 – Traffic Signals

Chapter Content
Glossary and Abbreviations
Chapter 1: Introduction 1. Scope for Traffic Signal Manual Definition
related to Road Traffic Signals
2. Justification for Traffic Signal Sites
3. Warrant for Main Traffic Signal Sites
4. Warrant for Pedestrian Movement at
Main Signal Sites
5. Warrant for Mid‐Block Pedestrian
Crossing Signal Sites
6. Signal Site Design Process
7. Daily Operations
8. Maintenance
9. Education & Enforcement
Chapter 2: Design Data for Signal Sites
Chapter 3: Geometric Design at Signal
Sites
Chapter 4: Type of Signals
Chapter 5: Traffic Signal Control
Equipment
Chapter 6: Arrangement of Signal and
Display Sequence
Chapter 7: Signal Phasing
Chapter 8: Installations and Layout of
Traffic Signal Equipment
Chapter 9: Traffic Defection
Chapter 10: Traffic Signal Controllers
Chapter 11: Traffic Control and Strategies
and Tools
Chapter 12: Signal Timings
Figures
Annexures

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Volume 10: Road Safety ‐ Part 1 – Road Safety

Chapter Content
Glossary and
Abbreviations
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: Legal Framework 1. Legislation
2. Laws and Rules related to Traffic Safety
3. Safety Management
4. Emergency Coordination
Chapter 3: Safety Management 1. Investigation, Reporting, Analysis and
Record Keeping of Incidents
2. Emergency Response Plan
3. Training
4. Safety Promotion
5. Auditing
6. Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and
Control Measures
Chapter 4: Traffic Safety 1. Guiding Principles
2. Phases of Traffic Control
3. Components of Construction Zone
4. Traffic Control Zone
5. Advance Warning Zone
6. Approach Transition Zone
7. Working Zone
8. Terminal Transition Zone
9. Other Aspects
10. Traffic Control Devices
11. Traffic Management Practices
12. Portable Traffic Signals
13. Works on Footways‐Alternative way for
pedestrians
14. Pedestrian Safety
15. Divided Carriageway Roads
16. Expressway and High Speed Divided
Carriageway Roads
17. Carriageway Roads – Lane closures
18. Detour via Secondary Network
19. Temporary Diversions
20. Speed Control
21. Alternatives for Different Work Zone
Situations for Traffic Management
22. Intelligent Traffic Systems
Appendices

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Volume 10: Road Safety ‐ Part 2 – Road Safety Audit

Chapter Content
Glossary and Abbreviations
Chapter 1: Introduction 1. A Brief History of Road Safety Audit
2. Purpose of Road Safety Audit
3. How to use this Manual
Chapter 2: Road Safety Audit – An 1. The Road Safety Situation
Overview 2. How can Engineers Reduce Road
Trauma?
3. Prevention is Better than Cure
4. What is Road Safety Audit?
5. Objectives of Road Safety Audit
6. A Brief Outline of the Key Steps in a Road
Safety Audit
7. Why is Road Safety Audit Necessary?
8. The Five Stages of Auditing a Road
Project
9. What Projects are to be Road Safety
Audited?
10. Key Groups Involved in a Road Safety
Audit: their Roles and Responsibilities
11. The Benefits of Audits
12. Rural Roads
13. Urban Roads
Chapter 3: Conducting a Road Safety 1. Road Safety Audit Process
Audit ‐ the Key Steps 2. Deciding that an Audit is Necessary
3. Selecting the Road Safety Audit Team
4. Providing all the Background Information
5. Holding a Commencement Meeting
6. Checking the Drawings, Design Reports
and Documents
7. Inspecting the Site
8. Writing the Road Safety Audit Report
9. Holding a Completion Meeting
10. Providing Response to the Audit Report
11. Following up and Implementing Agreed
Recommendations and Changes
Chapter 4: Managing Road Safety Audit 1. Putting Road Safety Audit to Work in the
Road Authority
2. Options for having a Road Safety Audit
undertaken
3. A Suggested Road Safety Audit Policy
4. Draft Terms of Reference for
Commissioning a Road Safety Audit
5. Empanelment of Road Safety Audit
Consultant
6. Risk Assessment of Safety Concerns and
Prioritization of Suggested
Recommendations
Chapter 5: Practices for Safer Roads 1. Starting your Audit
2. Technical Tips for Audit Teams: Warn,
Inform, Guide, Control and Forgive
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3. Technical Tips for Audit Teams : Safety

Elements in Junction Layouts
4. Technical Tips for Audit Teams : Roadside
Hazards
5. Technical Tips for Auditors: Road Signs &
Pavement Marking
6. Technical Tips for Auditors: Pedestrians
7. Principles for Safer Design
Chapter 6: Safety Audit Case Studies and 1. Case Study 1: DPR Stage Audit
Reporting 2. Case Study 2: Construction Stage Audit
3. Case Study 3: Pre‐opening Stage Audit
4. Case Study 4: Existing Road Audit
Chapter 7: Road Safety Audit Checklists 1. The Purpose of Checklists
2. When and how to use the Checklists
3. The Road Safety Audit Checklists
Figures
Annexures

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Volume 11 – Maintenance and Rehabilitation Manual ‐ Part 1 – Pavement Condition

Survey
Chapter Content
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 Planning for Pavement Condition Surveys (incl. review of designs and
construction data)
Chapter 3 Visual Condition Surveys for flexible pavements (Paved and Unpaved)
Chapter 4 Visual Condition Surveys for Rigid Pavements
Chapter 5 Measurement of Roughness, Skid Resistance, Texture Depth (Incl. GPR)
Chapter 6 Measurement of rut depth and deformation
Chapter 7 Pavement Deflection Measurements (Benkelman Beam, FWD, LWD)
Chapter 8 Coring and core‐logging (for flexible and Rigid Pavements)
Chapter 9 DCP Tests
Chapter 10 Trial pits for Profiling, Field Moisture and Density Tests
Chapter 11 Laboratory Tests on Samples (Referencing)
Chapter 12 Data Processing, Analysis and Reporting
Chapter 11 Departure from Standards
Appendices

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Volume 11 – Maintenance and Rehabilitation Manual ‐ Part 2: Pavement Rehabilitation

Chapter Content
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 Planning Considerations
Chapter 3 Economic Appraisals
Chapter 4 Pavement Behaviour and Deterioration
Chapter 5 Data Collection – Desk Study
Chapter 6 Pavement Evaluation for Flexible Pavements and Semi‐Rigid Pavements
Chapter 7 Pavement Evaluation for Rigid Pavements
Chapter 8 Analysis and Identification of causes of Pavement Failures/Destress
Chapter 9 Rehabilitation and Maintenance Design for Flexible and Semi‐Rigid
Pavements
Chapter 10 Rehabilitation and Maintenance Design for Rigid Pavements
Chapter 11 Design Considerations for High Volume Rural Roads
Chapter 12 Design Considerations for Low Volume Sealed Roads
Chapter 13 Design Consideration for urban Roads
Chapter 14 Design Considerations for Unpaved roads
Chapter 15 Selection of Preferred Alternatives
Chapter 16 Specifications for Materials (???? Here or reference to Pavement Design
Manual for New Roads)
Appendices

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Volume 11 – Maintenance and Rehabilitation Manual ‐ Part 3 ‐ Bridge Condition Survey

Glossary and Abbreviations
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 General 1. Organisational Requirements
2. Roles and Responsibilities
3. Record Keeping
4. Bridge and Culvert Classification
5. Numbering System
6. Use of drones
7. Software
8. Reporting
Chapter 3 Inventory of Bridges and 1. Inventory of Bridges
Culverts 2. Inventory of Culverts
Chapter 4 Condition Survey of Bridges 1. Bridge Components
2. Types of Defects
3. Visual Inspections and Condition Rating
4. Non‐Destructive Testing
Chapter 5 Condition Survey of Culverts 1. Culvert Components
2. Types of Defects
3. Visual Inspections and Condition Rating
4. Non‐Destructive Testing
Chapter 6 Load Rating of Structures
Appendices 1. Inspection Forms
2. Defects Catalogues
3. Report Formats

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Appendix G TTF Proposed SRBC Contents

SERIES 1000: GENERAL
1100 Definitions and terms
1200 General requirements and provisions
1300 Contractor's establishment on site and general obligations
1400 Engineer’s site establishment
1500 Land acquisition and services
1600 Materials and testing of materials
1700 Trials to confirm compliance with specifications
1800 Construction control testing
1900 Setting out and tolerances

SERIES 2000: DRAINAGE

2100 Drains
2200 In‐situ concrete culverts
2300 Prefabricated culverts
2400 Concrete kerbing, concrete channeling, chutes and downpipes, and concrete linings
for open drains
2500 Pitching, stonework and protection against erosion
2600 Gabions
2700 Quality assurance, quality control, testing and tolerances

SERIES 3000: EARTHWORKS

3100 Clearing, grubbing and removal of topsoil
3200 Removal of existing structures
3300 Breaking up of existing pavement layers
3400 Borrow pit and quarries acquisition and exploitation
3500 Selection, stockpiling and breaking down materials
3600 Earthworks
3700 Ground improvement (to include rock‐fill, expansive soils improvement, etc)
3800 Selected fill material and subgrade treatment
3400 Overhaul
3500 Quality assurance, quality control, testing and tolerances
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SERIES 4000: NATURAL, CRUSHED STONE AND STABILIZED MATERIAL PAVEMENT LAYERS
4100 Borrow pits, quarries and cuttings acquisition and exploitation
4200 Gravel wearing course
4300 Gravel subbase and base
4400 Grade crushed stone subbase and base
4500 Hand packed stone subbase and base
4600 Lime and cement stabilized materials
4700 Bitumen stabilised materials
4800 Quality assurance, quality control, testing and tolerances

SERIES 5000: BITUMINOUS SURFACE TREATMENTS, SEALS AND PAVEMENT LAYERS

5100 General requirements for Bituminous Surface Treatments and Surface Dressing
5200 Prime coat, tack coat and curing membranes
5300 Surface dressing
5400 Emulsion slurry seal
5450 Fog spray, sand seal, and gravel seal (Otta seal)
5500 General Requirements for bituminous mixes base and surfacing courses
5600 Dense Bitumen Macadam for Base
5700 Asphalt Concrete for Surfacing
5800 Cold asphalt for surfacing, base, levelling and patching
5900 Quality assurance, quality control, testing and tolerances

SERIES 6000: CONCRETE LAYERS AND MODULAR PAVING

6100 Fixed formwork concrete layers
6200 Paver laid concrete layers
6300 Segmental block paving layers
6400 Quality assurance, quality control, testing and tolerances

SERIES 7000: STRUCTURES

7100 Foundations
7150 Falsework, formwork and concrete finish
7200 Steel reinforcement

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7300 Concrete for structures (to include pre‐stressed and post‐tensioned concrete)
7400 Bearings and joints
7500 Structural steelwork
7600 Masonry structures
7650 Timber structures
7700 Reinforced earth structures (Mechanically stabilized earth walls and slopes)
7750 Patented Earth Retaining Systems
7800 Ground Anchors
7850 Painting
7900 Launching of bridge elements
7950 Quality assurance, quality control, testing and tolerances

SERIES 8000: ANCILLARY ROADWORKS

8100 Marker and kilometer posts
8200 Guardrails
8300 Fencing and gates
8400 Road signs
8500 Road markings
8600 Speed bumps and rumble strips
8600 Landscaping, grassing and arboriculture
8700 Quality assurance, quality control, testing and tolerances

SERIES 9000: ENVIRONMENTAL, HEALTH, SAFETY AND SOCIAL ASPECTS

9100 Environmental protection and waste disposal
9200 Occupational Health and Safety, HIV/AIDS
9300 Traffic management and work zone safety
9400 Community Involvement and Liaison
9400 Poverty Gender and Social Inclusion

APPENDICES
A1. Contract Forms as per statutes
A2. Bill of Quantities
A3. Dayworks

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A4. Proprietary products

A5. Measurement and payment for various forms of contracts e.g., PPP, EPC, etc.
A6. Output and Performance Based Road Contracts (OPBRC)

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Appendix H Minutes of the TTF’s PRR Review Meeting

Sirari Corridor Accessibility & Road Safety Improvement Project Rehabilitation: Isebania –
Kisii – Ahero (A1) Road
Provision of Consultancy Services for Review And Updating of Road Design Manual and
Standard Specifications ‐ Contract No. KeNHA/2384/2021
MINUTES OF TECHNICAL TASK FORCE MEETING No. 3
Park Inn by Radisson, Nairobi, 21st and 22nd March 2022
Remote/Teams, 04th April, 2022

List of Participants (Day 1):

# Name Designation Organisation
1 Eng. David Maganda TTF Chairperson AMA Consultants
2 Eng. Rosemary Kungu TTF Member Independent Cons.
3 Eng. Andrew Gitonga TTF Member Independent Cons.
4 Eng. John N. Maina TTF Member Independent Cons.
5 Eng. J.R. Ruigu Key Expert 9 Norken
6 Eng. M.O. Ndeda TTF Member MTRD
7 Eng. C.M. Muriuki TTF Member MTRD
8 Eng. Theo Uwamba TTF Member IDCG
9 Eng. Tom Opiyo TTF Member ITEC
10 Eng. Samuel Kathindai TTF Member DD (R) ‐ KERRA
11 Dr. Eng. Timothy Nyomboi TTF Member KURA
12 Eng. Fidelis Sakwa TTF Member Bamburi
13 Naomi Njoku E (R&I) KeNHA
14 Eng. E.E. Amimo SSE (Materials) SDOI ‐ MTRD
15 Eng. Charles T Bopoto Project Director/ T. Leader TRL
16 Eng. Joseph Karanja Key Expert 7 TRL
17 Dr John Rolt Key Expert 2 TRL
18 Andrew Otto Key Expert 3 TRL
19 Kenneth Mukura Key Expert 5 TRL
20 Kailash C Sharma Key Expert 6 CEG
21 Eng. Monicah Wangare SSE (R) SDOI
22 Eng. Kenneth Kinoti SSE (R) SDOI

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Meeting Programme: Day 1: Monday 21st March 2022: TRL/TTF Meeting

Time Activity Lead
08:45– 08:50 Welcome Address TTF Chairperson
08:50 – 09:00 Purpose of the Meeting TTF Chairperson
09:00 – 10:15 Presentation of Preliminary Review Report Consultant
10:15 – 10:45 Tea/Coffee ALL
10:45 – 12:30 Discussions on the Preliminary Review Report TTF Chairperson
12:30 – 13:45 Lunch ALL
13:45 – 15:00 Preparation of Technical Note for submission to TTF Chairperson
TAs
15:00 ‐ 15:30 AOB TTF Chairperson
15:30 – 15:40 Closure TTF Chairperson
15:40 – 16:00 Tea/coffee ALL
16:00 End ALL

List of Participants (Day 2):

# Name Designation Organisation
1 Eng. David Maganda TTF Chairperson AMA Consultants
2 Eng. Rosemary Kungu TTF Member Independent Cons.
3 Eng. Prof Francis J Gichaga TTF Member UON
4 Eng. Andrew Gitonga TTF Member Independent Cons.
5 Eng. John N. Maina TTF Member Independent Cons.
6 Eng. M.O. Ndeda TTF Member MTRD
7 Eng. C.M. Muriuki TTF Member MTRD
8 Eng. Theo Uwamba TTF Member IDCG
9 Eng. Samuel Kathindai TTF Member DD (R) ‐ KERRA
10 Dr. Eng. Timothy Nyomboi TTF Member KURA
11 Eng. Fidelis Sakwa TTF Member Bamburi
12 Prof. Eng. S. Abuodha TTF Member UoN
13 Eng. Joseph Karanja Key Expert 7 TRL
14 Naomi Njoku E (R&I) KeNHA
15 Eng. E.E. Amimo SSE (Materials) SDOI ‐ MTRD

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# Name Designation Organisation

16 Eng. Monicah Wangare SSE (R) SDOI
17 Eng. Kenneth Kinoti SSE (R) SDOI
18 Eng. Charles T Bopoto Project Director/ T/Leader TRL
19 Dr John Rolt Key Expert 2 TRL
20 Andrew Otto Key Expert 3 TRL
21 Kenneth Mukura Key Expert 5 TRL
22 Kailash C Sharma Key Expert 6 CEG
23 Moses Mateloong Engineer PSC‐KENHA
24 Julius Ngonya Engineer SDOI
25 Austin Maisha Engineer II SDOI
26 Miyatu J. Nginya SSE (R) SDOI
27 Mohammed A. Koriyow Engineer II SDOI
28 Masha A. Kitsao Engineer II SDOI
29 Lloyd Ndumu Njagi Engineer II SDOI
30 Purity Nduku Mwanza Engineer II SDOI
31 Ojwando K Otieno Engineer II SDOI

Day 2: Tuesday 22nd March 2022: TTF/TAs Meeting

Time Activity Lead
08:45 – 08:50 Welcome Address TTF Chairperson
08:50 – 09:00 Purpose of the Meeting TTF Chairperson
09:00 – 09:45 Presentation of Previous Sitting Proceedings Consultant
09:45 – 10:15 Tea/Coffee ALL
10:15 – 11:45 Discussions on the Manual and SRBC Structure TTF Chairperson
and Coding
11:45 – 12:15 Drafting of the Technical Note TTF Chairperson
12:15 – 12:40 AOB TTF Chairperson
12:40 – 12:45 Closure TTF Chairperson
12:45 – 13:45 Lunch ALL
13:45 End ALL

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List of Participants (Day 3) (Virtual):

# Name Designation Organisation
1 Eng. David Maganda TTF Chairperson AMA Consultants
2 Eng. Rosemary Kungu TTF Member Independent Cons.
3 Eng. Prof Francis J Gichaga TTF Member UON
4 Eng. Andrew Gitonga TTF Member Independent Cons.
5 Eng. John N. Maina TTF Member Independent Cons.
6 Eng. M.O. Ndeda TTF Member MTRD
7 Eng. C.M. Muriuki TTF Member MTRD
8 Eng. Theo Uwamba TTF Member IDCG
9 Eng. Samuel Kathindai TTF Member DD (R) ‐ KERRA
10 Dr. Eng. Timothy Nyomboi TTF Member KURA
11 Eng. Fidelis Sakwa TTF Member Bamburi
12 Prof. Eng. S. Abuodha TTF Member UoN
13 Eng. Joseph Karanja Key Expert 7 TRL
14 Naomi Njoku E (R&I) KeNHA
15 Eng. E.E. Amimo SSE (Materials) SDOI ‐ MTRD
16 Eng. Monicah Wangare SSE (R) SDOI
17 Eng. Kenneth Kinoti SSE (R) SDOI
18 Eng. Charles T Bopoto Project Director/ T/Leader TRL
19 Dr John Rolt Key Expert 2 TRL
20 Andrew Otto Key Expert 3 TRL
21 Kenneth Mukura Key Expert 5 TRL
22 Kailash C Sharma Key Expert 6 CEG
23 Moses Mateloong Engineer PSC‐KENHA
24 Julius Ngonya Engineer SDOI
25 Austin Maisha Engineer II SDOI
26 Miyatu J. Nginya SSE (R) SDOI
27 Mohammed A. Koriyow Engineer II SDOI
28 Masha A. Kitsao Engineer II SDOI
29 Lloyd Ndumu Njagi Engineer II SDOI

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# Name Designation Organisation

30 Purity Nduku Mwanza Engineer II SDOI
31 Ojwando K Otieno Engineer II SDOI

Day 3: Monday, 04 April 2022: TTF/TAs Meeting (Virtual)

Time Activity Lead
08:45 – 08:50 Welcome TTF Chairperson
08:50 – 09:00 Purpose of the Meeting TTF Chairperson
09:00 – 09:45 Recapping on Issues Consultant
11:45 – 12:15 Finalisation of the Technical Note TTF/Consultant
12:15 – 12:40 AOB TA
12:40 – 12:45 Closure TA
13:45 End ALL

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MINUTES OF PROCEEDINGS:
1. Welcome Address Action
1.1. The meeting was called to order by the Chairperson on each of the
three days.
1.2. An opening prayer was observed in each instance.

2. Purpose of Meeting Action

2.1. The Chairman outlined that the purpose of the meeting on each day
and this centered on reviewing the Preliminary Review Report and
making recommendations on the new manual structure and coding;
and preparation of the Technical Note for presentation to the TAs.
3. Presentation of Preliminary Review Report Action
3.1. The Consultant’s Team Leader and his team presented the
Preliminary Review Report on the first day of the meeting.
3.2. The presentation (Powerpoint) is given as Appendix A to these
minutes.
3.3. The presentation covered the following areas:
3.3.1. Objectives
3.3.2. Method
3.3.3. Legal Mandate for Standards
3.3.4. Review Results – Peer Countries
3.3.5. Kenya Existing System
3.3.6. Kenya Proposed System and Coding
3.3.7. Gap Analysis
4. Discussions on the Preliminary Review Report Action
4.1. The meeting session on Day 1 discussed the Preliminary Review
Report in detail and comments made by the participants are as in
Appendix B to these minutes.
4.2. Revisions were made to the proposed structure of the Manual
Structure and content of the Specification.
4.3. The Consultant’s prepared the above‐mentioned list and proffered
responses to the comments that are also included in the said
Appendix.
4.4. The meeting session on Day 2 discussed the reviewed Manual
Structure and proposed content of the Standard Specification and
agreed on the structure shown as Appendix C to these minutes.
4.5. The meeting also reviewed the proceedings of the previous Day and
corrected the record.
4.6. The agreed manual structure and content of technical specification
following Day 2 discussions are given in Appendix D.
4.7. The meeting session on Day 3 (Virtual) discussed the outcomes of
Day 2 and made further revisions to the manual structure that had
been arrived at as given in Appendix D.
4.8. The final manual structure and coding and content of the technical
specification following Day 3 meeting are included as Appendix E to
these minutes.

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CONFIRMATION OF THE MINUTES:

Minutes confirmed as true record of the deliberations of the meeting:

TTF Representative:
Name Designation Signature Date

Eng. Maganda TTF Chairman _________ _________

TRL Ltd (The Consultant) Representative:

Name Designation Signature Date

Eng. Charles Bopoto Team Leader _________ _________

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APPENDIX A:

POWERPOINT PRESENTATION BY THE CONSULTANT

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APPENDIX B:

MEETING COMMENTS ON THE PRELIMINARY REVIEW REPORT

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TECHNICAL TASK FORCE MEETING No. 3

Review of Consultant’s Draft Preliminary Review Report

21st March 2022

TTF Comments and Consultant’s Responses on the Preliminary Review Report

Item TTF Comment Consultant’s Response Ref in Resolution
Revised
Document
1 The constitutional Consultant will engage with Pg 7 KEBS recognised
mandate of the Public KEBS to understand what as custodian of
Roads Standards Board standards are currently under national
Composition of the 10 development. This comment standards. Role in
gazetted bodies appears to is linked to Comment No. 22. the sector noted.
conflict with that of KEBS KEBS are keen to
that is mostly involved in be involved going
products standards. forward.
Consultant needs
exhaustive engagement
with KEBS to ensure no
duplication of outputs.
2 In proposing the new Consultant will check this to No direct relation
manual structure, the ensure that it is reflected in to manual
Consultant should consider the structure. structure
the accreditation divisions established. Issue
that IEK Kenya provides to be further
for. investigated by
the Consultant.
3 In the gap analysis of the Agreed and revised.
Consultant, the manual of
Rehabilitation, the title
should include
‘maintenance’.
4 The Consultant to consider New structure revised that
combining Series 16000 reflects this.
and 17000.
5 Series 14000 (Ancillary Considering that this contains
Works) proposed to be several other items, perhaps
renamed ‘Road Furniture’. better to maintain name as
Ancillary Works.

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Item TTF Comment Consultant’s Response Ref in Resolution

Revised
Document
6 Some aspects of Series Yes this agreed and done.
3000 to be moved to series
17000
7 The Roads Bill of 2015 was This is agreed and will be Consultant could
re‐tabled in 2017, corrected (capture the spirit not readily
Consultant to check and of the bill) in the finalised establish status of
revise reference PRR. the said 2017
accordingly and capture amendment; will
the spirit of the bill. continue to seek
information.
8 Geometric Design should This is agreed and now
have sub‐parts so that it is proposed to have 2 parts;
clear that nothing is left one geometric design of rural
out. roads and the other on
geometric design of urban
roads.
9 On ‘Design of Structures’, This is agreed and Consultant KEBS were
Consultant should liaise will consult accordingly. consulted and it
with KEBS since a training was established
is being conducted on roll‐ that training in
out and use of Eurocodes Eurocodes was
so that no duplication being done with
effort is done. the cooperation
of road agencies.
10 There is a need for the Issue will be considered in
Consultant to explore detail during review stage.
where to include OPBRC.
11 Series 4000 This has been renamed as
‘Accommodation for ‘Traffic Management’ to
Traffic’ to be renamed. reflect gravity of the task and
for clarity.
12 Standard Detailed This is agreed. It will include TTF resolved to
Drawings should not be for other elements of road remove this
structures only, it should geometry, marker posts, volume, each
include other elements. junctions, etc. This will be design manual to
emphasised in the finalised have its own
PRR. associated
standard
drawings.

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Item TTF Comment Consultant’s Response Ref in Resolution

Revised
Document
13 In Series 2000, add land This is agreed and has now
acquisition due to current been included in Series 1000,
tendencies to inflate prices General
by land owners and
contractors.
14 Series 13000 viaducts are This is agreed and will be Consultant will
becoming common in considered. consider aspect in
Kenya. Should consider detail at Draft
including. Review Stage
after gathering
more information
on the matter.
15 The issue of HIV/Aids/ This is agreed and will be Now in a stand‐
Gender Mainstreaming included. alone series in the
should be included in the proposed
specifications. Revised specification, with
PPDA regulations to be numbering under
consulted to use to do this. Series 9000.
16 Manuals that will be This is agreed and will be Structure includes
needed in the future differentiated in the manuals that will
should be shown by the structure. are not part of
consultant as a form of current scope and
value addition. will need to be
drafted in the
future when
resources are
available.
17 In the proposed This is agreed and has now The manual has
Engineering Surveys been divided into 5 parts now been split
Manual, the subjects listed showing various aspects such and incorporated
are not used by only one as traffic surveys, back into relevant
set of professionals and topographic surveys, axle individual
should be divided into load surveys, condition manuals to
parts. assessments, etc. reduce the
number of
volumes.
18 The order of the proposed This is agreed and has been
manuals to be re‐ revised.
organised to reflect project
stages. E.g. Economic
Appraisal early on.

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Item TTF Comment Consultant’s Response Ref in Resolution

Revised
Document
19 In the specifications, This is agreed and will be Now in a stand‐
resettlement plans and done in the specifications alone series in the
compensation issues are accordingly under General proposed
beyond other social issues series specification.
and should be addressed
separately.
20 In Series 4000, Agreed to rename this to
Accommodation of Traffic ‘Traffic Management and
should be renamed to Work Zone Safety’.
‘Traffic Management and And to be written as output‐
Work Zone Safety’. These based specification to
should be written as an emphasise the importance
output‐based and ensure that the
specification. contractors take action.
Failure to take action will
result in monetary penalties.
21 Specifications for PPP is Agreed and planned for Included as an
needed. inclusion in Series 1000 as a Appendix to the
‘method of measurement SRBC. Actual
and payment of PPPs’. structure to be
worked out during
the review
process.
22 Review the UK system and This will be reviewed and This subject will
bring out the roles included in the finalised PRR. require
between a standards This will assist in the discussions
setting organisation e.g. engagement with KEBS to between the
BSI and an implementation clearly define roles and agencies and
agency works standards responsibilities. This KEBS. There is
such as National Highways. comment to be linked to definitely an
Comment No. 1. overlap of roles.
The Consultant
proposes to make
recommendations
for this area
outside the PRR.
23 On the UK Structure and Agreed. This will be revised in Both old and new
Coding System, the the finalised PRR. systems included
presentation was based on in report for ease
the new system whereas of reference.
the draft PRR was based
on the old system. The PRR
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Item TTF Comment Consultant’s Response Ref in Resolution

Revised
Document
should include both old
and new systems.
24 Page 20 of the draft PRR This will be revised in the Revised
the old UK Structure and finalised PRR. accordingly, now
Coding System the design refers to Volumes
manual has volumes not
chapters. This should be
corrected.
25 Page 22 of the draft PRR, This will be revised in the The 2020 edition
Table 4‐1‐1, AASHTO has finalised PRR. has 15 sections.
sections not chapters. This
should be corrected. In
addition, the LFRD
presented was the 2002
edition, the 2017 edition
should be presented as
well. The 2017 edition has
more sections.
26 Page 23 of the draft PRR, This will be revised in the Revised.
the Federal Highways finalised PRR.
Administration
specifications has divisions
and not chapters.
27 Page 23, the Egis draft This will be revised in the Revised.
specifications has series finalised PRR.
and sections; not series
and clauses. This should be
corrected.
28 The numbering system of Agreed. This has now been
the manuals should have revised.
volumes and parts, then
the parts can have
chapters.
29 The structure should Agreed. This has now been
consist of parts so that revised.
they can be reviewed
separately in line with the
frequent changes in
technology.

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Item TTF Comment Consultant’s Response Ref in Resolution

Revised
Document
30 The standard specifications Option 1 was agreed upon South Africa
should have a 4‐digit and will be used. moved to
numbering system. Two Chapters for ease
options to be considered; of revisions
1) Series up to 9000 then during the
sections, or 2) consider updating exercise.
why South Africa moved to
sections (chapters),
perhaps for compatibility
with BoQs and advise.
31 The manual structure Agreed.
should be simple to use
but detailed enough.
32 In Series 5000 is preferable To be considered if still To be considered
to include cuts and relevant under the new in detail during
embankments too. system. the technical
review process.
33 In Series 3000 Testing To be considered if still Under agreed
materials including natural relevant under the new structure aspect
sources. Suggest system. to be considered
‘tolerances’ to be moved under each series,
to Series 17000. as appropriate.
34 The specifications drafting This is agreed and drafting
should cover both Quality will enhance QA in the
Assurance and Quality relevant Series.
Control and to give clear
instructions to consultants.
35 The structure of the This is agreed and has now
specifications should been changed accordingly.
increase the number of
sections/parts and reduce
the number of series to
not more than 9.
36 Whenever repairs are Agreed and noted for further
discussed in the action during drafting.
specifications, evaluation
methods should first be
discussed, then they
should be conducted in the
context of minor repairs
and major repairs.

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Item TTF Comment Consultant’s Response Ref in Resolution

Revised
Document
37 Day works is a method of Dayworks now to be included
measurement and not a as an Appendix to the
series in the specifications. Specification.
This should be changed
accordingly.
38 Series 3000 should include Agreed and noted for further
non‐destructive methods action during drafting.
of evaluation, and
assessment, and
measurement.
39 Some comments have These will be addressed in Comments have
been emailed to the the finalised PRR. been taken into
Chairperson by two TTF account.
members. These will be
shared by the consultant.

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APPENDIX C:

MEETING COMMENTS ON REVISED MANUAL STRUCTURE AND

SPECIFICATION

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Specification for Kenya Ref. No. KENHA/PCS/342/2021

TECHNICAL TASK FORCE MEETING No. 3

Review of Consultant’s Draft Preliminary Review Report

22nd March 2022

Comments and Consultant’s Responses on the revised Manual Structure and Specification
Content
Item TTF Comment Consultant’s Response Ref in Resolution
Revised
Document
1 The specifications This is agreed and has now
numbering should be been effected.
changed to reflect the
order of works from start
to finish, e.g. Ancillary
works should come
towards the end.
2 The RDM structure should Consultant will check this to Gap analysis
be guided what is existing, ensure that it is reflected in included in final
before new parts are the structure. PRR.
introduced.
3 A detailed structure with The detailed table of contents Draft ToCs
proposed chapters in each will be included in the DRR prepared and are
manual or parts should be and not the PRR. A included on the
provided at this stage to description of the contents PRR.
avoid duplication, e.g. will be included in the
GDM Part 1 and Part 2. Appendix of the finalised PRR.
4 The SRBC is a standalone This is noted and the change
document not a design has been effected.
manual, it should
therefore not be assigned
a volume number.
5 The BoQs, Proprietary Agreed and will be included. Proposal
Products, Dayworks, effected.
should be included as an
Appendix in the SRBC.
6 Instead of having a Agreed and will be included. TTF settled on a
maintenance and Rehabilitation
emergency works manual, and Maintenance
this should be included as Manual, a
an Appendix to SRBC. separate volume.

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Item TTF Comment Consultant’s Response Ref in Resolution

Revised
Document
7 In the pavement design This should remain a Chapter
manual, should gravel road in the Flexible Pavement Part.
design be a ‘Part’ or should
it be included in the
Flexible Pavement Part?
8 It was proposed that a In order to adhere to the limit
Series in the specifications of 9 series, it is advisable to
should be introduced to leave this under pavement
cover unpaved roads layers of granular materials.
including maintenance.
9 A new series on concrete This is agreed and has been
roads was adopted. included.
10 Restructure road base This is noted and the change
materials and surfacing has been effected.
materials to new sections
within the Series 4000.
11 Where will reinforced fill This will be included in the Included under
structures be included? Series 7000 under Series 7000 now
‘Geotechnical Structures’. known as
“Structures”
12 A separate part of the This is noted and will be
GDM focusing on urban enhanced accordingly.
roads is welcome. It is
advised to enrich this with
the South African one.
13 The GDM part labelled The change has been
‘rural roads’ should be effected.
renamed ‘GDM for
Highways and Rural Roads.
14 In the specifications, under This is noted and will be Consultant will
Geotechnical Structures, effected. review the matter
the MSE walls should be in detail at Draft
covered. Review Stage
15 In the specifications, This is agreed and will be Has been
Bridge Bearings should be effected. effected, bearings
given a separate section. now have own
sub‐series.
16 Standard Bidding This is noted and will be
Documents should be considered and the
borrowed from the PPDA
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Item TTF Comment Consultant’s Response Ref in Resolution

Revised
Document
documents an included as applicability reviewed during
an Appendix to the drafting stage.
Specifications.
17 In drafting the manuals, The documents for the Roads
the wealth of experience 2000 programme have been
from the Roads 2000 shared with the Consultant
project should be used. and these will be used.
This should include labour‐
based methods of
achieving the
specifications.
18 In the proposed structure, This is noted and has now Now the volume
Volume 2 Network been effected. split into three;
Planning Manual, should with an additional
be divided into two parts, volume on Road
route selection and Classification.
feasibility study.
19 The Volumes 13‐19 Agreed and removed.
labelled ‘for future use’
should be removed to
reduce the number of
volumes.
20 In Series 3000, earthworks This is agreed and has been
should be separated from effected.
pavement layers and
another series should be
created to include this.
21 In the proposed ESM, This is agreed and should be
guidance on carbon foot‐ considered at drafting stage.
printing and green
certification should be
given.
22 The new series on This is noted and this Series
concrete layers is will be drafted to include
welcome, but appears to several aspects of rigid
be lacking detail, e.g. pavements.
jointing, curing,
transitioning, etc.

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Item TTF Comment Consultant’s Response Ref in Resolution

Revised
Document
23 In the rigid pavement This is noted and these areas Proposal from
manual, there is a need to will be covered in the TTF members
adequately address the manual. awaited.
selection of various rigid The proposal to be provided
pavement types, by the TTF member is much
discussion on various kinds welcome.
of cements especially for
harsh environments
containing sulphates and
sea water.
A proposal will be provided
by TTF Member, Eng.
Fidelis Sakwa
24 In the PRR, the Tanzania , This will be considered and
South Sudan, and Somalia discussed if the documents
practices have not been can be obtained by the
discussed. Consultant. Review results
will be included in the Final
PRR.
25 In drafting of the manuals, This is noted and these
appropriateness of new aspects will be considered
technologies introduced to when drafting.
the manuals should be
considered. Additionally,
effects of climate factors
rainfall and temperature
should be taken into
account.
26 In Series 7000, advise to This is noted, however the
change ‘Testing Materials subject is actually Testing of
and Workmanship’ to both materials and
‘Workmanship and Testing workmanship. So we propose
Materials’ to use ‘Testing of Materials
and Workmanship’.
27 Propose to change ‘Stone Agreed and will be changed. Change has been
Masonry Structures’ to effected.
‘Masonry Structures’.
28 The proposed This is noted and will be Series re‐ordered
specifications Series to be revised and re‐submitted. and agreed to by
re‐ordered to have a the TTF.
maximum of 9 sections

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Item TTF Comment Consultant’s Response Ref in Resolution

Revised
Document
within a Series to avoid
clause numbers running
into the next Series.
29 In the proposed manual This guidance will be
structure, guidance on the provided under the COP
structure and how to use manual.
the manuals has not been
covered like for other
systems such as UK and
Australia.
30 Comment number 30 from The meeting on 21st March The move to
the 21st March 2022 resolved that the Consultant chapters was
meeting, has not been should build on the Series mainly for ease of
captured to reflect the approach as done by Egis. editing.
reason why South Africa The reason for South Africa
moved from Series to reverting to the Chapter
Chapter system in their system in their specifications
specifications.
will be reviewed and
reported upon later. It is
currently believed that is was
to reflect the chapters
contained in their manuals.
However its relevance to this
assignment may be low.
31 The TRL’s Overseas Road The review in the PRR was
Notes have not been targeted at specific country
referred to in the PRR, yet systems, not generic systems
they represented UK of guidelines such as the
practice customised for ORNs. Moreover, it should be
tropical countries. noted that many of the ORNs
are now considered to
require significant updates
and as such, may have been
superseded by new
knowledge.
32 The office of the Project This will be communicated by
Coordinator requested to the Team Leader immediately
know a tentative after receipt of the approval
submission date for the of the Inception Report.
finalised PRR for
submission to the NSC.

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Item TTF Comment Consultant’s Response Ref in Resolution

Revised
Document
33 The office of the Project The Consultant will have a Meeting still be
Coordinator advised that meeting with the Project held.
the TTF and the Consultant Coordinator to further discuss
should allow for clearance this.
by the AfDB before
adopting the revised
schedule of activities and
meeting calendars that
may show the project
spilling over the
contractual deadline.

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APPENDIX D:

PROPOSED KENYA MANUAL STRUCTURE AND TECHNICAL

SPECIFICATION

(POST DAY 2 DISCUSSIONS)

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Proposed New Road Design Manual Structure and Coding for Kenya
(Post Day 2 Discussions)
Volume Code Manual Title Part Name Code
1 COP Code of Procedure and ‐ COP‐yyyy3
Standards
2 NPM Network Planning Manual Part 1 – Route and Corridor Planning NPM‐1‐yyyy
Part 2 – Feasibility Study Manual NPM‐2‐yyyy
3 ESM Environmental and Social Part 1 – Environmental Impact ESM‐1‐yyyy
Impact Assessment Assessment Manual
Manual Part 2 – Social Impact Assessment ESM‐2‐yyyy
Manual
4 EIM Engineering Survey and Part 1 – Topographic Survey EIM‐1‐yyyy
Investigations Manual Part 2 – Traffic Survey EIM‐2‐yyyy
Part 3 – Pavement Condition Survey EIM‐3‐yyyy
Part 4 – Bridge Condition Survey EIM‐4‐yyyy
Part 5 – Materials and Site Investigation EIM‐5‐yyyy
5 GTM Geotechnical Design ‐ GTM‐yyyy
Manual
6 GDM Geometric Design Manual Part 1 – Geometric Design for Highways GDM‐1‐yyyy
and Rural Roads
Part 2 – Geometric Design for Urban GDM‐2‐yyyy
Roads
7 TCM Traffic Control Facilities Part 1 – Carriageway Marking TCM‐1‐yyyy
Manual Part 2 – Traffic Signs TCM‐2‐yyyy
Part 3 – Traffic Signals TCM‐3‐yyyy
8 RSM Road Safety Manual ‐ ‐
9 PDM Pavement Design Manual Part 1 ‐ Flexible Pavements PDM‐1‐yyyy
Part 2 ‐ Rigid Pavements PDM‐2‐yyyy
Part 3 ‐ Rehabilitation PDM‐3‐yyyy

10 HDM Hydrology and Drainage Part 1 – Hydrology HDM‐1‐yyyy

Design Manual Part 2 – Drainage Design HDM‐2‐yyyy
11 BDM Bridges and Culvert Design Part 1 – Bridge Loads BDM‐1‐yyyy
Manual Part 2 – Bridges and Culvert Design BDM‐2‐yyyy
12 SDW Standard Detailed SDW‐yyyy
Drawings
13 MEM Maintenance and Part 1 – Maintenance MEM‐1‐yyyy
Emergency Works Part 2 – Emergency Works MEM‐2‐yyyy
Manuals

3
‐yyyy represents year of publication
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PROPOSED NEW KENYA STANDARD SPECIFICATION FOR ROAD AND BRIDGE

WORKS (POST DAY 2 DISCUSSIONS)

CONTENTS

SERIES 1000: GENERAL

1100 Definitions and terms
1200 General requirements and provisions
1300 Contractor's establishment on site and general obligations
1400 Housing, offices and laboratories for the Engineers' site personnel and attendance
1500 Land acquisition and services
1600 Environmental protection and waste disposal
1700 Occupational Health and Safety, HIV/AIDS and Gender
1850 Traffic management and work zone safety
1900 Contractor designed works
1950 Overhaul

SERIES 2000: DRAINAGE

2100 Drains
2200 In‐situ concrete culverts
2300 Prefabricated culverts
2400 Concrete kerbing, concrete channeling, chutes and downpipes, and concrete linings
for open drains
2500 Pitching, stonework and protection against erosion
2600 Gabions
2700 Filter fabric and drainage composite

SERIES 3000: EARTHWORKS

3100 Clearing, grubbing and removal of top soil
3200 Removal of existing structures
3300 Breaking up of existing pavement layers
3400 Borrow pit and quarries acquisition and exploitation
3500 Selection, stockpiling and breaking down materials
3600 Mass earthworks
3700 Rockfill
3800 Selected fill and subgrade

SERIES 4000: PAVEMENT LAYERS OF GRANULAR MATERIALS

4100 Borrow pits, quarries and cuttings acquisition and exploitation
4200 Gravel wearing course
4300 Pavement layers of gravel material
4400 Stabilisation
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4500 Mechanical modification

4600 Crushed stone base
4700 Repair of unbound pavement layers

SERIES 5000: BITUMINOUS PAVEMENT LAYERS AND SEALS

5100 Prime and curing membranes
5150 Bituminous base course
5250 Asphalt concrete surfacing
5350 Cold asphalt mixes
5400 General requirements for seals
5450 Single surface dressing
5500 Double surface dressings
5550 Sand seals and slurry
5600 Grit seals
5650 Graded aggregate seals (Otta seal)
5700 Surfacing of bridge decks
5750 Treatment of surface defects, patching, repairing edge breaks and crack sealing

SERIES 6000: CONCRETE LAYERS AND MODULAR PAVING

6100 Rigid pavements
6200 Lean concrete
6300 Roller compacted lean concrete
6400 Interlocking pavement blocks
6500 Cobble stone
6600 Hand packed stone
6700 Repair of concrete layers

SERIES 7000: STRUCTURES

7100 Foundations for structures
7150 Falsework, formwork and concrete finish
7200 Steel reinforcements for structures
7250 Concrete for structures
7300 Prestressing
7350 No‐fines concrete, bolts, parapets and drainage for structures
7400 Bearings and joints
7450 Structural steelwork
7550 Masonry structures
7600 Timber structures
7650 Geotechnical structures
7750 Repair of structures

SERIES 8000: ANCILLARY ROADWORKS

8100 Marker and kilometer posts
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8200 Guardrails
8300 Fencing and gates
8400 Road signs
8500 Road markings
8600 Humps and rumble strips
8600 Landscaping and grassing
8700 Finishing the road and road reserve and treating old roads

SERIES 9000: QUALITY ASSURANCE, QUALITY CONTROL, TESTING AND TOLERANCES

9100 Quality assurance
9200 Quality control
9300 Testing of material and workmanship
9400 Tolerances

APPENDICES

A1. Dayworks
A2. Bill of Quantities
A3. Proprietary products
A4. Measurement and payment on PPP projects
A5. Output and Performance Based Road Contracts (OPBRC)

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APPENDIX D:

PROPOSED KENYA MANUAL STRUCTURE AND TECHNICAL

SPECIFICATION

(POST DAY 3 DISCUSSIONS)

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PROPOSED KENYA ROAD DESIGN MANUAL STRUCTURE AND CODING

(POST DAY 3 DISCUSSIONS)

Vol Code Manual Title Part Name Part/Code

1 COP Code of Procedure and ‐ COP‐yyyy4
Standards
2 NPM Network and Project Part 1 – Road Classification NPM‐1‐yyyy
Planning Manual Part 2 ‐ Route and Corridor Planning NPM‐2‐yyyy
Part 3 – Feasibility Study NPM‐3‐yyyy
3 ESM Environmental and Social Part 1 – Environmental Impact Assessment ESM‐1‐yyyy
Impact Assessment Manual Part 2 – Social Impact Assessment ESM‐2‐yyyy
4 GDM Geometric Design Manual Part 1 – Topographic Survey GDM‐1‐yyyy
Part 2 – Traffic Survey GDM‐2‐yyyy
Part 3 – Geometric Design for Highways and GDM‐3‐yyyy
Rural Roads
Part 4 – Geometric Design for Urban Roads GDM‐4‐yyyy
5 GTM Geotechnical Design Manual Part 1 ‐ Geotechnical Investigation GTM‐1‐yyyy
Part 2 – Geotechnical Design GTM‐2‐yyyy
6 HDM Hydrology and Drainage Part 1 – Hydrology HDM‐1‐yyyy
Design Manual Part 2 – Drainage Design HDM‐2‐yyyy
7 PDM Materials and Pavement Part 1 – Material Prospecting and Alignment PDM‐1‐yyyy
Design for New Roads Survey Manual
Manual Part 2 – Materials Field and Laboratory PDM‐2‐yyyy
Testing Manual
Part 3 – Pavement Design for New Roads PDM‐3‐yyyy
8 BDM Bridges and Retaining Part 1 – Bridge and Culvert Design BDM‐1‐yyyy
Structures Design Manual Part 2 – Retaining Walls Design BDM‐2‐yyyy
9 TCM Traffic Control Facilities and Part 1 – Road Marking TCM‐1‐yyyy
Road Lighting Manual Part 2 – Traffic Signs TCM‐2‐yyyy
Part 3 – Traffic Signals and Communication TCM‐3‐yyyy
System
Part 4 – Road Lighting TCM‐4‐yyyy
Part 5 – Other Traffic Control Devices TCM‐5‐yyyy
10 RSM Road Safety Audit and Part 1 – Road Safety Audit RSM‐1‐yyyy
Impact Assessment Manual Part 2 – Road Safety Impact Assessment RSM‐2‐yyyy
11 MRM Maintenance and Part 1 – Pavement Condition Survey MRM‐1‐yyyy
Rehabilitation Manual Part 2 – Pavement Maintenance and MRM‐2‐yyyy
Rehabilitation
Part 3 – Bridge Condition Survey MRM‐3‐yyyy
Part 4 – Bridge Maintenance MRM‐4‐yyyy

4
‐yyyy represents year of publication
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PROPOSED NEW KENYA STANDARD SPECIFICATION FOR ROAD AND BRIDGE WORKS
(POST DAY 3 DISCUSSIONS)
CONTENTS
SERIES 1000: GENERAL
1100 Definitions and terms
1200 General requirements and provisions
1300 Contractor's establishment on site and general obligations
1400 Engineer’s site establishment
1500 Land acquisition and services
1600 Materials and testing of materials
1700 Trials to confirm compliance with specifications
1800 Construction control testing
1900 Setting out and tolerances

SERIES 2000: DRAINAGE

2100 Drains
2200 In‐situ concrete culverts
2300 Prefabricated culverts
2400 Concrete kerbing, concrete channeling, chutes and downpipes, and concrete
linings for open drains
2500 Pitching, stonework and protection against erosion
2600 Gabions
2700 Quality assurance, quality control, testing and tolerances

SERIES 3000: EARTHWORKS

3100 Clearing, grubbing and removal of top soil
3200 Removal of existing structures
3300 Breaking up of existing pavement layers
3400 Borrow pit and quarries acquisition and exploitation
3500 Selection, stockpiling and breaking down materials
3600 Earthworks
3700 Ground improvement (to include rock‐fill, expansive soils improvement, etc)
3800 Selected fill material and subgrade treatment
3400 Overhaul
3500 Quality assurance, quality control, testing and tolerances

SERIES 4000: NATURAL, CRUSHED STONE AND STABILIZED MATERIAL PAVEMENT LAYERS
4100 Borrow pits, quarries and cuttings acquisition and exploitation
4200 Gravel wearing course
4300 Gravel subbase and base
4400 Grade crushed stone subbase and base
4500 Hand packed stone subbase and base
4600 Stabilized materials
4700 Quality assurance, quality control, testing and tolerances

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SERIES 5000: BITUMINOUS SURFACE TREATMENTS, SEALS AND PAVEMENT LAYERS

5100 General requirements for Bituminous Surface Treatments and Surface Dressing
5200 Prime coat, tack coat and curing membranes
5300 Surface dressing
5400 Emulsion slurry seal
5450 Fog spray, sand seal, and gravel seal (Otta seal)
5500 General Requirements for bituminous mixes base and surfacing courses
5600 Dense Bitumen Macadam for Base
5700 Asphalt Concrete for Surfacing
5800 Cold asphalt for surfacing, base, levelling and patching
5900 Quality assurance, quality control, testing and tolerances

SERIES 6000: CONCRETE LAYERS AND MODULAR PAVING

6100 Fixed formwork concrete layers
6200 Paver laid concrete layers
6300 Segmental block paving layers
6400 Quality assurance, quality control, testing and tolerances

SERIES 7000: STRUCTURES

7100 Foundations
7150 Falsework, formwork and concrete finish
7200 Steel reinforcement
7300 Concrete for structures (to include pre‐stressed and post‐tensioned concrete)
7400 Bearings and joints
7500 Structural steelwork
7600 Masonry structures
7650 Timber structures
7700 Reinforced earth structures (Mechanically stabilized earth walls and slopes)
7750 Patented Earth Retaining Systems
7800 Ground Anchors
7850 Painting
7900 Launching of bridge elements
7950 Quality assurance, quality control, testing and tolerances

SERIES 8000: ANCILLARY ROADWORKS

8100 Marker and kilometer posts
8200 Guardrails
8300 Fencing and gates
8400 Road signs
8500 Road markings
8600 Speed bumps and rumble strips
8600 Landscaping, grassing and arboriculture
8700 Quality assurance, quality control, testing and tolerances

SERIES 9000: ENVIRONMENTAL, HEALTH, SAFETY AND SOCIAL ASPECTS

9100 Environmental protection and waste disposal

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9200 Occupational Health and Safety, HIV/AIDS

9300 Traffic management and work zone safety
9400 Community Involvement and Liaison
9400 Poverty Gender and Social Inclusion

APPENDICES
A1. Contract Forms as per statutes
A2. Bill of Quantities
A3. Dayworks
A4. Proprietary products
A5. Measurement and payment for various forms of contracts e.g. PPP, EPC, etc.
A6. Output and Performance Based Road Contracts (OPBRC)

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Appendix I TTF’s Technical Note No. 1 and Transmittal Note

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 Sirari Corridor Accessibility & Road Safety Improvement Project Rehabilitation: Isebania –
Kisii – Ahero (A1) Road
Provision of Consultancy Services for Review And Updating of Road Design Manual and
Standard Specifications - Contract No. KeNHA/2384/2021
TECHNICAL TASK FORCE
TECHNICAL NOTE NO. 1
1. Purpose
This Technical Note No. 1 presents recommendations on the structure and coding of new
Roads Manual and Technical Specification for approval by the TAs.
This Techncial Note No. 1 gives a brief of the proceedings and resolutions of the meeting of
the TTF and the Consultant (TRL) to review the Preliminary Review Report, representing
Deliverable D3 of the project.
The meeting was held over one and half days from the 21 st to the 22nd of March 2022.
The above-mentioned meeting was then followed by a supplementary meeting held on the
4th of April 2022, remotely (online).
The TTF constituted a quorum on both days and a brief of key areas discussed and outcomes
of the deliberations are given below.
2. Objective of the Preliminary Review Process
The objective of the preliminary review was to recommend a structure and coding of the
Design Manuals and Standard Specifications for Consideration by the TTF.
The specific objective of the meetings was to deliberate on the content of the Draft
Preliminary Review Report submitted by the consultant. The report contains information of
the review of structure and coding of manuals and standard specifications in Australia, UK,
America, South Africa, Uganda, Ethiopia, Namibia and Mozambique.
The structure and coding of the existing Kenya Road Design Manual and Standard
Specification were also reviewed with the aim of recommending updates based on
international best practice.
The Consultant presented the contents and findings from the review process detailed in the
draft Preliminary Review Report.
3. Findings of the Preliminary Review Process
Australia: The Australian system comprises of 9 Guides and Parts reflecting disciplines and
the nomenclature of the coding has 4 letters depicting the Authority, the Title of the Manual
the number assigned to the parts and the year of publication. The Specification has Series
1000 to Series 5000.
United Kingdom: The UK system is composed of the Design Manual for Roads and Bridges
(DMRB) and it is structured in the form of Codes of two letters, the first standing for the
volume (9 volumes altogether), and the second representing the discipline. There are over
300 codes altogether. The Manual for Contract Documents for Highway Works (MCHW) has
the Specification for Highway Works (SHW) comprising of Series and Appendices.
U.S.A.: The American system is made up of bulk manuals in some States with chapters while
the AASHTO Guide has Parts and Sections. They have been adopted or referenced in many
countries. The Standard Specification for Federal Highways has 10 Divisions.
South Africa: The South African system consisted of Technical Methods for Highways (TMHs)
and Technical Recommendations for Highways (TRHs). These have been superseded by the

TTF Technical Note No. 1: Preliminary Review Report 1

 South African National Standards (SANS) and Agency Manuals. The Standard Specification
was recently updated from Series and Clauses to Chapters and Sections.
Uganda: The Uganda manuals system consist of Volumes and Parts and the Standard
Specification has Series 1000 to Series 8000 and Clauses. This is similar to the Kenya system.
Ethiopia and Mozambique: These two countries have standalone manuals for each discipline
and the Standard Specification has Series 1000 to Series 7000 and several Clauses under each
Series.
Kenya: The road design manual system is a mix of old and new documents. New manuals
were prepared in 2009, however, they were not adopted. Some new proposed manuals were
not drafted. The road design manual is seen as one document with a number of distinct part
numbering. Recent additions to system, though, have not been added to Parts system, eg the
Low Volume Sealed Roads Manual. The specification that is in use is comprehensive although
in requires significant improvements to cater for new materials and technology as well as
modern methods of procuring works.
4. Use of Findings from the Review Process
The findings from the review process were used to make proposals for Kenya in the following
way:
1. The new manual system must reflect the project cycle in terms of overall structure (UK,
Australia);
2. The system must have stand-alone manuals packaged to reflect the level of sophistication
in the local industry (UK, RSA, USA).
3. It is best to keep it simple (Mozambique, Ethiopia, Uganda) with sections within manuals
and specifications to be series-based to make for ease of updating (Mozambique,
Uganda, USA, Washington DoT).
4. Adopt acronym-based manual naming/coding (Australia, USA).
5. Include year of publishing in code (Australia).
5. The Consultant’s Proposal
Manual Structure and Coding:
The Consultant presented the following proposed manual structure and coding:

Code Manual
CPS Code of Procedure and Standards
ESM Engineering Surveys
MSI Materials and Site Investigations
GTD Geotechnical Design
EAM Economic Appraisal
GDM Geometric Design
TCF Traffic Control Facilities
RSM Road Safety
PDF Pavement Design – Flexible
PDR Pavement Design – Rigid Pavements
PDO Pavement Design – Rehabilitation and Overlay Design
HDD Hydrology and Drainage Design
BSD Bridges and Structures Design
SSD Standard Structural Drawings Catalogue
ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment

TTF Technical Note No. 1: Preliminary Review Report 2

 The manual structure and coding proposal has the following key characteristics:
1. Stand-alone manuals are proposed for the various disciplines.
2. The system introduces an important new manual – the Code of Procedure and
Standards, this manual would be the guiding document in the application of the
manuals.
3. The coding was designed to ring of the activity encompassed by the subject manual,
no numbering was introduced.

Specification for Road and Bridge Construction:

The following table shows the content and numbering that the Consultant proposed for the
new Specification for Road and Bridge Construction:

Series Title
1000 General
2000 Services
3000 Materials and Testing of Materials
4000 Accommodation of Traffic
5000 Earthworks
6000 Culvert and Drainage Works
7000 Natural Materials Subbase and Base
8000 Graded Crushed Stone Subbase and Base
9000 Cement and Lime-treated Subgrade, Subbase, and Base
10000 Concrete Layers
11000 Bituminous Mix Bases, Binder Courses, and Wearing
Courses
12000 Bituminous Surface Treatments and Surfacing Dressings
13000 Structures
14000 Ancillary Works
15000 Repair of Subbase, Base, and Concrete Layers
16000 Repair of Structures
17000 Testing, Quality Control, and Tolerances
18000 Day works

The Consultant’s proposal of the outline of the Specification for Road and Bridge
Construction has the following key characteristics:
1. The proposed structure for Kenya leans towards the common structure found in SSA,
with improvements drawn from other international experiences.
2. The above change moves the current system of chapters within the specification to
that of a number of series.
3. The series numbering exceeds 9000.
4. Additions proposed to the specification are informed by recent experiences in Kenya
such as use of pre-stressed and post-tensioned concrete, reinforced earth
embankments, composite structures, etc.
5. The aspect of repairs and rehabilitation of bridges was added.

6. The TTF/Consultant Final Proposal

Manual Structure and Coding:
Following the deliberations between the Consultant and the TTF on the Consultant’s
proposal, the following manual structure and coding was agreed:

TTF Technical Note No. 1: Preliminary Review Report 3

 Vol Code Manual Title No of
Parts
1 COP Code of Procedure and Standards 1
2 NPM Network and Project Planning Manual 3
3 ESM Environmental and Social Impact Assessment 2
Manual
4 GDM Geometric Design Manual 4
5 GTM Geotechnical Design Manual 2
6 HDM Hydrology and Drainage Design Manual 2
7 PDM Materials and Pavement Design for New Roads 3
Manual
8 BDM Bridges and Retaining Structures Design Manual 2
9 TCM Traffic Control Facilities and Road Lighting Manual 5
10 RSM Road Safety Audit and Impact Assessment Manual 2
11 MRM Maintenance and Rehabilitation Manual 4

The agreed manual structure and coding proposal has the following key characteristics:
1. It was concluded the structure of volumes and parts was more suitable for Kenya
because it would be easier to update parts independently to keep up with advancing
technologies.
2. A 3-letter acronym coding system was agreed upon; the acronym mimics the manual
discipline.
3. It was also agreed that putting the year of publication in the nomenclature for the
coding, as in the Australian coding system, would be good for referencing and
gazetting of individual Parts.
The proposed draft structure and coding of the Volumes and Parts of the Road Design Manual
is given in more detail as Annex 1 to this Technical Note No. 1.
Specification for Road and Bridge Construction:
Following deliberations of the TTF and the Consultant on the Consultant’s proposal, the
following is proposed for the new Specification for Road and Bridge Construction:

Series Title
1000 General
2000 Drainage
3000 Earthworks
4000 Natural, Crushed Stone and Stabilized Materials Pavement Layers
5000 Bituminous Surface Treatments, Seals and Pavement Layers
6000 Concrete Layers and Modular Paving
7000 Structures
8000 Ancillary Roadworks
9000 Environmental, Health, Safety and Social Aspects
Appendices

The proposed Specification for Road and Bridge Construction has the following key
characteristics:
1. Various options of the specification were discussed, and the resolution was to
recommend a system of a maximum of nine (9) Series (i.e. Series 1000 to Series 9000)
and several Clauses under each Series.
2. It was also resolved to re-organise the Clauses to reflect the sequence in which work
is carried out on project.

TTF Technical Note No. 1: Preliminary Review Report 4

 The proposed structure and outline of content of the Specification for Road and Bridge
Construction is given in more detail in ANNEX 2 to this Technical Note No. 1.

7. Gap Analysis – TTF Proposal compared to Existing Manual and 2009 Egis Draft
Manual Structure and Coding:
A gap analysis exercised revealed the following differences between the TTF proposed
manual structure and the existing manuals system and the EGIS draft, details are given in
Annex 3 to this Technical Note No. 1:
Vol Code Manual Title Gap to Existing Gap to EGIS Draft
Manual
1 COP Code of Procedure and No manual No manual
Standards
2 NPM Network and Project No manual No manual
Planning Manual
3 ESM Environmental and No manual No manual
Social Impact
Assessment Manual
4 GDM Geometric Design Manual exists, will Draft exists, to
Manual inform update incorporate into
update
5 GTM Geotechnical Design No manual No manual
Manual
6 HDM Hydrology and No manual Draft exists, to
Drainage Design incorporate into
Manual update
7 PDM Materials and RDM Part III exists, Draft exists, concrete
Pavement Design for does not include pavements not given
New Roads Manual concrete pavements extensive treatment,
to update
8 BDM Bridges and Retaining RDM Part IV is in Draft exists, not
Structures Design use, will inform approved, to update
Manual update
9 TCM Traffic Control Facilities No manual Old drafts exists for
and Road Lighting traffic signs and road
Manual marking
10 RSM Road Safety Audit and No manual Draft exists, only for
Impact Assessment road safety audit
Manual
11 MRM Maintenance and Several manuals Draft prepared for
Rehabilitation Manual exist, refer to Annex rehabilitation and
C. overlay only

Specification for Road and Bridge Construction:

Key new aspects now to be included in the new specification, compared to the EGIS draft,
amongst others, are:
1. Land acquisition and services.
2. Environmental protection and waste disposal.
3. Resettlement and compensation of project affect parties.
4. Traffic management and work zone safety
5. Contractor designed works.
6. Measurement aspects on PPP projects.
TTF Technical Note No. 1: Preliminary Review Report 5
 7. Rigid pavements.
8. Repair of granular and bituminous pavement layers.
9. Repair and rehabilitation of bridges.
10. Pre-stressed concrete.
8. TTF Request to TAs
The TTF requests the following:
1. The TAs’ approval of the Structure and Coding of new Roads Manual and Technical
Specification as detailed in this Technical Note No. 1.
2. The TAs’ instruction for the Consultant to prepare the Final Preliminary Review
Report.
9. Next Steps
On approval of the request made through this Technical Note No. 1 the following will be the
next steps:
1. The Consultant will prepare the Final Preliminary Review Report (PRR).
2. The PRR will then be forwarded to the National Steering Committee (NSC).
3. An NSC/TA/TTF/Consultant meeting will be convened at which the TTF and the
Consultant will present the PRR and the proposed structure and coding of the new
Road Manual and Specification for Road and Bridge Construction, for approval by the
NSC.
4. On approval of the PRR by the NSC, the Consultant will proceed with finalising and
presenting the next deliverable, that is the D4 - Draft Technical Review Report.

TTF Technical Note No. 1: Preliminary Review Report 6

 ANNEX 1:
PROPOSED NEW ROAD MANUAL STRUCTURE AND CODING

TTF Technical Note No. 1: Preliminary Review Report 7

 PROPOSED KENYA ROAD DESIGN MANUAL STRUCTURE AND CODING

Vol Code Manual Title Part Name Part/Code

1 COP Code of Procedure and - COP-yyyy1
Standards
2 NPM Network and Project Part 1 – Road Classification NPM-1-yyyy
Planning Manual Part 2 - Route and Corridor Planning NPM-2-yyyy
Part 3 – Feasibility Study NPM-3-yyyy
3 ESM Environmental and Social Part 1 – Environmental Impact Assessment ESM-1-yyyy
Impact Assessment Manual Part 2 – Social Impact Assessment ESM-2-yyyy
4 GDM Geometric Design Manual Part 1 – Topographic Survey GDM-1-yyyy
Part 2 – Traffic Survey GDM-2-yyyy
Part 3 – Geometric Design for Highways and GDM-3-yyyy
Rural Roads
Part 4 – Geometric Design for Urban Roads GDM-4-yyyy
5 GTM Geotechnical Design Manual Part 1 - Geotechnical Investigation GTM-1-yyyy
Part 2 – Geotechnical Design GTM-2-yyyy
6 HDM Hydrology and Drainage Part 1 – Hydrology HDM-1-yyyy
Design Manual Part 2 – Drainage Design HDM-2-yyyy
7 PDM Materials and Pavement Part 1 – Material Prospecting and Alignment PDM-1-yyyy
Design for New Roads Survey Manual
Manual Part 2 – Materials Field and Laboratory PDM-2-yyyy
Testing Manual
Part 3 – Pavement Design for New Roads PDM-3-yyyy
8 BDM Bridges and Retaining Part 1 – Bridge and Culvert Design BDM-1-yyyy
Structures Design Manual Part 2 – Retaining Walls Design BDM-2-yyyy
9 TCM Traffic Control Facilities and Part 1 – Road Marking TCM-1-yyyy
Road Lighting Manual Part 2 – Traffic Signs TCM-2-yyyy
Part 3 – Traffic Signals and Communication TCM-3-yyyy
System
Part 4 – Road Lighting TCM-4-yyyy
Part 5 – Other Traffic Control Devices TCM-5-yyyy
10 RSM Road Safety Audit and Part 1 – Road Safety Audit RSM-1-yyyy
Impact Assessment Manual Part 2 – Road Safety Impact Assessment RSM-2-yyyy
11 MRM Maintenance and Part 1 – Pavement Condition Survey MRM-1-yyyy
Rehabilitation Manual Part 2 – Pavement Maintenance and MRM-2-yyyy
Rehabilitation
Part 3 – Bridge Condition Survey MRM-3-yyyy
Part 4 – Bridge Maintenance MRM-4-yyyy

1
-yyyy represents year of publication
TTF Technical Note No. 1: Preliminary Review Report 8
 ANNEX 2:
PROPOSED NEW TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION FOR ROAD AND BRIDGE WORKS
IN KENYA

TTF Technical Note No. 1: Preliminary Review Report 9

 PROPOSED NEW KENYA STANDARD SPECIFICATION FOR ROAD AND BRIDGE WORKS
CONTENTS
SERIES 1000: GENERAL
1100 Definitions and terms
1200 General requirements and provisions
1300 Contractor's establishment on site and general obligations
1400 Engineer’s site establishment
1500 Land acquisition and services
1600 Materials and testing of materials
1700 Trials to confirm compliance with specifications
1800 Construction control testing
1900 Setting out and tolerances

SERIES 2000: DRAINAGE

2100 Drains
2200 In-situ concrete culverts
2300 Prefabricated culverts
2400 Concrete kerbing, concrete channeling, chutes and downpipes, and concrete linings
for open drains
2500 Pitching, stonework and protection against erosion
2600 Gabions
2700 Quality assurance, quality control, testing and tolerances

SERIES 3000: EARTHWORKS

3100 Clearing, grubbing and removal of top soil
3200 Removal of existing structures
3300 Breaking up of existing pavement layers
3400 Borrow pit and quarries acquisition and exploitation
3500 Selection, stockpiling and breaking down materials
3600 Earthworks
3700 Ground improvement (to include rock-fill, expansive soils improvement, etc)
3800 Selected fill material and subgrade treatment
3400 Overhaul
3500 Quality assurance, quality control, testing and tolerances

SERIES 4000: NATURAL, CRUSHED STONE AND STABILIZED MATERIAL PAVEMENT LAYERS
4100 Borrow pits, quarries and cuttings acquisition and exploitation
4200 Gravel wearing course
4300 Gravel subbase and base
4400 Grade crushed stone subbase and base
4500 Hand packed stone subbase and base
4600 Stabilized materials
4700 Quality assurance, quality control, testing and tolerances

SERIES 5000: BITUMINOUS SURFACE TREATMENTS, SEALS AND PAVEMENT LAYERS

5100 General requirements for Bituminous Surface Treatments and Surface Dressing
5200 Prime coat, tack coat and curing membranes
5300 Surface dressing
5400 Emulsion slurry seal
5450 Fog spray, sand seal, and gravel seal (Otta seal)

TTF Technical Note No. 1: Preliminary Review Report 10

5500 General Requirements for bituminous mixes base and surfacing courses
5600 Dense Bitumen Macadam for Base
5700 Asphalt Concrete for Surfacing
5800 Cold asphalt for surfacing, base, levelling and patching
5900 Quality assurance, quality control, testing and tolerances

SERIES 6000: CONCRETE LAYERS AND MODULAR PAVING

6100 Fixed formwork concrete layers
6200 Paver laid concrete layers
6300 Segmental block paving layers
6400 Quality assurance, quality control, testing and tolerances

SERIES 7000: STRUCTURES

7100 Foundations
7150 Falsework, formwork and concrete finish
7200 Steel reinforcement
7300 Concrete for structures (to include pre-stressed and post-tensioned concrete)
7400 Bearings and joints
7500 Structural steelwork
7600 Masonry structures
7650 Timber structures
7700 Reinforced earth structures (Mechanically stabilized earth walls and slopes)
7750 Patented Earth Retaining Systems
7800 Ground Anchors
7850 Painting
7900 Launching of bridge elements
7950 Quality assurance, quality control, testing and tolerances

SERIES 8000: ANCILLARY ROADWORKS

8100 Marker and kilometer posts
8200 Guardrails
8300 Fencing and gates
8400 Road signs
8500 Road markings
8600 Speed bumps and rumble strips
8600 Landscaping, grassing and arboriculture
8700 Quality assurance, quality control, testing and tolerances

SERIES 9000: ENVIRONMENTAL, HEALTH, SAFETY AND SOCIAL ASPECTS

9100 Environmental protection and waste disposal
9200 Occupational Health and Safety, HIV/AIDS
9300 Traffic management and work zone safety
9400 Community Involvement and Liaison
9400 Poverty Gender and Social Inclusion

APPENDICES
A1. Contract Forms as per statutes
A2. Bill of Quantities
A3. Dayworks
A4. Proprietary products
A5. Measurement and payment for various forms of contracts e.g. PPP, EPC, etc.

TTF Technical Note No. 1: Preliminary Review Report 11

A6. Output and Performance Based Road Contracts (OPBRC)

TTF Technical Note No. 1: Preliminary Review Report 12

 ANNEX 3:
GAP ANALYSIS – TTF PROPOSAL COMPARED TO KENYA’S CURRENT MANUALS
STRUCTURE

TTF Technical Note No. 1: Preliminary Review Report 13

 Vol Code Proposed Manual Approved Stand- Current Title of Approved Manual or Draft Stand- Current Title of Draft Manual or Part applicable to Notes
alone Part applicable to new manual alone new manual structure
Manual/Part structure Manual/Par
Exists? t Exists?
1 COP Code of Procedure and No None No None New manual required.
Standards Code will guide user on all other manuals, policies and
standards, will be a quick reference document.
2 NPM Network and Project No None No None New manual required.
Planning Manual Manual will cover the entire process of undertaking
feasibility studies. It will include project and
programme appraisal procedures.
3 ESM Environmental and Social No None No None New manual required.
Impact Assessment Manual This will include guidance on how road projects
should apply and comply with NEMA guidelines and
standards and OSHA regulations in Kenya. Will
provide guidance tailormade for roads on
environmental impact assessment as well as social
impact assessment. ESIA management processes will
also be defined.
4 GDM Geometric Design Manual Yes 1. RDM Part I: Geometric Design of Yes 1. RDM Part 1a): Geometric Design (2009) To re-arrange manual and update.
Rural Roads (1979) 2. RDM Part 1c): Traffic Surveys (2009)
3. Road Design Guidelines for Urban Roads
(Geometric Design of Urban Roads) (2001)
4. Street Design Manual for Urban Areas in Kenya
(2019)

5 GTM Geotechnical Design Manual No None No None New manual required.

To include design of high embankments and deep
cuts, slope stability analysis and design, design of
bridge foundations, design of retaining walls.
6 HDM Hydrology and Drainage No Yes 1. RDM Part 2: Drainage Design (2009) To update.
Design Manual 2. Hydraulic Design of Drainage Structures (1983)
7 PDM Materials and Pavement Yes 1. RDM Part III: Materials and Pavement No* 1. RDM Part 3: Materials and Pavement Design - To update and introduce more comprehensive
Design for New Roads Design for New Roads (1987) New Gravel, Bituminous and Concrete Roads treatment of rigid pavements.
Manual 2. Pavement Design Guideline for Low (2009)
Volume Sealed Roads (2017)
8 BDM Bridges and Retaining Yes RDM Part !V: Bridges Design (1993) Yes RDM Part 6: Structural Design– To rearrange manual and update.
Structures Design Manual 1. RDM Part 6a): Bridge and Culvert Design New chapter of manual on retaining structures
Standard Designs for Small Concrete 2. Bridge Design (1982) required.
Drainage
Structures (1987): RDM Part 6b): Structural Design – Catalogue of
Part I: Standard Small Span Concrete Drawings (2009)
Bridges i) Standard Culverts and Drifts
Part II: Standard concrete box culverts ii) Standard Concrete Box Culverts – Schedules and
Quantities
iii) Standard Small Span Concrete Bridges
iv) Standard Structures
9 TCM Traffic Control Facilities and No Yes 1. RDM Part 5: Traffic Control Devices (2009) To re-arrange manual and update.
Road Lighting Manual RDM Part 5a): Traffic Signs
RDM Part 5b): Road Marking
RDM Part 5c): Traffic Signals
RDM Part 5d): Street Lighting
2. Road Marking (1972)
3. Traffic Signs in Kenya (1975)

TTF Technical Note No. 1: Preliminary Review Report 14

 10 RSM Road Safety Audit and No None Yes RDM Part 1b): Road Safety Audits (2009) Will include safety audits, managing and protection of
Impact Assessment Manual NMTs, safe systems approach to road safety.
New part on Traffic Impact Assessment required.
11 MRM Maintenance and Yes 1. RDM Part V: Pavement Rehabilitation No* RDM Part 4: Materials and Pavement Design - New comprehensive manual required; EGIS draft
Rehabilitation Manual and Overlay Design (1988) Overlay and Asphalt Pavement Rehabilitation (2009) needs overhaul.
2. Road Maintenance Manual (2014)
3. Minor Roads Programme Technical
and Maintenance Manual (1989)
4. Roads 2000 Operations Manual
(2008)
Notes:
* Draft produced was not approved as a ‘Draft’
Italics refer to manuals for which standalone RDM documents do not either exist as draft or approved

TTF Technical Note No. 1: Preliminary Review Report 15

Preliminary Review Report

Appendix J TA/TTF/Consultant Correspondence on the PRR

Consultancy Services for Review and Updating of Road Design Manuals and Standard Specifications for Kenya Ref. No.
KENHA/PCS/342/2021
26th April 2022
Ref: 11226171/KENHA/012

Director (Policy, Strategy and Compliance)

Kenyan National Highways Authority (KeNHA)
Block A & C, Barabara Plaza,
Jomo Kenyatta International Airport (JKIA)
Off Airport South Road, along Mazao Road
P.O. Box 49712-00100
Nairobi

[email protected]

ATT: Eng. James Njuguna Gatitu

CC: David Maganda (Chairman – Technical Task Force)

CC: Eng. S.K. Kogi, Technical Administrator (Materials & Pavement)
CC: Eng. J.M. Kungu, Technical Administrator (Highways & Structures)
CC: Eng. Clarence Karot, Deputy Director, Project coordinator
CC: Eng. Winfred Gichuru, Task Manager, The African Development Bank

Project: Provision of consultancy services for the review and updating of the road design
manuals and standard specifications

Contract: KENHA/PSC/342/2021

Subject: RE: Clarifications on the preliminary review report and proposed structure and
coding of the RDM and SRBC

Dear Sir,

We have received a copy of the letter sent by Eng. Kogi, requesting clarification from the consultant
on the implications of delivering the proposed manuals within the envisaged contract and timelines.

The letter describes a proposed structure that will allow for the updating of parts of or full manuals
separately and more easily in future. The structure is reflective of the project cycle and has volumes
split into distinct parts that are practitioner friendly. This will be a major improvement over the
existing RDM structure and the 2009 proposal.

Alongside the four new volumes identified in the TA’s letter to the TTF Chairman, the proposed
changes to the structure will also impact our current contractual scope. Consequently, we have split
the manuals into three categories to describe the impact on the current contractual scope as well as
the additional work.
Category 1: In scope - existing contract – No Change
The manuals shown in the table below are all within the contract scope and will be delivered.

Vol Code Manual Title Part Name Part/Code

4 GDM Geometric Part 1 – Topographic Survey GDM-1-yyyy
Design Manual Part 2 – Traffic Survey GDM-2-yyyy
Part 3 – Geometric Design for Highways and GDM-3-yyyy
Rural Roads
Part 4 – Geometric Design for Urban Roads GDM-4-yyyy
6 HDM Hydrology and Part 1 – Hydrology HDM-1-yyyy
Drainage Part 2 – Drainage Design HDM-2-yyyy
Design Manual
7 PDM Materials and Part 3 – Pavement Design for New Roads PDM-3-yyyy
Pavement
Design for New
Roads Manual
8 BDM Bridges and Part 1 – Bridge and Culvert Design BDM-1-yyyy
Retaining Part 2 – Retaining Walls Design BDM-2-yyyy
Structures
Design Manual
9 TCM Traffic Control Part 1 – Road Marking TCM-1-yyyy
Facilities and Part 2 – Traffic Signs TCM-2-yyyy
Road Lighting Part 3 – Traffic Signals and Communication TCM-3-yyyy
Manual System
Part 4 – Road Lighting TCM-4-yyyy
Part 5 – Other Traffic Control Devices TCM-5-yyyy
10 RSM Road Safety Part 1 – Road Safety Audit RSM-1-yyyy
Audit and Part 2 – Road Safety Impact Assessment RSM-2-yyyy
Impact
Assessment
Manual
11 MRM Maintenance Part 1 – Pavement Condition Survey MRM-1-yyyy
and Part 2 – Pavement Maintenance and MRM-2-yyyy
Rehabilitation Rehabilitation
Manual

Note: volume 11 MRM will not include General Maintenance, this would be additional scope
and not included in the scope of the current contract.

Category 2: Manual within contract scope – Additional work – Partial change

The delivery of these manuals is within the scope of the existing contract however there has been an
increase in the work required to deliver them.

Next step: The proposed improvements to the structure will also incur additional work and will
require TRL to quote the additional effort required and seek an addendum to cover the additional
cost.

Vol Code Manual Title Part Name Part/Code Contract

Scope
7 PDM Materials and Part 1 – Material Prospecting and Alignment PDM-1-yyyy Increased
Pavement Survey Manual
Design for Part 2 – Materials Field and Laboratory PDM-2-yyyy Increased
New Roads Testing Manual
Manual
Category 3: Out of scope for delivery in this contract
The following proposed manuals are outside the scope of the existing contract. This will also incur
additional work and will require TRL to quote the additional effort required and seek an addendum
to cover the additional cost.

Vol Code Manual Title Part Name Part/Code Contract

Scope
1 COP Code of - COP-yyyy1 Out of scope
Procedure and
Standards
2 NPM Network and Part 1 – Road Classification NPM-1-yyyy Out of scope
Project Planning Part 2 - Route and Corridor Planning NPM-2-yyyy Out of scope
Manual Part 3 – Feasibility Study NPM-3-yyyy Out of scope
3 ESM Environmental Part 1 – Environmental Impact Assessment ESM-1-yyyy Out of scope
and Social Part 2 – Social Impact Assessment ESM-2-yyyy Out of scope
Impact
Assessment
Manual
5 GTM Geotechnical Part 1 - Geotechnical Investigation GTM-1-yyyy Out of scope
Design Manual Part 2 – Geotechnical Design GTM-2-yyyy Out of scope
11 MRM Maintenance Part 3 – Bridge Condition Survey MRM-3-yyyy Out of scope
and Part 4 – Bridge Maintenance MRM-4-yyyy Out of scope
Rehabilitation
Manual

Recommendations:
1) It is imperative that the Project Coordinator considers the above and advises urgently on
how to proceed, TRL is available for this discussion at the earliest convenience.
2) It is strongly recommended that focus be maintained on the manuals listed in Category 1 and
2 within the current contract to maintain the agreed timeline.
3) TRL emphasizes that early agreement and approval to proceed with the actions in Category 2
maximises synergies with the existing project plan and resources. Furthermore, TRL would be
willing to add Category 3 actions to the existing project subject to approval and funding
under the conditions of the legal and procurement law (Ref. Public Procurement and Asset
Disposal 2015).
4) The detailed content and changes needed to be included from the additions in Category 2
and 3 can be finalised during the Design Review Report phase. Following DRR, TRL will
provide a quote alongside a request for amendment to the contract to cover the cost of this
additional scope.

We remain at your disposal for any additional information,

Yours Sincerely,

Spencer Rigler
Account Director

1
-yyyy represents year of publication
Preliminary Review Report

Appendix K TTF’s Technical Note No. 2 and Transmittal Note

Consultancy Services for Review and Updating of Road Design Manuals and Standard Specifications for Kenya Ref. No.
KENHA/PCS/342/2021
 MINISTRY OF TRANSPORT, INFRASTRUCTURE, HOUSING, URBAN
DEVELOPMENT & PUBLIC WORKS
STATE DEPARTMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE
Ref: KeNHA/03.E/RDM/Vol.2 (76) Date: 18th November, 2022

Att: Eng. J. M. Kungu; Att: Eng. S. K. Kogi,

Chief Engineer (Roads) Chief Engineer (Materials)
Technical Administrator Technical Administrator

CONSULTANCY SERVICES FOR REVIEW AND UPDATING OF ROAD DESIGN

MANUALS AND STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
CONTRACT NO: KeNHA/PSC/342/2021
TRANSMITTAL NOTE NO. 04

We are sending you the following:

☒ Technical Note No. 3 ☐ Draft 1st Stakeholder ☐ Draft 2nd ☐ Manuals &
☐ Meeting Minutes Workshop Report Stakeholder Workshop Specification
Report Manuscripts
☐ Inception Report ☐ Final Review Report
☐ Final Draft Manuals ☐ Launch Report
☐ 1st Draft Manuals &
☐ Preliminary Review & Specification ☐ Training Plan &
Specification ToC
Report ☐ Stakeholder Review Training Materials
☐ 2nd Draft Manuals &
☐ Draft Review Report Specification
Report ☐ Training Report
☐ 1st Stakeholder ☐ Final Design ☐ Other:[See list
☐ 2nd Stakeholder Manuals and
Workshop Plan below]
Workshop Plan Specification

List of Other Documents:

1. Minutes of the Plenary and Sub-Committee Sessions of the TTF following meetings held
on from the 9th to the 17th of November, 2022 (with records of the proceedings of the Sub-
committees annexed thereto.)

These are transmitted as checked below:

☒ For Approval ☐ Resubmit for Approval ☐ For Information ☐ As Requested
☐ For Onward Recommendation
Remarks:
The TTF requests the following:
1. The TAs’ approve this Technical Note No. 3 prepared following on the deliberations of
the TTF and its sub-committees on the Draft Review Report.
2. The TAs’ instruct the Consultant to prepare the next version of the DRR in preparation
for presentation to the NSC.

Copy to: Signed:

Eng. J. Njuguna Gatitu – Employer’s Eng. David. Maganda
Representative
Eng. Isaiah Onsongo – Project Coordinator
Eng. C. T. Bopoto – TRL Team Leader
Chairman, Technical Task Force
 Sirari Corridor Accessibility & Road Safety Improvement Project Rehabilitation: Isebania –
Kisii – Ahero (A1) Road
Provision of Consultancy Services for Review And Updating of Road Design Manual and
Standard Specifications - Contract No. KeNHA/2384/2021
TECHNICAL TASK FORCE
TECHNICAL NOTE NO. 2
1. Purpose
This Technical Note No. 2 presents final recommendations on the structure and coding of
new Roads Manual (RM), Road Design Manual (RDM) and Specification for Road and Bridge
Construction (SRBC) for approval by the TAs.
The recommendations follow the TTF’s Meeting Nr 4 held on 8 th November 2022.
2. Proceedings of TTF Meeting Nr 4
The TTF constituted a quorum on the meeting day and a record of the meeting is given as
Annex 1 to this Technical Note Nr 2.
The meeting discussed the final Preliminary Review Report in detail and comments made by
the participants are as in Annex 1 to this note.
Minor revisions to the RDM Structure were recommended as follows:
a) RDM Vol 3, Parts 1 and 2 were to be developed as simple enhancement of the current
content in the RDM, so no extensive work was expected, to indicate “no change” in
table.
b) RDM Vol 1, Parts 3 and 4 to be merged into one part – Geometric Design
No changes were recommended to the structure and content of the SRBC.
The details of the structure of the final Roads Manual, Road Design Manual and structure and
content of the SRBC are given in Annex 1.
The final structure and coding of the RDM and SRBC are also indicated below for ease of
reference.
3. Final Road Design Manual and SRBC Structure and Coding
Final RDM Structure and Coding:
Vol Manual Title Part Name Part/Code
1 Road Design Manual: Part 1 – Topographic Survey RDM 1.1
Vol. 1 - Geometric Part 2 – Traffic Surveys RDM 1.2
Design Part 3 – Geometric Design RDM 1.3
2 Road Design Manual: Part 1 – Hydrological Surveys RDM 2.1
Vol 2 - Hydrology and Part 2 – Drainage Design RDM 2.1
Drainage Design
3 Road Design Manual: Part 1 – Material Prospecting and Alignment RDM 3.1
Vol. 3 - Materials and Survey Manual
Pavement Design for Part 2 – Materials Field and Laboratory Testing RDM 3.2
New Roads Manual
Part 3 – Pavement Foundation Design RDM 3.3
Part 4 – Flexible Pavement Design RDM 3.4
Part 5 – Rigid Pavement Design RDM 3.5
4 Road Design Manual: Part 1 – Bridge and Culvert Design RDM 4.1
Vol. 4 - Bridges and Part 2 – Retaining Structures Design RDM 4.2
Retaining Structures Part 3 – Bridge Condition Survey RDM 4.3
Design Part 4 – Bridge Maintenance Design RDM 4.4

TTF Technical Note No. 2: Preliminary Review Report 1

 5 Road Design Manual: Part 1 – Pavement Condition Survey RDM 5.1
Vol 5 – Pavement Part 2 – Pavement Maintenance, Rehabilitation RDM 5.2
Maintenance, and Overlay Design
Rehabilitation and
Overlay Design
6 Road Design Manual: Part 1 – Road Marking RDM 6.1
Vol. 6 - Traffic Control Part 2 – Traffic Signs RDM 6.2
Facilities and Part 3 – Traffic Signals and Communication System RDM 6.3
Communication Systems Part 4 – Other Traffic Control Devices RDM 6.4
Design
7 Road Design Manual: Part 1 – Grid-connected Road Lighting RDM 7.1
Vol. 7 - Road Lighting Part 2 – Solar Road Lighting RDM 7.2
Design

Final SRBC Structure and Coding:

Series Title
1000 General
2000 Drainage
3000 Earthworks
4000 Natural, Crushed Stone and Stabilized Materials in Pavement
Layers
5000 Bituminous Surface Treatments, Seals and Pavement Layers
6000 Concrete Layers and Modular Paving
7000 Structures
8000 Ancillary Roadworks
9000 Environmental, Health, Safety and Social Aspects
Appendices

4. TTF Request to TAs

The TTF requests the following:
1. The TAs’ instruction for the Consultant to prepare the Final Preliminary Review
Report.
2. The TAs’ onward recommendation of the Structure and Coding of new Roads
Manual, Road Design Manual and Specification for Road and Bridge Construction
as detailed in this Technical Note No. 2.
5. Next Steps
On approval of the request made through this Technical Note No. 2 the following will be the
next steps:
1. The Consultant will prepare the Final Preliminary Review Report (PRR).
2. The PRR will then be forwarded to the National Steering Committee (NSC), by the
TAs/Ministry for consideration.
3. An NSC/TA/TTF/Consultant meeting will be convened at which the TAs, TTF and the
Consultant will present the PRR and the proposed structure and coding of the new
Roads Manual, Road Design Manual and Specification for Road and Bridge
Construction, for approval by the NSC.

TTF Technical Note No. 2: Preliminary Review Report 2

 ANNEX 1:
MINUTES/RECORD OF TTF MEETING NO. 4 – REVIEW OF FINAL PRELIMINARY
REVIEW REPORT

TTF Technical Note No. 2: Preliminary Review Report 3

 Sirari Corridor Accessibility & Road Safety Improvement Project Rehabilitation: Isebania –
Kisii – Ahero (A1) Road
Provision of Consultancy Services for Review And Updating of Road Design Manual and
Standard Specifications - Contract No. KeNHA/2384/2021
MINUTES OF TECHNICAL TASK FORCE MEETING No. 4
Panari Hotel, Mombasa Road, Nairobi
8th November 2022

List of Participants:
# Name Designation Organisation
1 Eng. Rosemary Kungu TTF Member Independent Cons.
2 Eng. Andrew Gitonga TTF Member Independent Cons.
3 Eng. John N. Maina TTF Member/A. Chairman Independent Cons.
4 Eng. Daniel Cherondo TTF Member KeNHA
5 Eng. M.O. Ndeda TTF Member MTRD
6 Eng. Nicholas Musuni TTF Member
7 Eng. Theo Uwamba TTF Member IDCG
8 Dr. Eng. Timothy Nyomboi TTF Member KURA
9 Prof. Sylvester Abhoudha TTF Member
10 Eng. Fidelis Sakwa TTF Member Bamburi
11 Eng. J. Njuguna Gatitu Employer’s Representative KeNHA
12 Eng. Isaah Onsongo Project Coordinator KeNHA
13 Eng. Howard SE (R&I) KeNHA
14 Naomi Njoki E (R&I) KeNHA
15 Eng. Charles T Bopoto Project Director/ T. Leader TRL
16 Dr John Rolt KE – Geometrics TRL
17 Andrew Otto KE – Pavements TRL
18 Kenneth Mukura KE – Pavements TRL
19 Nigel Hewitt KE – Pavements TRL
20 Kailash C Sharma KE – Bridges TRL/Norken
21 Suvendu Seth KE – Traffic TRL/CEG
22 Julius Ngundo KE – Social TRL/Norken
23 Eng. J.R. Ruigu KE – Geotech TRL/Norken
24 Joseph Ndungu KE – Environment TRL/Norken
25 Nancy Abira Assistant - Geometrics TRL

Page 1 of 18
 26 Warsame Mohamed Project Manager TRL

Meeting Programme:

Time Activity Lead

08:45– 08:50 Welcome Address TTF Chairperson
08:50 – 09:00 Purpose of the Meeting TTF Chairperson
09:00 – 10:15 Presentation of Final Preliminary Review Consultant
Report
10:15 – 10:45 Tea/Coffee ALL
10:45 – 12:30 Discussions on the Final Preliminary TTF Chairperson
Review Report
12:30 – 13:45 Lunch ALL
13:45 – 14:45 Preparation of Technical Note TTF Chairperson
14:45 – 15:15 Preparations for NSC Meeting TTF Chairperson
15:15 - 15:30 AOB TTF Chairperson
15:30 – 15:35 Closure TTF Chairperson
15:35 – 16:00 Tea/coffee ALL
16:00 End ALL

Page 2 of 18
MINUTES OF PROCEEDINGS:
1. Welcome Address Action
1.1. The Chairperson called the meeting to order at 09:30hrs.
1.2. An opening prayer was observed.

2. Purpose of Meeting Action

2.1. The Chairman outlined that the purpose of the meeting was to
review the final Preliminary Review Report as updated following
comments made by the TAs to the TTF’s Technical Note Nr 3.
3. Presentation of Final Preliminary Review Report Action
3.1. The Consultant’s Team Leader presented the Final Preliminary
Review Report focusing on the changes instituted following the
receipt of comments by the TAs.
3.2. The presentation by the Consultant (Powerpoint slides) is given in
Appendix A to these minutes.
3.3. The presentation covered the following areas:
3.3.1. Project Objectives
3.3.2. Specific Objective – Preliminary Review
3.3.3. Scope
3.3.4. Method
3.3.5. Peer Countries Review Conclusions
3.3.6. Kenya Manuals System Review
3.3.7. Lessons learnt from Peer Countries
3.3.8. Proposed Manual System and Coding
3.3.9. Proposed Standard Specification System
4. Discussions on the Final Preliminary Review Report Action
4.1. The meeting session discussed the Preliminary Review Report in
detail and comments made by the participants are as in Appendix B
to these minutes.
4.2. Minor revisions were made to the Manual Structure as follows:
4.2.1. Forms of Contract were to be indicated as partially
developed.
4.2.2. RDM Vol 3, Parts 1 and 2 were to be developed as simple
enhancement of the current content in the RDM, so no
extensive work was expected, to indicate “no change” in table.
4.2.3. RDM Vol 1, Parts 3 and 4 to be merged into one part –
Geometric Design
4.3. No changes were made to the structure of content of the Standard
Specification for Roads and Bridges as previously presented to the
TAs.
4.4. The final manual structure and content of technical specification are
given in Appendix C.

Page 3 of 18
 5. Preparation of Technical Note for submission to TAs Action
5.1. The Consultant was charged with preparing the Technical Note that TRL
will be presented to the TAs for approval of the final agreed structure
of the roads design manual and technical specification.
5.2. The Consultant was guided on the content of Technical Note Nr 4 to
which these minutes, TRL presentation and lists of comments would
be appended.
6. Preparations for NSC Meeting Action
6.1. The meeting deferred discussion of this item to the TTF meeting to All
be held on 9th November, 2022.
7. Any Other Business Action
7.1. The Consultant to present revised activity schedule at the meeting TRL
of 9th November, 2022. The schedule was to be submitted to Project
Coordination Unit on the day following this meeting.
7.2. Project Coordination requested better quorum in future meetings.
7.3. Project Coordination announced that sitting allowances for TTF PC
members were being processed and would be availed shortly.
7.4. Sub-committees to the TTF would be constituted in the meeting of All
the 9th of November 2022. It was agreed to co-opt external
persons/experts into the sub-committees; a max of two per
committee was proposed.
8. Closure Action
8.1. Following a closing prayer, the Chairman adjourned the meeting and
reminded members to come to meetings early.

CONFIRMATION OF THE MINUTES:

Minutes confirmed as true record of the deliberations of the meeting:

TTF Representative:
Name Designation Signature Date

Eng. J. Maina TTF Acting Chairman _________ _________

TRL Ltd (The Consultant) Representative:

Name Designation Signature Date

Eng. Charles Bopoto Team Leader _________ _________

Page 4 of 18
 APPENDIX A:

POWERPOINT PRESENTATION BY THE CONSULTANT

 APPENDIX B:

MEETING COMMENTS ON THE FINAL PRELIMINARY REVIEW

REPORT
 Consultancy Services for Review and Updating of Road Design Manual and Standard
Specification for Kenya Ref. No. KENHA/PCS/342/2021

TECHNICAL TASK FORCE MEETING No. 4

Review of the Final Preliminary Review Report

8th November 2022

Comments and Consultant’s Responses on the revised Final Preliminary Review Report
Item TTF Comment Consultant’s Response Ref in Resolution
Revised
Document
1 Had the comments by the Yes, all the comments were taken
TAs’ been attended to in full, into account and the version of
and if so how? the report that was discussed in
the meeting reflected this. The
comments by the TAs did not
result in significant departure
from the TTF’s recommendations
on the structure and coding. It in
essence was further refinement.
2 The Report seemed to This is a good result of the
reflect that the scope of comprehensive structure review
work was now much wider process that now defines all the
that envisaged at contracting manuals needed.
time.
3 The TTF enquired on the The need for the new manuals
plan to cater for the has been noted by the TAs and
increased scope of work. Project Coordination and will be
subject of future procurement
efforts.
4 The new structure showed Noted and more information on
new manuals for Bridge the JICA project to be searched
Condition Surveys and for or provided via Project
Bridge Maintenance, both Coordination.
were new and were not
covered under the current
project. TTF informed of
work ongoing or completed
by JICA in the two areas. The
output could be considered
to fill this gap.
5 There was need for The content in the existing
justification of increased manual that is related to the new
scope/new manuals. As new manuals will be
manuals were not to be enhanced/improved under the
produced under the current current project. In future such
project it was important to content can then be transferred
show how the subject
Item TTF Comment Consultant’s Response Ref in Resolution
Revised
Document
matters were to be attended to the new manuals as defined in
to in the interim. the new manual structure.
6 What were the next steps Yes, the PRR will be updated
after this meeting, will the following approval of the
PRR be updated. Technical Note by the TAs.
Thereafter the report would be
presented to the NSC for
approval.
7 TTF to make strong Noted.
recommendations for
resources to be made
available to enable drafting
of the manuals indicated as
out of scope of the
Consultant’s contract.
8 The following corrections to
be made to the final manual
structure:
1. Forms of Contract were
to be indicated as Noted, correction effected.
partially developed.

2. RDM Vol 3, Parts 1 and 2

were to be developed as Noted, to be taken as part of
simple enhancement of consultant’s scope of work as the
the current content in work was simple updating of
the RDM, so no extensive existing chapters.
work was expected.

3. RDM Vol 1, Parts 3 and 4 To be merged to form Part 3 –

to be merged into one Geometric Design. There-in will
part. be chapters to attend to both
rural and urban geometric design.
9 If there was to be any Noted. Any increase in scope to
increased scope of work on be identified in conjunction with
the RDM component of the the TTF and TAs.
Roads Manual this would be
agreed at Draft Review
Stage.
 APPENDIX C:

FINAL KENYA ROADS MANUAL, ROAD DESIGN MANUAL AND

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION STRUCTURE AND CODING
 Proposed New Roads Manual Structure and Coding for Kenya
Project Cycle Stage Manual: Volume or Part/Chapter Code Status

A. General Procedures and Standards Manual PSM

1. General Not developed
2. Policies Not developed
3. Procedures Guidance Not developed
4. Codes of Practice Not developed
5. Guidelines Not developed
6. Product/Testing Standards Partially developed

B. Planning Network and Project Planning Manual NPM

1. Road Classification Partially developed
2. Route/Corridor Planning Not developed
3. Roadside Development and Control Not developed
4. Highway Capacity Not developed
5. Project Planning Not developed

C. Appraisal Project Appraisal Manual PAM

1. Environmental Impact Assessment and Not developed
Audit
2. Social Impact Assessment Not developed
3. Traffic Impact Assessment Not developed
4. Road Safety Audits Partially developed
5. Project Appraisal Partially developed
6. Feasibility Studies Partially developed

D. Design Road Design Manual RDM

1. Geometric Design Partially developed
2. Hydrology and Drainage Design Partially developed
3. Materials and Pavement Design for New Partially developed
Roads
4. Bridges and Retaining Structures Design Partially developed
5. Pavement Maintenance, Rehabilitation Partially developed
and Overlay Design
6. Traffic Control Facilities and Partially developed
Communication Systems Design
7. Road Lighting Design Partially developed

E. Contracts Works and Services Contracts Manual WSCM

1. Forms of Contracts Partially developed
2. Standard Specification for Road and Partially developed
Bridge Construction
3. Bills of Quantities Partially developed
4. Standard/Typical Drawings Partially developed

F. Construction Road Construction Manual RCM

1. Construction Management Not developed
2. Project Management Partially developed
3. Site Supervision Not developed
Project Cycle Stage Manual: Volume or Part/Chapter Code Status

4. Quality Assurance Not developed

5. Quality Control Not developed

G. Maintenance Road Asset Management Manual RAMM

1. Maintenance Management Partially developed
2. General Maintenance Partially developed
3. Pavement Maintenance Partially developed
4. Bridges and Structures Maintenance Partially developed

H. Operations Road Operation Manual ROM

1. Traffic Management Partially developed
2. Vehicle Load Control Not developed
3. Emergency Services Not developed
4. Tolling Not developed

I. Monitoring and Monitoring and Evaluation Manual MEM

Evaluation
1. Performance Monitoring Manual Not developed
2. Technical Audits Not developed
3. Poverty, Gender Equality and Social Not developed
Inclusion Monitoring
 Proposed New Road Design Manual Structure and Coding for Kenya
Vol Manual Title Part Name Part/Code
1 Road Design Manual: Part 1 – Topographic Survey RDM 1.1
Vol. 1 - Geometric Part 2 – Traffic Surveys RDM 1.2
Design Part 3 – Geometric Design RDM 1.3
2 Road Design Manual: Part 1 – Hydrological Surveys RDM 2.1
Vol 2 - Hydrology and Part 2 – Drainage Design RDM 2.1
Drainage Design
3 Road Design Manual: Part 1 – Material Prospecting and Alignment RDM 3.1
Vol. 3 - Materials and Survey Manual
Pavement Design for Part 2 – Materials Field and Laboratory Testing RDM 3.2
New Roads Manual
Part 3 – Pavement Foundation Design RDM 3.3
Part 4 – Flexible Pavement Design RDM 3.4
Part 5 – Rigid Pavement Design RDM 3.5
4 Road Design Manual: Part 1 – Bridge and Culvert Design RDM 4.1
Vol. 4 - Bridges and Part 2 – Retaining Structures Design RDM 4.2
Retaining Structures Part 3 – Bridge Condition Survey RDM 4.3
Design Part 4 – Bridge Maintenance Design RDM 4.4
5 Road Design Manual: Part 1 – Pavement Condition Survey RDM 5.1
Vol 5 – Pavement Part 2 – Pavement Maintenance, Rehabilitation RDM 5.2
Maintenance, and Overlay Design
Rehabilitation and
Overlay Design
6 Road Design Manual: Part 1 – Road Marking RDM 6.1
Vol. 6 - Traffic Control Part 2 – Traffic Signs RDM 6.2
Facilities and Part 3 – Traffic Signals and Communication System RDM 6.3
Communication Systems Part 4 – Other Traffic Control Devices RDM 6.4
Design
7 Road Design Manual: Part 1 – Grid-connected Road Lighting RDM 7.1
Vol. 7 - Road Lighting Part 2 – Solar Road Lighting RDM 7.2
Design
Final Structure and Coding of the New Kenya Standard Specification for Road
and Bridge Works

CONTENTS

Series 1000: General

1100 Definitions and terms
1200 General requirements and provisions
1300 Contractor's establishment on site and general obligations
1400 Housing, offices and laboratories for the Engineers' site personnel and attendance
1500 Land acquisition and services
1600 Environmental protection and waste disposal
1700 Occupational Health and Safety, HIV/AIDS and Gender
1850 Traffic management and work zone safety
1900 Contractor designed works
1950 Overhaul

Series 2000: Drainage

2100 Drains
2200 In-situ concrete culverts
2300 Prefabricated culverts
2400 Concrete kerbing, concrete channeling, chutes and downpipes, and concrete linings
for open drains
2500 Pitching, stonework and protection against erosion
2600 Gabions
2700 Filter fabric and drainage composite

Series 3000: Earthworks

3100 Clearing, grubbing and removal of top soil
3200 Removal of existing structures
3300 Breaking up of existing pavement layers
3400 Borrow pit and quarries acquisition and exploitation
3500 Selection, stockpiling and breaking down materials
3600 Mass earthworks
3700 Rockfill
3800 Selected fill and subgrade

Series 4000: Pavement Layers of Granular Materials

4100 Borrow pits, quarries and cuttings acquisition and exploitation
4200 Gravel wearing course
4300 Pavement layers of gravel material
4400 Stabilisation
4500 Mechanical modification
4600 Crushed stone base
4700 Repair of unbound pavement layers
Series 5000: Bituminous Pavement Layers and Seals
5100 Prime and curing membranes
5150 Bituminous base course
5250 Asphalt concrete surfacing
5350 Cold asphalt mixes
5400 General requirements for seals
5450 Single surface dressing
5500 Double surface dressings
5550 Sand seals and slurry
5600 Grit seals
5650 Graded aggregate seals (Otta seal)
5700 Surfacing of bridge decks
5750 Treatment of surface defects, patching, repairing edge breaks and crack sealing

Series 6000: Concrete Layers and Modular Paving

6100 Rigid pavements
6200 Lean concrete
6300 Roller compacted lean concrete
6400 Interlocking pavement blocks
6500 Cobble stone
6600 Hand packed stone
6700 Repair of concrete layers

Series 7000: Structures

7100 Foundations for structures
7150 Falsework, formwork and concrete finish
7200 Steel reinforcements for structures
7250 Concrete for structures
7300 Prestressing
7350 No-fines concrete, bolts, parapets and drainage for structures
7400 Bearings and joints
7450 Structural steelwork
7550 Masonry structures
7600 Timber structures
7650 Geotechnical structures
7750 Repair of structures

Series 8000: Ancillary Roadworks

8100 Marker and kilometer posts
8200 Guardrails
8300 Fencing and gates
8400 Road signs
8500 Road markings
8600 Humps and rumble strips
8600 Landscaping and grassing
8700 Finishing the road and road reserve and treating old roads
Series 9000: Quality Assurance, Quality Control, Testing and Tolerances
9100 Quality assurance
9200 Quality control
9300 Testing of material and workmanship
9400 Tolerances

Appendices

A1. Dayworks
A2. Bill of Quantities
A3. Proprietary products
A4. Measurement and payment on PPP projects
A5. Output and Performance Based Road Contracts (OPBRC)
 Consultancy Services for Review and Updating of Road Design
Manuals and Standard Specifications for Kenya Ref. No.
KENHA/PCS/342/2021

TRL
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Wokingham, Berkshire, RG40 3GA,
United Kingdom
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