(ELECTRONIC PORTFOLIO)

Globalization and
Structure of
Globalization
Submitted by: April Joy Tajonera
Submitted to: Rhea M. Canang
 Table of Contents

Introduction of Globalization……………………………………………………………………………1
Economic Integration……………………………………………………………………………………2
Maslow’s hierarchy needs………………………………………………………………………………3.1
Dimension of Globalization …………………………………………………………………………….3.2
Economic Dimension of Globalization…………………………………………………………………4
Transnational Migration…………………………………………………………………………………5.1
Political Dimension of Globalization …………………………………………………………………...5.2
Cultural Dimension of Globalization …………………………………………………………………..5.3
Ecological Dimension of Globalization ………………………………………………………………..6.1
Structure of Globalization ………………………………………………………………………………6.2
Global Economy …………………………………………………………………………………………6.3
Market Integration ……………………………………………………………………………………….6.4
Contemporary Global Governance …………………………………………………………………….7
 INTRODUCTION TO GLOBALIZATION

Globalization is the growing

interconnectedness and
interdependence among countries,
economies, and societies, driven by
technological advancements in
transportation, communication, and
information technology. It facilitates
easy movement of goods, services,
capital, and people, promoting
economic growth, cultural exchange,
and knowledge dissemination

I here are several key features of

globalization, including:
1. Economic integration: The of
national economies through trade,
investment, and financial flows.
2. Technological change: The rapid
development and diffusion of new
technologies, which have facilitated
communication, transportation, and
the exchange of information.
3. Cultural exchange: The
increasing exchange of cultural
values, ideas, and practices across
borders, leading to greater cultural
diversity and the spread of popular
culture.
4. Migration: The movement of
people across both voluntary and
involuntary, leading to increased Globalization, despite its economic growth and
cultural diversity and the exchange cultural exchange benefits, has been a source of
of skills and knowledge. debate and controversy, with critics arguing for
5. Global governance: The inequality, job displacement, and cultural
increasing importance of homogenization.
international institutions and
agreements in regulating global
issues, such as trade,
environmental protection, and
human rights.
 Key Aspects of Globalization:

Economic Integration: Globalization’s most

prominent feature is the expansion of
international trade, where countries specialize in
producing goods and services with comparative
advantages, resulting in more efficient global
production and distribution networks.

Technology and Communication:

Advancements in ICT have facilitated faster
communication, collaboration, and the spread of
ideas and innovations among people and
businesses across distances.

Cultural Exchange: Globalization enhances

cultural exchange, providing access to diverse
products like music, movies, food, and fashion
from around the world, enriching and
challenging local cultures.

Labor and Migration: Globalization has led to

significant migration of people for work,
including skilled labor migration and the
exploitation of low-wage labor in developing
countries.

Environmental Impact: Globalization, despite its

economic growth and development, has raised
environmental concerns due to increased pollution and
resource depletion due to increased production and
consumption.

Political and Social Dimensions: Globalization

has shaped political systems, social structures,
and international organizations like WTO and
IMF.
1. Physiological Needs: Human
survival relies on meeting
fundamental needs like food,
water, warmth, and rest, which are
essential for the proper functioning
of the body.
2. Safety Needs: After meeting
physiological needs, the need for
safety and security becomes more
prominent, including personal,
financial, health, and emotional
protection from physical and
emotional harm.
3. Love and Belongingness Needs:
Social needs, such as love and
acceptance, are crucial for mental
health and well-being, as humans
naturally desire belonging through
family, friendships, and romantic
relationships.
4. Esteem Needs: These needs
involve the desire for respect, self-
esteem, and recognition.
5. Self-Actualization Needs:
Maslow’s highest level, self-
actualization, involves achieving
one’s potential, self-fulfillment,
personal growth, and peak
experiences through personal
goals, creativity, and becoming the
best version of oneself.

01 Economic Dimension
02 Political Dimension
03 Cultural Dimension
04 Ecological Dimension
ECONOMIC DIMENSION OF
GLOBALIZATION
Globalization’s economic dimension
refers to the growing interconnectedness
and interdependence of nations,
facilitated by advancements in
technology, transportation, and
communication, enabling easier trade and
business.
Key aspects of the economic dimension of globalization include:
1. International Trade: Globalization has significantly increased trade volumes between
countries, as countries specialize in producing goods and services with comparative advantages,
enhancing efficiency and productivity.
2. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI): Foreign direct investment (FDI) involves a company or
individual investing in another country’s business interests, often involving the transfer of
technology, expertise, and capital.
3. Financial Markets: Global financial markets integration facilitates capital flow across borders,
enabling trading of stocks, bonds, and other financial Instruments, leading to the establishment of
international financial centers and increased capital mobility.
4. Labor Mobility: Workers move across borders for employment, including skilled and unskilled
labor, driven by wage differentials, job opportunities, and economic conditions in different
countries.
5. Technology Transfer: Technology transfer involves the exchange of knowledge and technology
across borders, often involving the transfer of patents, copyrights, and proprietary information
through foreign direct investment and partnerships.
6. Multinational Corporations (MNCs): MNCs, operating in multiple countries, manage
production and services, play a crucial role in globalization by leveraging resources and
capabilities across different markets.
7. Global Supply Chains: Global supply chains, spanning multiple countries, enable companies
to leverage lower costs, specialized skills, and other competitive advantages worldwide through
complex production, distribution, and logistics networks.
8. Financial Institutions and Regulatory Frameworks: The integration of global financial
institutions and regulatory frameworks like the IMF, World Bank, and Basel Accords aids in
managing financial stability and reducing cross-border transaction risks.
Globalization offers growth, efficiency, innovation, and market creation, but also raises income
inequality, job displacement, and economic dependency concerns.
ECONOMIC DIMENSION OF GLOBALIZATION

• Free Trade
It promotes economic efficiency, growth,
and innovation by facilitating smoother
cross-border trade without government-
imposed restrictions, such as tariffs or
quotas.
Example: Free trade agreements, such as
NAFTA, EU, and CPTPP, aim to improve
trade relations by facilitating bilateral or
multilateral negotiations between
countries or regions.
 Transnational – migration involves people
establishing social, economic, and cultural
connections between their home countries
and their destination countries, often
maintaining strong ties while living and
working in another country.
Examples of transnational migration
include:
• Diaspora Communities: Many countries
have large diaspora communities, like
Indian and Filipino nurses, who maintain
strong ties with their home countries,
sending significant earnings back home.
ECONOMIC DIMENSION OF • Global Labor Markets: Migrants from
GLOBALIZATION Mexico and India work in the United States
1. Protectionism Protecting one’s economy and Europe, contributing to local economies
from foreign compitition by creating trade while supporting their families in their home
barriers. (Tariff, Quotas, Embargo, Subsidies) countries.

2. Trade Liberalization -Removal or reducing • Digital Nomads: The rise of remote work
trade barriers to make international trade easier has led to individuals relocating between
between countries. countries while maintaining their careers
and personal lives.

POLITICAL DIMENSION OF GLOBALIZATION

• The political dimension of globalization refers to the increasing interconnectedness and
interdependence of political systems, governments, and international organizations on a global
scale.
• This has led to a greater emphasis on international cooperation, diplomacy, and the development
of international institutions and agreements to address global challenges.

CULTURAL DIMENSION OF GLOBALIZATION

• The cultural dimension of globalization refers to the increasing exchange and spread of cultural
ideas, practices, and products across national borders.
• This has led to greater cultural diversity and interaction, as well as the homogenization of
cultures in some cases.
ECOLOGICAL DIMENSION OF GLOBALIZATION
The ecological dimension of globalization refers to the impact that globalization has on the
environment and the global ecosystem. This includes the exchange of environmental ideas,
practices, and products across national borders, as well as the impact of global economic and
political systems on the environment.
STRUCTURE OF GLOBALIZATION
Globalization, driven by advancements in technology, communication, transportation, and trade,
has increased interconnectedness among countries, cultures, economies, and societies. It
involves the international flow of goods, services, and capital, leading to the expansion of global
markets, increased trade, investment, and multinational corporations. This integration can boost
economic growth, create jobs, and increase access to goods and services.
GLOBAL ECONOMY
The global economy refers to interconnected economic activities across national borders, involving
production, distribution, and exchange of goods and services, facilitated by the flow of capital,
labor, and technology.
MARKET INTEGRATION
Market integration is the process of
connecting different markets, forming a
unified market. It removes trade barriers and
harmonizes regulations across regions. This
allows goods and services to move freely,
leading to increased productivity and
competitiveness. Market integration can
occur at regional or global levels, benefiting
trade, investment, job creation, and
economic growth. However, it can also pose
challenges.

Here are some examples of market integration:

The European Union (EU): The EU exemplifies market

integration by eliminating trade barriers and
establishing a single market for free movement of
goods, services, capital, and people among its member
states.

The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA):

NAFTA, a market integration agreement between the
US, Canada, and Mexico, has eliminated trade barriers
and adopted common regulations, facilitating the
exchange of goods and services.

Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN):

ASEAN promotes economic integration in Southeast
Asia by eliminating trade barriers and adopting
common regulations to create a single market among
CONTEMPORARY GLOBAL GOVERNANCE
Global governance, encompassing issues like peace, security, economic prosperity,
environmental protection, human rights, and social justice, has evolved due to new economic
powers, non-state actors, and collective action. This has made global governance more complex
and fragmented, with multiple actors playing crucial roles.

Some examples of contemporary global governance:

The United Nations (UN): Established in 1945, the UN

promotes peace, security, and cooperation among 193
member states, focusing on human rights, humanitarian
assistance, and conflict resolution.

The World Trade Organization (WTO): Established in

1995, the WTO promotes free and fair trade among 164
member states, aiming to reduce trade barriers and
facilitate the free flow of goods and services across
borders.

The International Monetary Fund): Established 1944, the

IMF, headquartered in Washington, D.C., promotes
economic stability and growth among 190 member states
by providing financial assistance and advice.

The World Bank: Established in 1944, the World Bank,

with 189 member states, promotes economic
development and poverty reduction by providing
financial assistance and advice for infrastructure,
education, and health projects.

The Paris Agreement: The Paris Agreement, signed in

2015 by 195 countries, aims to limit global warming to
below 2°C and 1.5°C, encouraging mitigation and
adaptation to its impacts.

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): The SDGs,

adopted in 2015, aim to reduce poverty, promote
sustainable economic growth, and protect the
environment, with the goal of achieving them by 2030.
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