Hindawi Publishing Corporation

Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Volume 2014, Article ID 906537, 8 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/906537

Research Article
Modelling and Practical Implementation of 2-Coil Wireless
Power Transfer Systems

Hong Zhou, Bin Zhu, Wenshan Hu, Zhiwei Liu, and Xingran Gao
Department of Automation, School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China

Correspondence should be addressed to Wenshan Hu; [email protected]

Received 4 April 2014; Revised 8 August 2014; Accepted 21 August 2014; Published 3 September 2014

Academic Editor: Adam Panagos

Copyright © 2014 Hong Zhou et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Wireless power transfer (WPT) based on inductive coupling could be potentially applied in many practical applications. It has
attracted a lot of research interests in the last few years. In this paper, the modelling, design, and implementation of a 2-coil WPT
system are represented. The prototype system can be implemented using conventional power electronic devices such as MOSFETs
with very low costs as it works in relative low frequency range (less than 1 MHz). In order to find out about the optimal working area
for the WPT system, the circuit model based on the practical parameters from the prototype is built. The relationships between
the exciting frequency, coupling, and output power are analyzed based on the circuit and magnetic principles. Apart from the
theoretic study, the detailed implementation of the WPT prototype including the coil design, digital frequency generation, and
high frequency power electronics is also introduced in this paper. Experiments are conducted to verify the effectiveness of the
circuit analysis. By carefully tuning the circuit parameters, the prototype is able to deliver 20 W power through 2.2 meter distance
with 20–30% efficiency.

1. Introduction of researchers especially for electrical and electronics engi-

neers.
Wireless power transfer (WPT) technology can be potentially Potentially, inductive coupling WPT systems can be used
used in many industrial applications in case that the intercon- in many industrial applications, such as power supplies for
necting wires are inconvenient, dangerous, or even impossi- moving sensors and transducers [8], medical implants [9, 10],
ble. It has attracted much of research attention in the last few and wireless electric car charging stations [11].
years. There are several WPT techniques being researched In power industry, due to the importance of high voltage
presently. Far-field techniques use propagating electromag- (HV) cables in the transmission network, on-site condition
netic waves that transfer energy the same way radios monitoring is a very important issue [12, 13]. However, the
transmit signals but with much bigger transmission power power supply is always a major problem for the reliabil-
[1]. Inductive coupling (or near-field) techniques operate at ity of the monitoring devices which operate in the harsh
distances less than a wavelength of the signal being trans- outdoor environment with no reliable power sources. Some
mitted, which operates at a relative low frequency comparing applications try to use the solar and wind power to solve
with the far-field methods [2]. the problem, but these power sources are not guaranteed in
The early research and analysis of inductive coupling case of continuous bad weather condition which could occur
[3, 4] are mainly based on the pure physical theories, which frequently in some places like the mountain areas in South
could be difficult for the researchers from electrical engi- West China.
neering background to fully understand. Recent researches However, using the WPT technology, a tiny amount of
[5–7] start to use circuit and magnetic theory to study the the power can be harvested from the magnetic field around
fundamental principle of the magnetic resonance coupling, the HV power cables using induction coils and then trans-
which makes the technology more tangible for a wider range ferred through the insulator (a few meters distance) to power
2 Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering

the monitoring devices installed on the towers, which could L1 − M L1 − M

Rc1 C1 r1 r2 C2
be the potential solution for the problem. For this kind
of applications, the key requirement is to deliver sufficient
rp Rc2
power to the load with relative high power transfer efficiency
(PTE) and considerable distance. Robustness and reliabilities M
AC RL
are also important issues especially for case of the HV cables
monitoring.
There are many configurations of WPT system developed Figure 1: Equivalent circuit model of two-coil WPT system.
recently including the 2-coil [14, 15], 3-coil [16], and 4-coil
[17, 18] links. The multicoil structures are able to increase the
Table 1: Circuit parameters.
PTE in some cases, but the price is the increasing complexity
of the system structure. Each coil has its own parameters such Parameter Value
as resistance, inductance, and capacitance. Some parameters 𝐿 1, 𝐿 2 298 uH
may be sensitive to the external environment like temperature 𝐶1 , 𝐶2 200 pF
and humidity. More coil loops mean that more tuning 𝑟1 , 𝑟2 2Ω
work is required to get all the parameters aligned. It could 𝑟𝑝 2Ω
be difficult to maintain the optimal performance in some 𝑅𝑐1 , 𝑅𝑐2 3Ω
harsh environment for the practical applications. Balancing
𝑅𝐿 7Ω
the performance, complexity, and reliability, the simple 2-
𝑘 0.0001 to 0.1
coil structure may be the best option for some industrial
AC voltage 30 V
applications.
AC frequency 620 kHz to 680 kHz
In [14], the optimum design of an inductively coupled
2-coil power transfer system is studied using the conjugate
image impendence theory [15]. Theoretically, the optimum [14]. For a given coil system, the optimal loading capacitance
parameters of WPT systems can be calculated to maximum and port impendence are calculated as
power transfer. However, in some applications, it could be
difficult or costly to change the intrinsic circuit parameters, (𝜔𝑀)2
which is required by the theory. 𝑅𝑠1 = 𝑟1 √ 1 + , (1)
𝑟1 𝑟2
In this paper, a WPT solution could be potentially used
for HV power cable monitoring is introduced. In order to (𝜔𝑀)2
optimize the working conditions, the circuit models with the 𝑅𝑠2 = 𝑟2 √ 1 + , (2)
𝑟1 𝑟2
practical parameters are analyzed and simulated. Based on
the theoretical study, a WPT prototype designed for practical 1
HV power cable monitoring is set up. It is able to deliver 𝐶1 = , (3)
𝜔2 𝐿 1
20 W power for a distance of 2.2 m. As it is designed for the
practical applications, the resonant frequency is reduced to 1
𝐶2 = , (4)
several hundred kilohertz, which are within the ranges of 𝜔2 𝐿 2
conventional power electronics components such MOSFETs.
where 𝑅𝑠1 is the sum of 𝑟𝑝 and 𝑅𝑐1 . 𝑅𝑠2 is the sum of 𝑅𝑐2 and
It can be easily commercialized as all the power electric
𝑅𝐿 . Equations (1) and (2) represent the resistance matching
components can be purchased with low costs.
condition and (3) and (4) depict the resonance condition.
From (3) and (4), it can be seen that in order to maximize the
power transmission, the two coils on both sides are required
2. Circuit and Magnetic Principle of to work at the resonant frequency as
2-Coil WPT Systems
𝜔0 = √𝐿 1 𝐶1 = √𝐿 2 𝐶2 . (5)
2.1. Optimal Circuit Model. Figure 1 shows the equivalent
circuit model of the 2-coil WPT system using magnetically Theoretically, (1)–(4) are able to find out the optimum
coupled resonator, where the coil system with self-inductance parameters elegantly. However, in practical applications, as
𝐿 1 and 𝐿 2 , mutual inductance 𝑀, and copper loss 𝑟1 and 𝑅𝑐1 , 𝑅𝑐2 , and 𝑟𝑝 are parasitic values, there is little flexibility
𝑟2 . As both coils are air core inductors, the iron loss is for engineers to actually choose circuit parameters for the
not considered. Both Tx and Rx coils are connected to the resistance matching. For a given WPT system, 𝑅𝑐1 , 𝑅𝑐2 , 𝑅𝑝 ,
resonant capacitors 𝐶1 and 𝐶2 . 𝑅𝑐1 and 𝑅𝑐2 are the parasitic and 𝑅𝐿 are fixed values, where it is not possible or convenient
resistance of 𝐶1 and 𝐶2 . 𝑟𝑝 is the impendence of the AC power to change them.
source. 𝑅𝐿 is the load resistance of the output.
For the system shown in Figure 1, the optimal parameters 2.2. Practical Circuit Model. An experimental test rig whose
which maximize the wireless power transfer are analyzed in measured circuit parameters are listed in Table 1 is set up
Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 3

in the laboratory. Both Tx and Rx sides have the same

inductance and capacitance, so they share the same resonant
frequency as required in (5). However, for the resistance part, 25
there is little flexibility for the parameter changes. All the Overr coupled
Ov pled
d
20 Unn
Under
resistance values such as 𝑟1 , 𝑟2 , 𝑅𝑐1 , and 𝑅𝑐2 are the practical

Power (W)
cou
coupled
measurement from the test rig. 15
Normally the distance between the two coils can be 10
several times of the coil radius, which makes the coupling
coefficient 𝑘 a very small value around 0.001 to 0.01. Only a 5
small amount of the flux generated by Tx coil is able to go 0
through the Rx coil. However, a large amount of magnetic 0.06
energy can still be transferred through the limited amount Co
upl 0.04
66.8
of flux with relatively high efficiency (around 20 to 30%) ing f0 6.6
coe ×105
ffic 0.02 kc 6.4 (Hz) ×
when the Rx and Tx coils are in the resonant state. This ien
tk u ency
0 6.2 q
phenomenon can be explained by the circuit and magnetic Fre
theory. Figure 2: Output power 𝑃𝑂 as a function of frequency and coupling
The two-coil model depicted in Figure 1 can be analyzed coefficient 𝑘 using the parameter given in Table 1.
using Kirchhoff ’s voltage law (KVL) as follows:

1
𝐼1 (𝑅1 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿 1 + ) + 𝑗𝜔𝐼2 𝑀 = 𝑉𝑠 , (6) The overall WPT efficiency is
𝑗𝜔𝐶1
1 𝑃𝑂 𝑅𝐿 𝐼22
𝐼2 (𝑅2 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿 2 + ) + 𝑗𝜔𝐼1 𝑀 = 0, (7) 𝐸= = 󵄨󵄨 . (13)
𝑗𝜔𝐶2 󵄨
𝑃𝐼 󵄨󵄨𝑉𝑠 𝐼1 󵄨󵄨󵄨 cos (∠𝑉𝑠 − ∠𝐼1 )
where
Using data in Table 1, the output power against the
𝑅1 = 𝑅𝑐1 + 𝑟1 + 𝑅𝑝 , exciting frequency and coupling coefficient can be plotted in
(8) Figure 2. When the coil distance is small and coupling coeffi-
𝑅2 = 𝑅𝑐2 + 𝑟2 + 𝑅𝐿 , cient between the two coils is big, the WPT works in the over
coupled regime as marked in Figure 2. Frequency splitting
and the 𝑀 is the mutual inductance between Tx and Rx can be clearly observed as there are two peak output powers.
coils. The relationship between the mutual inductance and When the coupling between the two coils decreases with the
coupling coefficient is defined as increment of the distance, the system goes into the under cou-
pled regime. The frequency separation between the two peak
𝑀 = 𝑘√ 𝐿 1 𝐿 2 . (9) values decreases until they converge at a single frequency
1/4
𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓0 /(1 − 𝑘2 ) , where 𝑓0 is the resonant frequency of
In order to simplify the the two circuit equations (6) and both coils [14].
(7) 𝑍1 and 𝑍2 are defined as the impendence of both circuit
loops as follows: 2.3. Analysis of Practical Parameters. Due to the relative long
1 distance between the two coils, the coupling efficient 𝑘 is very
𝑍1 = 𝑅1 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿 1 + , small (0.001 to 0.01). Therefore, 𝑓0 can be considered as a close
𝑗𝜔𝐶1 approximation of 𝑓𝑠 .
(10)
1 In practical applications, without loss of too much accu-
𝑍2 = 𝑅2 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿 2 + . racy, technically it can be considered the two-split frequency
𝑗𝜔𝐶2
merged at the resonant frequency 𝑓0 when the coupling is 𝑘𝑐
The two KVL equations (6) and (7) can be solved as as marked in Figure 2. For a practical WPT system with high
𝑄 coils, 𝑘𝑐 can be considered as the critical point between the
𝑍2 𝑉𝑠 over coupled and under coupled regimes.
𝐼1 = ,
𝑍1 𝑍2 + 𝜔2 𝑀2 For practical system, the circuit parameters for Tx and Rx
(11) coils need to be aligned in order to get the maximum WPT
𝑗𝜔𝑀12 𝑉𝑠 power and efficiency, which means that
𝐼2 = − .
𝑍1 𝑍2 + 𝜔2 𝑀2
𝐿 1 = 𝐿 2, 𝐶1 = 𝐶2 , 𝜔𝑐1 = 𝜔𝑐2 , (14)
Therefore, the input power 𝑃𝐼 which energizes the Tx coil and
output power 𝑃𝑂 which are consumed on the load 𝑅𝐿 can be where 𝜔𝑐1 and 𝜔𝑐2 are the angular resonant frequency for the
calculated as Tx and Rx coils, respectively. The resistance on the Rx side is
󵄨 󵄨 󵄨 󵄨 normally bigger than that on the Tx side as the load resistance
𝑃𝐼 = 󵄨󵄨󵄨𝑉𝑠 𝐼1 󵄨󵄨󵄨 cos (∠𝑉𝑠 − ∠𝐼1 ) , 𝑃𝑂 = 󵄨󵄨󵄨󵄨𝑅𝐿 𝐼22 󵄨󵄨󵄨󵄨 . (12) is connected in serial with the coil circuits.
4 Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering

40 100 The coupling 𝑘 is roughly reversely proportional to the

third power of the coil distance. In order to get the maximum
power at long distance, 𝑘𝑐 should be as small as possible,
which means that 𝑄 factors of both coils are very important
parameters for the performance of the WPT. However, high

Efficiency (%)
Output power (W)

𝑄 coils are very difficult to make due to the limitation of coil

Pmax
20 50 size, material, and so forth. For the case that the distance is
several times of the coil diameter, normally the operating area
is around the critical point as shown in the shadowed area in
Figure 3.

3. Practical Implementation of WPT Systems

0 0
0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0 There are many existing WPT systems which successfully
Coupling k kc demonstrated the potential of the new technology in recent
years. However, most of them are working with very high
Output power
frequency around 10 MHz which is far beyond the capacity
Efficiency
of the normal switching power electronics such as IGBTs
Figure 3: Output power and efficiency when 𝑓 = 𝑓0 . and MOSFETs. Therefore, for a WPT system which can be
easily manufactured using the normal power electronic com-
ponents, the switching frequency must be lower than 1 MHz
From the engineering point of view, 𝑓0 can be used as a (for MOSFETs).
very close approximation to 𝑓𝑠 without inducing big calcula-
tion errors. Therefore, the WPT system at resonant frequency 3.1. General Structure. Figure 4 is the diagram of the practical
can be analyzed to find out the optimal operating area. When application of the proposed WPT system. A DDS (direct
𝑓 = 𝑓0 , both the power 𝑃𝑂 and efficiency 𝐸 against coupling digital synthesizer) module AD9850 controlled by a MCU
𝑘 are plotted in Figure 3. It can be seen that the overall (microcontroller unit) controller is adopted to generate the
efficiency drops when the coupling 𝑘 is decreased. However, accurate square wave exciting signal. The frequency signal is
the output power increases with the decreasing coupling amplified by a gate driver module and then drives a MOSFET
𝑘 at the beginning until it reaches the peak value 𝑃max . H-bridge to generate a high frequency AC. The Tx coil is ener-
Then it drops dramatically with the decrease of the coupling. gized by the AC and transmits the power to the Rx coil though
To simplify the analysis, it is assumed that both the Tx the inductive coupling. The high frequency AC is rectified
and Rx loops have the same inductance and capacitance as to DC using bridge rectifier on the Rx side. The DC is filtered
𝐿 = 𝐿 1 = 𝐿 2 and 𝐶 = 𝐶1 = 𝐶2 . The resonant frequency for by capacitors before it drives the load.
both of the two coils is
1 3.2. Coil Design. In order to get a less than 1 MHz resonant
𝜔0 = . (15)
√𝐿𝐶 frequency for the Tx and Rx coils, both the inductance and
When 𝜔 = 𝜔0 , combining (11), (12), and (15), the output capacitance need to be significantly bigger than the high
power can be obtained as frequency ones. The radius of the two coils is 20 cm. They are
winded by 19 turns using Litz cable with 500 strands, which
󵄨 (1/𝐶) 𝑘2 𝐿𝑉𝑠2 forms inductance of 298 uH.
𝑃𝑂󵄨󵄨󵄨𝜔=𝜔0 = 𝑅𝐿 2
. (16)
(𝑅1 𝑅2 + (1/𝐶) 𝑘2 𝐿) Low resonant frequency requires bigger capacitance as
well as big inductance, which means the parasitic capacitance
In order to get corresponding value of coupling 𝑘𝑐 at the of the coil winding itself is not big enough and add-on
maximum power, the derivative of (16) is taken with respect capacitors connected in serial with the winding are necessary.
to 𝑘. By setting the result to zero and solving the equation, 𝑘𝑐 From (12), it is clear that lower capacitance can increase the
is obtained as 𝑄 factor of the circuit and improve the performance of the
𝑅1 𝑅2 𝐶 system. However, capacitors with small capacitance normally
. 𝑘𝑐 = √ (17)
induce bigger parasitic resistance, which affects the 𝑄 factor
𝐿
on an opposite way. In some cases, capacitors need to be
For the two coils, their series quality factor is defined as
connected in parallel to get smaller paralytic resistance at the
1 𝐿 1 𝐿 expense of bigger capacitance.
𝑄1 = √ , 𝑄2 = √ . (18)
𝑅1 𝐶 𝑅2 𝐶 Figure 5 is the circuit model for a practical coil design
in which more than one high voltage ceramic capacitor is
Combining (17) and (18), the relationship between 𝑘𝑐 and the connected in parallel to decrease the overall parasitic resis-
quality factors is tance. The overall parasitic resistance is
1 1
𝑘𝑐 = . (19) 𝑅coil = 𝑅 + 𝑅𝐿 , (20)
√𝑄1 𝑄2 𝑛 𝑐
Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 5

Rc1 L1 − M L1 − M C2
+ C1 r1 r2
S1 D3
D1 S3 Rp2
Rp1
rp Rc2
Vd M
S2 D4 RL
D2 S4
−

To S2 and S3
DDS
Controller frequency
generation To S1 and S4

Figure 4: Diagram of the practical implementation.

Rc1 C1

Rc2 C2

..
.

Rcn Cn

L
AC

Figure 6: DDS frequency generation with MCU.

RL

Figure 5: Circuit model for parallel connected capacitors.

where 𝑅𝑐 is the parasitic resistance for each individual

capacitor and the overall capacitance is

𝐶coil = 𝑛𝐶. (21)

Therefore, the 𝑄 factor of the coil can be calculated as Figure 7: High frequency inverter.

1 𝐿 𝑛 𝐿 coil
𝑄coil = √ coil = √ . (22)
𝑅coil 𝐶coil 𝑅𝑐 𝑛𝐶 + 𝑅𝐿
A direct digital synthesizer (DDS) module AD9850 con-
For a given type of capacitor, the number of the capacitors
trolled by a MCU (microcontroller unit) as shown in Figure 6
𝑛 needs to be calculated and balanced in order to get
is adopted to generate the accurate square wave exciting
the optimal 𝑄 factor. In this case, two 100 pF HV ceramic
signal. Using the keyboard on the MCU controller, the output
capacitors are connected in serial to get the best performance.
frequency can be tuned from 0.1–1 MHz with the step size
Together with the 298 uH winding inductance, the resonance
of 10 Hz. The output square wave is highly stable compared
frequency for both of the two coils is around 642 kHz.
with the analog circuit due to the explicit advantages of digital
frequency generation.
3.3. Frequency Generation. Because of the high 𝑄 factors of
the coils, the WPT is very sensitive to the frequency drifting
and jigging. A small variation of inciting frequency could 3.4. High Frequency Inverter and Rectifier. The coil design
result in significant performance drop which can be seen in makes the whole WPT system switch at 642 kHz which is
Figure 2. Conventional analog signal generation cannot meet within the range of Ultra-fast MOSFET. A MOSFET H-bridge
the precision requirement of the WPT system. Therefore, is built to amplify the high frequency signal generated by the
a digital method based on direct digital synthesizer (DDS) DDS module and energizes the Tx coil to transmit the electric
technology is selected as the solution. power.
6 Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering

(a) (b)

(c)

Figure 8: Picture of the WPT system. (a) Coil structure. (b) Power electronics. (c) Test rig.

Assuming the DC input of the inverter is 𝑉𝑠 and using Figure 7 is the picture of the inverter in which four Ultra-
Fourier expansion, the square wave AC output put can be fast MOSFET IRF740s forms the H-bridge. The H-bridge is
represented in infinite serials of the form driven by two half-bridge gate driver IR2110. IR2110 has a
build-in dead-band of 10 ns. It is expanded to 50 ns to prevent
𝑉square the possible shoot-though because of the high speed switch-
4𝑉𝑠 1 1 ing. On the Rx side, due to the high working frequency, con-
= (sin (2𝜋𝑓𝑡) + sin (6𝜋𝑓𝑡) + sin (10𝜋𝑓𝑡) ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ) , ventional diodes are not fast enough to rectify high frequency
𝜋 3 5 AC without inducing significant losses. Therefore, the electric
(23)
energy received by the coil is rectified to DC by a high speed
where the square wave is transformed into a serial of sinu- bridge rectifier made of Shockley diodes. Shockley diodes
soidal waves with different aptitudes and frequency. have very small reverse recovery time (less than 50 ns), which
From Figure 2, it can be seen that only the signals a very reduces the loss greatly at the high working frequency.
narrow band of the frequency are able to pass through the
WPT system and the gain for other frequencies is significantly
low. The WPT system actually operates like a very sensitive 4. Experimental Results
band pass filter. Even though the H-bridge inverter can only
generate square waves, only the fundamental frequency is The radius of the both coils is 20 cm and the distance between
able to go through and other parasitic frequencies are cut off. the two coils is 2.2 m. On the Rx side, a bulb which is selected
Therefore, the theoretical analysis based on the AC source is as the load is illuminated using the energy received from the
still applicable for the case of H-bridge inverters. magnetic resonance as shown in Figure 8.
Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 7

Table 2: Circuit parameters.

Frequency Load voltage Load current Power Efficiency

638 kHz 6V 0.83 A 5.0 W 11.2%
639 kHz 10 V 1.39 A 13.9 W 23.8%
640 kHz 11.9 V 1.65 A 19.6 W 26.9%
641 kHz 12.1 V 1.68 A 20.3 W 28.0%
642 kHz 12 V 1.66 A 19.9 W 27.8%
643 kHz 12.1 V 1.68 A 20.3 W 27.5%
644 kHz 11.5 V 1.60 A 18.4 W 26.5%
645 kHz 9V 1.25 A 11.3 W 22.4%
646 kHz 5.5 V 0.76 A 4.2 W 9.6%

25 100 the circuit theory, the relationship between the circuit param-
eters, coupling coefficient power transfer, and efficiency are
20 80 analyzed. The optimal working area balancing the efficiency
and distance is recommended based on the analysis. In order
to verify the WPT proposed circuit theories, a practical WPT
Power (W)

Efficiency (%)

15 60
prototype is designed and implemented in this paper. The
detailed structure of the prototype including the Tx and
10 40 Rx coils, frequency generation, and high frequency power
electronics has also been explained in this paper.
5 20 Using the prototype, the WPT experiments at the distance
of 2.2 m are conducted. The experiments results show that the
WPT prototype can achieve 20 W power transfer at relative
0 0
638 639 640 641 642 643 644 645 646 high overall efficiency (more than 20%). The voltage splitting
phenomenon can be clearly observed as it is predicted from
Power the theoretical analysis.
Efficiency Since all the components utilized to build the prototype
are made of normal electric and electronics components
Figure 9: Experimental results.
which can be purchased easily from the market with very
low costs, there is great potential for the prototype to be
commercialized in the future.

The power supply for WPT prototype is a 40V 5A DC

power source. The resonant frequencies of the Tx and Rx Conflict of Interests
coils are well matched by adjusting both circuits carefully. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests
The input power, load voltage, and load current are measured. regarding the publication of this paper.
Therefore, both the output power and overall efficiency (with
the loss on the power electronics) can be calculated. The
experimental results are shown in Table 2. Both the output Acknowledgment
power and efficiency against the frequency are plotted in
Figure 9. It can be seen that high transfer efficiency (more This research was supported by the National Science Founda-
than 20%) can be maintained for a quite wide range from tion of China under Grant 61374064 and 61304152.
639 kHz to 645 kHz.
Because the coupling is bigger than the critical value References
𝑘𝑐 , the output power does not reach the maximum at the
resonant frequency when the resonant frequencies are well [1] A. P. Sample, D. J. Yeager, P. S. Powledge, A. V. Mamishev, and J.
aligned. The frequency splitting can be observed clearly as R. Smith, “Design of an RFID-based battery-free programmable
there are two peaks for the output power which are placed on sensing platform,” IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and
both sides of 𝑓0 , which is indicated from the circuit analysis Measurement, vol. 57, no. 11, pp. 2608–2615, 2008.
in Section 2. [2] A. Kurs, A. Karalis, R. Moffatt, J. D. Joannopoulos, P. Fisher,
and M. Soljacic, “Wireless power transfer via strongly coupled
magnetic resonances,” Science, vol. 317, no. 5834, pp. 83–86,
5. Conclusion and Future Work 2007.
[3] A. Karalis, J. D. Joannopoulos, and M. Soljačić, “Efficient
In this paper, the circuit modelling and implementation of wireless non-radiative mid-range energy transfer,” Annals of
a practical 2-coil WPT system have been introduced. Using Physics, vol. 323, no. 1, pp. 34–48, 2008.
8 Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering

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