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FALLSEM2023-24 - CSE3013 - ETH - VL2023240103732 - 2023-07-24 - Reference-Material-I 2

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22 views

FALLSEM2023-24 - CSE3013 - ETH - VL2023240103732 - 2023-07-24 - Reference-Material-I 2

Uploaded by

Shiva Pranav
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Maturation of Artificial Intelligence (1943-1952)

o Year 1943: The first work which is now recognized as AI was done by
Warren McCulloch and Walter pits in 1943. They proposed a model
of artificial neurons.
o Year 1949: Donald Hebb demonstrated an updating rule for modifying
the connection strength between neurons. His rule is now
called Hebbian learning.
o Year 1950: The Alan Turing who was an English mathematician and
pioneered Machine learning in 1950. Alan Turing
publishes "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" in which he
proposed a test. The test can check the machine's ability to exhibit
intelligent behavior equivalent to human intelligence, called a Turing
test.

The birth of Artificial Intelligence (1952-1956)


o Year 1955: An Allen Newell and Herbert A. Simon created the "first
artificial intelligence program"Which was named as "Logic Theorist".
This program had proved 38 of 52 Mathematics theorems, and find
new and more elegant proofs for some theorems.
o Year 1956: The word "Artificial Intelligence" first adopted by American
Computer scientist John McCarthy at the Dartmouth Conference. For
the first time, AI coined as an academic field.

At that time high-level computer languages such as FORTRAN, LISP, or


COBOL were invented. And the enthusiasm for AI was very high at that time.

The golden years-Early enthusiasm (1956-1974)


o Year 1966: The researchers emphasized developing algorithms which
can solve mathematical problems. Joseph Weizenbaum created the
first chatbot in 1966, which was named as ELIZA.
o Year 1972: The first intelligent humanoid robot was built in Japan
which was named as WABOT-1.
The first AI winter (1974-1980)
o The duration between years 1974 to 1980 was the first AI winter
duration. AI winter refers to the time period where computer scientist
dealt with a severe shortage of funding from government for AI
researches.
o During AI winters, an interest of publicity on artificial intelligence was
decreased.

A boom of AI (1980-1987)
o Year 1980: After AI winter duration, AI came back with "Expert
System". Expert systems were programmed that emulate the decision-
making ability of a human expert.
o In the Year 1980, the first national conference of the American
Association of Artificial Intelligence was held at Stanford
University.

The second AI winter (1987-1993)


o The duration between the years 1987 to 1993 was the second AI
Winter duration.
o Again Investors and government stopped in funding for AI research as
due to high cost but not efficient result. The expert system such as
XCON was very cost effective.

The emergence of intelligent agents (1993-2011)


o Year 1997: In the year 1997, IBM Deep Blue beats world chess
champion, Gary Kasparov, and became the first computer to beat a
world chess champion.
o Year 2002: for the first time, AI entered the home in the form of
Roomba, a vacuum cleaner.
o Year 2006: AI came in the Business world till the year 2006.
Companies like Facebook, Twitter, and Netflix also started using AI.

Deep learning, big data and artificial general


intelligence (2011-present)
o Year 2011: In the year 2011, IBM's Watson won jeopardy, a quiz
show, where it had to solve the complex questions as well as riddles.
Watson had proved that it could understand natural language and can
solve tricky questions quickly.
o Year 2012: Google has launched an Android app feature "Google
now", which was able to provide information to the user as a
prediction.
o Year 2014: In the year 2014, Chatbot "Eugene Goostman" won a
competition in the infamous "Turing test."
o Year 2018: The "Project Debater" from IBM debated on complex
topics with two master debaters and also performed extremely well.
o Google has demonstrated an AI program "Duplex" which was a virtual
assistant and which had taken hairdresser appointment on call, and
lady on other side didn't notice that she was talking with the machine.

Now AI has developed to a remarkable level. The concept of Deep learning,


big data, and data science are now trending like a boom. Nowadays
companies like Google, Facebook, IBM, and Amazon are working with AI and
creating amazing devices. The future of Artificial Intelligence is inspiring and
will come with high intelligence.

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