INTRODUCTION TO CELL:

• Basic structural and functional unit of all living organism.

• Smallest unit that can carry out all activities of life.
• Building blocks of complex multicellular organisms.
Prokaryotes
Unicellular (Bacteria)
Eukaryotes
TYPES OF (Protozoa)
CELLS Eukaryotes
Multicellular
(Animalia)

Simple Complex
Multicellular Multicellular
Simple & complex multicellular

 In simple cells are not organized to tissues ,only bunch of cells

remain there.

 But im complex tissue formation is there

Differentiate cell membrane and
plasma membrane?????
 Cell surface membrane
 Plasmalemma
 Neurolemma
 Plasma membrane
 Cell membrane
 PLASMA MEMBRANE
Unit Membrane Model
Fluid mosaic model
Role of plasma membrane:
1. Transport of materials by;
i. Passive transport
i. Simple diffusion
ii. Facilitated diffusion
iii. Osmosis

ii. Active transport

iii. Nerve impulse transmission
iv. Endocytosis and exocytosis
v. Excrete waste
vi. Maintain ionic gradient
Primary active trax Secondary active tranx
 ATP is energy source  Any other energy source other
than ATP
 E.g. sodium pottasium pumps on
nueron membrane
 For example in
chemisosmis ,moving energy of
electrons is used to pump
hydrogen ions.
 Features Prokaryotic Cell Eukaryotic Cell
Nucleus Absent Present
Submerged in
DNA Present in nucleus
cytoplasm
Circular DNA as
Type of DNA Linear DNA in nucleus
nucleoid
Membrane Bounded
Absent Present
Organelles
Small sized, 70S
Large sized, 80S ribosomes
ribosomes (50S larger
Ribosomes (60S larger sub-unit and
sub-unit and 30S
40S smaller sub-unit)
smaller sub-unit)
Cytoskeleton Absent Present
Peptidoglycan/ Murein/
Cell Wall Cellulose/ Chitin
Sacculus
 Features Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Cell
Cell
Cell Membrane Sterols absent Sterols present
Mesosomes Present Absent
Cell Division Binary fission Mitosis/ Meiosis
Histones Absent Present
Composition of
Flagellin Tubulin
Flagella
Cilia Absent Present
Pili/fimbria Present Absent
Plasmid Present Absent (Yeast have)
 Features Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Cell
Cell
RNA polymerase Single type 3 types
Replication Cytoplasm Nucleus
Transcription/
Cytoplasm Cytoplasm
Translation
Cell division Binary fission Mitosis
Replication fork Single Multiple
Bacterial cell, Cells
Example Plant and Animal cells
of blue green algae
COMPARE THE STRUCTURE OF TYPICAL
ANIMAL AND PLANT CELL
Features Animal Cell Plant cell
Cell wall × ü
Plastids × ü
Glyoxysomes × ü
Centrosome(Centri ü ×
oles)
Mitotic Apparatus Spindles + Asters Spindles Only
Cytokinesis Inwards Outwards
Lysosomes ü ×
Flagella ü ×
Phagocytosis ü ×
Plastids × ü
Phragmoplast × ü
Cell plate × ü
formation
COMPARE THE STRUCTURE OF TYPICAL
ANIMAL AND PLANT CELL
Features Animal Cell Plant cell
Plasmodesmata × ü
Mitochondria More in number Fewer in number
Nucleus Central Peripheral
Vacuoles Small and many Large and single
Storage Products Glycogen Starch
Cellular Shape Do not have fixed Have fixed shape
shape
Spindle formation Centrioles Analogous region
Mode of nutrition Autotrophic Heterotrophic
Effect of hypotonic Burst Turgid
solution
 CELL WALL
Outermost non-living covering.
Discovered by Robert hook 1665
Absent in animal cells,mycoplasma.
Secreted by protoplasm
Freely permeable To all

Function
Support.
Protection of internal
components
Prevent from osmotic lysis
Provide definite shape to cell
CELL WALL
MCQ

 Peptidoglycan in bacteria are composed of

 a.glycan and proteins

 b.Glycan and polypeptides
 c.Glycan and short chain amino acids
 d.Glycan and lecithin
Plasmodesmata

 These are cytoplasmic pore or junctions in plants cell walls.

 Through these plasmodesmata ,cytoplasms of neighbouring cells

are connected

 Helpful for symplast pathway for trasnport.

Protoplasm &
protoplast???????
Protoplasm & protoplast????

 Protoplasm------------------neucleus & cytoplasm without plasma

membrane
 Protoplast-----------------------Nucleus plus cytoplasm with cellbrane
Cytoplasm

 Between nuclear membrane and plasma membrane.

 Living gel of cell.
 Rudolph von koliker 1863
 Funct
 St ion of Cyt
ore h oplas
 Si ouse m
te of of vit
certa al ch
lycoly in metab emicals
 G
 T si s olic p
ransl a thway
 F ation s
erme
ntati
on
 CYTOPLASM
Cell
Organelles
Non- Single Double
membranous membranous membranous
• Ribosome • Endoplasmic
s reticulum • Mitochondria
• Centriole • Golgi complex • Chloroplast
s • Lysosome • Nucleus
• Microbodies
• Vacuole
 RIBOSOMES(by palade)
Prokaryotes (70S) • Freely
dispersed
Small granules • Attached to
Eukaryotes (80S) membrane
Ribonucleo- proteins particles.
Attached during translation by
Mg++
Ribosomes

 50 % protein,50 % RNA.
 Ribosomes attach to mRNA by small ribosomal subunit always

 Free ribosomes form protein for cell use

 Attach ribosomes form protein for export.

 Factory of protein ribosome

 Factory of ribosomes ---------nucleolous
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
Nuclear
Membrane
RE
R
• Lipids metabolism
• Detoxification
• Impulse
SER transmission
• Intracellular
transport
• Tubular form ,Ca+
+ storage
• Cisternae (tubular
structure)
RER
• Ribosomes attached on cytoplasmic face.
• Proteins synthesis(Translation)
• Sac like

• Abundant in cells which are involved in protein secretion

• e.g liver,pancreas,goblet cells

 All membranous organelles

except mitochondria and
chloroplast are formed by
endoplasmic reticulum.
Ergastoplasm/Nissel's granules

 Group of ribosomes attached on paralled cisternae, is called

ergastoplasm
 Protein synthesis

 Erganstoplasm in nerves is called Nissels granules.

SER

 SER in muscles is called sarcoplasmic reticulum

 Abudnant in cells which are involved in lipid metabolism for

example adipose tissues
RER SER
 Rough  Smooth
 Ribosome present  No ribosomes
 More stable  Less stable
 Towards nucleus  Towards plasma membrane
 Sacike  Tube like

Common function :
 Support& circulation of material
GOLGI COMPLEX(camillo golgi
1898)
 Golgi body.(Single cinstrnae)
 Golgi apparatus.(Stack of cisternae )
 Golgi complex.(stack of cisternae with Vesicles)
 Dictyosomes SER Vesicle
Golgi complex

Cis,proximal,formin
g,ourt,convex

Trans,Distal,Maturi
ng,,inner,concave

Golgi
Vesicle
Dictyosome

 Golgi complex in plants is called dictyosome because of almost

double of number of cisternae as compared to animals.
Functions
 Cell secretion.
 Modification of molecules e.g.,
glycoconjugates.
 Formation of phragmoplast.
 Formation of primary lysosomes.
 Formation of acrosome.
Pathway and Fate of Processed Vesicles
 Lysosome(De duve 1949)
Splitting bodies.
Different in morphology

 Plants and fungi have vacuoles for

enzymatic hydrolysis.
 In bacteria,periplasmic space serve same
function.

 It Contain 40 different types of enzymes.

 Content of lysosome is acidic

 Golgi complex buds of primary lysosomes.

 LYSOSOMES

• except RBCs.
• Rich in acid phosphatase and hydrolytic
enzymes
• Enzymes are synthesized on RER, golgi
process
Types of lysosomes
• Primary lysosome:
• Secondary lysosomes
• Tertiary lysosomes
 LYSOSOMES

Functions
 Intracellular digestion
 Autophagy (starvation, routine process)
 Autolysis (a type of cell death is
committed,)
 Sometimes release of extracellular enzymes
 Crinophagia(eating of hormones)
 Types of lysosomes
Primary lysosomes is as such budded off
from golgi
Its of no use

 Primary lysosome and Food vacuole combin

to form secondary lysosome,also called
phagosome or digestive vacuole.

 Tertiary lysosome contains waste

material,its also called residual body.
 In unicellular organisms,its released by
exocytosis while in multicellular its
retained as lipofuscin granules.
 LYSOSOMAL STORAGE
 DISEASES
Congenital diseases ,autosomal recessive
 20 such diseases have been discovered so far.
 These diseases are produced by a mutation

Glycogenosis type II disease, more glycogen In

liver and muscles.
Reason is absence of D.glycosidase Enzyme.

Tay-Sach’s disease
 Accumulation of lipids in brain cells leads to
mental retardation and even death.
 Its due to absence of beta.hexosaminidase
enzyme.
 VACUOLES
 Large vesicles originate from the endoplasmic
reticulum, Golgi complex and cell membrane.
 Plant cell have;
 Single
 Large
 Central
 Animal cell have;
 Many
 Small
 Peripheral
 Tonoplast cover vacuole
 Food vacuole
 Contractile vacuole For water removal
 Storage of organic and inorganic
 Turgor pressure
VACUOLES
 MITOCHONDRIA
Introduction
 Power house/battery of the cell
 Self-replicating By binary fission
 Circular DNA (1% of the total DNA of cell)
 Ribosomes (70S)
Functions
 aerobic cellular respiration.
 pyruvic acid oxidation, Krebs cycle, aerobic
respiration, and fatty acid metabolism.
 ADP is regenerated by mitochondria into
ATP
MITOCHONDRIA(Benda 1897-
Introduction 98)
 Highest in skeletal muscles,lowest in ear
pinnae
 Altman said them bioblast
 Overall animal cells have more than plant
cell
 Erytheroblast has,erythrocyte dont
 Chondriome:all mitochondria in one cell
 Mitoplast--------if outer membrane is
removed.
Semiautonomous organelle
Can griw outside cell,but cant devide

 Outer membrane is freely permeable,have

porins
 Inner membrane is selective

 Its derived from egg,not from sperm.

 Lysosome regulate number of mitochondria
in cell

 Originated from purple sulphur bacteria by

endosymbiosis.
Most bzy organelle of cell
Cell within cell concept.

 Helps in vitellogenisis(yoll formation in

oocyte)

 It has all type of RNAs,DNA which is

circular
Fo-F1 particle difference

Fo particle F1 particle
 Fix  Moving
 Hydrophobic  Hydrophilic
 Act as proton pump  Act as ATP synthase

 Also called oxysome,elementary

particle
 Membranous

 Extramembranous
Bacterial genome circular
Eukryote has linear DNA except
mitochondria,chloroplast.

 Micobodies-------peroxysome,glyoxysone

 Vacuoles can originate from

 ER,Golgi,Plasma membrane

 Fatty acid metablosim is

in_________SER,Golgi,peroxysome
 Nucelus ,mitochondria,chloroplast are
double membrane bound

 Ribosome,centriole,nucleolus are non

membranous

 Mitochondria,chloroplast support
endosymbiosis

 Mitochondria and chloroplast has 70S

ribosome just same like bacteria
 PLASTIDS
 Found in plant and algal cells.
 Schimper 1885 Proplastid

Etioplast
Storage
bodies
 Plastids
Angiosperms inherit plastid from mother
Gymnosperms inherit from father

 Outer membrane is freely permeable,have

porins
 Inner membrane is selective

 Chloroplast most abundant in mesophyll

cells

 Originated from Cyanobacteria

 Etioplast

Chloroplast
 Green in colour
 Has chlorophyl a,b and carotenoids
 Light transforming organelle
 Present in stem,leaf,unripened fruit

Chromoplast
 It gives all colour except green
 Present in Flower petals and ripened fruits
 Helps in pollination and dispersal of seeds
 Storage bodies

 Elaioplast------lipids storage
 Amyloplast--------Starch
 Proteinoplast------proteins

Present in Parenchyma cells of

roots,stem,seed
Etioplast------------Chloroplast,chromoplast
Storage bodies------leucoplast

Leucoplast:
Amyloplast.......starch store
Prteinoplast......protein
Elaioplast..........lipid

 Chlorplast is energy transforming

organelle,discoid organelle.

 Palisade mesophyll has more chloplast

 Spongy mesophylls has less chloroplast
 Chloroplast
25-50 thylakoid per granum
40-60 granum per chloroplast

Rubisco is most abundant protein in

nature,its 16 percent of chloroplast mass.

 Smaller thylakoids form granum,its

green,photosynthetic
 Larger thylakoids form intergranum,its
colourless,non photosynthetic
 Semiautomomous,replicate by binary
fission
 Chloroplast

 It has circular ds DNA

 All types of RNAs

 Light reactions on thylakoids of granum

 Dark reaction in stroma of chloroplast

 Its own trasncription and translation

 Outer membrane has porins and freely

permeable
Chloroplast
Circular DNA
Ribosomes
Stroma Calvin cycle
CO2 fixation
Granum Light reaction

Smaller
Thylakoi
and
d
larger
Outer
Membrane
Self-replicating
Inter Inner
Grana Membrane Porins
NUCLEUS robert brown 1831
from orchid cell
Double membrane Nuclear envelope

Heterochromatin
Euchromatin

Ribosomal factory Nucleoli

Nuclear pore
Two regions
Nucleoplasm
Peripheral granular area
Central fibril area
 NUCLEUS
Nuclear Pores
Number Undifferentiated cell
of Egg (30000
nuclear pores/nucleus)
Differentiated cell
pores Erythrocytes 3-4
pores/nucleus
Nucleolus
• Non-membranous, darkly stained body
• One or more in the nucleus.
• Usually attached to the chromatin at specific site called
nuclear organizer region.
• Appear during interphase & disappear During dividing
phase.
• RNA (rRNA) is synthesized and stored in it.
• Two regions: peripheral granular area containing
precursors for ribosomal subunits and central fibril area
containing rRNA and rDNA.
• It is the factory for ribosome synthesis. In eukryotes
 Nucleolus
85 percent proteins,10 percent RNAs,5
percent DNAs

Factory of ribosomes in bacteria is

cytoplasm.

Animals and immature meristemetic cell----

nucleus central

Plants & skeletal muscles--------peripheral

nucleus
 Number of nuclei
Mononucleate:smooth muscles,cardaic
muscles,monocytes,hepaticytes,lymphocytes

Bineucleate:paramecium

 Multinucleate:skelatal muscles,coenocytic
hyphae,opalina
 Anucleate:mature RBCs,Mature seive tube
cell
 Mechanism of ribosome
rRNA is formedformation
in nucleolus.
Proteins move from cytoplasm to nucleolus

Ribosomal subunits formed in peripheral

part,assmble in nuclelous and ribosome
move out

 After coming to cytoplasm,ribosomal

subunits disassemble there.
 Nuclear pores
Number is decided by fate of cells
Its formed where outer and inner membranes
connect.

It allow nucleo.cytoplasmic exchange of

materials.

Differentiation is inversely proportional to

number of nuclear pores.
Neucleoplasm

• It is transparent semi-fluid ground substance.

• Also called karyoplasm,nuclear matrix,soluble sap

• It contains DNA, RNA, proteins, Mg+2 ions, free

nucleotides and enzymes (DNA and RNA polymerase,Ca++
ions,
• Histone ,non histone proteins

• Nucleolous & chromatin always present,CHROMOSOME

CANT BE PRESENT HERE.
 Chromosome
Chromatin & Chromosome:
Chemically chromosomes are composed of DNA and
protein/histones.
Satellite DNA Nucleolus
Secondary
organizer
constriction
Primary
constriction /
centromere Kinetochore
Sister chromatids Spindles
attachment
Identical
 Chromosome
Chromosome has outer covering called
pellicle,made up of protein.

Chromatin visble in non.deviding stage

Chromosmomes in deviding stage

40 percent DNA ,60 percent protein

Chromosome absorb basic dyes

 Kinetochore is on opposite side of

centromere.
 Chromosomes best studied during
metaphase ,because chromosme is thickest
 NUCLEUS
Structure
Chromatin & Chromosome:
On basis of centromere 4 types of chromosomes
are;

Telocentri Acrocentr Sub- Metacentri

c ic metacentri c
 NUCLEUS
Chromosome Number In Different Species
Species Diploid Haploid Species Diploid Haploid
(2n) (n) (2n) (n)
Man 46 23 Frog 26 13
Chimpa Drosoph
48 24 8 4
nzee ila
Onion 16 8 Potato 48 24
Garden Pigeon
14 7 80 40
Pea

Functions
 It controls all the metabolic activities of cell.
 It has all the genetic information in a cell.
 Peroxisome
Abundant in liver cells.
Peroxidase convert alcohol to H2O2.
Catalase convert H2O2 to water and oxygen.

Glycolic acid oxidase convert glycolate into

serine,a step of photorespiration.
 PEROXISOMES AND
 GLYOXYSOMES
Microbodies.
 Single membranous, vesicular structure.
 Diameter of 0.5 µm approximately.
FEATURES PEROXISOMES GLYOXYSOMES
Occurrence Present in all type of Present in plants/Germinating
eukaryotic cells ie. seedlings
Animals,plants,yeast,prot
ozoan
Enzymes Peroxidase, catalase, Catalase, glycolic acid oxidase,
glycolic acid oxidase other enzymes
Role Detoxification of alcohol Lipid metabolism
Formation and Conversion of stored fatty
decomposition of H2O2 acids to carbohydrates
Involved in (Succinate) through glyoxylate
photorespiration cycle
 Cytoskeleton
Absent in bacteria.
It supports cell shape,integrity.

Microtubule:Tubulin protein
Microfilament:actin protein
Intermediate filament:Vimentin

 Distributed from nucleus to plasma

membrane.
 Microtubules
Cilia,flagella__________9(2)+2(1)
Centriole,basal body______9(3)

Assembly and disassembly of spindle

structures during mitosis.
 Microfilament
Linked to inner face of plasma membrane.
It has two chains of F.actin,2 chains of
tropomyosin.
With trIplet troponin at intervals.

Involved in internal cell motion

Form myofibrils in muscles.
Perform cyclosis
 Intermediate Microfilament
Diamter between microtubules and micro
filaments
Each filament has 3 twisted chains of
vimentin.

Involved in Maintainance of cell shape.

Provide support to nuclear membrane,and
plasma membrane.
 Centriole
Animals,some micro organisms,lower plants.
Located near exterior surface of nucleus.

Each centriole has 9 microtubules.

Each microtubule Has 3 tubules.

In non deviding cell,2 centriols present at right

angle.
Pair of centriole is called centrosome.

In deviding cells,centrioles duplicate,4 are formed.

Each pair segregate to opposite poles of nucleus.
Spindles form between them.
 Centriole
Location if furrowing during cell division,and
formation of cilia.

 Non membranous,also found in fungi like

protists foe example slime mold and water
mold.