DRONAL

FEZIL
FEZILE DABI EDUCATION DISTRICT
‘Raising the bar, Closing the gap’

SUBJECT: GEOGRAPHY

CLIMATOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLGY

CHALLENGING TOPICS

GRADE: 12

2024

REVISION AND REPETATION MATERIAL

CLIMATOLOGY:

ACTIVITY 1
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1.1 Various options are provided as possible answers to the following questions. Choose the answer and write
only the letter (A–D) next to the question numbers (1.1.1 to 1.1.8) in the ANSWER BOOK, e.g. 1.1.9 D. (Nov.
2021,1.1 )

1.1.1 A mid-latitude cyclone occurs between … north and south of the equator.
A 5° and 25°
B 30° and 60°
C 0° and 5°
D 60° and 90°

1.1.2 A mid-latitude cyclone is steered (driven) by the …

A easterlies.
B polar easterlies.
C trade winds.
D westerlies.

1.1.3 The change in wind direction of the mid-latitude cyclone in the Southern Hemisphere is called …
A veering.
B backing.
C rotating.
D converging.

1.1.4 The front below is a … front.

A cold
B occluded
C warm
D stationary

1.1.5 The mid-latitude cyclone below is in the … stage.

A initial
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B wave
C mature
D occluded

1.1.6 The conditions experienced behind a cold front are a/an …

A increase in pressure and decrease in temperature.
B decrease in pressure and decrease in temperature.
C increase in pressure and increase in temperature.
D decrease in pressure and increase in temperature.

1.1.7 Which symbol below illustrates the merging of a cold and warm front?

1.1.8 The station model generally associated with a cold front in the Southern Hemisphere:

(8 x 1) (8)

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1.2 Refer to the sketch showing a stage in the development of a mid-latitude cyclone.
Choose the correct word(s) from those given in brackets. Write only the word(s) next to the
question number (1.2.1–1.2.7) in the ANSWER BOOK.

[source: google picture]

1.2.1 A mid-latitude cyclone is also known as a (coastal low pressure/ extratropical cyclone). (1×1) (1)
1.2.2 The mid-latitude cyclone on the sketch develops in the (Southern/Northern) Hemisphere. (1 x1) (1)
1.2.3 A mid-latitude cyclone is a (high/low)-pressure system (1 x 1)
(1)
1.2.4 The stage of development shown in the sketch is the (wave/mature) stage. (1 x 1)
(1)
1.2.5 The general direction movement of mid-latitude cyclone is (West to East/East to West) as it is driven by
the (Easterlies/ Westerlies) (2 x 1)
(2)
1.2.6 A mid-latitude cyclone has a greater influence in South Africa in (summer/ winter). (1 x 1) (1)
1.2.7 Line A is the (40°/60°) latitude. (1 x 1)
(1)
1.2.8 The rotation of the mid latitude cyclone is (clockwise/ anticlockwise) in the Southern Hemisphere. (1 x 1)
(8 x 1)
(8)
[16]
ACTIVITY 2
TOTAL: 27- DURATION:

FIGURE 2.1 shows a mid-latitude cyclone on a synoptic weather map of Southern Africa. (No. 2020, 1.3)

FIGURE 2.1: MID-LATITUDE CYCLONE

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2.1.1 Give evidence from the diagram that suggests that weather system A is a mid-latitude cyclone. (1 x 1) (1)
2.1.2 Why does this weather system originate at the polar front? (1 x 2) (2)
2.1.3 Why is the cold front associated with severe weather conditions? (1 x 2) (2)
2.1.4 Explain the formation of the stage of development shown in FIGURE 2.1 of the mid-latitude cyclone. (2 x 2)
(4)
2.1.5 Why does the cold front of the mid-latitude cyclone have a positive impact on agricultural activities in the
Western Cape? (2 x 2) (4)

[13]

2.2 Refer to the extract and the satellite image of mid-latitude cyclones. (May- June 2022, 1.3)

2.2.1 Give a reason for the direction of movement of the mid-latitude cyclones. (1 x 2) (2)
2.2.2 Quote evidence from the extract for the localised flooding. (1 x 2) (2)
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2.2.3 Why do cold fronts affect the Western Cape mainly in winter? (1 x 2) (2)
2.2.4 How will snowfall influence the water supply in the Western Cape? (1 x 2) (2)
2.2.5 Describe the processes that resulted in the formation of cumulonimbus clouds along the cold front at X. (3
x 2) (6)
[14]

ACTIVITY 3
TOTAL: 30- TIME ALLOCATION:

3.1 Refer to the sketches below on a mid-latitude cyclone. (Nov.2022 1.3)

3.1.1 Name the wind belt that causes the easterly movement of the mid-latitude cyclone. (1 x 1) (1)
Refer to the plan view.
3.1.2 Identify front A. (1 x 1) (1)
1.1.3 Which ONE of fronts A or B is moving faster? (1 x 1) (1)
3.1.4 Give a reason for your answer to QUESTION 1.3.3. (1 x 2) (2)
3.1.5 Give evidence from the sketch that the mid-latitude cyclone is found in the Southern Hemisphere. (1 x 2) (2)
Refer to the cold front occlusion C and the cross-sections.
3.1.6 (a) Which ONE of the cross-sections Y or Z represents the cold front occlusion at C? (1 x 2) (2)
(b) Give evidence that C is a cold front occlusion. (1 x 2) (2)
(c) Explain how the cold front occlusion developed. (2 x 2) (4)
[15]
3.2 Refer to the infographic below on mid-latitude cyclones. (Nov.2023,1.3)

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3.2.1 The mid-latitude cyclone mentioned in the extract is in the (initial/mature) stage. (1 x 1) (1)
3.2.2 Give a reason for your answer to QUESTION 1.3.1. (1 x 2) (2)
3.2.3 Why did the rainfall mentioned in the extract spread from Cape Town to Mossel Bay and Knysna? (1 x 2) (2)
3.2.4 Refer to the graph and determine the lowest and highest rainfall, in millimeters, recorded in the Western
Cape over 36 hours. (2 x 1) (2)
3.2.5 With reference to the cross-section, explain how a well-developed cold front results in heavy rainfall over
the Western Cape. (2 x 2) (4)
3.2.6 How will the heavy rainfall negatively affect the physical (natural) environment in and around the Western
Cape? (2 x 2) (4)
[15]
TROPICAL CYCLONES
ACTIVITY 1:
TOTAL: 19 – TIME ALLOCATION:

1.1 The sketch shows a cross-section through a tropical cyclone in the Southern Hemisphere. Choose the
word/term from COLUMN B that completes the statement in COLUMN A. Write only Y or Z next to the
question numbers (1.1.1 to 1.1.7) in the ANSWER BOOK, e.g. 1.1.8 Z (May- June 2022, 1.2)
n.b Change the numbering in questions below when answering.

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(7 x 1) (7)

FIGURE 1.2: TROPICAL CYCLONE

1.2 Refer to FIGURE 1.2, which shows the path of a tropical cyclone. (Nov. 2020(2), 2.3)

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1.2.1 Give evidence that this tropical cyclone is in the Southern Hemisphere. (1 x 1) (1)
1.2.2 Why is the Mozambique Channel usually ideal for the increase in temperature within the tropical cyclone? (1
x 2) (2) 1.2.3 Explain how the intensity of the tropical cyclone increased as it moved from area A to area B. (2 x 2)
(4)
1.2.4 Discuss the conditions that could have caused the cyclone to weaken as it reached area C. (2 x 2) (4)
1.2.5 Evaluate the physical (natural) negative impact of tropical cyclones along the coastline of Mozambique. (2 x
2) (4)
[15]

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ACTIVITY 2:
TOTAL:30 – TIME ALLOCATION:

2.1 Refer to the infographic on Tropical Cyclone Eloise. (Nov.2021, 1.3)

2.1.1 Give ONE piece of evidence in the infographic that the tropical cyclone is in the Southern Hemisphere. (1 x 1)
(1)
2.1.2 State TWO weather conditions associated with tropical cyclones indicated in the infographic. (2 x 1) (2)
2.1.3 Give ONE reason for the decrease in wind speed from 19 January to 20 January 2021. (1 x 2) (2)
2.1.4 Account for the increase in wind speed of Tropical Cyclone Eloise from the 20 January to 22 January 2021.
(2 x 2) (4)
2.1.5 According to the infographic the negative impact of Tropical Cyclone Eloise was devastating. Suggest
THREE strategies that could be put in place to reduce this impact. (3 x 2) (6)

[15]

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2.2 Refer to the infographic below on Tropical Cyclone Batsirai.( Nov.2022, 1.4 )

2.2.1 Give the date on which Tropical Cyclone Batsirai reached the mature stage. (1 x 1) (1)
2.2.2 According to the infographic, Tropical Cyclone Batsirai moved westward across the South Indian Ocean.
Give ONE reason for this movement. (1 x 2) (2)
2.2.3 Suggest TWO reasons for the large decrease in wind speed between 20 and 25 February 2022. (2 x 2) (4)
2.2.4 How could storm surges negatively impact the physical environment on the east coast of Madagascar? (2 x
2) (4)
2.2.5 Explain the importance of monitoring tropical cyclones like Batsirai for Madagascar. (2 x 2) (4)
[15]

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ACTIVITY 3:
TOTAL: 35 – TIME ALLOCATION:
3.1Refer to the infographic below on tropical cyclones. (May- June 2023, 1.4)

3.1.1 What evidence indicates that the tropical cyclone developed in the Southern Hemisphere? (1 x 1) (1)
3.1.2 Give TWO reasons from the infographic to indicate that the tropical cyclone is in its mature stage. (2 x 1) (2)
3.1.3 How will the descending air at A influence the cloud cover in the eye? (1 x 2) (2)
3.1.4 Give a reason for your answer to QUESTION 1.4.3. (1 x 2) (2)
3.1.5 What is the relationship between the wind speed and air pressure as indicated on the graph?
(a) Ahead of the eye (1 x 2) (2)
(b) Within the eye (1 x 2) (2)
3.1.6 Why is area B on the sketch of the isobaric representation referred to as the leading left quadrant
(dangerous semicircle)? (1 x 2) (2)
3.1.7How does the leading left quadrant (dangerous semicircle) develop in tropical cyclones? (1 x 2) (2)
[15]
3.2 Refer to the satellite image of a tropical cyclone in the mature stage below. (Nov. 2023)

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3.2.1 State ONE condition required for the development of the tropical cyclone. (1 x 1) (1)
3.2.2 In which hemisphere did this cyclone develop? (1 x 1) (1)
3.2.3 Give a reason for your answer to QUESTION 1.4.2. (1 x 2) (2)
Refer to A and B on the satellite image.
3.2.4 Differentiate between the cloud cover at A and B. (2 x 1) (2)
3.2.5 Explain why there is a difference in the cloud cover at A and B. (2 x 2) (4)
3.2.6 Why are the strongest winds found in the forward (leading) left-hand quadrant? (1 x 2) (2)

[12]

3.3 Study the diagram below, based on a cross-section of a tropical cyclone in the Southern Hemisphere

[adapted: from https://www.reseachgate.net./figire/hurricane-structure-coutersy-of-university-of

-British Colombia]

3.3.1 Indicate the season in which this tropical cyclone occurs. (1 x 1) (1)

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3.3.2 State the minimum ocean temperature required for the formation of this tropical cyclone (1 x 1) (1)
3.3.3 In which general direction would this cyclone move? (1 x 1) (1)
3.3.4 Name the cloud type found at A. (1 x 1) (1)
3.3.5 State the precipitation likely to occur from cloud type A. (1 x 1) (1)
3.3.6 Is the air surface pressure at area C low or high? (1 x 1) (1)
3.3.7 Describe the airflow at C. (1 x 1) (1)
3.3.8 At what stage of development will this tropical cyclone be, when it moves over land? (1 x 1) (1)
(8)

TRAVELLING DISTURBANCES:
ACTIVITY 4:
MOISTURE FRONT
TOTAL: 27- DURATION:

Refer to the figure 4.1 below showing development of line thunderstorms.

4.1.1 What is a moisture front? (1 x 2) (2)

4.1.2 Distinguish between the moisture contents of the winds at A and B. (2 x 1) (2)
4.1.3 Name and describe the type of thunderstorm that occurs along the moisture front. (1 + 2) (3)
4.1.4 On which side of the moisture front do the thunderstorms form? (1x2) (2)
4.1.5 Explain your answer to QUESTION 1.2.4. (2 x 2) (4)
4.1.6 What are the weather conditions associated with this type of thunderstorm? (2 x 2) (4)
4.1.7 How would farmers be affected by this thunderstorm? . (4 x 2) (8)

[27]
ACTIVITY 5:
LINE THUNDERSTORM
TOTAL: 30 - DURATION:
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FIGURE 5.1 shows the presence of a line thunderstorm across South Africa. (Nov.2020, 1.4)

FIGURE 5.1: LINE THUNDERSTORM

5.1.1 Does the line thunderstorm obtain its source of moisture from ocean A or B? (1 x 1) (1)
5.1.2 Why is cold, dry air fed in from the South Atlantic High-Pressure Cell? (1 x 2) (2)
5.1.3 Explain how the formation of the moisture front at C results in line thunderstorms. (2 x 2) (4)
5.1.4 In a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines, explain the destructive (harmful) nature of line thunderstorms.
(4 x 2) (8)

[15]

5.2 Refer to the sketch below on the line thunderstorms. (May- June 2023, 1.5)

5.2.1 Identify high-pressure cells A and B. (2 x 1) (2)

5.2.2 Which season is represented by the sketch? (1 x 1) (1)
5.2.3 Give ONE reason from the sketch for your answer to QUESTION 1.5.2. (1 x 2) (2)
5.2.4 What is a moisture front? (1 x 2) (2)
5.2.5 Name TWO forms of precipitation associated with a line thunderstorm. (2 x 1) (2)
5.2.6 Describe the processes involved in the formation of line thunderstorms. (3 x 2) (6)
[15]

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ACTIVITY 6:
BERG WINDS
TOTAL: 26- DURATION:
6.1 Refer to the infographic showing BERG WINDS conditions over South Africa below

6.1.1 Which season is depicted in the diagram? (1 x 1) (1)

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6.1.2 Provide evidence from the infographic to substantiate your answer to QUESTION 6.1.1 (1 x 1)
(1)
6.1.3 State two atmospheric conditions evident in the infographic that have resulted in the development of berg
winds (2 x 1) (2)
6.1.4 Draw a free hand labeled cross section illustrating the development of the berg winds. (5
x1) (5)
(1 mark for each of the following: correct drawing, for correct position of HPC, correct position of coastal LP,
direction of air flow and temperature)
6.1.5 With reference to the temperature graph, account for the increase in temperature from about 03:15 to
10:00.
6.1.6 A weather station located at A has reported clear skies. Account for this current condition (2 x 2)
(4)
6.1.7 Area A will experience (onshore/offshore) winds.
(1x1) (1)
6.1.8 In a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines, explain the impact of berg wind conditions on the physical
(natural) environment and on people. (4 x 2)
(8)
6.1.9 What precautionary measures could be put in place to lessen the impact of berg wind conditions? (4 x 1)
(4)
[26]

ACTIVITY 7:
BERG WINDS
TOTAL: 30 - DURATION:

7.1 Refer to the infographic on the South African berg wind. ( Nov.2021, 1.5)

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7.1.1 Name TWO pressure systems that are necessary for berg winds to develop. (2 x 1) (2)
7.1.2 Determine the highest temperature that was recorded on 13 March 2021. (1 x 1) (1)
7.1.3 What role did the escarpment play in increasing the temperature of the berg wind between 10:00 and 14:00?
(2 x 2) (4)
7.1.4 In a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines, explain the impact of berg wind conditions on the physical
(natural) environment. (4 x 2) (8)

[15]

7.2 Refer to the sketches below on berg winds. (Nov.2023, 1.5)

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7.2.1 Name the high-pressure cell and low-pressure cell indicated on the sketch map that leads to the
development of berg winds. (2 x 1) (2)
7.2.2 Which sketch (A or B) represents the formation of berg winds? (1 x 1) (1)
7.2.3 Give a reason for your answer to QUESTION 1.5.2. (1 x 2) (2)
7.2.4 Explain why cloudless conditions are indicated by the station model at X on the sketch map. (1 x 2) (2)
7.2.5 In a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines, explain how berg winds impact negatively on the natural
vegetation and suggest strategies that can be put in place to limit this negative impact. (4 x 2) (8)

[15]

VALLEY CLIMATE:
ACTIVITY 8:
TOTAL: 25- DURATION:
8.1 Refer to FIGURE 8.1 showing air movement associated with valley climates. Match the descriptions below
with winds A and B. Write only the letter A or B next to the question numbers (8.1.1 to 8.1.7) in the ANSWER
BOOK, e.g. 8.1.8 B.
FIGURE 8.1: :(Nov. 2020(1.1 )

8.1.1 The air movement associated with upslope flow

8.1.2 Air movement that occurs at the night
8.1.3 Air movement that originates due to the rate of insolation
8.1.4 Air movement that mostly reduces air pollution at the bottom of the valley
8.1.5 Air movement associated with dense, heavy air

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8.1.6 Air movement associated with the formation of frost on the valley floor
8.1.7 The direction of air movement determined by gravitational forces (7 x 1) (7)

8.2 Choose the correct word(s) from those given in brackets. Write only the word(s) next to the question numbers
(8.2.1 to 8.2.7) in the ANSWER BOOK. (NOV. 2021, 1.2)

8.2.1 Air at A cools because of (solar/terrestrial) radiation.

8.2.2 Downward movement of air along the valley slopes occurs during the (night/day).
8.2.3 Air movement from A to B results in a/an (anabatic/katabatic) wind.
8.2.4 Dew point temperature drops to below freezing point at (A/B) at night.
8.2.5 Precipitation that forms at B when the dew point temperature drops below 0 °C is (frost/radiation fog).
8.2.6 Displaced air from the valley results in a/an (inversion layer/thermal belt) developing at C.
8.2.7 Layer C is more developed during the (day/night). (7 x 1) (7)

8.3 Refer to the sketch below showing valley climates. Complete the statements in COLUMN A with the options in
COLUMN B. Write down only Y or Z next to the question numbers (8.3.1 to 8.3.7) in the ANSWER BOOK, e.g. 8.3.8
Y. (May- June 2023)

COLUMN A COLUMN B
8.3.1 The direction in which the slope faces in relation Y orientation
to insolation is … Z aspect
8.3.2 The sketch represents a valley in the … Y Southern
Hemisphere. Z Northern

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8.3.3 … wind occurs due to terrestrial radiation. Y Katabatic

Z Anabatic
8.3.4 A temperature inversion occurs between A and B Y decrease
due to a/an … in temperature with height. Z increase
8.3.5 The form of precipitation that could occur at X is Y dew
… Z frost
8.3.6 … fog may form in the valley on clear, calm Y Radiation
nights. Z Advection
8.3.7 The northern side of the valley is covered by Y high
trees because of … evaporation. Z low

(7 x 1) (7)

8.4 Various options are provided as possible answers to the following questions. Choose the answer and write
only the letter (A–D) next to the question numbers (8.4.1 to 8.4.4) in the ANSWER BOOK, e.g. 8.4.9 D.
Refer to the sketch below showing valleys in the Southern Hemisphere. (Nov. 2023 ,1.2)

8.4.1 The relationship between slopes and the sun's rays is referred to as …
A insolation.
B aspect.
C north-facing slope.
D terrestrial radiation.

8.4.2 The surface from A to B is intensely heated because it is …

A receiving oblique sunray.
B at a lower latitude.
C receiving direct sunrays.
D at a higher altitude.

8.4.3 The climatological phenomenon occurring at C is …

A radiation fog.
B advection fog.
C terrestrial radiation.
D a frost pocket.

8.4.4 Dense vegetation is found in the shadow zone due to … conditions.

A warm

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B dry
C moist
D windy
(4 x 1) (4)

ACTIVITY 9:
TOTAL: 30- DURATION:

9.1 Refer to the figure showing slope aspect. (March 2024)

9.1.1 Define the concept slope aspect. (1x2) (2)

9.1.2 Which diagram A or B represent slopes in the Southern Hemisphere? (1x1) (1)
9.1.3 Give a reason evident from the sketch for your answer to QUESTION 1.4.2. (1x2) (2)
9.1.4 How does slope aspect influence the microclimate of valley slopes in the southern hemisphere regarding
evaporation? (1x2) (2)
9.1.5 In a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines, explain the
influence of slope aspect on human settlements and farming. (4x2) (8)
[15]
FIGURE 9.2 shows a katabatic wind within a valley. (Feb/March 2018, 1.4)
FIGURE 9.2: A KATABATIC WIND

9.2.1 Does this wind occur during the day or at night? (1 x 1) (1)

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9.2.2 What role does terrestrial radiation play in the formation of katabatic winds? (1 x 2) (2)
9.2.3 Why are katabatic winds associated with temperature inversions? (2 x 2) (4)
9.2.4 Account for the position of radiation fog in the valley. (2 x 2) (4)
9.2.5 With reference to the photograph in FIGURE 9.2, explain why a developer is more likely to build a holiday
resort halfway up the valley slope. (2 x 2) (4)
[15]

URBAN HEAT ISLAND AND POLLUTION DOME:

ACTIVITY 10:
TOTAL:28 - DURATION:
10.1 Refer to FIGURE 10.1, an extract based on urban heat islands. (Nov.2020, 2.4)
FIGURE 10.1: URBAN HEAT ISLANDS

10.1.1 Define the concept of urban heat island. (1 x 1) (1)

10.1.2 Give TWO quotations from the extract that suggests that poor planning is responsible for increasing
temperatures in cities. (2 x 1) (2)
10.1.3 Why is the urban heat island effect more concentrated at night? (2 x 2) (4)
10.1.4 In a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines, provide sustainable green strategies, as referred to in the
extract, that can reduce the heat island effect. (4 x 2) (8)
[15]

10.2 Refer to the graph showing the difference between rural and urban temperatures. (May- June 2022)

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10.2.1Give the highest temperature recorded. (1 x 1) (1)

10.2.2 Explain TWO ways in which the buildings at Z contribute to the high temperatures. (2 x 2) (4)
10.2.3 In a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines, suggest sustainable building strategies to reduce the
urban heat island effect. (4 x 2) (8)

[13]

ACTIVITY 11:
TOTAL:31 - DURATION:

11.1 Study the sketch and warning below (National Geography Self-study – Climatology -Activity 10.2)

“Alert – Due to higher temperatures, air quality is poor. Remain indoors and turn on the very aircon that uses
the electricity, that’s created by the burning of fossil fuel that contributes to both the higher temperatures and
poor air quality” [Source: https://www.metlink.org/fieldwork-resource/urban-heat-island-introduction/]

11.1.1 Describe how a heat island is formed. (1 x 2) (2)

11.1.2 Name the part of the urban area (A) that records the highest day-time temperatures. (1 x 1) (1)
11.1.3 Describe two ways in which city planners are designing urban centres to reduce the urban heat island
effect. (2 x 2) (4)
11.1.4 In paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines discuss how strategies which can be implemented to
reduce the heat island effect in urban areas. (4 x 2) (8)

[15]
11.2 Refer to FIGURE 11.2 showing a pollution dome over a South African city. (National Geography Self-study
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– Climatology -Activity 10.3)

FIGURE 11.2

11.2.1 What is a pollution dome? (1 x 2) (2)

11.2.2 Why is a pollution dome associated with an urban area? (1 x 2) (2)
11.2.3 Explain why the pollution dome is more concentrated at night. (2 x 2) (4)
11.2.4 Write a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines explaining how pollution domes increase the
maintenance costs of the built environment for people living in the city. (4 x 2) (8)

[16]
GEOMORPHOLOGY:
2.1 REJUVENATION

2.2 RIVER CAPTURE

2.3 CATCHMENT MANAGEMENT

2.4 ACTIVITY 1: TYPES OF RIVER

TYPES OF RIVERS:
ACTIVITY 1:
TOTAL: 27

1.1 Various options are provided as possible answers to the following questions. Choose the answer and write
only the letter (A–D) next to the question numbers (1.1.1 to 1.1.4) in the ANSWER BOOK, e.g. 1.1.9 D. (May- June
2022, 2.1)
1.1.1 This type of river only flows after heavy rainfall:
A Perennial
B Periodic
C Exotic
D Episodic
1.1.2 … rivers are found mostly in the eastern half of South Africa.
A Perennial
B Periodic
C Exotic
D Episodic
1.1.3 … rivers originate in a high-rainfall region and flow through a dry region.
A Perennial
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B Periodic
C Exotic
D Episodic
1.1.4 … rivers only cut through the water table in the wet season.
A Perennial
B Periodic
C Exotic
D Episodic
(4 x 1) (4)

1.2 Choose the correct word from those given in brackets which will make the sentence TRUE. Write down only
the word next to the question numbers (1.2.1 to 1.2.8). (Nov.2028, 1.2)

1.2.1 Rivers that flow all year round are (permanent/periodic) rivers.
1.2.2 (Exotic/Periodic) rivers flow during the rainy season only.
1.2.3 Rivers that only flow after heavy rainfall are known as (episodic/exotic) rivers.
1.2.4 The majority of rivers in South Africa are (periodic/permanent).
1.2.5 In (permanent/episodic) rivers the river bed is always below the water table.
1.2.6 The water table is always below the river bed in (exotic/episodic) rivers.
1.2.7 (Periodic/Exotic) rivers flow all year round because they are fed by tributaries in high rainfall areas.
1.2.8 (Permanent/Periodic) rivers are characteristic of interchanging seasons of high and low rainfall.
(8 x 1) (8)

1.3 Refer to the drainage basin below.

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1.3.1 The river illustrated in the sketch is (permanent/periodic). (1 x 1) (1)

1.3.2 State TWO characteristics of the river system evident in the sketch. (2 x 1) (2)
1.3.3 Give evidence from the sketch that the surface run-off is greater at A than at B. (2 x 2) (4)
1.3.4 Refer to C.
(a) Which ONE of the cross-sections Y or Z represents the river at point C? (1 x 2) (2)
(b) Give a reason for your answer to QUESTION 1.3.4(a). (1 x 2) (2)
1.3.5 How will a decrease in precipitation affect the following:
(a) Water table (1 x 2) (2)
(b) Type of river (1 x 2) (2)

[15]

DRAINAGE PATTERN
ACTIVITY 2:
TOTAL: 25

2.1 Choose a term from COLUMN B that matches the characteristic/description in COLUMN A. Write only the
letter (A–I) next to the question numbers (2.1.1 to 2.1.8) in the ANSWER BOOK, e.g. 2.1.9 J. (Nov. 2020,
1.2)
COLUMN A COLUMN B COLUMN A COLUMN B
2.1.1 Drainage pattern that is common along steep A trellis
slopes of ridge or hills
2.1.2 Drainage pattern found in areas where glaciers B dendritic
have occurred
2.1.3 The mainstream has right angle bends in this C radial
drainage pattern
2.1.4 Drainage pattern associated with streams that D rectangular
flow towards a central low-lying area
2.1.5 Drainage pattern associated with a dome E deranged
feature
2.1.6 Drainage pattern that originates in areas with F antecedent
alternative layers of hard and soft rock
2.1.7 Drainage pattern that is usually uniform and G centripetal
tributaries join at acute angles
2.1.8 The river is younger than the underlying rock I parallel

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structure over which it flows

(8)
2.2 Refer to the trellis drainage pattern below to answer QUESTIONS 2.1.1 and 2.1.2 (May- June 2023, 2.1.7 &
2.1.8)

[source: the examiner’s own sketch]

2.2.1 The tributaries of a trellis drainage pattern

A join the main stream at an acute angle.

B join the main stream at right angles.
C bends 90° along its course.
D flows away from a central point.

2.2.2 This drainage pattern is found in regions of … and inclined strata

I. alternating layers of hard and soft rocks
II. jointed igneous rocks
III. uniform resistant rocks
IV. folded strata

A (i) and (ii)

B (iii) and (iv)
C (i) and (iv)
D (ii) and (iv)
(2)

2.3 FIGURE 2.3 illustrates drainage patterns. (MAY/JUNE 2021 ,2.5)

FIGURE 2.3: DRAINAGE PATTERN

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2.3.1 Define the concept drainage pattern. (1 x 1) (1)

2.3.2 Identify drainage patterns A and B. (2 x 1) (2)
2.3.3 Give TWO characteristics of drainage pattern A evident in FIGURE 2.5. (2 x 1) (2)
2.3.4 How does the volcanic landscape in FIGURE 2.5 result in drainage pattern B? (1 x 2) (2)
2.3.5 Why is drainage pattern A more suitable for settlements? (2 x 2) (4)
2.3.6 Explain how the characteristics of the underlying rock structure result in the formation of drainage patterns
A and B. (2 x 2) (4)
[15]

DRAINAGE PATTERN
ACTIVITY 3:
TOTAL: 20

3.1Study FIGURE 3.1 which shows two types of drainage patterns (A and B). (Nov.2018, 1.5)

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3.1.1 Name the drainage patterns labelled A and B. (2 x 1) (2)

3.1.2 Name the underlying rock structure that gives rise to drainage patterns A and B. (2 x 1) (2)
3.1.3 State ONE of the following:
(a) Similarity between drainage patterns A and B (1 x 2) (2)
(b) Difference between drainage patterns A and B (1 x 2) (2)
3.1.4 Why are the tributaries in drainage pattern A short in comparison to the length of the main river?
(1 x 2) (2)
3.1.5 Account for the main streams in drainage pattern B having 90° bends. (2 x 2) (4)

[12]

3.2 Refer to the drainage patterns below and choose the correct letter (A – G) that matches the
description of a specific drainage pattern. Write only the letter (A – G) next to the question numbers
(3.2.1 to 3.2.8) in the ANSWER BOOK, for example 6.1.9 H. Letters A – G can be used more than
once

3.2.1 Drainage pattern that formed from rivers flowing into a depression or lake.
3.2.2 Drainage pattern formed from rocks of uniform resistance.
3.2.3 Drainage patterns are commonly found in melting ice regions.
3.2.4 Drainage pattern that occurs on a common slope down a linear mountain range
3.2.5 Drainage pattern that develops on alternate layers of hard and soft rocks
3.2.6 Drainage pattern that commonly forms on areas of volcanic mountains
3.2.7 Drainage pattern formed where prominent ridges lie parallel to one another
3.2.8 Drainage pattern in which the main streams and their tributaries display many right-angle bends
(8)
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DRAINAGE PATTERN
ACTIVITY 4:
TOTAL: 30

4.1 Refer to the diagrams showing drainage patterns. (Nov.2021, 2.3)

4.1.1 Identify drainage patterns A and B. (2 x 1) (2)

4.1.2 Differentiate between the underlying rock structure of drainage patterns A and B respectively. (2 x 2) (4)
4.1.3 Why are the tributaries of the mainstream parallel to each other in drainage pattern A? (1 x 2) (2)
4.1.4 Determine the stream order at point 1 in drainage pattern B. (1 x 2) (2)
4.1.5 Choose the CORRECT word between brackets to make the statement TRUE. The higher the stream order,
the (higher/lower) the drainage density. (1 x 1) (1)
4.1.6 Refer to drainage pattern B and describe the relationship between.
(a) Drainage density and low rainfall (2)
(b) Drainage density and steep gradient (2)
[15]

4.2 Refer to the drainage patterns illustrated in sketches A and B below. ( Nov 2023, 2.3)

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4.2.1 Identify drainage patterns in sketches A and B. (2 x 1) (2)

4.2.2 State the underlying rock structure and rock type on which the drainage pattern in A developed. (1 + 1) (2)
4.2.3 Explain how the underlying rock structure influenced the drainage pattern in A. (1 x 2) (2)
4.2.4 The drainage density in B is (high/low). (1 x 1) (1)
4.2.5 Determine the stream order at X. (1 x 2) (2)
4.2.6 Explain the relationship between stream order and drainage density in B. (1 x 2) (2)
4.2.7 Explain how the slope (gradient) and permeability of underlying rock influence the drainage density in B. (2
x 2) (4)

[15]

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FLUVIAL LANDFORMS:
ACTIVITY 5
TOTAL: 22
5.1 Refer to the sketch, which shows a waterfall with a plunge pool. Complete the statements in COLUMN A with
the options in COLUMN B. Write only X or Y next to the question numbers (5.1.1 to 5.1.7) in the ANSWER BOOK,
e.g. 5.1.8 Y (Nov.2021, 2.2)

COLUMN A COLUMN B COLUMN A COLUMN B

5.1.1 Waterfalls form when … X: Y: there are alternate layers of hard and soft rock.
there are only soft rocks.

5.1.2 Waterfalls are likely to be found in the … X: Y: lower course. upper course.

5.1.3 … refers to the softer rock that erodes faster. X: Y: Rock type A Rock type B

2.2.4 The plunge pool is formed by … X: Y: deposition. erosion.

2.2.5 When the softer rock at C erodes, it will cause ... X: Y: the rock at A to collapse into the plunge pool.
waterfalls to retreat downstream.

2.2.6 The retreat of the waterfall will result in the X: Y: gorge. rapid.
formation of a …

2.2.7 An advantage of a waterfall is … X: Y: hydro-electricity. promoting water transport.

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(7)

2.3 Refer to the sketch on fluvial landforms below. ( Nov. 2022, 2.4)

2.4.1 The fluvial landforms, illustrated in the sketch, are mainly found in the (middle/lower) course. (1 x 1) (1)
2.4.2 Identify fluvial landform A on the sketch. (1 x 1) (1)
2.4.3 (a) Draw a rough cross-section from B to C. (2 x 1) (2)
(b) Will erosion take place at B or C? (1 x 1) (1)
(c) Give a reason for your answer to QUESTION 2.4.3(b). (1 x 2) (2)
2.4.4 In a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines, describe the processes that resulted in the change of fluvial
landform A to an ox-bow lake at D. (4 x 2) (8)

[15]
FLUVIAL LANDFORMS:
ACTIVITY 6
TOTAL: 22
1.5 FIGURE 1.5 is an extract on deltas. ( 2020(2) , 1.5
FIGURE 6.1

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6.1.1 Where do deltas form? (1 x 1) (1)

6.1.2 What evidence in the extract indicates that deltas are densely populated? (1 x 1) (1)
6.1.3 According to the extract, how are cities disturbing the natural formation of deltas? (1 x 1) (1)
6.1.4 Discuss the importance of protecting deltas. (2 x 2) (4)
6.1.5 A recent environmental impact assessment has highlighted concerns about the future sustainability of
deltas. In a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines, suggest strategies to protect areas like deltas from the
negative impact of human activities. (4 x 2) (8)
[15]

2.6 Along the course of a river, various features such as levees and deltas are found. 2.6.1 Refer to the formation
of a levee in FIGURE 2.6. (a) What is a levee? (1 x 1) (1) (b) Give reasons for the difference in size between the
sediment deposited at C and the sediment deposited at D in FIGURE 2.6. (2 x 2) (4) (c) Explain why levees can be
both advantageous and disadvantageous to farming on the adjacent flood plain. (2 x 2) (4) 2.6.2 The following
questions refer to deltas. (a) Where are deltas found in a river? (1 x 2) (2) (b) Give a reason for the large quantities
of deposited material found where a delta is formed. (1 x 2) (2) (c) Why are deltas rare in South African rivers? (1
x 2) (2) [75

RIVER GRADING

2.6 FIGURE 2.6 shows a river profile. (Nov.2020, 2.6)

2.6.1 Is the river profile in FIGURE 2.6 graded or ungraded? (1 x 1) (1)
2.6.2 Give evidence for your answer to QUESTION 2.6.1. (1 x 2) (2)
2.6.3 Why will there be more erosion than deposition at A? (2 x 2) (4)
2.6.4 In a paragraph of approximately EIGHT lines, explain the fluvial processes that a river undergoes to reach a
graded profile. (4 x 2) (8)

2.3 Refer to the sketches showing the profile and grading of a river.

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Refer to sketch A. 2.3.1 Define the concept longitudinal profile. (1 x 2) (2) 2.3.2 State TWO characteristics of the
longitudinal profile evident in sketch A. (2 x 1) (2) 2.3.3 Does sketch A represent a graded or an ungraded river? (1
x 1) (1) 2.3.4 Give a reason for your answer to QUESTION 2.3.3. (1 x 2) (2) Refer to sketches B and C. 2.3.5
Identify a temporary and a permanent base level of erosion in sketch B. (2 x 1) (2) 2.3.6 Describe the processes
that the river in sketches B and C would undergo to reach a graded state. (3 x 2) (6)

RIVER CAPTURE
ACTIVITY 8
8.1 Study the sketch below showing the River capture/ stream piracy and answer the questions thereafter:

DURATION: 15 minutes

8.1.1 .Define the term river capture (1 x 2) (2)

8.1.2 Identify features 1 and 2 of river capture in sketch B. (2 x 1) (2)
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8.1.3 Identify the type of erosion taking place at 3 in sketch A (1 x 1) (1)

8.1.4 Explain the process that resulted in the formation of the misfit stream. (2 x 2) (4)
8.1.5 Describe the change in the flow characteristics of the captor stream (3 x 2) (6)
8.1.6 How will the captor stream benefit people living downstream? (3 x 2)
(6)
[19]

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