Drawing layouts and simplified

methods 9
Single-part drawing
A single-part drawing should supply the complete detailed information to enable a
component to be manufactured without reference to other sources. It should
completely define shape or form and size, and should contain a specification. The num-
ber of views required depends on the degree of complexity of the component. The
drawing must be fully dimensioned, including tolerances where necessary, to show
all sizes and locations of the various features. The specification for the part includes
information relating to the material used and possible heat-treatment required, and
notes regarding finish. The finish may apply to particular surfaces only, and may be
obtained by using special machining operations or, for example, by plating, painting,
or enamelling. Fig. 9.1 shows typical single-part drawings.
An alternative to a single-part drawing is to collect several small details relating to
the same assembly and group them together on the same drawing sheet. In practice,
grouping in this manner may be satisfactory provided all the parts are made in the

(A) (B)

70

No. of teeth and

φ 26 × 2 φ 25 × 2 gear tooth form as
part No. 0008
φ 30,00
30,02

φ 29,99
30,00
φ 45

φ 20

φ 50

45°
2
R2
5 45°

30
80

70

Copyright note Bearing insert Original scale Copyright note Gear hub Original scale
|:| |:|
Part No. Part No.
Material : BS 1400 : PBIC 0001 Material : BS 970 : 302 S 25 0002

Fig. 9.1 (A) Bearing insert. (B) Gear hub. (C) Retaining ring.

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Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
92 Manual of Engineering Drawing

(C)

4
φ 26

6
A
1.9

A–A

Copyright note Retaining ring Original scale

|:|
Part No.
Material : CS95HT 0003

Fig. 9.1 cont’d.

same department, but it can be inconvenient where, for example, pressed parts are
drawn with turned components or sheet-metal fabrications.
More than one drawing may also be made for the same component. Consider a
sand-cast bracket. Before the bracket is machined, it needs to be cast; and before cast-
ing, a pattern needs to be produced by a patternmaker. It may therefore be desirable to
produce a drawing for the patternmaker which includes the various machining allow-
ances, and then produce a separate drawing for the benefit of the machinist which
shows only dimensions relating to the surfaces to be machined and the size of the
finished part. The two drawings would each have only parts of the specification which
suited one particular manufacturing process (see also Fig. 16.34 and 16.35).
Drawing layouts and simplified methods 93

Collective single-part drawings

Fig. 9.2 shows a typical collective single-part drawing for a rivet. The drawing covers
20 rivets similar in every respect except length; in the example given, the part number
for a 30 mm rivet is S123/13. This type of drawing can also be used where, for
example, two dimensions on a component (which can be referenced on the drawing
as A and B) are variable, all other dimensions being standard. For a particular applica-
tion, the designer would insert the appropriate value of dimensions A and B in a table,
and then add a new suffix to the part number. This type of drawing can generally be
used for basically similar parts.

Length

φ 15

R15

Part No. Length Part No. Length

S123/1 6 /11 26

/2 8 /12 28

/3 10 /13 30
/4 12 /14 32
/5 14 /15 34

/6 16 /16 36
/7 18 /17 38

/8 20 /18 40

/9 22 /19 42
/10 24 /20 44

Copyright note Rivet Standard No.

S 123
Material : EIC-0

Fig. 9.2 Collective single-part drawing of a rivet.

94 Manual of Engineering Drawing

Assembly drawings
Machines and mechanisms consist of numerous parts, and a drawing which shows the
complete product with all its components in their correct physical relationship is
known as an assembly drawing. A drawing which gives a small part of the whole
assembly is known as a sub-assembly drawing. A sub-assembly may in fact be a com-
plete unit in itself; for example, a drawing of a clutch could be considered as a
sub-assembly of a drawing showing a complete automobile engine. The amount of
information given on an assembly drawing will vary considerably with the product
and its size and complexity.
If the assembly is relatively small, information which might be given includes a
parts list. The parts list, as the name suggests, lists the components, which are
numbered. Numbers in ‘balloons’ with leader lines indicate the position of the compo-
nent on the drawing (see Fig. 9.3). The parts list will also contain information
regarding the quantity required of each component for the assembly, its individual

1 2 3

Item No. Title No. off Part No.

1 Bearing insert 1 0001

2 Gear hub 1 0002

3 Retaining ring 1 0003

Copyright note Assembly of gear and Original scale
bearing |:|
Part No.
Material ——— 0004
Fig. 9.3 Assembly drawing of gear and bearing.
Drawing layouts and simplified methods 95

single-part drawing number, and possibly its material. Parts lists are not standard
items, and their contents vary from one drawing office to another.
The assembly drawing may also give other information, including overall dimen-
sions of size, details of bolt sizes and centers where fixings are necessary, weights
required for shipping purposes, operating details and instructions, and also, perhaps,
some data regarding the design characteristics.

Collective assembly drawing

This type of drawing is used where a range of products which are similar in appearance
but differing in size are manufactured and assembled. Fig. 9.4 shows a nut-and-bolt
fastening used to secure plates of different combined thickness; the nut is standard,
but the bolts are of different lengths. The accompanying table is used to relate the
various assemblies with different part numbers.

M16 × 2
× 30 Full thread

Part No. X Y Part No. X Y

S456/1 40 60 /6 90 110

/2 50 70 /7 100 120

/3 60 80 /8 110 130

/4 70 90 /9 120 140

/5 80 100 /10 130 150

Copyright note Fastener assy. Standard No.

S 456
Material : M.S.

Fig. 9.4 Typical collective assembly drawing of a nut with bolts of various lengths.
96 Manual of Engineering Drawing

Design layout drawings

Most original designs are planned in the drawing office where existing or known
information is collected and used to prepare a provisional layout drawing before
further detailed design work can proceed. The type of drawing concerned is of a
preliminary nature and subject to much modification so that the designer can collect
his thoughts together. The drawing can be true to scale or possibly be enlarged or
reduced in scale depending on the size of the finished product or scheme, and is essen-
tially a planning exercise. This is useful in order to discuss proposals with prospective
customers or design teams at a time when the final product is by no means certain, and
should be regarded as part of the design process.
Provisional layout drawings may also be prepared for use with tenders for proposed
work where the detailed design will be performed at a later date when a contract has
been negotiated, the company being confident that it can ultimately design and manu-
facture the end product. This confidence will be due to experience gained in
completing similar schemes undertaken previously.

Combined detail and assembly drawings

It is sometimes convenient to illustrate details with their assembly drawing on the same
sheet. This practice is particularly suited to small ‘one-off’ or limited-production-run
assemblies. It not only reduces the actual number of drawings, but also the drawing-
office time spent in scheduling and printing. Fig. 9.5 shows a simple application of
an assembly of this type.
Item Title No. Material 100 Item 2 φ 14 SR 7
No. off 15
M24 × 2

1 Bolt 1 080M40
10

2 Rivet 2 040A04
90 °

3 Lever arm 2 HS 40
40

4 Centre piece 1 080M40

36 A F HEX
φ8 Scale:
Item 1 Full size
90 6 12.0
11.6
20

R10
10

2
1 φ8
15°

Item 3
100 20
13.0
12.6

3 50
R4
34

R4 16 10
M24 × 2
Assembly Item 4
Copyright note Drawn by Title Hub-puller Original scale 1:2
Approved by Part No.
Date Name of firm 5601 ’67

A3

Fig. 9.5 Combined detail and assembly drawing of hub-puller.

Drawing layouts and simplified methods 97

Exploded assembly drawings

Fig. 9.6 shows a typical exploded assembly drawing; these drawings are prepared to
assist in the correct understanding of the various component positions in an assembly.
Generally a pictorial type of projection is used, so that each part will be shown in three
dimensions. Exploded views are invaluable when undertaking servicing and

Fig. 9.6 Exploded assembly drawing.

98 Manual of Engineering Drawing

maintenance work on all forms of plant and appliances. Car manuals and do-it-yourself
assembly kits use such drawings, and these are easily understood. As well as an aid to
construction, an exploded assembly drawing suitably numbered can also be of assis-
tance in the ordering of spare parts; components are more easily recognizable in a
pictorial projection, especially by people without training in the reading of technical
drawings.

Simplified drawings
Simplified draughting conventions have been devised to reduce the time spent drawing
and detailing symmetrical components and repeated parts. Fig. 9.7 shows a gasket
which is symmetrical about the horizontal center line. A detail drawing indicating
the line of symmetry and half of the gasket is shown in Fig. 9.8, and this is sufficiently
clear for the part to be manufactured.
If both halves are similar except for a small detail, then the half which contains the
exception is shown with an explanatory note to that effect, and a typical example is
illustrated in Fig. 9.9.
A joint-ring is shown in Fig. 9.10, which is symmetrical about two axes of symme-
try. Both axes are shown in detail, and a quarter view of the joint-ring is sufficient for
the part to be made.
The practice referred to above is not restricted to flat thin components, and Fig. 9.11
gives a typical detail of a straight lever with a central pivot in part section. Half the
lever is shown, since the component is symmetrical, and a partial view is added and
drawn to an enlarged scale to clarify the shape of the boss and leave an adequate space
for dimensioning.
Repeated information also need not be drawn in full; for example, to detail the
peg-board in Fig. 9.12 all that is required is to draw one hole, quoting its size and fixing
the centers of all the others.
Similarly Fig. 9.13 shows a gauze filter. Rather than draw the gauze over the
complete surface area, only a small portion is sufficient to indicate the type of pattern
required.
Knurled screws are shown in Fig. 9.14 to illustrate the accepted conventions for
straight and diamond knurling.

Fig. 9.7 Gasket plan view.

Drawing layouts and simplified methods 99

Fig. 9.8 Gasket, half detailed along line of symmetry.

Fig. 9.9 When dimensioning add drawing note ‘slot on one side only’.

Fig. 9.10 Joint ring, quarter view along lines of symmetry.

Scale 2 : 1

Part Section XX
Fig. 9.11 Part of a lever detail drawing symmetrical about the horizontal axis.
100 Manual of Engineering Drawing

Fig. 9.12 Simplified indication of a pattern of holes.

Fig. 9.13 Partial detailing of gauze.

Example of Example of
straight knurling diamond knurling
Fig. 9.14 Detailing of straight and diamond knurling.

Machine drawings
The designer must be able to appreciate the significance of every line on a machine
drawing. They must also understand the basic terminology and vocabulary used in
conjunction with machine drawings.
Machine drawings of components can involve any of the geometrical principles and
constructions described in this book and in addition the accepted drawing Standards
covered by BS 8888.
Fig. 9.15 illustrates many features found on machine drawings and the notes which
follow give additional explanations and revision comments.
1. Angular dimension e Note that the circular dimension line is taken from the intersection of
the center lines of the features.
2. Arrowheads e The point of an arrowhead should touch the projection line or surface; it
should be neat and easily readable and normally not less than 3 mm in length.
Drawing layouts and simplified methods 101

3. Auxiliary dimension e A dimension given for information purposes but not used in the
actual manufacturing process.
4. Boss e A projection, which is usually circular in cross-section, and often found on castings
and forgings. A shaft boss can provide extra bearing support, for example, or a boss could
be used on a thin cast surface to increase its thickness in order to accommodate a screw
thread.
5. Center line e Long-dashed dotted narrow line which is used to indicate the axes of holes,
components, and circular parts.
6. Long-dashed dotted wide line e This is used to indicate surfaces which are required to meet
special specifications and which differ from the remainder of the component.
7. Chamfer e A chamfer is machined to remove a sharp edge. The angle is generally 45 .
Often referred to as a beveled edge.
8. Circlip groove e A groove to accommodate a circlip. A circlip may be manufactured from
spring steel wire, sheet, or plate which is hardened and tempered and when applied in an
assembly provides an inward or outward force to locate a component within a bore or
housing.
9. Clearance hole e A term used in an assembly to describe a particular hole which is just a
little larger and will clear the bolt or stud which passes through.
10. Counterbore e A counterbored hole may be used to house a nut or bolthead so that it does
not project above a surface. It is machined so that the bottom surface of the larger hole is
square to the hole axis.
11. Countersink e A hole which is recessed conically to accommodate the head of a rivet or
screw so that the head will lie at the same level as the surrounding surface.
12. Section plane or cutting plane e These are alternative terms used to define the positions of
planes from which sectional elevations and plans are projected.
13. Dimension line e This is a narrow continuous line which is placed outside the outline of the
object, if possible. The arrowheads touch the projection lines. The dimension does not touch
the line but is placed centrally above it.
14. Enlarged view e Where detail is very small or insufficient space exists for dimensions or
notes then a partial view may be drawn with an increased size scale.
15. Round e This term is often used to describe an external radius.
16. Fillet e This is the term given to the radii on internal corners. Often found on castings,
where its function is to prevent the formation of stress cracks, which can originate from
sharp corners. Where three surfaces meet on a casting the fillet radii will be spherical.
17. Flange e This is a term to describe a projecting rim or an edge which is used for stiffening
or for fixing. The example here is drilled for countersunk screws.
18. Hatching e Note that cross hatching of the component at the section plane is performed
with narrow continuous lines at 45 . Spacing between the hatching lines varies with the
size of the component but should not be less than 4 mm.
19. Hidden detail e Indicated by a narrow dashed line. Dashes of 3 mm and spaces of 2 mm are
of reasonable proportion.
20. Knurl e A surface finish with a square or diamond pattern. Can be used in a decorative
manner or to improve grip.
102 Manual of Engineering Drawing

21. Leader line e Leaders are used to indicate where dimensions or notes apply and are drawn
as narrow continuous lines terminating in arrowheads or dots. An arrowhead should always
terminate on a line; dots should be within the outline of the object.
22. Local section e A local section may be drawn if a complete section or a half section is
inconvenient. The local break around the section is a continuous narrow irregular line.
23. Machining center e An accurately drilled hole with a good finish at each end of the compo-
nent which enables the work to be located during a machining operation on a lathe.
24. Machining symbol e If it is desired to indicate that a particular surface is to be machined,
without further defining the actual machining process or the surface finish, a symbol is
added normal to the line representing the surface. The included angle of the symbol is
approximately 60 . A general note may be added to a drawing where all surfaces are to
be machined as follows:
25. Surface finish e If a surface is to be machined and a particular quality surface texture is
desired then a standard machining symbol is added to the drawing with a number which
gives the maximum permissible roughness expressed numerically in micrometers.
26. Surface finish e If maximum and minimum degrees of roughness are required then both
figures are added to the machining symbol.
27. Pitch circle diameter e A circle which passes through the centers of a series of holes. The
circle is drawn with a long dashed dotted narrow line.
28. Recess e A hollow feature which is used to reduce the overall weight of the component.
A recess can also be used to receive a mating part.
29. Slot e An alternative term for a slit, groove, channel, or aperture.
30. Spigot e A circular projection which is machined to provide an accurate location between
assembled components.
31. Splined shaft e A rotating member which can transmit a torque to a mating component. The
mating component may move axially along the splines which are similar in appearance to
keyways around the spindle surface.
32. Square e Diagonal lines are drawn to indicate the flat surface of the square and differentiate
between a circular and a square section shaft. The same convention is used to show spanner
flats on a shaft.
33. Taper e A term used in connection with a slope or incline. Rate of taper can also define a
conical form.
34. Taper symbol e The taper symbol is shown in a rectangular box indicating it is a Theoretical
Exact Dimension (TED) (see Chapter 22). Dimensional information relating to the rate of
taper on the diameter is also included. Normally there should be a geometrical tolerance
associated with the TED such as Profile of a Surface.
35. External thread e An alternative term used for a male thread. The illustration here shows
the thread convention.
36. Internal thread e An alternative term for a female thread. The illustration here shows the
convention for a female tapped hole.
37. Undercut e A circular groove at the bottom of a thread which permits assembly without
interference from a rounded corner. Note in the illustration that a member can be screwed
along the M20 thread right up to the tapered portion.
38. Woodruff key e A key shaped from a circular disc which fits into a circular keyway in a
tapered shaft. The key can turn in the circular recess to accommodate any taper in the mating
hub.
39. Key e A small block of metal, square or rectangular in cross-section, which fits between a
shaft and a hub and prevents circumferential movement.
40. Keyway e A slot cut in a shaft or hub to accommodate a key.
Drawing layouts and simplified methods 103

18 39 6 11 9 10 28 38 37 1 2 12

X
29
23
45°

31 ∅70

35 4

5
7

3
21 X
27
(168)

4x
26
34

0.2 : 1
25

0.8 Ra
1.6 Ra
24
33

32

8 13

13 10

36 2:1

40 16 30 20 17 15 19 22 14

Fig. 9.15 Features found on a machining drawing.

Drawing scales
Small objects are sometimes drawn larger than actual size, while large components and
assemblies are of necessity drawn to a reduced size. A drawing should always state
the scale used. The scale on a full-size drawing will be quoted as ‘ORIGINAL SCALE
1:1’.
Drawings themselves should not be scaled when in use for manufacturing purposes,
and warnings against the practice are often quoted on standard drawing sheets,
e.g. ‘DO NOT SCALE’ and ‘IF IN DOUBT, ASK’. A drawing must be adequately
dimensioned, or referenced sufficiently so that all sizes required are obtainable.
The recommended multipliers for scale drawings are 2, 5, and 10.
1:1 denotes a drawing drawn full-size.
2:1 denotes a drawing drawn twice full-size.
5:1 denotes a drawing drawn five times full size.

Other common scales are 10:1, 20:1, 50:1, 100:1, 200:1, 500:1, and 1000:1.
104 Manual of Engineering Drawing

It should be pointed out that a scale drawing can be deceiving; a component drawn
twice full-size will cover four times the area of drawing paper as the same component
drawn full-size, and its actual size may be difficult to visualize. To assist in apprecia-
tion, it is a common practice to add a pictorial view drawn full-size, provided that the
drawing itself is intended to be reproduced to the same scale and not reproduced and
reduced by microfilming.
The recommended divisors for scale drawings are also 2, 5, and 10.
1:1 denotes a drawing drawn full-size.
1:2 denotes a drawing drawn half full-size.
1:5 denotes a drawing drawn a fifth full-size.

Other common scales used are 1:10, 1:20, 1:50, 1:100, 1:200, 1:500, and 1:1000.
The designer will select a suitable scale to use on a standard drawing sheet and this
will depend on the size of the object to be drawn. Remember that the drawing must
clearly show necessary information and detail. It may be beneficial to make a local
enlargement of a small area and an example is given in Fig. 9.15.

Scale used in geometric construction

Division of lines
Fig. 9.16 shows the method of dividing a given line AB, 89 mm long, into a number of
parts (say seven).
Draw line AC, and measure seven equal divisions. Draw line B7, and with the tee-
square and set-square draw lines parallel to line B7 through points 1 to 6, to give the
required divisions on AB.
Fig. 9.17 shows an alternative method.
1. Draw vertical lines from A and B.
2. Place the scale rule across the vertical lines so that seven equal divisions are obtained and
marked.
3. Draw vertical lines up from points 2 to 7 to intersect AB.

A B

1
2
3
4
5
6
7 C

Fig. 9.16 Geometric construction scale.

Drawing layouts and simplified methods 105

A B
90°

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Scale rule
8

Fig. 9.17 Alternative geometric construction scale

Diagonal scales
Fig. 9.18 shows the method of drawing a diagonal scale of 40e1000 mm which can be
read by 10e4000 mm. Diagonal scales are so called since diagonals are drawn in the
rectangular part at the left-hand end of the scale.
The diagonals produce a series of similar triangles.
1. Draw a line 160 mm long.
2. Divide the line into four equal parts.
3. Draw 10 vertical divisions as shown and to any reasonable scale (say 5 mm) and add
diagonals.

An example of reading the scale is given in Fig. 9.18.

2770 mm

100

80
60

40

20

1000 500 0 1000 2000 3000

mm mm
Fig. 9.18 Diagonal scale where 40 mm represents 1000 mm.

Plain scales
The method of drawing a plain scale is shown in Fig. 9.19. The example is for a plain
scale of 30e500 mm to read by 125e2500 mm.
106 Manual of Engineering Drawing

500 mm 0 500 mm 1000 2000

125 mm
1375 mm

Fig. 9.19 Plain scale where 30 mm represents 500 mm.

1. Draw a line 150 mm long and divide it into five equal parts.
2. Divide the first 30 mm length into four equal parts, and note the zero position, or the solution.
An example of a typical reading is given.
This method of calibration is in common use in industry, and scales can be obtained
suitable for a variety of scale ratios.

Abbreviations
With the increasing globalization of design and manufacture the use of abbreviations is
now discouraged. However, in some areas of industry some abbreviations are
commonly used and understood and where these exist their continuing use is
permitted. The abbreviations in the following list are commonly understood by English
speaking nations.

A/F Across flats

ASSY Assembly
CRS Centers
CL Center line
(a) In a note
(b) On a view and across a center line
CG Centre of gravity
CHAM Chamfer or chamfered (in a note)
CH HD Cheese head
CSK Countersunk/countersink
CSK HD Countersunk head
CBORE Counterbore
Counterbore

Countersink
CYL Cylinder or cylindrical
Drawing layouts and simplified methods 107

Deep

DIA Diameter
(a) In a note
Ø (b) Preceding a dimension
DIM Dimension
DRG Drawing
EQUI SP Equally spaced
EXT External
FIG Figure
FIM Full indicated movement
HEX Hexagon
HEX HD Hexagon head
INSUL Insulated or insulation
INT Internal
LMC Least material condition
(a) In a note
L (b) Part of a geometrical tolerance
LH Left hand
LG Long
MC Machine
MATL Material
MAX Maximum
MMC Maximum material condition
(a) In a note
M (b) Part of geometrical tolerance
MIN Minimum
NTS Not to scale (in a note and underlined)
NO. Number
PATT NO. Pattern number
PCD Pitch circle diameter
Radius
RAD (a) In a note
R (b) Preceding a dimension
REF Reference
REQD Required
RH Right hand
RD HD Round head
SCR Screw or screwed
SH Sheet (referring to a drawing sheet)
SK Sketch (prefix to a drawing number)
SPEC Specification
Sø Spherical diameter (only preceding a dimension)
SR Spherical radius (only preceding a dimension)
108 Manual of Engineering Drawing

SFACE Spotface
SF Spotface
SF Spotface

Square
SQ (a) In a note
Or (b) Preceding a dimension
STD Standard
Taper (on diameter or width)
THD Thread
THK Thick
TOL Tolerance
TYP Typical or typically
UCUT Undercut
VOL Volume
WT Weight