Index

Note: ‘Page numbers followed by “f ” indicate figures and “t” indicate tables’.

A American Standard AWS A2.4, 462

Abbreviations, 106e108 American thread, 212
Acme thread, 214 Anaerobic adhesives, 552
Acrylic adhesives, 552 Anaerobic principle, 554
Addendum, 433 AND function (logic), 502
angle, 439 Angular contact ball bearings, 531, 531f
Additive manufacture (AM), 1, 16, 44, Angular dimensions, 191
395, 585 Angular distance, curves dimension using,
deposition/jetting machine, 587f 189e200
design considerations, 585e586 Angular misalignment, 527
design/build recommendations, Angularity, 333e335
587e588 Animated 3D presentations, 1
materials, 588e589 Anodizing, 386e387
powder/vat machine, 587f Antimony, 521e522
processes, 586e587 Applications Manager, 8e9
related standards, 589 Araldite, 247
suitability, 589 Arc
Adhesives, 547 bisection, 120, 120f
acrylic, 552 center of, 120, 120f
bond line, 548e549 Arc length, curves dimension using,
bonded joints, 549e552, 550f 189e200
bonding, 547 Arc welding, 461
designing for, 547e548 Archimedean spiral, 136, 137f
engineering applications, 553e557 ASME Y 14.5M and ISO/BS 8888 standards
high shear-strength, 556f comparison, 411, 411te416t
hot melt, 552 applicability of standards, 411
instant, 557e559, 558f datums specification, 416e417
locking by, 247 exclusion of surface texture, 417
mild steel stiffeners, 560f symbology, 416
production applications, 559f tolerancing principle, 417e418
solvent based contact, 552 ASME Y14.41 standards (technical product
structural applications, 559e560 documentation), 395
Adobe Acrobat files, 8 Assembly, 23
Air engine, 264, 267f Assembly drawings, 94e96, 94f
assembly, 274, 276f Association and Duality Principle, 408
solutions in third angle peojection, 278f Atmospheric corrosion, 389
Aligned dimension, 191 Austenitic stainless steels, 446
Alloy steels, 445 AutoCAD, 36
AM. See Additive manufacture (AM) Auxiliary dimension, 184e186
606 Index

Auxiliary views, 147 thrust ball bearings, 533, 533f

first and second auxiliary projection, 149f trouble-free bearing operation, 545
from front elevation, 150f Barrier coatings, 383
isometric view of rectangular block, 147f Base circle, 433
orthographic views in first angle projection Bases of fits (hole and shaft), 285e286
of rectangular block, 148f Bearings
Available space for ball and roller angular contact ball, 531, 531f
bearings, 526 application, 534e535, 535f
Axial displacement in ball and roller axial location of, 537
bearings, 528 ball and roller, 526e545
Axial location of bearings, 537 with cylindrical bore, 535e537
Axis feature in 3D annotation, 397e398 cylindrical roller, 531, 532f
deep groove ball, 530, 530f
B fits and tolerances, 537
BA thread. See British Association thread loads, 526e527
(BA thread) materials, 522
Backup of CAD, 19 needle roller, 532, 532f
Ball and roller bearings plain, 519e526
angular contact ball bearings, 531, 531f direct-lined housings, 519e520
application, 534e535, 535f insert liners, 520e521
axial displacement, 528 lubrication, 521
axial location of bearings, 537 materials, 521
bearing suitability for particular whitemetals, 521e522
applications, 529f prelubricated, 523f
with cylindrical bore, 535e537 sealed and shielded, 542e543
cylindrical roller bearings, 531, 532f seals, 538e541
deep groove ball bearings, 530, 530f selection, 526e527
fits and tolerances, 537 self-aligning ball, 531, 531f
general convention, 545 spherical roller, 532, 533f
grease lubrication, 543 spherical roller thrust, 534, 534f
location methods, 538, 539f structural, 525f, 526
mounting and dismounting, 528 suitability for particular applications, 529f
needle roller bearings, 532, 532f taper roller, 533, 533f
oil lubrication, 544 with tapered bore, 537
precision, 527 thick walled, 524f
rigidity, 528 thrust ball, 533, 533f
sealed and shielded bearings, 542e543 Beryllium copper, 446
seals, 538e541 Bevel gears, 439e442, 440f
selection, 526e527 Bilateral limits, 284, 285f, 297
angular misalignment, 527 Bimetallic corrosion, 390e391
available space, 526 Binder jetting, 587
bearing loads, 526e527 Bisection
limiting speeds, 527 angle, 119, 119f
self-aligning ball bearings, 531, 531f arc, 120, 120f
simplified representation, 545, 545f straight line, 119, 120f
spherical roller bearings, 532, 533f Block diagrams for engineering diagrams, 472
spherical roller thrust bearings, 534, 534f Bolts, 221f
taper roller bearings, 533, 533f dimensions, 222t
with tapered bore, 537 drawing, 223
Index 607

Bond line for adhesives, 548e549 BS EN ISO 2553, 462

Bonded joints using adhesives, 547e552, BS EN ISO 2692 (MMC/LMC), 291, 363
550f BS EN ISO 4762 (socket head screws
Bonded stiffeners, 549, 551f manufacture), 224e225
Boxed dimensions, 294 BS EN ISO 5456e3 (pictorial
Brass springs, 446 representations), 89
British Association thread (BA thread), 213 BS EN ISO 5458 (positional tolerances),
British Standard Fine thread (BSF thread), 212 365
British Standard Pipe thread (BSP thread), 212 BS EN ISO 6410e1, 208
British Standard Whitworth thread (BSW BS EN ISO 7045 (machine screw nuts),
thread), 212 229, 240
British Standards, 1e2 construction drawing, 471
BS 21 (pipe threads), 212 limits and fits, 283e284
BS 308 (withdrawal), 9 British Standards Institution (BSI), 23,
BS 499e1, 468 26e27, 561e562
BS 1553 (graphical engineering), 509e518 British Standards Online, 563
BS 1553 (graphical symbols), 471 CD-ROM, 563
BS 1574 (ferrous and non-ferrous split DISC, 563
cotter pins), 246e247 foreign standards and translations, 562
BS 1580 (unified threads), 211 knowledge center, 562
BS 2917 (fluid power systems), 471 Perinorm, 562
BS 3643 (hexagon bolts screws and nuts), PLUS, 562
221, 224e225 standards-making process, 563e564
BS 3643e2 (ISO metric threads), 208, 211 technical information group, 562
BS 4235 (key dimensions), 251 British Standards Online, 563
BS 4500 (limits and fits), 281, 286 British Standards Publishing Ltd, 563
BS 4827 (ISO miniature screw threads), BSF thread. See British Standard Fine thread
213 (BSF thread)
BS 5070 (diagram drawing practice), 6 BSI. See British Standards Institution (BSI)
BS 7000 series, 583 BSP thread. See British Standard Pipe thread
BS 8887 family of Standards, 27 (BSP thread)
BS 8887, 23 BSW thread. See British Standard
BS 8887e1, 23e25 Whitworth thread (BSW thread)
BS 8887e2, 26 Building management building system,
BS 8887e3, 26 484e486, 485f
BS 8887e240, 27 Bushed bearing bracket, 259, 260f,
BS 8888 (dimensioning), 182 268e269, 271f
BS 8888 (drawing paper), 71 Butt weld, 463te464t, 465e466
BS 8888 (drawing standards), 2, 6, 9 Buttress thread, 214
basic differences, 11e12
TPD and specification, 11e12 C
BS 8888 (replacement of BS 308), 9e11 CAD. See Computer aided design (CAD)
BS EN 20286 (ISO system of limits and CAI. See Computer Aided Inspection (CAI)
fits), 286 Cam, 421
BS EN ISO (CAD technical dimension, 431
information), 19 example, 424e431
BS EN ISO 1302 (metrology), 379 followers, 421
BS EN ISO 1580 (machine screw nuts), motions, 422e424
229, 240 operated clamp, 261e264, 262f, 273f, 274
608 Index

CAM. See Computer aided machining Collection and Duality Principle, 409, 409f
(CAM); Computer Aided Collective assembly drawing, 95, 95f
Manufacture (CAM) Collective single-part drawings, 93, 93f
Camshaft, 425 Collision detection, 45
Candidate datums, 417 Combined seals for bearings, 542
Capital letters, character height for, 77e78 Common datum, 303, 307e311
Cascade system, 506e507, 506f Communicating design concepts, 43e45
Cascade valve, 507 mockups and prototypes, 43e44
Castle nuts, 239, 240f production, 44
CD-ROM, 563 rendering controls, 44e45
Center distance, 433 Communication developments, 36e37
Certificate of ownership, 32 Company communications, 3
Certification, ISO, 567 Company standards, 3
Chain Completed drawings, 575
dimension, 184e186 Components
lines, 74e77 drawings, 2
Chamfers dimension, 195 not drawn in section, 115
Character height of capitals, 77e78 Compression, 547e548, 548f
Characteristics springs, 446e448, 449f
evaluation, 2, 12 Computer
specification, 2, 12 models, 16
Chemical corrosion, 389 purchase, 37
Chord length, curves dimension using, size of, 39
189e200 Computer aided design (CAD), 7e9, 13e15,
Chrome vanadium steel square drive socket 35, 72, 119, 259, 575
wrench, 45, 45f access into computer network, 20
Chromic acid process, 386e387 directory tree for controlled access to
Chromiumevanadium steel, 445 database, 21f
Circle draughting, 16e18
circumscription around triangle, 121, 121f equipment, 37
dimension, 188 organization and applications, 35
inscription in triangle, 121, 121f communicating design concepts, 43e45
Circuit diagrams for engineering computer and software purchase, 37
diagrams, 472 materials options, 45e47
construction diagrams, 475 parametric design, 39e41
theoretical circuit diagrams, 474e475 pipework systems, 42e43
Circular pitch, 433 project development, 37e39
Circular run-out, 335e338 sheet metalwork application, 41e42
Circularity (roundness), 319e321 size of computer, 39
Circumscription Circle around triangle, 121, product development, 19
121f QA, 21
Clearance, 433 steps in design and development, 13, 14f
drill, 219 technical product documentation, 18e20
fit, 281, 281f Computer Aided Inspection (CAI), 8, 37,
Cleavage, 547e548, 548f 395
Coaxiality, 344e346, 356e357, 360 Computer aided machining (CAM), 8
Codes of practice, 3 Computer Aided Manufacture (CAM), 17,
Coil springs, 240, 445 37, 395
Coinciding lines, 77 Concentricity, 344e346
Index 609

Cones D
ellipses, 133e134, 133f Danish Standards Association, 11
Interpenetration of solids, 160e166 Data
parabolas, 155e157 management, 402
rectangular hyperbolas, 157e159 sheets, 4
Configuration control, 8 Database Right, 32
Conformity assessment, 566e567 Datum targets, 303, 311
Conic sections, 156f indication, 311
intersection of cylinder passing through practical application, 311
cone, 164f symbols, 311
parabola construction, 155e157 Datums, 303, 365
rectangular hyperbola construction, 157e159 methods of specifying datum features,
Conical helix, 138e140 305e306
Construction, 409f specification, 416e417
diagrams, 475 system, 303, 306e307
Duality Principle, 409 DED. See Directed Energy Deposition (DED)
involute, 432, 432f Dedendum, 433
nuts, 223e224 angle, 441
Controller output temperature, 483 Deep groove ball bearings, 530, 530f
Copper-base alloys, 446 Delivering Information Solutions to
Copyright, 32 Customers (DISC), 563
Correctly formed patent application, 30 Design certificates, 31
Corrosion of metals, 388e393 Design for Inspection, 11
bimetallic, 390e391 Design for Manufacture, 11
crevice, 392 Design for manufacture, assembly,
design considerations to minimizing effects disassembly and end-of-life
of, 393 processing (MADE), 23, 25
dezincification, 393 Design for manufacture to end of life, 23, 24f
even or uniform corrosion, 389 ‘Design Intent Measurand’, 2, 12
fretting, 392e393 Design layout drawings, 96
galvanic, 390e391 Design management, 583
pitting, 392, 392f Design office management and organization,
stress, 392 2, 4e5, 5f
weld decay, 393 BS 8888, 11e12
Corrosion prevention, 460 drawing practice and computer, 7e9
Counterbores dimension, 196e197 drawing standard, 9e10
Countersunk holes dimension, 199 engineering drawing practices, 6
Countersunk screws, 248 general computer policy relationships, 7f
Crevice corrosion, 392 replacement of BS 308, 10e11
Cross-hatching, 109, 111f revisions, 10
Curves dimension, 127e129, 128f, 189 sources of information, 4f
using arc length, chord length or angular structure, 9f
distance, 189e200 Designs, 30e32
Cutting planes, 109, 110f patents, 31
Cyanoacrylate adhesives, 552 registered design rights, 31
Cycloid, 140, 140f rights, 30
Cylindrical cam, 421 unregistered design rights, 31e32
Cylindrical roller bearings, 528, 531, 532f Desktop publishing, 16
Cylindricity, 321
610 Index

Dezincification, 393 Dismounting in ball and roller bearings, 528

Diagonal scales, 105 Displacement diagram, 146, 146f
Diagram, 6 Disposal, 25e26
Diameters dimension, 189 Division of lines, 104
Diametral pitch, 433 DMLS. See Direct Metal Laser Sintering
Dimension(s), 181 (DMLS)
aligned, 191 Documentation, 17
angular, 191 Double-headed feather key, 253, 254f
auxiliary, 184e186 Draughting
cams, 431 conventions associated with threads,
chain, 184e186 215e217
chamfers, 195 standards, 3
circles, 188 Drawing layouts and simplified methods
counterbores, 196e197 assembly drawings, 94e95, 94f
countersunk holes, 199 collective assembly drawing, 95
curves, 189e200 collective single-part drawings, 93, 93f
using arc length, chord length or angular combined detail and assembly drawings, 96
distance, 189e200 design layout drawings, 96
developed parts, 201 exploded assembly drawings, 97e98
diameters, 189 machine drawings, 100e102
edges, 203e205 simplified drawings, 98
features not drawn to scale, 184 single-part drawing, 91e92
flats, 196 Drawing(s), 1e2, 6, 37, 588e589
holes, 196 air engine, 264, 267f
keyways, 256e258 bolts, 223
manufacture, 205 bushed bearing bracket, 259, 260f
non-rigid parts, 312e313 cam operated clamp, 261e264, 262f
parallel, 186 drill table, 259e261, 261f
property indicators, 184e189 engineering drawing practices, 6
radii, 188 geometrical tolerances, 298
restricted areas, 201e202 modifications, 79
running, 186 nuts, 223
spherical radii, 189 plug cock, 264, 265f
spotfaces, 199e200 practice and computer, 7e9
squares, 196 procedure, 56
staggered, 187 scales, 103e104
tapers, 193e194 solutions, 109
thin parts, 200e201 standard, 9e10
two mating tapers, 194e195 toolbox, 264e267, 269f
unidirectional, 191 welding symbols on, 462e468
use of between symbol, 202e203 Drill
Dimensioning of welds, 468e469, 469 clearance, 219
Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS), 586 table, 259e261, 261f, 269, 272f
Direct-lined housings, 519e520 tapping, 219
Directed Energy Deposition (DED), 587 Drum cam, 421
Direction of tolerance zones, 401 Duality Principle, 406, 406f
DISC. See Delivering Information Solutions advantages, 410
to Customers (DISC) design specification and verification,
Disc springs, 455, 458f 405e409, 405f
Index 611

E European Standards Authority, 11

Edges dimension, 203e205 Even or uniform corrosion, 389
Electrochemical corrosion, 389 Exploded assembly drawings, 97e98
Electrodeposited coatings, 385 Extraction and duality principle, 408, 408f
Electroless nickel process, 386
Electronics F
pneumatics and, 507e518 Face angle, 439
symbols in, 510te518t Face cam, 421
Electroplating, 385 Fatigue in springs, 460
Elevation, 168, 170, 172e173, 176, 259 FDM. See Fused deposition modeling
and plan view, 575, 578f (FDM)
Ellipse construction, 131e134 FEA. See Finite element analysis (FEA)
Energy, 519 Feather key, 252e253, 255f
engineering diagrams in energy-saving Features-of-size in geometrical tolerancing,
applications, 489e493 418
Engineering Fillet, 434
adhesives. See Adhesives weld, 461, 468e469
departments, 4 Filtering, 408
design, 29 Filtration and duality principle, 405e406
Engineering diagrams Finite element analysis (FEA), 8, 16e17,
block diagrams, 472 395
building management, 484e486 First angle projection, 2, 49
circuit diagrams, 472 arrangement, 51fe52f
controller output temperature, 483 cut away block, 50f
energy-saving applications, 489e493 dimensioning, 70
engineered systems, 472e475 with dimensions, 54f
graphical symbols, 471e472 orthographic, 63
heating, ventilation and air conditioning pictorial view, 50f
systems, 476e489 plotted curves, 63, 66f
humidity control, 483e484 symbols, 55f
pneumatics First auxiliary elevation, 147
and electronics, 507e518 Fits, 279
systems, 495e507 in ball and roller bearings, 537
refrigeration systems, 489e493 clearance, 281, 281f
safety devices, 483e484 hole basis, 286e289, 287te288t
symbols, 473te474t interference, 281, 282f
temperature control, 482e484 transition, 281, 282f
Engineering Drawing Office Practice Fixtures, 17
Standard, 1e2 Flat springs, 449e450, 449fe450f
Engineering drawings, 3 Flatness, 318e319
practices, 6 Flats dimension, 196
Envelope requirement, 289, 290f Flow charts, 42, 474
Epicycloid, 140e141, 141f Follower of cams, 421
Epoxies, 552 motions, 422e424
European Committee for Electrotechnical Foreign standards and translations, 562
Standardization (CENELEC), Form and limits of size, 279
471e472 Fretting corrosion, 392e393, 535e536
European projection, 54 Friction, 519
612 Index

Front elevations, 54 drawings, 298

Fuel injector for diesel engine, 46f, 47 flatness, 318e319
Fused deposition modeling (FDM), 44, 586 general rules, 294
Fusion welding, 461 parallelism, 325e329
perpendicularity (squareness), 329e333
G position, 339e343
Galvanic corrosion, 390e391 profile tolerance of line, 322e325
Gas welding, 461 profile tolerance of surface, 325
Gaskets and adhesives, 554 straightness, 315e317
Gears symmetry, 346e347
bevel, 439e442, 440f TEDs, 294
conventions, 434f total run-out, 338e339
helical, 437e438 GGB Bearing Technologies, 526
involute gear teeth proportions and Gib head key, 252, 254f
relationships, 434 GL. See Ground line (GL)
Professor Unwin’s construction for, Glacier Metal Company Limited, 522
435e437 GPS. See Geometrical product specification
ratio, 433 (GPS)
spur, 432e434 Graphical symbols, 377
worm gearing, 443e444 complete, 376
Geometric solids third angle projection, composition, 377
67, 68f engineering diagrams, 471e472
Geometrical constructions expanded, 375
bisection angle, 119, 119f surface texture, 375
bisection arc, 120, 120f Grease lubrication of bearings, 543
bisection straight line, 119, 120f Ground line (GL), 53
circumscribe circle around triangle, 121,
121f H
finding center of arc, 120, 120f Half sections, 111, 112f
hexagon constructions Hard copy original drawings, care and
for distance across flats, 122 storage of, 79
for given distance across corners, Hardware, 35
121e122 Hatching
inscribe circle in triangle, 121, 121f lines, 109
regular octagon constructions of two adjacent parts, 111f
for distance across flats, 123 Heat
for given distance across corners, 123 of evaporation, 490
regular polygon constructions, 124 recovery control in refrigeration
Geometrical product specification (GPS), 395 systems, 491
Geometrical tolerances and datams, 293, 297 Heating, ventilation and air conditioning
advantages, 293e294 systems, 476e489
angularity, 333e335 Helical extension springs, 452e454, 453f
applications, 293 Helical gears, 437e438, 438f
circular run-out, 335e338 Helix angle, 138
circularity (roundness), 319e321 Hexagon constructions
coaxiality, 344e346 for distance across flats, 122
concentricity, 344e346 for given distance across corners, 121e122
cylindricity, 321 Hexagonal prism development, 168, 169f
datums, 303 High shear-strength adhesives, 556f
Index 613

High temperature hot water (HTHW), 476 conformity assessment, 566e567

High-nickel alloys springs, 446 Envelope Principle, 417e418
Hole(s) member countries, 568e573
basis, 286e289, 287te288t metric threads, 208e211
dimension, 196 thread sizes, 209te210t
projection exercises, 60, 62f quantity and quality, 565e566
Horizontal plane (HP), 53, 53f standards
Hot dipped coatings, 383e384 ISO 272 standard, 221
Hot melt adhesives, 552 metric hexagon socket button head
HP. See Horizontal plane (HP) screws, 225, 226t, 227f
HTHW. See High temperature hot water metric hexagon socket cap screws, 225,
(HTHW) 226t
Humidity control, 483e484 metric hexagon socket countersunk head
Hypocycloids, 141e146 screws, 227, 228f
metric hexagon socket set screws, 227,
I 228f, 229t
ICS. See International Classification for metric hexagon socket shoulder screws,
Standards (ICS) 225, 226t
IEC. See International Electrotechnical International Patent Application, 30
Commission (IEC) Interpenetration
Inconel (high-nickel alloy), 446 curve, 170, 171f
Industrial Revolution manufacturers, 2 of solids, 160e166
Inscription in triangle (circles), 121, 121f of cone and square prism, 164f
Insert liners for bearings, 520e521 elliptical intersections, 160
Instant adhesives, 552, 557e559, 558f of offset inclined differing diameters,
Intellectual property (IP), 29 162f
Intellectual Property Office (IPO), 29, 31 Involute, 135e136
Interchangeable systems for limits and fits, construction, 135e136, 135f, 432, 432f
283e284, 283f gear teeth proportions and relationships,
Interference fits, 281, 282f 434
International Classification for Standards IP. See Intellectual property (IP)
(ICS), 567 IPO. See Intellectual Property Office (IPO)
International Electrotechnical Commission Irregular curves, 189e191
(IEC), 471e472, 561, 564 ISA. See International Federation of
International Federation of National National Standardizing Associations
Standardizing Associations (ISA), (ISA)
564 ISO. See International Organization for
International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
Standardization (ISO), 211, 293, ISO/BS 8888 and ASME Y 14.5M standards
561, 564 comparison, 411, 411te416t
272 (hexagon bolts screws and nuts), 221 ISO/TC 213 committee, 11
1101 (geometrical product specification), Isometric
395 projection, 81e85, 84f
2553, 462 scale, 81, 82f
8015, 418
16792 (technical product documentation), J
395 Jetting, 587
catalog, 567e573 Jigs, 17
certification, 567
614 Index

K ellipse construction, 131e134

Keys, 251 epicycloid, 140e141
examples and function, 251f hypocycloid, 141e146
sunk, 252e254 involute, 135e136
taper, 253f right-hand conical helix, 138e140, 139f
woodruff, 255 right-hand cylindrical helix, 136e138, 137f
Keyway, 251 Locking
dimension, 256e258 by adhesives, 247
edge-milled, 252f devices, 238
end-milled, 252f plates, 243
in hub, 252f screw threads, 553, 553f
taper, 253f terminals, 245f
Knife-edge followers, 421 washer, 242f
‘Knock on effect’, 60 wire, 241e243
Loctite adhesive, 247
L Locus, 131
Logic functions, 501e503
Labyrinths, 541
Low temperature hot water (LTHW), 476
Ladder diagram, 509, 509f
Lubricants, 519
Landscape presentation, 72
Lubrication of bearings
Layers, 17e18
oil, 544
Layout, 60
plain bearings, 521
Leaf springs, 452
Least material condition (LMC), 284, 294,
M
352
Lettering, 77 Machine drawings, 100e102, 103f
Life cycle, 23 layouts, 100e102
Limiting speeds in ball and roller bearings, worked examples in, 259
527 Machine screws, 229
Limits, 279, 294, 297 nuts, 231
interpretations, 289e291 standards, 223
size and form, 279 Machining operations, 18
unilateral and bilateral, 284 MADE. See Design for manufacture,
Lined inserts for bearings, 520 assembly, disassembly and
Lines, 72e74, 73te74t end-of-life processing (MADE)
of action, 433 Manufacturing
CAD, 72 dimensions, 229
chain, 74e77 units, 5
coinciding, 77 Martensitic stainless steels, 446
division of lines, 104 Mating constraints, 45
drawing paper sizes, 71 Maximum material condition (MMC), 284,
presentation, 72 294, 351, 417e418
Liquid-honing, 460 coaxiality, 356e357
LMC. See Least material condition (LMC) geometrical form, 352e353
Loads for ball and roller bearings, 526e527 perfect form, 358e360
Local sections, 115 position, 355e356
Loci squareness, 354, 359e360
Archimedean spiral, 136 straightness, 353
cycloid, 139f, 140 two mating components, 362e363
Index 615

Measured value, 2, 12 dimensions, 222t

Mechanical springs, 445 drawing, 223
Median feature in 3D annotation, 397e398 machine screws, 229, 231
Medium-walled insert liners, 520 nut-and-bolt fastening, 95, 95f
MEMORY function (logic), 502, 503f slotted, 239
Metal coatings, 383 wing, 237
anodizing, 386e387
electrodeposited coatings, 385 O
electroless nickel process, 386 Oblique cones, 173
hot dipped, 383e384 Oblique projection, 85e89, 88f
painting, 388 Octagons construction, 123
powder, 388 Oil lubrication, 544
sheradized coating, 386 oil bath lubrication, 544, 544f
sprayed metal, 384 oil jet lubrication, 544, 544f
vacuum deposited, 387 Oil-tempered wire, 445
Metal inert gas (MIG), 461 Opposed signals, 506
Microfilmed successive lines, 109 OR function (logic), 502, 502f
MIG. See Metal inert gas (MIG) Orientation geometrical tolerances, 347e350
Minimum character height for capital letters Orthographic views, pictorial sketching
and numerals, 77e78, 78t from, 63
Missing lines projection exercises, 63, 64f Outside diameter, 441
Missing views projection exercises, 63, 65f
Mitre gears, 439 P
MMC. See Maximum material condition Paintings, 1, 388
(MMC) Paper sizes for drawings, 71
Mockups, 43e44 Paperless manufacture, 395
Modifications, CAD, 37 Parabola construction, 155e157
Module, 433 Parabolic motion, 423
Mounting in ball and roller bearings, 528 Parallel dimension, 186
Multi-layers in CAD, 37 Parallel keys, 256e258
Multimedia applications, 16 Parallel pins, 243e246, 246f
Multiple threads, 217e218 Parallelism, 325e329
Parametric design in CAD, 39e41
N Partition and duality principle, 407, 408f
Needle roller bearings, 532, 532f Patent Office, The, 29
Network, 20 Patents, 29e30
Nimonic 90 (high-nickel alloy), 446 Path of contact, 433
Nominal dimension, 295 Patterns from sheet materials
Nominal model and duality principle, cylindrical transition piece development,
407, 407f 176f
Non-rigid parts dimensions, 312e313 examples of finishing edges, seams and
Non-rubbing seals bearings, 540e541, 540f corners, 167f
NOT function (logic), 502, 502f four part elbow joint development, 170f
Numerals, minimum character height for, interpenetration curve, 171f
77e78 oblique cone development, 174f
Numerical analysis, 16e17 open box development, 168f
Nuts, 221, 221f partial hexagonal pyramid development,
castle, 239 173f
construction, 223e224 partial oblique cone development, 175f
616 Index

Patterns from sheet materials (Continued) PLUS. See Private list updating service
partial square pyramid development, 172f (PLUS)
partial triangle prism development, 177f Pneumatic systems, 495e507
radial line development, 171f air line installation, 497f
rectangular transition piece development, circuit design, 496e501
178f compressor installation, 495f
square to circular transition piece logic functions, 501e503
development, 179fe180f pneumatics and electronics, 507e518
thin lamina development, 170f sequential circuits, 504e507
PD. See Personal directory (PD) symbols, 498te499t
Peel, 547e548, 548f symbols in, 510te518t
Peening, 248 Point of tangency, 125
Peg feather key, 254, 254f Polygon constructions, 124
Perfect form in MMC, 358e360 Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), 526
Perinorm database, 562 Portrait presentation, 72
Perpendicularity (squareness), ‘Posidriv’ Machine Screws, 229
329e333 Position
Personal directory (PD), 20 complementary requirements in surface
Phosphor bronze springs, 446 texture, 377e380
Photo-realistic effects, 45 geometrical tolerances, 300, 339e343
Piano wire, 445 MMC, 355e356
Pictorial sketching from orthographic Positional tolerancing, 294, 307, 365
views, 63 product requirement, 366e373
Pipe threads, 212 TED, 365e366
Pipework systems, 42e43 zone, 366
Pitch Post welding heat treatment, 461e462
angle, 439 Powder coating, 388
pitch-circle diameters, 433 Power transmission, threads for, 213e214
point, 433 Practical demonstrations, 37
Pitting corrosion, 392, 392f Precision in ball and roller bearings, 527
Plain bearings Pressure angle, 433
direct-lined housings, 519e520 Principle of independency, 289, 290f
insert liners, 520e521 Printed circuit boards, 17
lubrication, 521 Prism
materials, 521 hexagonal prism, 168, 169f
whitemetals, 521e522 triangular, 176
Plain scales, 105e106 Private list updating service (PLUS), 562
Plain-carbon steels, 445 Product lifecycle Management (PLM), 8
Planes, 53 Production, 44
Plans, 54, 259 tooling, 17
Plate cams, 421, 422f Production drawings, 575
PLCs. See Programmable logic controllers CAD system, 575
(PLCs) design management, 583
PLM. See Product lifecycle Management manual drawings, 583
(PLM) project management, 583e584
Plotted curves, 63 supplemental documentation, 579fe582f
Plug cock Productivity, 36
assembly, 274, 275f Professor Unwin’s construction for gears,
drawings, 264, 265f 435e437
Index 617

Profile tolerance Refrigeration engineering diagrams,

of line, 322e325 489e493
of surface, 325 control options, 492e493
Programmable logic controllers (PLCs), 508 condensate control connections, 493f
Programmable sequence controllers, 508, heat recovery using two condensers, 492f
508f indoor swimming pool/ice rink, 494f
Project development and CAD, 37e39 refrigeration cycle of shopping complex,
Project management, 583e584 495f
Projection exercises, 60e70 heat recovery control in refrigeration
missing lines, 63, 64f systems, 491
missing views, 63, 65f refrigeration through evaporation, 490
pictorial sketching from orthographic Registered design rights, 30e31
views, 63 Registered trademark, 32
plotted curves, 63, 66f Regular octagon constructions
radii and holes, 60, 62f for distance across flats, 123
straight line, 60, 61f for given distance across corners, 123
Projection symbols, 54 Related standards, 561
first angle symbol projection, 55f Remanufacture, 26
proportions, 55f Remarketed products, 27
third angle symbol projection, 56f Remarks position and tolerance, 300
Property indicators, 184e189 Removed sections, 113, 114f
Prototypes, 43e44 Rendering controls, 44e45
Provisional layout drawings, 96 Repurpose, 26
Psychrometric chart, 486e489, 487fe488f Requirements for drawings, 21
PTFE. See Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) Resistance welding, 461
Pulley, 575, 576f Retaining applications
adhesives, 554, 554f
Q devices, 238
Quality assurance (QA), 21 Retardation motion and cam follower, 423,
Quantity production, 2 423f
Retrieval of drawings, 6
R Reuse, 26
RA. See Room air (RA) Reusing, 25
Radial line development, 170e172, 171f Revolved sections, 111e113, 113f
Radii Reworking, 25
dimension, 188 Right-hand conical helix, 138e140, 139f
and holes projection exercises, 60, 62f Right-hand cylindrical helix, 136e138, 137f
Radius tangent to straight lines, 129e130 Rigidity in ball and roller bearings, 528
Rapid machining, 16 Roller follower, 421
Rapid prototyping. See Additive Room air (RA), 476
manufacture (AM) Root diameter, 433
Reading engineering drawings, 57e60 Root-cone angle, 439
Reconditioning, 26e27 Rubbing seals, 541e542, 542f
Rectangular hyperbola construction, Running dimension, 186
157e159, 158f
Rectangular key, 252 S
Recycling, 25e26 Saddle keys, 255, 256f
Refrigerant cycle, 490, 491f Safety devices, 483e484
Sales departments, 4, 16
618 Index

Sand-cast bracket, 92 Shakeproof thread-cutting screws, 248e249

Scales Shakeproof washers, 240
diagonal, 105 Shear, 547e548, 548f
drawing, 103e104 Sheet metalwork application and CAD,
geometric construction, 104e106, 41e42
104fe105f Shellac adhesive, 247
plain, 105e106 Sheradized coating, 386
Schematics, 474 Shot-peening, 460
Screen sizes, 35 Side or end elevations, 54
Screw Siliconemanganese steel, 445
countersunk head, 227, 228f Simmonds locknut, 239e240, 240f
external form to illustrate thread terms, 208f Simple harmonic motion, 423, 424f
left and right handed threads, 207f Simplified drawings, 98
‘Posidriv’, 229 Single datum, 303, 306f
socket head, 224e225 Single-part drawing, 91e92
thread-cutting, 248e250 Single-start square thread, 138
threads, 207, 216 Sketches, 1
unified system of, 211 Skin model, 407, 407f
Screwcutting, 216 SLA. See Stereolithography (SLA)
Sealed and shielded bearings, 542e543 Slotted joints, 549, 551f
Sealing with anaerobic gaskets, 554e555, Slotted nuts, 239, 240f
555f SLS. See Selective Lasering Sintering (SLS)
Seals, 538e541 Socket head screws manufacture, 224e225
combined, 542 Software, 35, 43
lubricated seals, 543f Software purchase, 37
non-rubbing, 540e541, 540f Solid modeling, 37, 395
rubbing, 541e542, 542f Solid-insert liners, 520
Sectional views in third angle projection, Solids Interpenetration, 160e166
67, 69f Solvent based contact adhesives, 552
Sections, 109 Spherical radii dimension, 189
components not drawn in, 115 Spherical roller bearings, 532, 533f
conic, 156f Spherical roller thrust bearings, 534, 534f
half, 111, 112f Split cotter pins, 246e247, 247f
local, 115 dimensions, 248t
removed, 113, 114f ‘Spot’ welding, 461
revolved, 111e113, 113f Spotfaces dimension, 199e200
successive, 115 Sprayed metal coatings, 384
thin material, 114, 114f Springs
two parallel planes, 115, 117 alloy steels, 445
views, 109 compression, 446e448, 449f
Selective Laser Sintering method, 44 copper-base alloys, 446
Selective Lasering Sintering (SLS), 586 corrosion prevention, 460
Self-aligning ball bearings, 531, 531f disc, 455
Sellers thread, 212 fatigue conditions, 460
Semi-automatic circuit, 503, 504f flat, 449e450, 449f
Sequence diagrams, 474 helical extension, 452e454, 453f
Service/maintenance, 4 high-nickel alloys, 446
Services drawings, 42 leaf, 452
Shaft, 575, 577f plain-carbon steels, 445
Index 619

specifications, 455e459 graphical symbols, 375, 377

stainless steels, 446 positions for complementary requirements,
steel sealing washers, 542 377e380
torsion, 451e452 roughness, 378
washers, 240, 241f Symbology, 416, 416t
wire forms, 460 Symbols
Spur gears, 432e434 graphical, 471e472
Square key, 252 welding, 462e468, 463te464t
Square thread, 213e214, 214f Symmetry, 346e347
Squareness and MMC, 354, 359e360 Systems Manager, 8e9
Squares dimension, 196
Staggered dimensions, 187 T
Stainless steels, 446 Tab washers, 243, 244f
Standardized protocols, 566 Tangency, 125
Standards, 2e3, 561 curve between two external circles,
BSI, 561e562 127e128
for costs, 4 curve between two internal circles,
for dimensioning, 3 128e129, 128f
ISO, 564 to ellipse, 133, 134fe135f
Standards-making process, 563e564 external tangent to circles, 126, 126f
Stationary load, 535 internal and external tangents of equal
Steels diameter, 127, 127f
alloy, 445 internal tangent to circles, 126, 127f
plain-carbon, 445 radius
stainless, 446 joining straight line and circle, 129, 129f
Stereolithography (SLA), 44, 586 tangent to straight lines, 129e130
Storage of drawings, 79 tangent to circle from any given point
Straight line intersection, 158f, 161 outside circle, 125
Straight line projection exercises, 60, 61f tangent to point on circumference of circle,
Straightness, 315e317 125
Stress Tangent, 125
calculations, 16e17 Taper(s), 193
corrosion, 392 dimensioning, 194
Structural applications key and keyway, 253f
adhesives, 559e560, 560f pins, 243e246, 246fe247f
bearings, 525f, 526 roller bearings, 533, 533f
design, 16e17 Tapping drill, 219
Sub-assembly drawing, 94 Taylor principle, 289, 417e418
Successive sections, 115 Technical information group, 562
Sulfuric acid process, 386e387 Technical product documentation (TPD),
Sunk keys, 252e254 11, 18e20, 25
Superglues, 552 TEDs. See Theoretically exact dimensions
Surface coatings, 383 (TEDs)
Surface Finish, 383e388 Temperature control diagrams, 482e484
Surface texture, 383 Template, 167, 223
complete graphical symbols, 376 Tension, 547e548, 548f
expanded graphical symbols, 375 Theoretical circuit diagrams, 474e475
geometrical tolerancing standards Theoretically exact dimensions (TEDs),
comparison, 417 102, 193, 293e294, 365e366
620 Index

Thermally conductive material, 461e462 Toggle action, 146, 146f

Thick-walled bearings, 520 Tolerance zone, 298, 303
Thicknesses of line, 72, 75f direction, 365
Thin material sections, 114, 114f geometrical tolerancing, 302e303
Thin-walled insert liners, 520e521 3D annotation, 399e400
Third angle projection, 49e54 between two points, 329
arrangement, 51fe52f Tolerances, 281, 295
geometric solids, 67, 68f in ball and roller bearings, 537
sectional views in, 67, 69f characteristics, 418, 419te420t
symbols, 56f frame and feature, 298e300
Third party, 566e567 geometrical, 293
Thread sealing pipe fittings, 553, 553f position of remarks, 300
Thread-cutting screws, 248e250 positional, 294, 307
Threads restricted length, 301
acme, 214 Tolerancing principle, 417e418
British Association, 213 Toolbox drawings, 264e267, 269f, 277f
buttress, 214 Tooling and CAD, 17e18
conventions application, 218 Tooth width, 433
draughting conventions associated with, Top level directory (TLD), 20
215e217 Torsion springs, 451e452
multiple, 217e218 Total run-out, 338e339
power transmission, 213e214 Toughened acrylics, 552
screw, 207 TPD. See Technical product documentation
square, 213e214, 214f (TPD)
unified, 211e213 Trademarks, 32e33
Three-dimension (3D) Trammel method for ellipse, 132e133, 132f
CAD systems, 17e18 Transition fit, 281, 282f
illustrations Transition pieces and rectangular ducts, 177
isometric projection, 81e85 Triangular prisms, 176
oblique projection, 85e89 Trouble-free bearing operation, 545
modeling, 395 True length, 147, 168, 177
3D annotation, 395 isometric view of rectangular block, 147f
axis feature, 397e398 lamina development, 153
direction of tolerance zones, 401 true shape projections of lamina, 152f
of drawings, 396fe397f True position
median feature, 397e398 dimensions, 294
projected tolerance zone, 398 and TEDs, 365e366
tolerance zone between two points, Tubular joints, 549, 551f
399e400 Tungsten inert gas (TIG), 461
unequal profile tolerance, 400 Two foci method for ellipses, 133e134, 133f
unilateral profile tolerance, 400 Two mating tapers dimension, 194e195
3D models, 1, 43 Two parallel planes sections, 115, 117
3D printing (3DP). See Additive Two-circle method for ellipse, 131
manufacture (AM) Two-dimensional drawings (2D
3D scale drawing, 43 drawings), 395
Thrust ball bearings, 533, 533f 2D drawing packages, 36e37
TIG. See Tungsten inert gas (TIG) Typefaces, 32
TIME DELAY function (logic), 503, 503f
TLD. See Top level directory (TLD)
Index 621

U shakeproof, 240
UNC. See Unified coarse pitch thread spring, 221f, 240, 241f
(UNC) tab, 243, 244f
Unequal profile tolerance, 400 Watt, James, 145
UNF. See Unified fine pitch thread (UNF) Watt’s straight-line motion, 145, 145f
Unidirectional dimension, 191 Weld decay, 393
Unified coarse pitch thread (UNC), 211 Welding, 461
Unified fine pitch thread (UNF), 211 dimension, 468e469, 464t
Unified system of screw threads, 211 with pressure, 461
Unified threads, 211e213 types, 463, 463te464t
Uniform acceleration and cam follower, 423, welding symbols on drawings, 462e468,
423f 463te464t
Uniform velocity and cam followers, arrow and position, 466t
422e423 with complimentary information tail
Unilateral limits, 284, 284f, 297 indication projection welding, 467f
Unilateral profile tolerance, 400 elements, 465f
Unregistered design rights, 30e32 with reference to specific instruction,
UV curing acrylics, 552 468f
supplementary symbols, 465t
V Whitemetals, 521e522
Whitworth thread, 212e213
V-ring seal, 541e542
Whole depth of tooth, 433
Vacuum deposited coating, 387
Wing nuts, 237
Vat Polymersation process, 586
Wire forms for springs, 460
Vertical plane (VP), 53, 53f
Wire locking, 241e243
‘Views’, 259
Wiring diagrams, 475
Visualization, 45
Woodruff keys, 255
Volumes of revolution and sheet
Works, 32
metalwork, 42
Worm gearing, 443e444
VP. See Vertical plane (VP)
Wrapped bushes bearings, 521
W
Z
Washers
Zoom in CAD, 36
dimensions, 222t
locking, 242f