Reviewer in English Proficiency

Library - The word library derives

from Latin word “Liber”, means
“book” and the place where these
books were kept was called library.
➢ A collection of books and other
literary material kept for
reading, study, and
consultation. A place, building,
room, or rooms set apart for
the keeping and use of a
collection of books, etc.”
- Harrods
➢ Library is a place where books
and other materials are kept in
an organized and systematic
manner for the use of people. A LIBRARY AND
library is an organization that
EDUCATION
acquires reading and learning
material on different subjects ➢ Library services is germane to
for its members. education system. It acquires,
organizes, stores, and makes
BRIEF HISTORY OF available for use all forms of
LIBRARIES materials that aids education.
➢ Libraries provide access to
education by teaching
information skills, by
providing leadership and
expertise in the use of
information and information
technologies, and by
participating in networks that
enhance access to resources
outside the school or
community.
 Reviewer in English Proficiency
TYPES OF LIBRARIES - It is sometimes referred to as
“information centers”. It provides
➢ NATIONAL LIBRARY specialized information resources on a
- It serves as a coordinating particular subject, serves a specialized
center for library activities and limited clientele, and delivers
within the country. The specialized services to that clientele.
collections in this kind of
library are usually literature of ➢ DIGITAL LIBRARY
the citizens. It is the legal - A digital library (also called
depository and bibliographic
an online library, an internet library, a
center for the nation.
digital repository, a library without
➢ PUBLIC LIBRARY walls, or a digital collection) is an
online database of digital objects that
- it is often known as a lending can include text, still images, audio,
library, that is accessible by the
video, digital documents, or other
general public and is usually funded
digital media formats or a library
from public sources, such as taxes.
accessible through the internet.
➢ ACADEMIC LIBRARY TYPES OF LIBRARY
- It is attached to a higher MATERIALS
education institution and serves two
complementary purposes: to support Book Material
the curriculum and the research of the ➢ General Books
university faculty and students. ➢ Text Books
➢ SCHOOL LIBRARY Non-Book Material
- It is a designated space within ➢ CDs/DVDs
an educational institution specifically ➢ E-Books
dedicated to providing students, ➢ E-Journals
teachers, and staff access to various
resources for learning, research, and
Reference Materials
leisure. ➢ Dictionaries
➢ Encyclopedias
➢ SPECIAL/RESEARCH ➢ Atlas, Maps, Globes, and
LIBRARY Gazetteers
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➢ Bibliographies, Indexes, some definite order. It records,
Catalogues describes, and indexes the resources
➢ Newspapers, Magazines and of a collection, a library or a group of
Journals libraries.

ORGANIZATION OF PURPOSE OF
LIBRARY MATERIALS ORGANIZING LIBRARY
➢ By Color MATERIAL
➢ By Size ➢ Easy access to relevant
➢ By Date information to save time of a
➢ By Author reader
➢ By Title ➢ Easy access to latest resources
➢ By Subject and developments in the world
CLASSIFICATION ➢ Easy access to the material
relevant to the country/region
- The word classification is ➢ Self-service / self support
derived from the Latin word CLASS ➢ Relevant information in one
mean category or a group. place

- A systematic arrangement of DEWEY DECIMAL

books and other material on shelves or SYSTEM
organized scattered or disorganized
things or materials in some logical - The Dewey Decimal
order. Or the arrangement of things on Classification (DDC), colloquially
the basis of similarities and separating known as the Dewey Decimal System,
them based on dissimilarities is called is a proprietary library classification
classification. system that allows new books to be
added to a library in their appropriate
CATALOGUING location based on the subject so that it
- The word catalogue comes is easier for the patrons.
from the Greek phrase kata logos. - It was first published in the
Kata means by or according to and United States by Melvil Dewey in
logos means word, order or reason. 1876. Originally described in a 44-
- Catalogue is a list of books, page pamphlet, it has been expanded
maps, or other items, arranged in to multiple volumes and revised
through 23 major editions, the latest
 Reviewer in English Proficiency
printed in 2011. It is also available in
an abridged version suitable for
smaller libraries.

OBJECTIVES OF
CATALOGUING
1. It helps the users to know
whether a particular book by a
particular author with a
particular title, edition,
publisher, and year is available
in the library.
2. The catalogue brings together in
CARD CATALOG - A catalog a single place all words of a
card is an individual entry in a library given author whether persona or
catalog containing bibliographic corporate.
information, including the author's
name, title, and location. Eventually
3. The subject catalogue brings
together all the given works on a
the mechanization of the modern era
given topic in the library.
brought the efficiencies of card
catalogs. OPAC - An Online Public Access
Catalog is an online bibliographic
database of materials held by a library
or group of libraries. Users search a
library catalog principally to locate
books and other materials physically
located at a library.

COPYRIGHT AND ITS

IMPLICATIONS
 Reviewer in English Proficiency
- Intellectual Property Rights are - A trade secret is a company's
legal rights over creation of the mind. process or practice that isn't public
This law grants the author of an information and provides an economic
intellectual creation exclusive right to benefit or advantage to the company
exploit and benefit from their or holder of the trade secret.
creation. DIGITAL ASSET.
TYPES OF - Digital assets are also increasingly
INTELLECTUAL recognized as intellectual property.
PROPERTY These would include proprietary
software code or algorithms and
PATENT. online digital content.

- A patent is a property right for an COPYRIGHT LAW

investor that's typically granted by a
government agency such as the U.S. - Copyright is the legal ownership
Patent and Trademark Office "Patent of intellectual property such as
Basics“. original works of fiction and non-
fiction and conveys the right to
COPYRIGHT. control its reproduction and
- Copyrights provide authors and distribution.
creators of original material the ➢ Copyright law gives creators of
exclusive right to use, copy, or original material the exclusive
duplicate their material. right to use and duplicate that
material for a given amount of
TRADEMARK. time.
- A trademark is a symbol, phrase, ➢ RA 8293
or insignia that's recognizable and AN ACT PRESCRIBING THE
represents a product that legally INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
separates it from other products. CODE AND ESTABLISHING
THE INTELLECTUAL
FRANCHISE. PROPERTY OFFICE,
- A franchise is a license purchased PROVIDING FOR ITS
by a company, individual, or a party POWERS AND FUNCTIONS,
called the franchisee. AND FOR OTHER
PURPOSES.
TRADE SECRET.
 Reviewer in English Proficiency
➢ Over-Learning Materials
Enhances Memory
➢ Share the Knowledge

READING METHODS -
There are different reading methods as
suggested by many but we shall be
considering the SQ3R Method. SQ3R
is a reading/Study formula designed
STUDY SKILLS - For effective to help process and increase retention
study, students must not depend on of written information.
chance but must adequately plank SURVEY- Scan the piece of
their study using tested study
writing to establish its purpose and
methods. Students who follow these
get the main ideas. This may be called
methods learn more easily, and save
skimming.
for longer periods of time, and save
themselves hours of study time. We QUESTIONS- Write questions to
shall answer the following questions: give purpose and improve
what are the good study and reading concentration. This aids
methods? What are the steps to take to comprehension.
develop good study skills? What are
the SQ3R reading methods? READ - When you begin to Read,
do the following:
➢ Making and Keeping a Study
Schedule ➢ Look for answers to the
➢ Studying in an Appropriate questions you first raised
Setting ➢ Answer questions at the
➢ Equipping Your Study Area beginning or end of chapters or
with All the Materials You study guides
Needed ➢ Reread captions under pictures,
➢ Not Relying on Inspiration for graphs, etc.
Motivation ➢ Note all the underlined,
➢ Keeping a Well-Kept Notebook italicized, bold printed words or
Improves Grades phrases
➢ Taking Good Notes as ➢ Study graphic aids
Insurance against Forgetting
 Reviewer in English Proficiency
➢ Reduce you speed for difficult relationships among pieces of
passages the whole.
➢ Stop and reread parts which are ➢ CHARTING - This method
not clear of note-taking is great for
➢ Read only a selection at a time subject matter that can be
and recite after each section broken down into categories,
such as similarities/differences,
RECITE - Reciting helps to put the date/event/impact, pros/cons,
information into your long-term etc.
memory. Put what you have learned
➢ OUTLINING - The outlining
into your own words.
method is perhaps the most
REVIEW- It is important to review common form of note-taking
the material to understand and used by college students; an
remember it. outline naturally organizes the
information in a highly
STUDY SKILLS structured, logical manner,
forming a skeleton of the
➢ ANOTATING - The word textbook chapter or lecture
“annotation” refers to adding subject that serves as an
information, usually comments, excellent study guide when
explanations, or references. preparing for tests.
➢ CORNELL METHOD- ➢ SKIMMING AND
Developed in 1949 at Cornell SCANNING - Skimming
University by Walter Pauk.
and scanning are reading
Designed in response to
frustration over student test
techniques that use rapid
scores. eye movement and
➢ CONCEPT MAP - A keywords to move quickly
concept map or conceptual through text for slightly
diagram is a diagram that different purposes.
depicts suggested relationships
between concepts.
Lesson 2 (Reading and
➢ MIND MAP - A mind map is Listening Skills)
a diagram used to visually READING - Reading is a
organize information. A mind multifaceted process
map is hierarchical and shows
 Reviewer in English Proficiency
involving word recognition, construction and cohesion may
seem like a writing skill, but it’s
comprehension, fluency, and
an essential reading skill.
motivation. Connecting ideas between and
within the sentences are called
READING SKILLS
cohesion, and these skills are
➢ Decoding - Decoding is the essential for reading
ability to sound out words comprehension.
students have heard before but ➢ READING
haven’t seen written out. COMPREHENSION - is a
Decoding heavily relies on an complex skill that requires time
early language skill called and practice to develop fully.
phonemic awareness. ➢ REASONING AND
- Phonemic awareness is the ability BACKGROUND
to hear and manipulate different KNOWLEDGE - This skill
sounds into words. helps the child use the
background knowledge to make
➢ Phonics - Phonics is the inferences and draw
ability to recognize the conclusions.
connection between sounds and ➢ WORKING MEMORY AND
letters they make. ATTENTION - These skills are
➢ Vocabulary - A good closely related but different and
vocabulary is a fundamental are part of a group of abilities
part of academic success. This known as executive function.
reading skill is necessary to This helps them gain meaning
understand the meaning of and build knowledge from what
words, their definitions, and they read.
their context.
TYPES OF READING
➢ Fluency - Fluency is the
TECHNIQUES
ability to read aloud with
understanding, accuracy, and ➢ SKIMMING - Skimming,
speed. It is a skill needed for sometimes referred to as gist
good reading comprehension. reading, means going through
➢ SENTENCE the text to grasp the main idea.
CONSTRUCTION AND ➢ SCANNING - The reader
COHESION – Sentence quickly scuttles across
 Reviewer in English Proficiency
sentences to get to a particular
piece of information. Scanning
involves the technique of
rejecting or ignoring irrelevant
information from the text to
locate a specific piece of
information.
➢ INTENSIVE READING -
is far more time-consuming
than skimming and scanning as
it needs the reader’s attention to LISTENING TECHNIQUES
detail. It involves close reading
that aims at the accuracy of 1. Be Fully Present
comprehension. 2. Pay Attention to Non –
➢ EXTENSIVE READING - Verbal Cues
Extensive reading lays more 3. Keep Good Eye Contact
emphasis on fluency and less 4. Ask open-ended questions
on accuracy. It usually involves 5. Reflect on what you hear
reading for pleasure and is
6. Be Patient
more of an out-of-classroom
activity. It is highly unlikely for 7. Withhold judgement
readers to take up the extensive STAGES OF LISTENING
reading of text they do not like.
➢ Receiving Stage - Receiving
READING PROBLEMS is taking in information using
➢ ISSUE WITH DECODING our auditory and visual senses.
➢ POOR COMPREHENSION Hearing is one of our senses
➢ SPEED that allows us to receive
➢ MIXED READING messages through sound.
DIFFICULTIES ➢ Attending Stage - Attending
in listening means filtering out
LISTENING - is the ability to what is salient (i.e., noticeable
accurately receive and interpret or important). We often attend
messages in the communication to stimuli that are visually or
process. audibly stimulating.
 Reviewer in English Proficiency
➢ Interpreting Stage - SPEAKING SKILL - is a skill of
Interpreting is integrating both using language to communicate
visual and auditory cues to using verbal and nonverbal
make sense of, or attribute symbols orally in different
meaning to, what we hear. It is
contexts that can be improved
how we understand a message.
➢ Recalling/Remembering
through learning language.
Stage - Recalling is the ability AREAS OF SPEAKING
to remember the information
➢ Mechanics (pronunciation,
one receives.
➢ Evaluating Stage - grammar, and vocabulary) -
Evaluating is the stage of Using the right words in the
listening where one assesses the right order with the correct
validity and credibility of the pronunciation.
message. ➢ Functions (transaction and
➢ Responding Stage - interaction) - Knowing when
Responding is sending verbal clarity of message is Essential
and nonverbal feedback to a (transaction/information
message you received. exchange) and when precise
understanding is not required
Lesson 3 (Speaking Skills) (interaction/relationship
Speaking - is the delivery of building).
language through the mouth. To ➢ Social and Cultural Rules
speak, we create sounds using many and Norms (turn-taking,
parts of our body, including the lungs, rate of speech, length of
vocal tract, vocal chords, tongue, pauses between speakers,
teeth, and lips. relative roles of
➢ Informal speaking is typically participants) - Understanding
used with family and friends, or how to take into account who is
people you know well. speaking to whom. In what
➢ Formal speaking occurs in circumstances, about what, and
business or academic situations, for what reason?
or when meeting people for the
Speaking Skills
first time.
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a) Fluency - is about how - Clark 1993
comfortable and confident you ➢ Keraf in Wisma (2008:9)
are in speaking English. This defines vocabulary is a list
skill means that the listener can of words that is a means for
follow what you are saying and distributing communication
does not get lost. with other people.
b) Vocabulary - Being a good ➢ A vocabulary, also known as
speaker means constantly a word stock or word-stock,
growing you’re vocabulary. The is a set of familiar words
more interesting words you with a person’s language.
know, the stronger your TYPES OF VOCABULARY
speaking skills.
c) Grammar - Grammar does ➢ ORAL VOCABULARY -
matter and the fewer mistakes includes those words that we
you make, the better your recognize and use in listening
speaking skills will be. and speaking.
d) Pronunciation - ➢ PRINT VOCABULARY -
Pronunciation is a complex includes those words that
area, with a lot of sub-skills that we recognized and use in
can be practiced. reading and writing.
➢ RECEPTIVE
Lesson 4 (Vocabulary Methods VOCABULARY - includes
and Development) words that we recognize when
➢ Vocabulary is the glue that we hear or
holds stories, ideas, and content see them.
together... making ➢ PRODUCTIVE
comprehension accessible for VOCABULARY - includes
children. words that we use when we
- Rupley, Logan, & speak and write.
Nichols, 1998/99, p. 339 ➢ PASSIVE VOCABULARY
- includes words that we know
➢ Words are the starting point.
but do not use in our speaking
Without words, children can’t
and writing.
talk about people, places, or
things, about actions, relations, ➢ ACTIVE VOCABULARY
or states. - includes words that we know
 Reviewer in English Proficiency
and frequently use in speaking
and writing.
HOW TO TEACH
VOCABULARY
➢ Vocabulary should be taught
both explicitly and
incidentally.
➢ Repetition and multiple exposure
are important for learning new
vocabulary.
➢ Learning how to construct
vocabulary from rich (directive)
contexts is valuable.
➢ Vocabulary learning tasks should
be restricted when necessary.
➢ Vocabulary tasks should
entail active engagement.
➢ Explicit vocabulary instruction
should address the use of
definitions, context, and concept
learning
ROLE OF CONTEXT
➢ DIRECTIVE CONTEXT -
Vocabulary
Gives clues, hints, synonyms to
determine an approximate word's Building Skills
meaning in the context.
VOCABULARY
➢ NON-DIRECTIVE
DEVELOPMENT
CONTEXT - Mentions the
word without giving any clues to 1. Vocabulary Development
determine word's meaning. 2. Word Formation
➢ MIS-DIRECTIVE 3. Pronunciation
CONTEXT - Gives clues that
lead remain to false word DEVELOPMENT
meaning construction. VOCABULARY CARDS
 Reviewer in English Proficiency
- Vocabulary cards are handy aids that have different spellings
that help to improve and develop and meanings but the same
vocabulary.
sound.
READ EXTENSIVE - Reading
and listening can help in effectively
expanding ones vocabulary.
LEARN WORDS IN CONTEXT
- The only way to learn new words
and improve vocabulary skills is by
examining the use of words in their
context and learning their uses.
DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN
WORDS OFTEN CONFUSED -
FORMAL AND INFORMAL
There are several words that may be
WORDS - Our choice of words
confusing because they are similar in
largely depends on our relationship
meaning or pronunciation but they
with the person we are talking or
have different meanings.
writing to.
THE VOWEL SOUNDS - English
WORD FORMATION
Vowels are represented by phonetic
SUFFIX - is attached at the end of a symbols.
root word to form a new word.
CONSONANTS - A dictionary
PREFIX - is attached at the guides not only show about the
beginning of a root word to form a meaning of a word, but also its
new word. pronunciation.

SYNONYMS - is a word that CONTEXT CLUES - are hints

means the same as another. found within a sentence, paragraph, or
passage that a reader can use to
ANTONYMS - is a word opposite understand the meanings of new or
in meaning to another. unfamiliar words.
HOMONYMS - are the words DICTIONARY SKILLS - refer to
which have the same spelling but students' ability to effectively and
different meaning. efficiently use a dictionary to look up
HOMOPHONES - are the words words, understand their definitions
 Reviewer in English Proficiency
and find information related to those Content Words (Open Class) –
words. Noun, Verb, Adjective, Adverb,
Interjection
Lesson 5 (Parts of Speech)
Function Words (Closed Class) –
Types of Grammar
Pronoun, Preposition, Conjunction,
➢ Descriptive Grammar – Article
Language in context; usage
➢ Prescriptive Grammar – 1. Noun – a word used to name a
Language based on rules person, place, thing, state or
quality.
Fields of Grammar
Kind of Nouns
➢ Phonology – deals with the
a) Proper Nouns - are specific.
systematic study of sounds.
Their first letters are
➢ Morphology – deals with the capitalized. (e.g., Fenilla,
word of formation Monday, Davao City)
➢ Syntax – deals with the b) Common nouns - are
arrangement of words and general. (e.g. man, student,
phrases; structure clinic, teacher, school)
➢ Semantics – deals with the c) Collective nouns - name
meaning of a text groups. ( e.g. family, army,
flock, choir)
Phonology
d) Mass nouns - cannot be
The study of sound. counted. (salt, sugar, flour,
feedback, equipment)
1. Phoneme – is the smallest
e) Concrete nouns - exist in the
meaningful unit in sound. (/b/)
physical world. (petals, tables,
2. Grapheme – is the smallest pens, cups)
meaningful unit in writing f) Abstract nouns - refer to ideas
system. and feelings. (sadness, joy,
Parts of Speech brilliance)

-The building blocks of language. Functions of Nouns

-They function to explain usage of a) Subject of the Sentence(S) - the
words in a sentence. one that is talked about in the
sentence.
 Reviewer in English Proficiency
b) Vocative(V) - indicates that
somebody is being directly
addressed by the speaker.
c) Direct Object (DO) - The one
that receives the actions of the
verb.
Answers the questions who or
what after the verb.
d) Indirect Object (IO) - Answers
the question to whom or for Cases of Pronouns
whom
Nominative Case
e) Subject Noun Predicate - A
word/phrase that refers back to 1. Pronoun – Action Verb Ex.
the subject. He and (I, me) sang.
f) Object Noun Predicate - comes
2. Be verb- Pronoun
after the direct object. Refers
Ex. The singer is (he, him).
back to the object.
g) Object of the Preposition –
3. Appositive – (Pronoun –
Noun) Ex. I gave (he, him) a
comes after a preposition.
chance.
h) Appositive – is a noun phrase
that renames another noun right Objective Case
beside it.
1. Verb – Pronoun
Pronoun – a word used to replace a Ex. I smiled at (he, him).
noun. 2. Preposition – Pronoun
Kinds of Pronouns Ex. The bag is (me, my, mine).

a. Personal - Refer to people or Indefinite Pronouns - Refer to an

things which can be singular or identifiable but not specified person
plural. or thing.
*Singular – anybody, nobody, anyone
each, everyone, one someone,
somebody, every, either, neither
*Plural – all, some, few, both, several,
many
 Reviewer in English Proficiency
Reflexive Pronoun - Refers back to Irregular verbs – form their past
the subject in the sentence/ gives tense and past participle in several
emphasis to the subject. ways.
Intensive Pronoun - is used to Transitive Verb – is a type of action
emphasize the antecedent. that requires a direct object.
Demonstrative Pronoun Intransitive Verb – is a type of
action verb without a direct object.
This (singular)(near)
-This is my handbag. Linking Verbs – are used to link or
join the subject with a word in the
These (plural)(near) predicate which relates to the subject.
- These are my shoes. Auxiliary Verb – (or Helping) verbs
That (singular)(distant) are used together with a main verb.
The most common Auxiliary verb is
- That is my bag.
have.
Those (plural)(distant)
Emphatic Verbs – the Emphatic
- Those are my books. Verbs must be followed by a simple
form of the verb.
Relative Pronouns - used to link
one phrase or clause to another phrase The Verb Tenses and Aspects
or clause.
TENSE- Refers to the absolute
Interrogative Pronoun - Who, location of an event or action in time,
which, what, whom, whose, whoever either present or past.
Verb – a content word that denotes an ASPECT - Refers to how an event or
action, occurrence, or state of action is to be viewed with respect to
existence. time, rather to its actual location in
time.
Kinds of Verbs
Simple Aspect - Any verb (in the
Regular Verbs - form their past
past, present or future) in the
tense by adding ‘d’ or ‘ed’ to the base
indefinite (or simple) tense is said to
form.
be in the “indefinite aspect” (also
called the simple aspect”). Such verbs
are used to describe actions but do not
 Reviewer in English Proficiency
emphasize whether the action is Past Progressive Tense - An action
complete or on-going. in progress at a specific point of time
in the past.
Simple Present Tense
Ex.
❖ Habitual actions in the present.
He was walking to school at 8:30 this
Ex. morning.
He goes to school on a daily basis.
Future Progressive Tense - Past
Jen talks with passion and wit. action simultaneous with some other
event that is usually stated in the
Simple Past Tense
simple past.
❖ A definite single completed Ex.
event/action in the past.
Mae was texting her boyfriend when
Ex.
her mom entered the room.
I saw my ex last week.
Perfect Aspect - The core meaning
Simple Future Tense of the perfect is “prior,” and it is used
❖ An action to take place at some in relation to some other point in time.
definite future time: For instance, present perfect is used
retrospectively to refer to time prior to
Ex. now.
I will top the LET in September.
Present Perfect Tense
Progressive Aspect - The core
❖A situation that began at a prior
meaning of this aspect is being
point in time and continues into the
imperfective. It portrays an event in a
way that allows for it to be complete, present:
or somehow limited.
Ex.
Present Progressive Tense- She has been a school administrator
Denotes an action which is going on since 2010.
at the time of speaking.
I have loved him for five years now.
Ex. He is talking about his thesis in a
conference as we speak. Past Perfect Tense
 Reviewer in English Proficiency
An action completed in the past prior Ex.
to some other past event or time.
On Christmas Eve, we will have been
Ex. living in the same house for 10 years.
Mom had already left the house Adjective – is a part of speech used
before I turned the TV on. to modify nouns and pronouns.
Future Perfect Tense Kinds of Adjectives
An action that will be completed prior ➢ Descriptive Adjective -
to a specific future time. gives color and vividness to the
Ex. person(s), place(s), or things(s)
we talk or write about. I tells
I will have finished all this work by what kind, what color, what
tomorrow. size, what shape etc.
PERFECT PROGRESSIVE ➢ Limiting Adjective -
ASPECT - The perfect progressive indicates the number or
aspect is a combination of the quantity. It tells how many, how
progressive (ongoing) aspect (action much, which one, whose, etc.
in progress) and the perfective ➢ Demonstrative Adjective - A
(completed) demonstrative adjective (this,
that, these, those) shows the
Past Perfect Progressive Tense noun that it modifies singular or
An action or habit taking place over a plural and weather the position
period of time in the past prior to or of the noun is near or far from
interrupted by some other past event the person is speaking or
or time. writing.
A. Proper Adjective – is an
Ex. adjective derived from
Many people had been swimming proper pronoun.
when the shark was sighted. B. Predicate Adjective – is that
which completes the
Future Perfect Progressive Tense meaning of the verb, and
Durative or habitual action that is modifies the subject. It
taking place in the present and that follows the linking verb,
will continue into the future up until usually describes the subject
or through a specific future time. noun, or pronoun.
 Reviewer in English Proficiency
C. Possessive Adjective – c. Adverb of Manner - tells
us how something is done or
nouns used as adjectives.
happens.
- Most adverbs of manner end
in –ly such as badly, happily,
sadly, slowly, quickly, and
others include well, hard, fast,
etc.
d. Adverb of Frequency -
tells us how often something is
done or happens.
- Words use as adverbs of
frequency include hardly, ever,
Adverb - is a part of speech which nearly, nearly always, never,
modifies a verb, an adjective, or occasionally, often, rarely,
another adverb. It is generally placed seldom, sometimes, twice,
immediately before or after the word usually, and weekly.
it modifies.
Kinds of Adverbs
a. Adverb of time - tells us
when something is done or
happens.
- Adverbs of time include
afterwards, already, last month,
now, soon, then, Preposition - A word
yesterday. expressing the relationship
b. Adverb of place - tells us between a noun, pronoun, and
where something is done or other elements of a sentence.
happens. We place it after Prepositions denotes various
the verb, object or at the end of relationships:
a sentence. ➢ Place or position: at, over, up,
- Adverb of place include words in, to, under, down, on, from,
such us above, below, here, beneath, across, above, by, on
outside, over there, top of, around, below
under, upstairs.
 Reviewer in English Proficiency
➢ Time: at in, during, at the Interjection - Is a word that
beginning of, after, by, on, since, expresses the feeling or
at the end, before, for, until, in emotion, and functions
the middle of independently in a sentence.
➢ Agent of instrument: By, with THE AGREEMENTS OF
➢ Accompaniment: with PRONOUNS AND
➢ Purpose: for
ANTECEDENTS
➢ Association: of
1. Personal Pronouns (he, she,
CONJUNCTION – A word used to it, they, his, her, its, their)
connect sentences, clauses, phrases or agree)
words. 2. Two or more singular
antecedents joined by ‘or’ or
Kinds of Conjunctions ‘nor’ require a singular
➢ Coordinating Conjunction - pronoun.
join equals to one another i.e. 3. For collective nouns, the
words, phrases, clauses pronouns may be singular or
plural according to whether the
- Examples: For, And, Nor, But, nouns are taken as a unit or as
Or, Yet, So (FANBOYS) an individuals composing as a
➢ Subordinating Conjunction whole. If the collective noun is
- a conjunction that introduces a taken as a unit, the pronoun is
subordinate clause. singular. If the individuals are
thought separately, the pronoun
must be plural.
4. Who, Whose, and Whom ---
would refer to person(s)
Which --- would refer to
animal(s), or thing(s).
What -- would refer to thing(s)
only.
➢ Correlative Conjunction - is 5. When each, every, either,
a paired conjunction that links neither, someone, somebody,
balanced words, phrases, and any one, anybody, everyone,
clauses. everybody, no one are used as
Examples: either... or, neither... antecedents, the pronouns
nor, not only... but also referring to them are singular.
 Reviewer in English Proficiency
When the antecedent is either Indefinite Article - a and an refer to
masculine or feminine, the general or unspecific nouns.
pronoun must be masculine.
6. When one antecedent is
singular, the other plural, make
your pronoun agree with the
nearer antecedent.
7. When two or more antecedent
are joined by ‘and’ the pronoun
must be plural.
Types of Interjection
Primary interjection - is a word or
sound that can only be used as an
interjection.
Secondary interjection - is a word
that is typically used as another part
of speech (such as a noun, verb, or
adjective) that can also be used as an
interjection.
Volitive interjection - is used to
give a command or make a request.
Emotive interjection - is used to
express an emotion or to indicate a
reaction to something.
Greetings and parting
words/phrases - are interjections
used to acknowledge or welcome
someone or to express good wishes at
the end of a conversation.
Definite Article - is used to refer to
a specific version of a noun.