Scribd
Upload
8 views

Lecture 5

Uploaded by

Christian John Camacho
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
8 views

Lecture 5

Uploaded by

Christian John Camacho
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 27

PRINCIPLE OF STEEL

AND TIMBER DESIGN


LECTURE 5: FLEXURAL STRENGTH IN STRUCTURAL STEEL
INTRODUCTION
• Beams are structural members that support transverse loads and
are therefore subjected primarily to flexure or bending.
• If a substantial amount of axial load is also present, the member is
preferred to as a beam-column.
DESIGN AND ALLOWABLE FLEXURAL
STRENGTH
BENDING STRESS AND PLASTIC
MOMENT
• In order to determine the nominal moment strength, we must first
examine the behavior of beams throughout the full range of
loading, from very small loads to the point of collapse.

𝑀𝑦 𝑀𝑐 𝑀
𝑓𝑏 = 𝑓𝑏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = =
𝐼 𝐼 𝑆
BENDING STRESS AND PLASTIC
MOMENT
• A plastic hinge is said to have
formed at the beam where the
moment is largest, and this binge
along with the actual hinges at the
ends of the beams constitute an
unstable mechanism

𝑀𝑝 = 𝐹𝑦 𝑍
BENDING STRESS AND PLASTIC
MOMENT
• The plastic neutral axis is defined as the axis that splits the cross section
in such a way that the compression force from the compression area is
equal to the tension force from the tension area.
• The shape factor, also known as the plastic section modulus ratio, is
defined as the ratio of the plastic section modulus to the elastic section
modulus of a beam cross-section.
 Generally, the higher the shape factor, the better the section is in plastic
design, because it can utilize more of its material strength and ductility.
 For example, sections with high shape factors tend to have large depths and
widths, which may increase the self-weight and the deflection of the beam.
Sections with high shape factors may also require more reinforcement or
stiffeners to prevent local buckling or lateral-torsional buckling. Moreover,
some design codes may impose upper limits on the shape factor or the plastic
moment capacity of the beam, depending on the ductility class or the
seismic zone of the structure.
SAMPLE PROBLEM
For the built-up shape shown, determine (a) the elastic section modulus
and the yield moment, (b) the plastic section modulus and plastic moment
and c) the shape factor of the section. Bending is about x-axis and the steel
has Fu = 450 MPa and Fy = 345 MPa.
SAMPLE PROBLEM
For the built up T-section, determine (a) the elastic section modulus and the
yield moment, (b) the plastic section modulus and plastic moment and c)
the shape factor of the section. Bending is about x-axis and the steel has Fu
= 450 MPa and Fy = 345 MPa.
PLASTIC ANALYSIS
• A statically determinate beam will fail if one plastic hinge
develops. The plastic analysis of statically determinate beam is
the same as for ordinary beam.
• For a statically indeterminate structure fail, it is necessary for more
than one plastic hinge to form.
COLLAPSE MECHANISM AND
MOMENT DIAGRAM
• A statically determinate beam will fail if one plastic hinge
develops. The plastic analysis of statically determinate beam is
the same as for ordinary beam.
• For a statically indeterminate structure fail, it is necessary for more
than one plastic hinge to form.
SAMPLE PROBLEM
Determine the plastic moment of the propped beam using (a) collapse
method and (b) equilibrium method.
BEAM STABILITY
• Lateral torsional buckling can be
prevented by bracing the beam against
twisting at sufficiently close intervals.
BEAM STABILITY
• Types of buckling:
 Flange local buckling
 Web local buckling
CLASSIFICATION OF SHAPES

𝐼𝑓 𝜆 ≤ 𝜆𝑝 ∴ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑝𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑟 𝑛𝑜𝑛 − 𝑠𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝜆 = 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ − 𝑡𝑜 − 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜


𝜆𝑝 < 𝜆 ≤ 𝜆𝑟 ∴ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑝𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝜆𝑝 = 𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑜𝑟𝑦
𝜆 > 𝜆𝑟 ∴ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑝𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝜆𝑟 = 𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑜𝑟𝑦
CLASSIFICATION OF SHAPES
LATERALLY SUPPORTED COMPACT
BEAMS WITH LB≤LP
• Most beams are designed in such a way that
their flanges are restrained against lateral
buckling.
• The upper flange of beams are used to
support concrete slab or deck and are often
incorporated in the slab.
 ZONE 1: Closely spaced lateral bracing, beam
fails plastically (Lb ≤ Lp)
 ZONE 2: Moderate unbraced lengths, beams fails
inelastically
 ZONE 3: Larger unbraced lengths, beams fail
elastically.

𝐸 𝐿𝑏 = 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑏𝑒𝑡. 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟


𝐿𝑝 = 1.76𝑟𝑦 𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑟
𝐹𝑦
𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑚
LATERALLY SUPPORTED COMPACT
BEAMS WITH LB≤LP
• ZONE 1: Closely spaced lateral bracing, beam
fails plastically (Lb ≤ Lp)
 Most common and is the simplest case.
 Said to have full lateral support
COMPACT BEAMS WITH LB>LP
• If the compression flange of a beam is without lateral support for some distance,
it will have a stress distribution similar to that of columns.
• When the compression flange of a beam is long enough and slender enough, it
may buckle unless lateral support is provided.
• Inelastic buckling can occur when bracing is insufficient to develop and reach
a full plastic strain distribution before buckling occurs.
BENDING COEFFICIENT
• It is included in design formula to
account for the effect of different
moment gradient on lateral-torsional
buckling. The use of this coefficient is
to take into account the effect of the
end restraint and loading condition
of the member on lateral buckling.
LATERAL
TORSIONAL
BUCKLING
LATERAL
TORSIONAL
BUCKLING
TYPE OF MATERIAL TORSIONAL CONSTANT, J
WF- Section 2𝑏𝑓 𝑡𝑓3 + 𝑑′𝑡𝑤
3
𝐽=
3
′
𝑑 = 𝑑 − 𝑡𝑓
Channel Section 2𝑏′𝑡𝑓3 + 𝑑′𝑡𝑤 3
𝐽=

TORSIONAL
3
′
𝑑 = 𝑑 − 𝑡𝑓
𝑡𝑤

CONSTANT
′
𝑏 =𝑏−
2
Tee-Section 𝑏𝑓 𝑡𝑓3 + 𝑑′𝑡𝑤3
𝐽=
3
′
𝑡𝑓
𝑑 =𝑑−
2
Angle Section (𝑏′ + 𝑑 ′ )𝑡 3
𝐽=
3
′
𝑏 = 𝑏 − 0.5𝑡
𝑑 ′ = 𝑑 − 0.5𝑡
FLEXURAL
STRENGTH OF
NON-
COMPACT
SECTION
SAMPLE PROBLEM
A W410x60 of A992 (Fy = 345 MPa) steel beam is simply supported on a 10 m span. The beam
support a reinforced concrete floor slab that provides continuous lateral support of the
compression flange. The loads of the beams are:
Super imposed dead load = 7kN/m
Live load = 8 kN/m
Determine the adequacy of the beam based on moment strength.
SAMPLE PROBLEM
A W450x82 of A36 (Fy = 250 MPa) steel beam is fully laterally supported and supports a super-
imposed load of 12.5 kN/m. Determine the max. service live load that can be supported by the
beam based on LRFD and ASD.

Super imposed = 12.5 kN/m


LL = ?
L = 10 m
SAMPLE PROBLEM
Determine the available flexure strength of C375x51 beam subjected to uniform load. The
beam is supported on a span of 8m and braced at the ends and fifth points. The beam is ASTM
36 material (Fy = 250 MPa)

W (kN/m)

L=8m

Properties of C375x51 Ix = 131.1x10^6 mm^4


d = 381 mm Iy = 3.36x10^6 mm^4
bf = 86.4 mm Sx = 688x10^3 mm^3
tf = 16.5 mm Sy = 50.6x10^3 mm^3
tw = 10.2 mm ry = 22.9 mm
Zx = 420.4 x 10^3 mm^3 Cw = 96.14x10^9 mm^6
J = 420.4x10^3 mm^4 rts = 28.7 mm
ho = 366 mm

You might also like