RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF BUSINESS, ENTREPRENEURESHIP AND ACCOUNTANCY

FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT

PHILIPPINE LITERATURE
PCBEA - 22 -501A
GROUP 1
MEMBERS:
CIEGA, KRISTINE JOY H.
CRUCILLO, NICOLE C.
BONBON, RHAINALYN C.
BUSTAMANTE, AJLE B.
 DIVISIONS OF LITERATURE

PROSE
It refers to a form of written or spoken
language that follows the natural flow of
speech rather than a structured meter or rhyme
pattern, which is common in poetry

POETRY
It can vary widely in form, from traditional
structures like sonnets and haikus to free verse,
which doesn't follow a fixed pattern
 PROSE

PROSE DRAMA
– it consists entirely of dialogues in prose, and is meant to
be acted on stage

ESSAY
– a short literary composition which is expository in nature
– a short piece of writing on a particular subject, where the
author presents their ideas, arguments, or reflections.
 (something invented, imagined or feigned
PROSE FICTION
to be true)

a. Novel - long fictitious narrative with a complicated plot.

It may have a main plot and one or more sub-plots that
develop with the main plot
b. Short Story - a fictitious narrative compressed into one
unit of time, place, and action. It is distinguished from the
novel by its compression
BIOGRAPHY
– a story of a certain peron's life written by another who
knows him (the former) well

AUTOBIOGRAPHY
– a written account of man's life written by himself

LETTER
– a written message which displays aspects of an author's
psychological make-up not immediately apparent in his
more public writings
DIARY
– a daily written record or account of the writer's own
experience, thoughts, activities or observations

JOURNAL
– a magazine or periodical especially of a serious or
learned nature
 OTHER PROSE FORMS:
Historical Prose – dealing with historical events
Scientific Prose – deals with the subject science
Satirical Prose – ridicules the vices and follies of men
Current Publications – books, magazines, or newspapers that are
commonly known or in general usage at the
time specified or unspecified at the present
time
Literary Criticism – the analysis, interpretation, and evaluation of
literary works
Book Review – article dealing with the contents, literary worth, etc.
of a book especially a recently published book
Philosophy Prose – form that deals with the processes governing
thought and conduct
Travel – written account of trips, journey, tours etc. taken by the
writer
Parody – imitation of another author's work
Anecdote – brief narrative conceming a particular individual or
incident
Character Sketch – short description of the qualities and traits of
person
Parable – short tale that illustrate principles
Pamphlet – small book of topic of current interest
Eulogy – writing in praise of a dead person, event or thing
Speech – general word for a discourse delivered to an audience
whether prepared or impromptu
Address – implies a formal, carefully prepared speech and usually
attributes importance to the speaker or the speech
Oration – art of delivering a formal and eloquent speech, often
characterized by a structured and powerful use of
language
Lecture – a carefully prepared speech intended to inform or
instruct the audience
Talk – it refers to a more informal or conversational style
of presentation
Sermon – it refers to a religious or moral discourse delivered
by a religious leader, often during a worship
service
 LITERARY GENRES
Fiction Essay
Poetry Drama
Fiction
- is an imaginative recreation of life.
- It can also be a literary work based on imagination rather than on fact.

Short Story
- often referred to as a “slice of life” is a fictitious narrative
compressed into one unit of time, place and fiction.
Novel
- is a fictitious narrative with a complicated plot, it may have a main
plot and one or more sub-plot that develop with the main plot.
Poetry
- is a type of literature that conveys a thought, describes a scene or
tells a story in a concentrated, lyrical arrangement of words.

Essay
- is a piece of writing, usually from an author's personal point of view.

Drama
- is the portrayal of fictional or non-fictional events through the
performance of written dialog.
 ELEMENTS OF FICTION
Characters Conflict
Setting Plot

1. Characters
- are the representation of human being; persons involved in the story.

Five Ways of Revealing Literary Characters:

What the character do along with the circumstances in which they do it?
How the characters are described?
What are the characters say and think?
What are other characters say about them?
What author say about them?
 Types of Characters
Round Character
- is a dynamic character who recognizes changes in circumstances.
Flat Character
- also known as the stock or the stereotype character who does not
grow and develop.

Characters
Protagonist – hero/heroine
Antagonist – is a foil to the protagonist
Deuteragonist – second importance
Fringe – one who destroyed by his inner conflict
Typical or minor characters
2. Setting
- it is the locale or period in which the action of short story, play,
novel or the motion picture takes place.
3. Conflict
- the struggles or complication involving the characters, the opposition
of person or forces upon which the action depends in drama or fiction.
Types of Conflict
Internal Conflict
- Occurs when the protagonist struggles within himself or herself.
Interpersonal Conflict
- It refers to a disagreement or struggle between two or more people.
External Conflict
- Happen when the protagonist is in conflict with the values of his/her
society.
4. Plot
A casually related sequence of events; what happens as a result of the
main conflict is presented in a structure format.

Narrative Order
- it is the sequence of events.

Chronological – the most common type of narrative order in

children’s book.
Flashback – occurs when the author narrates an event that took
place before the current time of the story.
Time lapse – occurs when the story skips a period of time that
seems unusual compared to the rest of the plot.
 PYRAMIDAL STRUCTURE OF A PLOT

Climax

Denouement
Complication

Exposition Resolution
 PYRAMIDAL STRUCTURE OF A PLOT
Exposition (beginning) – introduce the time, place and main characters of
the story.
Complication (rising action) -unfolds the problems and struggles that
would be encountered by the main characters leading to the crisis.
Climax (result of the crisis) – it is the part where the problem or conflict
is the highest peak of interest for the reader, frequently the highest moment
of interest and greatest emotion.
Denouement – is the untying of the entangled knots or the part that shows a
conflict or a problem is solved, leading to its downwards movement or end.
Resolution (end) – containing the last statement about the story.
 QUALITIES OF THE PLOTS

Exciting- it should be more exciting than the everyday reality

that sorrounds us.

Good structure- the episodes must be arranged effectively. but the

most important element of plot structure is tying all the Incidents
together, so that one leads naturally to another.
 PLOT DEVICES

Flashback- something out of chronological order to reveal information,

to understand a character's nature.

Foreshadowing- a device to give a sign of something to come its

purpose is to create suspense, to keep the readers guessing what will
happen when
Suspense- this is the feeling of excitement or tensions of the
reader's experiences as the action of the plot unfolds.

Surprise Ending- this is an ending that catches the reader off

guard with an unexpected turn of events.

In Media Res- the technique of beginning a story in the

middle of the action, with background information given later
in flashbacks.
 5. Point of View- the writers feeling and attitude
toward his subject, determines who tells the story, it
identifies the narrator of the story (the form of
narration also affects the story itself).

Classification (Point of View)

First Person- the writer uses the pronoun "I". He/she could
be a participant or a character in his own work, the
narrator may be the protagonist, an observer, a minor
character, or the writer himself/herself.
 Third Person-the writer narrator is a character in the
story. He/she narrates the based on what he observed his
opinion. On the other hand, a limited third person is an
outsider/observer who is not part of the story.

Omniscient- the writer narrator sees all; he can see

into the minds of characters and even report everyone's
innermost thoughts.
 6. Mood - the atmosphere and emotional effect generated by the
words, images, situations in a literary work (the emotiona
ambience of the work).

7. Tone-a term used, sometimes broadly, to denote an attitude of

feelin of the speaker or author as conveyed by the language and
its artful arrangement.

8. Symbolisms-stand for something other than themselves, they

bring to mind not their own concrete qualities, but the idea or
obstruction that is associated with them.
9. Images- are usually characterized by concrete qualities rather than
abstract meaning, these appeal to the senses of taste, smell, feel, sound
or sight.

10. Theme- the central or dominating idea in a literary work, it is the

topic or subject of the selection.
 19. Poetry

- derived from thee greek word poesis meaning

“making or creating”.
- Is a kind of language that says more intensely than
ordinary language does.
 Some of best definitions of poetry:

1. Gemino Abad contents that "A poem is a meaningful

organization of words."
2. TS Eliot caterorized poetry as "The fusion of two poles
of mind, emotion and thought."
3. Manuel Viray state that "Poetry is the union of thoughts
and feelings.”
 ELEMENTS OF POETRY
1 . S E N S E
Is revealed through the meaning of words
images and symbols

• Diction - denotative and connotative meanings / symbols.

• Images and sense impression - sight, sound, smell, taste,

touch, motion and emotion.

• Figure of speech - simile, metaphor, personification,

apostrophe, metonymy, synecdoche, hyperbole, irony, allusion,
antithesis, paradox, litotes, oxymoron, onomatopoeia.
 ELEMENTS OF POETRY
2 . S O U N D
is the result of a combination of elements.
• Tone color - alliteration, assonance, consonance, rhyme, repetition,
anaphora.

• Rhythm - ordered recurrent alteration of strong and weak elements in the

flow of the sound and silence: duple, triple, running or common rhyme.

• Meter - stress, duration, or number of syllables per line, fixed metrical

pattern, or a verse for: quantitative, syllabic, accentual and accentual
syllabic.

• Rhyme scheme - formal arrangement of rhymes in stanza or the whole

poem.
 ELEMENTS OF POETRY
3 . S T R U C T U R E
refers to (1) arrangement of words, and lines to fit together,
and (2) the organization of the parts to form a whole.

ELEMENTS OF POETRY
• Word order words - natural and unnatural arrangement of

• Ellipsis - omitting some words for economy and effect.

• Punctuation - abundance or lack of punctuation marks.

• Shape - contextual and visual design: jumps, omission of spaces,

capitalization, lower case.
 TYPES OF POETRY

1 . N A R R A T I V E P O E T R Y

• Epic - a long narrative poem of the largest proportions. A

tale centering about a hero concerning and beginning,
continuance, and the ends of events of great significance -
war, conquest, strife among men who are in such a position
that their struggles take on tribal or national significance.

Example: Biag-Ni-Lam-Ang by Pedro Bukaneg

 TYPES OF POETRY

1 . N A R R A T I V E P O E T R Y
• Metrical Romance - a narrative poem that tells a story of
adventure, love and chivalry. The typical hero is a knight of quest.

• Metrical Tale - a narrative poem consisting usually of a single

series of connective events that are simple idylls or home tales,
love tales, tales of the supernatural or tales written for a strong
moral purpose in verse form.

• Ballad - the simplest type of narrative poetry. It is a short

narrative poem telling a single incident in simple meter and
stanzas. It is intended to be sung.
 TYPES OF POETRY

1 . N A R R A T I V E P O E T R Y
• Popular Ballad - a ballad of wide workmanship telling some simple
incidents of adventures, cruelty, passion, superstition, an incident that
shows the primary instinct man influenced by the restraint of modern
Civil action.

• Modern or Artistic - created by a poet imitation of the folk ballad,

makes use (sometimes with considerable freedom) of many of its
devices and conventions.

• Metrical Allegory- an extended narrative that carries a second

meaning along with the surface story. Things and actions are symbolic.
 TYPES OF POETRY

2 . L Y R I C P O E T R Y
• Ode - a lyric poem of some length serious in subject and dignified in
style. It is the most majestic of the lyric poems. It is written in a spirit of
praise of some persons or things.
Example: Shelley's "Ode to the west wind"

•Elegy - a poem written on the death of a friend of the poet. The ostensible
purpose is to praise the friend, but death prompts the writer to ask, "if death
can intervene so cruelly in life, what is the point of living?" By the end of
the poem, however, we can expect that the poet will have come to terms
with his grief.

Example: The Lover's Death by Ricardo Demetillo

 TYPES OF POETRY

2 . L Y R I C P O E T R Y
• Song - a lyric poem in regular metrical pattern set to music. These have twelve
syllables (dodecasyllabic) and are slowly sung to the accompaniment of a guitar or
banduria.

Example: Florante at Laura by Francisco Balagtas.

• Corridos (kuridos) - these have measures of eight syllables (Octosyllabic) and

recited to a material beat.

Example: Ibong Adarna by Jose Dela Cruz (Huseng Sisiw)

• Sonnet - a lyric poem containing fourteen iambic lines, and a complicated rhyme.

Example: Santang Abad by Alfonso P. Santos

ICE BREAKER
1. It is a standard writing format found in fiction and
nonfiction, but not poetry.
2. It is a dynamic character in a story who is well-
developed and complex.
3. It's tells the story of a real person's life but it written by
someone else.
 4. A narrative poem consisting usually of a single series of
connective events that are simple idylls or home tales, love tales,
tales of the supernatural or tales written for a strong moral purpose
in verse form.
5. It is an ending that catches the reader off guard with an
unexpected turn of events.
 THANK YOU
Presented by: GROUP 1

MEMBERS:
CIEGA, KRISTINE JOY H.
CRUCILLO, NICOLE C.
BONBON, RHAINALYN C.
BUSTAMANTE, AJLE B.