Draft Standard for Comments Only CED 39(26742)WC

October 2024

भारतीय मानक �ूरो मानक भवन, 9, बहादु र शाह ज़फर माग�, नई िद�ी – 110002
Manak Bhawan, 9, Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi – 110002
(उपभो�ा मामले, खा� एवं साव�जिनक िवतरण मंत्रालय, भारत सरकार)
Phones: 23230131 / 2323375 / 23239402
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS Website: www.bis.gov.in, www.manakonline.in
(Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food & Public Distribution, Govt. of India)

�ापक प�रचालन मसौदा

हमारा संदभ� : सीईडी 39/टी- 34 15 अ�ू बर 2024

तकनीकी सिमित : भूकंप इं जीिनय�रं ग अनुभागीय सिमित , सीईडी 39

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िन�िल�खत मानक का मसौदा संल� है:
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संरचनाओं का भूकंप सुर�ा मू�ांकन और पुनः संयोजन

भाग 2 भवन
सीईडी 39(26742)WC
(IS 13935 का दू सरा पुनरी�ण) का भारतीय मानक मसौदा
(आई सी एस सं�ा : 91.120.25)
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सम्मितयाँ भेजने की अंितम ितिथ: 30 नव�र 2024

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Draft Standard for Comments Only CED 39(26742)WC
October 2024

भारतीय मानक �ूरो मानक भवन, 9, बहादु र शाह ज़फर माग�, नई िद�ी – 110002
Manak Bhawan, 9, Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi – 110002
(उपभो�ा मामले, खा� एवं साव�जिनक िवतरण मंत्रालय, भारत सरकार)
Phones: 23230131 / 2323375 / 23239402
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS Website: www.bis.gov.in, www.manakonline.in
(Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food & Public Distribution, Govt. of India)

WIDE CIRCULATION DRAFT

Our Reference: CED 39/T- 34 15 October 2024

TECHNICAL COMMITTEE: EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING SECTIONAL COMMITTEE,
CED 39
ADDRESSED TO:
1. All Members of Civil Engineering Division Council, CEDC
2. All Members of Earthquake Engineering Sectional Committee, CED 39
3. All Members of Subcommittees, Panels and Working Groups under CED 39
4. All others interested.
Dear Sir/Madam,
Please find enclosed the following draft:

Doc No. Title

Draft Indian Standard Earthquake Safety Assessment and

Retrofitting of Structures
CED 39(26742)WC Part 2 Buildings
(Second Revision of IS 13935)
ICS No. 91.120.25
Kindly examine the attached draft and forward your views stating any difficulties which
you are likely to experience in your business or profession, if this is finally adopted as National
Standard.
Last Date for comments: 30 November 2024
Comments if any, may please be made in the enclosed format and emailed at
[email protected] or sent at the above address. Additionally, comments may be sent online
through the BIS e-governance portal, www.manakonline.in.
In case no comments are received or comments received are of editorial nature, kindly
permit us to presume your approval for the above document as finalized. However, in case
comments, technical in nature are received, then it may be finalized either in consultation with
the Chairman, Sectional Committee or referred to the Sectional Committee for further
necessary action if so desired by the Chairman, Sectional Committee.
The document is also hosted on BIS website www.bis.gov.in.
Thanking you,
Yours faithfully,
Sd/-
Dwaipayan Bhadra
Scientist ‘E’ & Head
Civil Engineering Department
Encl: As above
Draft Standard for Comments Only CED 39(26742)WC
October 2024

FORMAT FOR SENDING COMMENTS ON THE DOCUMENT

[Please use A4 size sheet of paper only and type within fields indicated. Comments
on each clause/sub-clause/ table/figure, etc, be stated on a fresh row.
Information/comments should include reasons for comments, technical references
and suggestions for modified wordings of the clause. Comments through e-mail to
[email protected] shall be appreciated.]
Doc. No.: CED 39(26742)WC
BIS Letter Ref: CED 39/T- 34
Title: Draft Indian Standard Earthquake Safety Assessment and Retrofitting of
Structures Part 2 Buildings (Second Revision of IS 13935) ICS No. 91.120.25
Last date of comments: 30 November 2024
Name of the Commentator/ Organization:
______________________________________

Type of
Clause/ Para/ Comment Comments/ Justification of
Sl
Table/ Figure No. (General/ Modified Proposed
No.
commented Technical/ Wordings Change
Editorial)

NOTE- Kindly insert more rows as necessary for each clause/table, etc
Draft Standard for Comments Only CED 39(26742)WC
October 2024
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
DRAFT STANDARD FOR COMMENTS ONLY
(Not to be reproduced without the permission of BIS or used as an Indian Standard)
Draft Indian Standard
Earthquake Safety Assessment and Retrofitting of Structures
Part 2 Buildings
(Second Revision of IS 13935)

Earthquake Engineering Last Date for Comments:

Sectional Committee, CED 39 30 November 2024

FOREWORD

[Formal clause will be added later]

The stock of housing in India alone is over 32 Crores, and the stock of the other
structures is of a comparable number. A significant share of this stock is located in
landmass that is likely to sustain moderate to severe earthquake ground shaking.
Much of this existing stock of structures in India is unregulated construction, owing to
absence of necessary techno-legal process to examine the structural safety of the built
environment at the municipal offices across the country. Past earthquakes in India
show that large losses of life is attributed primarily due to the collapse of structures.
To prevent large losses of lives in earthquakes in future, it is essential to assess and
retrofit structures before the impending earthquakes.

IS 13935 was first published in 1993 with the title ‘Seismic evaluation, repair and
strengthening of masonry buildings — Guidelines’, and revised in 2009. In 2022, to
keep abreast with rapid developments and extensive research carried out worldwide
in earthquake engineering, the Committee decided to present the provisions for
different types of structures in 11 separate parts, namely:

Part 1 General Provisions

Part 3 Liquid Retaining Tanks
Part 4 Bridges and Retaining Walls
Part 5 Industrial Structures
Part 6 Base Isolated Buildings
Part 7 Pipelines
Part 8 Dams and Embankments
Part 9 Coastal Structures
Part 10 Steel Towers
Part 11 Tunnels

These 11 separate parts are created in each of the following standards with revised
titles as:

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October 2024
a) IS 1893 Design earthquake hazard and criteria for earthquake resistant design
of structures;
b) IS 13920 Earthquake resistant design & detailing of structures; and
c) IS 13935 Earthquake safety assessment and retrofitting of structures.

In this second revision, the following changes have been made:

a) Earthquake hazard levels are specified for design of retrofit, depending on the
age of the structure;
b) Levels of assessment of a structure are specified;
c) Load combinations to be used are specified when performing structural analysis
for assessment or retrofit;
d) Virtues are identified, which need to be improved by global and local retrofit of
the structure; and
e) Requirements are specified related to configuration, stiffness, strength and
deformability of the structure to qualify retrofit options.

In India, on one side, the stock of structures is large, typologies are many, and
variations within each typology are significant. And, on the other side, the professional
services are of varying competence. Hence, there are many nuances in assessment
of structures to resist earthquake. In the development of this standard, this was
recognized, and the evaluation of structures to examine their sufficiency to resist the
earthquake shaking effects is recommended to be performed at five levels, namely:

a) Level 0 Basic prioritization,

b) Level 1 Field assessment,
c) Level 2 Preliminary quantitative (hand-calculation) evaluation,
d) Level 3 Basic quantitative (code compliance) evaluation, and
e) Level 4 Detailed quantitative (nonlinear) evaluation.

The assessment at Levels 0 and 1 are qualitative assessment, while the evaluations
at Levels 2 to 4 are quantitative evaluations. This telescopic method provides a way
of prioritizing the structures for earthquake assessment and retrofit. The standard is
expected to be used by competent engineers, who have sufficient experience of
having designed sufficient number of structures and have a reasonably good
understanding of loads, structural behavior and structural design to sustain and resist
the effects of loading.

A general guidance on the cost of retrofitting of buildings (as a percentage of the

reconstruction project cost, excluding the cost of land) is:

a) In office and residential buildings, if the cost of retrofit is:

1) Less than 30 percent, it is best to implement the retrofit scheme,

2) More than 50 percent, it is best to reconstruct, and
3) Between 30 percent to 50 percent, more considerations are needed on
downtime and funding to decide either way (retrofit or reconstruct),

b) In critical & lifeline buildings, if the cost of retrofit is:

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Draft Standard for Comments Only CED 39(26742)WC
October 2024
1) Less than 50 percent, it is best to implement the retrofit scheme,
2) More than 70 percent, it is best to reconstruct, and
3) Between 50 percent to 70 percent, more considerations are needed on
downtime and funding to decide either way (retrofit or reconstruct), and

c) In heritage buildings, the cost of retrofit is viewed from many other

considerations that are beyond the scope of this standard. Hence, the decision
to retrofit or not is more involved.

This guidance should be considered along with the broad principle of prioritization for
undertaking the retrofitting work in a phased manner as per CED 39 (26741) (Part 1),
that is starting from: (a) the buildings in earthquake zone VI and eventually buildings
in earthquake zone II, and (b) the special and critical buildings and eventually
important and normal buildings. Owners of privately owned buildings also shall adopt
this guidance, even though the costs are to be borne by them.

In the preparation of this standard, effort has been made to coordinate with standards
and practices prevailing in different countries in addition to relating it to the practices
in the field in this country. Assistance has particularly been derived from the following
publications:

a) ISO 16711 (2021) Requirements for Seismic assessment and retrofit of

concrete structures, 2nd Edition, The International Standards Organisation
b) Brzev,S.N., and Begaliev,U., (2018), Practical Seismic Design and
Construction Manual for Retrofitting Schools in the Kyrgyz Republic, The World
Bank.

The units used with the items covered by the symbols shall be consistent throughout
this standard, unless specifically noted otherwise.

This standard contributes to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 9:

‘Industry, innovation and infrastructure’, particularly its target to develop quality,
reliable, sustainable and resilient infrastructure, and also promote inclusive and
sustainable industrialization.

The composition of the Committee responsible for the formulation of this standard is
given in Annex B.

For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this standard is

complied with, the final value observed or calculated, expressing the result of a test or
analysis, shall be rounded off in accordance with IS 2: 2022 'Rules for rounding off
numerical values (second revision)'. The number of significant places retained in the
rounded off value should be the same as that of the specified value in this standard.

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Draft Standard for Comments Only CED 39(26742)WC
October 2024
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
DRAFT STANDARD FOR COMMENTS ONLY
(Not to be reproduced without the permission of BIS or used as an Indian Standard)
Draft Indian Standard
Earthquake Safety Assessment and Retrofitting of Structures
Part 2 Buildings
(Second Revision of IS 13935)

Earthquake Engineering Last Date for Comments:

Sectional Committee, CED 39 30 November 2024

1 SCOPE

1.1 The provisions of this standard are applicable to:

a) Existing masonry and concrete buildings for assessing their adequacy to resist
design earthquake shaking; and retrofitting them to make them earthquake
resistant. and
b) New masonry and concrete buildings for evaluating their earthquake
performance under design earthquake shaking.

1.2 The provisions of this standard are not applicable to the buildings built with:

a) Precast concrete components,

b) Prestressed members, and
c) Pre-engineered members.

2 REFERENCES

The standards given in Annex A contain provisions which, through reference in this
text, constitute provisions of this standard. At the time of publication, the editions
indicated were valid. All standards are subject to revision and parties to agreements
based on this standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the
most recent editions of the standards given in Annex A.

3 TERMINOLOGY

For the purpose of this standard, definitions given below shall apply to all structures,
in general. Reference may be made to the following standards for definitions of terms
pertaining to:

a) Effects due to earthquakes: IS 1893 and IS 13920; and

b) Loads other than due to earthquakes: IS 875 (Parts 1 to 5).

3.1 Acceptance Criteria — Limiting values of structure characteristics (such as lateral

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Draft Standard for Comments Only CED 39(26742)WC
October 2024
drift, lateral strength and lateral inelastic deformation) used to determine the
acceptability of a component.

3.2 Action — Internal stress resultants (axial load, shear force, bending moment and
torsional moment) and deformations (strains, deflections and rotations) developed in
a member due to externally applied load or displacement on the structure.

3.3 Diaphragm — A horizontal plate-like element in a structure, which participates in

transferring the earthquake-induced lateral inertial forces, between the vertical and
inclined components of the structure resisting the said lateral inertial forces.

3.3.1 Flexible Diaphragm — An element that deforms in its own horizontal plane, such
that the maximum lateral displacement measured from the chord of the deformed
shape at any point of the element is more than 1.5 times the average displacement of
the entire element.

3.3.2 Rigid Diaphragm — An element that deforms in its own horizontal plane, such
that the maximum lateral displacement measured from the chord of the deformed
shape at any point of the element is less than 1.5 times the average displacement of
the entire element.

3.4 Infill — A panel of masonry placed within a steel or concrete frame. Panels
separated from the surrounding frame by a gap are termed isolated infills. A panel in
tight contact with a frame around its full perimeter is termed a shear infill.

3.5 Jacketing — A method by which an existing concrete column or concrete beam

is covered along the perimeter with steel plates, reinforced concrete or fiber reinforced
plastic sheets.

3.6 Load-Bearing Wall — A wall designed to carry applied vertical load in addition
to its own weight, together with any lateral load.

3.7 Pounding — Two adjacent buildings impact during earthquake excitation,

because they are too close together.

3.8 Short Column — A vertical member of a building, whose behaviour is controlled

largely by axial and shearing deformations and not by bending deformations.

3.9 Strengthening Method — A procedure for the reduction of earthquake

vulnerability of the building.

4 SYMBOLS

For the purpose of this standard, symbols and notations given below shall apply to all
structures, in general. For symbols and notations pertaining to:

a) Earthquake effects, reference may be made to IS 1893 (Part 1 to Part 11) and
IS 13920 (Part 1 to Part 11); and
b) Loads other than due to earthquakes, reference may be made to IS 875 (Part
1 to Part 5).

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Draft Standard for Comments Only CED 39(26742)WC
October 2024

SECTION 1 GENERAL PROVISIONS FOR ALL BUILDINGS

5 ASSESSMENT OF EARTHQUAKE SAFETY OF ALL BUILDINGS

5.1 The need for assessing and/or retrofitting buildings may arise from any of the
following reasons:

a) Deterioration of the materials over time,

b) Change of use proposed by the owner,
c) Changes in design codes, and
d) Requirement of statutory bodies.

The provisions specified hereunder are applicable to buildings not damaged by

earthquake shaking and not to buildings damaged by earthquake shaking. The
assessment of existing structures shall be performed as per the philosophies,
principles and requirements specified hereunder.

5.2 General Provisions

a) Buildings shall be assessed as per the 5-level assessment procedure specified

in CED 39 (26741) (Part 1).
b) Single- or two-storey buildings (not housing essential services required for post-
earthquake disaster management activities) of total plinth area less than 30 m2
are exempted from level 3 simplified quantitative assessment or level 4 detailed
quantitative assessment even when level 2 detailed qualitative assessment
indicates deficiencies and where earthquake retrofitting is carried out to remedy
those deficiencies.

5.3 Building Information

The data mentioned hereunder shall be ascertained regarding the building to be

assessed.

5.3.1 Data Available

The following information shall be collected:

a) Basic information, including details of inspection team, building identity,

structural system, structural components and occupancy.
b) In-situ soil investigations, by fresh investigations, if not available already with
the owner,
c) Original design basis reports (DBRs) and structural design calculations,
d) Architectural and structural drawings,
e) Current member condition, by fresh investigations conducted within the last 1
month of the assessment, and
f) In-situ material properties, by fresh investigations conducted within the last 1
year of the assessment.

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Draft Standard for Comments Only CED 39(26742)WC
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5.3.2 Data Unavailable

Any information that is unavailable (for whatsoever reason) in 5.6, the same shall be
recorded explicitly for suitable decision making when dealing with requirements of
5.6.1 and 5.6.2.

5.4 Method of Assessment

The methods of assessment admissible are specified hereunder.

a) Working Stress Method shall be employed for assessing masonry buildings,
subject to following modifications:

1) The factors of safety on material strengths shall be taken as specified in IS

1905, but to be applied on the mean values of strengths obtained from fresh
investigations, and not on the characteristic values of the original material
at the time of construction, and
2) The design loads shall be taken as specified in 7.5 of CED 39 (22343); and

b) Limit State Method shall be employed for assessing reinforced concrete

buildings, subject to the following modifications:

1) Partial safety factors on material strengths shall be taken as specified in IS

456, but applied on the mean values of strengths obtained from fresh
investigations, and not on the characteristic values of the original material
at the time of construction; and
2) The design loads shall be taken as specified in 7.5 of CED 39 (22343).

5.5 Assessment of Earthquake Lateral Force Demand

For Level 2, 3 and 4 assessments of buildings, the earthquake demand shall be

estimated as per CED 39 (22343) and CED 39 (22345) as specified hereunder.

5.5.1 Importance Factor (I)

The importance factor I shall be taken as 1.0.

5.5.2 Elastic Force Reduction Factor (R)

The elastic force reduction factor R for buildings with different structural systems shall
be taken as per Table 5 of CED 39 (22345) and others shall be as per Table 1.

5.5.3 Assessment Acceleration Coefficient

The assessment level earthquake lateral and vertical accelerations shall be estimated
as per procedure specified in 5.2.3.1 of CED 39 (22345), with the return period of
earthquake hazard taken as per Table 2.

5.5.4 Assessment Level Earthquake Lateral and Vertical Forces

The assessment level earthquake lateral and vertical forces shall be estimated by the

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Draft Standard for Comments Only CED 39(26742)WC
October 2024
same procedure as the design level earthquake lateral force specified in 5.2.3 of CED
39 (22345), but using:

a) Importance factor as specified in 5.5.1,

b) Elastic force reduction factor R as specified in 5.5.2, and
c) Design lateral and vertical accelerations as specified in 5.5.3.

5.5.5 Load Combinations

The earthquake loads estimated in 5.5.4 shall be combined with the other loads as per
load combinations specified in 5.3.2 of CED 39 (26741) (Part 1) with the return period
of earthquake hazard taken as per Table 2.

Table 1 Elastic Force Reduction Factor R for Buildings with Structural

Systems [not provided in CED 39 (22345)]
(Clause 5.5.2)

Sl Structural System R
No.
(1) (2) (3)
i) Load-Bearing Masonry Buildings with
Unreinforced masonry walls (designed and detailed as per IS 1905) 1.5
and
Special RC Structural Walls without boundary elements (SSWs–
RC-NBE) (designed and detailed as per IS 13920)
Unreinforced masonry walls (designed and detailed as per IS 1905) 1.5
and
Special RC Structural Walls with boundary elements (SSWs–RC-
BE) (single SW, or coupled SW) (designed and detailed as per IS
13920)
ii) Reinforced Concrete Buildings with Moment Frames
Ordinary Moment Resisting Frames (OMRFs–RC) (designed and 3.0
detailed as per IS 456) and
SSWs–RC-NBE (designed and detailed as per IS 13920)
OMRFs–RC (designed and detailed as per IS 456) and 3.0
SSWs–RC-BE (single SW, or coupled SW) (designed and detailed
as per IS 13920)
OMRF-RC with Flat slab (designed and detailed as per IS 456) and 3.0
SSWs–RC-NBE (designed and detailed as per IS 13920)
OMRF-RC with Flat slab (designed and detailed as per IS 456) and 3.0
SSWs–RC-BE (single SW, or coupled SW) (designed and detailed
as per IS 13920)

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October 2024

Table 2 Return Period TRP (years) to be used for the Earthquake

Safety Assessment and Retrofit
(Clause 5.5.3 and 5.5.5)

Building’s Return Period TRP (years)

Sub-Category Masonry Buildings Concrete Buildings
(1) (2) (3)
1 175 475
2 275 975
3 475 2 475
4 975 4 975

5.5.6 Structural Analysis

For Level 2, 3 and 4 assessments of buildings, the stress-resultant demands on

members shall be estimated as specified hereunder.

5.5.6.1 Level 2 assessment

In Level 2 assessment, only storey shear forces are required. Hence, this assessment
shall be based on estimation of lateral shear forces considering only equilibrium
equations.

5.5.6.1 Level 3 and Level 4 assessments

In Level 3 and 4 assessments, member stress-resultants and nodal deformations are

required. Hence, these assessments shall be based on formal structural analysis
considering all three sets of governing equations, namely equilibrium equations,
compatibility conditions and constitutive laws.

a) Analytical Model

All concrete as well as masonry elements shall be included in the model, which
shall be prepared as per 5.3.1 of CED 39 (26741) (Part 1). The effective section
properties of members shall be taken as per Table 2 of CED 39 (22345) in the
linear structural analysis of buildings.

b) Method of Analysis

The analytical model of the building shall be prepared as per 5.3.1 of CED 39
(26741) (Part 1).

5.6 Assessment of Earthquake Capacity

The provisions given hereunder shall be applicable when estimating assessment of

earthquake capacity of the structure.

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October 2024

5.6.1 Material Strength

The probable current strengths of materials of existing buildings shall be estimated by

any of these two methods:

a) Using on-site non-destructive and laboratory tests on a series of samples taken

from the building. Field tests are indicative tests and shall be supplemented
with appropriate laboratory studies for guiding decision making on accurate
quantitative results; and
b) Using probable original material strengths given in the original building
documents (if available) multiplied with default values of Knowledge Factor K
given in Table 3 to account for uncertainties in the reliability of the available
information and of the present condition of the members.

Table 3 Knowledge Factor K on Original Strengths of Materials

(Clause 5.6.1)

Knowledge
Sl No. Description of Building
Factor (K)
(1) (2) (3)
i) Original construction documents available, including post- 1.0
construction activities, such as modification to structure,
and testing of materials undertaken of existing structure
Documentation as in Sl No.(i) above, and no testing of
ii) 0.9
materials
iii) Documentation as in Sl No.(i) above, no testing of 0.8
materials, and
minor deterioration of original condition
iv) Incomplete but useable original construction documents, 0.7
and no testing of materials
v) Incomplete or no documents available, but extensive 0.7
testing and inspection done to establish current strengths
of load resisting members
vi) Documentation as in Sl No.(iv) above, limited inspection, 0.6
and
verification of structural members, or materials test results
with large variation
vii) Little knowledge of details of a component 0.5

5.6.2 Member Strength

The probable current design capacity of members of existing buildings shall be

estimated using the procedures given in sections 1 and 2 of IS 13920 (Parts 1 and 2)
for masonry buildings and sections 1 and 3 of IS 13920 (Parts 1 and 2) for concrete
buildings. The materials strength shall be obtained as per 5.6.1.

The member strengths obtained above shall be multiplied by the Member Condition
Factor C specified in Table 4 for masonry buildings and Table 5 for concrete buildings.

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Table 4 Member Condition Factor C for Members of Masonry Buildings

(Clause 5.6.2)

Sl Deficiency in Members Member

No. Condition
Factor C
(1) (2) (3)
i) All of the following:
a) Masonry units
No deterioration is visible of masonry units.
b) Masonry joints
Mortar cannot be easily scraped away from the joints by hand 1.0
or with a metal tool. And, mortar has not eroded in any area
of the masonry wall.
c) Cracks in walls
No crack is visible of masonry walls.
ii) All of the following:
a) Masonry units
No deterioration is visible of masonry units.
b) Masonry joints
Mortar cannot be easily scraped away from the joints by hand
or with a metal tool. And, mortar has not eroded in any area of
the masonry wall. 0.8
c) Cracks in walls
Cracks visible in masonry walls.
Cracks do not pass through walls and are not more than 3 mm
thick on the outer face.
There is no out-of-plane offsets in the bed joint more than 3
mm.
iii) Any of the following:
a) Masonry units
Deterioration is visible of masonry units.
b) Masonry joints
Mortar can be easily scraped away from the joints by hand or
with a metal tool. And, mortar has eroded in some area of the
0.5
masonry wall.
c) Cracks in walls
Cracks visible in masonry walls.
Cracks pass through walls and are more than 3 mm thick on
the outer face.
There is out-of-plane offsets in the bed joint more than 3 mm.

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Table 5 Member Condition Factor C for Members of Concrete Buildings

(Clause 5.6.2)

Member
Sl
Deficiency in Members Condition
No.
Factor C
(1) (2) (3)
i) All of the following:
a) Concrete
No deterioration is visible in concrete
No crack is visible in the member
b) Longitudinal reinforcement
1.0
No longitudinal crack is visible in concrete
c) Transverse reinforcement
Transverse ties are not exposed
d) Member sizes
(EI/L) of columns is more than that of the beams
ii) All of the following:
a) Concrete
No deterioration is visible in concrete
No shear crack but flexural cracks are visible in the member
b) Longitudinal reinforcement
No dilation is visible of concrete 0.9
No longitudinal crack is visible in concrete
c) Transverse reinforcement
Transverse ties are not exposed.
d) Member Sizes
(EI/L) of columns is more than that of the beams.
iii) All of the following:
a) Concrete
Deterioration is visible in concrete
No shear cracking but flexural cracks are visible in the
member
b) Longitudinal reinforcement 0.7
Longitudinal cracks are visible in concrete
c) Transverse reinforcement
Transverse ties are not exposed
d) Member sizes
(EI/L) of columns is more than that of the beams
iv) Any of the following:
a) Concrete
Deterioration is visible in concrete
Shear cracking is visible in the member 0.5
b) Longitudinal reinforcement
Longitudinal cracks are visible in concrete
Longitudinal bars are exposed by spalling of concrete

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Longitudinal bars are corroded
c) Transverse reinforcement
Dilation is visible of concrete
Transverse bars are exposed by spalling of concrete
Transverse bars are corroded
d) Member sizes
(EI/L) of columns is less than that of the beams

5.7 Acceptance Criteria

A building is said to be acceptable, if:

a) Requirements given in 5.7.1 are satisfied by all members; or

b) Requirements given in 5.7.1 are satisfied by all critical members (that is members
of lateral force resisting system) and by most of the remaining members, and it is
established that the failure of the remaining members that do not meet the
requirements given in 5.7.1, shall not lead to loss of stability of the building or
initiate its progressive collapse. This shall be established by a nonlinear analysis
(such as Pushover Analysis) carried out up to the collapse load.

Else, the building shall be declared to undergo retrofit, and the deficiencies shall be
identified at the structure and member levels.

A retrofitted building also shall meet the above acceptance criteria.

5.7.1 Special Requirements

a) Strength

In all members, the demand-capacity strength ratios of all stress-resultants (as

specified in the respective standards, namely IS 1905 for masonry members,
IS 456 for concrete members and IS 800 for steel members) shall be less than
1.

b) Stiffness

The lateral inter-storey drifts shall be less than the values permissible in 5.2.2.2
of CED 39 (22345), under the action of earthquake load combinations specified
in 7.5 of CED 39 (22343) but with the earthquake load taken as per 5.5.

5.8 Identification of Deficiencies

The checks on the compliance of the various provisions shall be used to identify the
following deficiencies in level 2, 3 and 4 assessments:

a) at the overall structure level, and

b) at the member level.

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6 EARTHQUAKE RETROFIT OF ALL BUILDINGS

This clause outlines earthquake retrofit options and strategies at a general level, and
describes a methodology for the design of the retrofit measures as modifications to
correct/reduce earthquake deficiency identified during the evaluation specified in 5.7.

A retrofit measure adopted shall enhance the required characteristic of the existing
building in which it is deficient. This standard addresses the following characteristics
of the building:

a) Structural integrity,
b) Structural configuration,
c) Overall lateral stiffness,
d) Overall lateral strength, and
e) Overall lateral deformability.

It shall be demonstrated quantitatively that the retrofit measure adopted does enhance
the characteristic(s) required to be met with by the building, as per Table 4 and Table
5.

6.1 Strategies of Retrofit

To overcome the deficiencies identified in 5.8, two options shall be explored, namely:

a) Reduce the earthquake demand on the building, or/and

b) Enhance capacities of the structure and members.

6.1.1 Reduce Earthquake Demand

The following are options for reducing earthquake demand on members:

a) Modify the functional use of the buildings, towards reducing the mass of the
building,
b) Introduce new stiff and strong structural elements in the building, towards
diverting most of the earthquake lateral force to the new elements added (such
as structural walls and braces), and relieve most of the existing members from
the earthquake deformation demand and stress-resultants, and
c) Introduce new:

1) Supplemental Energy Dissipation Devices in the different storeys of existing

buildings, towards increasing damping in the building and reducing its
overall reduction in lateral displacement. This measure is most effective in
buildings that are relatively flexible and are designed to sustain inelastic
deformation. and
2) Base Isolation Devices at the base of the existing building, towards reducing
the earthquake demands on the elements of the building. This measure is
most effective in relatively stiff buildings with low heights and large mass
compared to light and flexible structures.

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6.1.2 Increase Earthquake Capacity

The options for enhancing earthquake capacity of members are provided in 6.2.

6.2 Levels of Retrofit

Depending on the structure or member deficiency identified in 5.8, retrofit measures

may be considered at any or all of the system, member and material levels.

6.2.1 System Level

In buildings where more than a few critical members and components do not have
adequate strength and ductility, an effective way is to strengthen the whole structure
so that the overall displacement demands shall be reduced. The force demands may
be enhanced in some other elements, which, in turn, may require further
strengthening; this shall be examined suitably. Introducing structural walls and braces
are effective ways of adding stiffness and strength.

6.2.1.1 Improve structural integrity

Brittle and weak buildings have poor integrity, that is members have insufficient
stiffness and strength to resist the overall deformation and force demands induced
during earthquakes. Appropriate measure shall be identified to enhance the overall
integrity of the building, towards precluding local failure of members that cause partial
or full collapse of buildings.

6.2.1.2 Reduce structural irregularity

Irregularities related to distribution of strength, stiffness and mass result in poor

earthquake performance. Often, these irregularities exist because of discontinuity of
structural members. Simple removal of such discontinuities may reduce earthquake
demand on other structural components to acceptable levels.

a) Mass

Mass irregularity can be reduced by changing functional use of the building,

and therefore reducing the mass at locations where it is considered to be higher.

b) Stiffness

Unsymmetrical strength in the plan of buildings (causing twisting in buildings

during elastic response of buildings) can be corrected by introducing new stiff
structural elements at locations where the lateral stiffness is considered to be
lesser. The best suited location shall be determined by examining the elastic
modes of vibrations of buildings.

An effective measure to correct vertical irregularities such as soft and/or weak

storey is the addition of structural walls and braces within the deficient storey.
Structural walls and braces may be used effectively to balance stiffness and
mass distribution within a storey to reduce torsional irregularity. Structural walls

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and braces shall be placed such that they form an integral part of load path for
flow of lateral loads.

c) Strength

Unsymmetrical strength in the plan of buildings (causing twisting in buildings

during inelastic response of buildings) can be corrected by introducing new stiff
structural elements at locations where the lateral stiffness is considered to be
lesser. The best suited location shall be determined by examining the inelastic
response of buildings.

d) Twisting

Structural walls and braces shall be constructed along each orthogonal plan
direction on opposite side of shear center, and as far away from the shear
center as possible to offer torsional resistance to the entire structure. The center
of lateral resistance of the complete structure at a floor level after adding the
structural walls and braces shall be such that its eccentricity with respect to
center of mass is reduced to a minimum.

e) Seismic joints

Movement gaps shall be provided between two portions of a building with

irregular plan geometry to separate the building into a number of regular
independent buildings. But, care shall be taken to provide sufficient wide gaps
between the separated parts of the building to avoid them from pounding on
each other during earthquake shaking.

6.2.1.3 Increase soil strength

When required, ground improvement measures shall be employed to improve the soil.
Vibro-compaction or soil replacement may be adopted to consolidate the underlying
soil and thereby strengthen and stiffen it.

6.2.2 Member Level

This level of retrofit shall be undertaken only after it is established that the building
meets the system deficiencies. Further:

a) Buildings with a sufficient level of strength and stiffness at the structure level
may have some members (or components), which lack adequate strength,
stiffness or ductility. If such deficient members are small in number, an
economical and appropriate strategy is to modify these deficient members
alone while retaining the existing lateral-force resisting system.
b) Member level modification shall be undertaken to improve strength, stiffness
and/or ductility of deficient members and their connections. For instance,
modifications may be made to meet the desired strength demand-capacity ratio.
c) Member level strengthening measures that enhance ductility of the member
without significantly increasing its strength/stiffness are useful when analysis
indicates that a few members of the lateral-load resisting system are deficient.

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For instance, modifications may be made to meet the desired plastic rotation
capacity of specific members.

6.2.3 Material Level

Brittle materials (like masonry and concrete) have low material ductility, and hence
cannot resist plastic deformations; this limits the overall deformability of buildings. The
retrofit measures can increase tensile and compressive strengths of materials, which
together enhance ultimate compressive strain of the material, and thereby the overall
strain ductility capacity of the material.

One action that addresses both of these needs is confinement of the material. Hence,
methods of confinement have been devised to enhance the material strain capacities.

6.3 Strategy

The following additional strategies shall be adopted:

a) Global safety of the building is assured first, before examining the local
effects; and
b) Local failures shall be precluded by examining that:
1) Provisions of CED 39 (25408) are complied with; and
2) Architectural Elements and Utilities are safe as per the demands estimated
by CED 39 (22343) and resistance estimated by CED 39 (22345).

6.4 Choice of Retrofit Scheme

The potential scheme of retrofit are filtered through the following sequence:

6.4.1 Available Options

The potential alternatives of retrofit schemes that require the least modifications to the
existing structure are considered as available options of retrofit.

6.4.2 Feasible Alternatives

Of the short-listed available options of retrofit, those which can be implemented at site
without excessive disruption to the occupants of the structure are considered as
feasible alternatives of retrofit.

6.4.2 Active Options

Of the short-listed feasible options of retrofit, those whose costs are most reasonable
are the active options.

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SECTION 2 ADDITIONAL PROVISIONS FOR MASONRY BUILDINGS

7 ASSESSMENT

The method of assessment specified hereunder is applicable to the masonry

buildings made of:

a) Brick masonry units only,

b) Stone masonry units only,
c) Cement block masonry units only, and
d) Hybrid brick-stone masonry.

7.1 Levels of Assessment

Buildings shall be assessed as per the telescopic method specified in 5.1 and Fig. 1
of CED 39 (26741) (Part 1). The use of Level 0 Assessment for movement to the
higher levels of assessment also shall be guided by the said provision.

The basic information of a masonry building shall be recorded as per Table 6.

7.1.1 Level 0: Basic Prioritization

The basic information of a masonry building shall be recorded as per Table 6. The
impact of the basic prioritization as low, medium and high shall be taken as per Table
1 of CED 39 (26741) (Part 1).

7.1.2 Level 1: Field Assessment

The Field Assessment of a masonry building shall be performed as per:

a) Table 7 for examining life threatening factors, and

b) Table 8 for examining economic loss inducing factors.

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Table 6 Basic Information of Masonry Buildings needed for
Level 0 Assessment
(Clause 7.1 and 7.1.1)

TYPE DETAILS
(1) (2)
Inspection Identificati
Team on Date Time

Inspector 1 Inspector 2 Inspector 3

Building Building
Identity Name Address Coordinates

N__________º

E__________º
Structural Load- Igneous Rocks Others
System bearing Sedimentary Rocks (Please describe)
Masonry Slate Blocks
with (Tick ________________
ONE) __
Structural Floor RC Slab Others
Components System Timber Planks & Beams (Please describe)
(Tick ONE)
________________
__
Roof Material Geometry
System RC Slab Flat
(Tick ONE) Wooden Truss with Clay Tiles Pitched
Corrugated Sheets Hipped
Wood Planks Others
Steel Truss with (Please describe)
Corrugated Sheeting Roof
Others (Please describe) ________________
__________________________ _
__
Wall Cement Mud
Masonry Lime Others
Mortar (Please describe)
(Tick ONE)
________________
__
Occupancy Residential Individual House Apartment
(Tick ONE) Education School College
al Institute or University

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Lifeline Hospital Police Station

Fire Station Power Station
Water Plant Sewage Plant
Commerci Hotel Shopping
al Recreational
Office Government Private
Mixed Use Residential-Commercial Residential-
Industrial
Others Please describe
________________________________________

Basic Prioritization
Priority
i) The structure was designed originally to resist earthquake effects, but
a) The structure is being modified to carry heavier Yes Low
loading No
b) Standard is revised and the provisions are more Yes Medium
stringent related to: No
1) Design earthquake hazard, and/or
2) Design and detailing of structures
c) Structure is being extended and/or modified Yes Medium
No
d) The structure is damaged (not by an Yes High
earthquake) and/or deteriorated substantially No
ii) The structure was not designed originally to resist Yes High
earthquake effects. No
iii) “No” in all of the above Low

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Table 7 Level 1 Assessment of Masonry Buildings for
Life Threatening Factors
(Clause 7.1.2)

Sl No. Feature Parameters (Tick all applicable) Tag

(1) (2) (3) (4)
i) Siting and Building has at least one of the following
Ground 1) Site is an old failed landslide or fissured land. Red
Issues 2) Site rests on hill slopes or adjacent to hill slopes, Red
which are vulnerable to sliding during
earthquakes.
3) Site rests on adjoining a damaged, tilted or uphill Red
building.
4) Ground is a river terrace that can slide or creep. Red
5) Ground is vulnerable to falling debris from uphill. Yellow
ii) Soil and Building has at least one of the following
Foundation 1) Soil underneath is likely to undergo uneven
Red
Conditions settlement.
2) Soil underneath is susceptible to liquefaction. Red
3) Soil is weak or non-uniform soil along the long
Yellow
dimension in plan.
iii) Architecture Building has at least one of the following
Features and 1) Outer dimensions at plinth level less than those Red
Elements at the top in any of the two plan directions.
2) Vertical projections and horizontal overhangs Red
are large, heavy and unanchored.
3) Upper storeys are heavier than the lower ones. Red
4) Location is adjacent to damaged building. Red
5) Plan aspect ratio is more than 3. Yellow
6) Plan geometry is irregular. Yellow
7) Water tanks on roof are unanchored. Yellow
8) Room sizes and storey heights are large. Yellow
9) Cantilever balconies or sunshades are large or Yellow
heavy.
10) Windows openings are more than 50% of the Yellow
length of the wall.
iv) Structural Building has at least one of the following
Aspects 1) Adjoining building is too close and likely to pound Red
with it.
2) Building is tilted or adjoins another unsafe Red
building with no gap.
3) Staircase or stair cabin is damaged. Red
4) Plinth masonry is severely damaged. Red
5) Masonry walls are of half brick or brick on edge. Red
6) Masonry walls have separated at the corners. Red
7) No lintel band is present if roof is flat, no gable Red
band if roof is sloped, and no eaves levels if the
roof is pitched.

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8) Floor-wall junction is separated with walls going Red
out-of-plumb.
9) An open storey exists at ground or any other Red
level with slender piers.
10) Masonry walls are thick and separated into Red
wythes.
11) The adjoining building has settled unevenly. Red
12) Horizontal projections or overhangs rest on 1 Red
brick or 1½ brick thick unreinforced masonry
walls.
13) Roof has slid horizontally over the masonry Red
walls.
14) Masonry wall is crushed at its all base or at any Red
other level.
15) Openings in walls are large and close to corners Red
and wall junctions.
16) Walls are unsymmetrically positioned along each
Yellow
plan direction.
v) Material & Building has at least one of the following
Construction 1) Mud mortar and units in walls are significantly
Yellow
Details deteriorated.
2) Mortar is not used or eroded at bed and head
Yellow
joints in walls.
3) Quality of units and mortar is poor. Yellow
4) Quality of construction is poor. Yellow
vi) All None of the above Green
RATING
If GREEN flag only If YELLOW flags only If at least one RED Flag
with no RED or YELLOW with no RED Flag
Flag Perform at least Perform
Perform Level 3 Assessment Level 4 Assessment
Level 2 Assessment
SUGGESTED INTERVENTIONS
Actions
Building to be SEALED YES NO
Building to be DEMOLISHED YES NO

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Table 8 Level 1 Assessment of Masonry Buildings for
Economic Loss Inducing Factors
(Clause 7.1.2)

Sl No. Feature Parameters (Circle all applicable penalty points) Penalty

(1) (2) (3) (4)
i) Siting and a) Building has the following Siting Issues
Ground 1) The house is on sloped ground with access to
Issues house at two/three levels, that is ground middle 5
floor and roof.
2) The house is built on unstable ground that can
5
slide or liquefy.
Sub-total (Maximum Total Penalty Points is 5)
ii) Soil and a) Suitability of soil
Foundation 1) The soil is soft soil, that is,______________. 2
Conditions 2) The soil is weak soil, that is,______________. 2
3) The water table is high, that
1
is,_____________.
4) The soil is moist in most months of the year,
2
that is, ______________.
Foundation b) Suitability of foundation
1) The strip foundation is of masonry and resting
2
on a non-uniform base.
2) The plinth masonry is uncoursed in the strip
2
foundation.
3) The strip foundation is of RC and resting on soft
1
soil.
4) The foundation is a discontinuous RC beam. 4
5) The foundation is a discontinuous RC beam
2
and resting on soft soil.
Sub-total (Maximum Total Penalty Points is 5)
iii) Architecture a) Plan Shape
Features 1) The sizes of the rooms are large, that is,
5
and ______________.
Elements 2) The rooms are oriented irregularly. 3
3) The overall shape of the building is complex,
5
with reentrant corners.
b) Elevation profile
1) The building is wider at the top. 5
2) The building is heavier at the top. 5
3) The building has large projections and
3
overhangs, that is, __________.
4) The building has a split roof. 5
5) The building has large storey heights, that is,
5
__________.
6) The building has different storey heights, that
5
is, __________.
7) The location of staircase is unsymmetrical in
5
the plan of the building.

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c) Openings
1) The building has a rare single window close to
1
corners.
2) About half of openings in the building are close
2
to the corners.
3) Almost all openings in the building are close to
4
the corners.
4) The window openings are large in size, that is,
4
______________.
5) The door openings are large in size, that is,
6
______________.
d) Distance from adjacent building
1) The building touches an adjoining building. 3
2) The building is at a small distance from an
6
adjoining building, that is, ______________.
e) Parapets and objects on roof, and projections
1) The projections and overhangs are not secured
10
to the structural system.
2) The projections and overhangs are large and
10
heavy.
f) Staircases
1) The staircase is narrow. 1
2) The staircases are too few for the footprint of
2
the building.
3) The staircases are too far to reach. 3
4) The staircase is poorly constructed. 4
g) Water tanks
1) The water tanks on rooftop are large in size,
1
that is, ______________.
2) The water tanks are placed in the middle of the
2
rooms.
3) The water tanks are not anchored to the
6
structural system.
h) Number of storeys
1) 3 – 4 storeys 2
2) 5 storeys or more 5
Sub-total (Maximum Total Penalty Points is 20)
iv) Structural a) Structural walls
Aspects 1) The load paths are indirect or limited. 8
2) The walls have large openings. 4
3) The walls are placed unsymmetrical along one
3
plan direction.
4) The walls are placed unsymmetrical along both
6
plan directions.
5) The walls are thick and were constructed in two
10
distinct wythes.
b) Roof design
1) The roof is heavy. 4
2) The roof is pitched without a perimeter frame. 4

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3) The roof is a split roof. 4
4) The roof is a tiled roof or made of separate
4
planks.
5) The cut-outs in the roof are large. 4
c) Foundation-wall connection
1) The wall reinforcement is not anchored in the
5
foundation.
d) Wall-wall connection
1) The roof is pitched but there is no gable band. 4
2) The roof is hipped but there is no eaves band. 4
3) There is no lintel band. 8
4) There is no sill band. 4
5) There is no plinth band. 2
6) The arches or vaults do not have tie rods. 8
e) Wall-Roof and Wall-Floor connection
1) The floors and roof are insufficiently or not
3
anchored into the walls
f) Staircase
1) The location of the staircase is unsymmetrical. 8
2) The staircase is integrally built into the building
4
frame both at the top and the bottom.
g) Water Tank on Roof
1) The water tank on roof tops is large. 3
2) The water tank on roof tops is placed 5
unsymmetrically in plan.
Sub-total (Maximum Total Penalty Points is 40)
v) Material & a) Materials
Construction 1) The quality of materials is poor. 15
Details b) Workmanship
1) The geometries of structural elements is
3
irregular.
2) The walls and roof are cured insufficiently. 10
3) The procedures of construction are adhoc. 10
c) Concrete mix
1) The concrete is prepared using nominal mix. 2
2) The ingredients of concrete are measured by
3
volume batching.
Sub-total (Maximum Total Penalty Points is 30)
Total Penalty Points
EARTHQUAKE FEATURE INDEX = 100 – Total
Penalty Points

Earthquake Feature Index

MINOR MODERATE SEVERE Retrofit
NOT RECOMMENDED
Penalty Points Penalty Points Penalty Points 41 – Penalty Points 81 – 100
< 10 11 – 40 80, and
OR Total Penalty Points in
Penalty Points Structural Aspects > 30

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81 – 100
and
Total Penalty Points in
Structural Aspects ≤
30
Perform Perform Perform
at least at least Level 4
Level 2 Level 3 Assessment
Assessment Assessment

7.1.3 Level 2: Preliminary Quantitative (Hand-Calculation) Evaluation

The assessment of masonry buildings shall be performed as per 5.1.3 of CED 39

(26741).

The following step-wise procedure shall be adopted to perform this assessment:

a) Estimate the assessment level earthquake base shear force of the building as
per 5.4.4.
b) Estimate:
1) The total vertical force demand 𝐹𝐹𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 , and
2) The total assessment earthquake storey shear force demands 𝐹𝐹𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 and
𝐹𝐹𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 along X- and Y-directions in plan, respectively,
at each store 𝑖𝑖 considering the load combinations specified in 5.4.5 for
earthquake safety assessment.
c) Distribute the total assessment earthquake base shear forces along the height
of the buildings as per 5.2.3.7(a)(i) of CED 39 (22345).
d) Estimate the storey shear force at each storey of the building as per
5.2.3.7(a)(ii) of CED 39 (22345).
e) Estimate:
1) Axial Force Capacity 𝐹𝐹𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 of all walls and wall pier together at storey 𝑖𝑖 as:

𝐹𝐹𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 = 𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝐴𝐴𝑖𝑖

2) Shear Force Capacities 𝐹𝐹𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 and 𝐹𝐹𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 in walls and wall pier at storey 𝑖𝑖
oriented along X- and Y-directions in plan, respectively, as:

𝐹𝐹𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 = 𝑞𝑞𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝐴𝐴𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋 and 𝐹𝐹𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 = 𝑞𝑞𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝐴𝐴𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌

where 𝐴𝐴𝑖𝑖 is the total area of cross-section of all walls and wall piers together
at storey 𝑖𝑖, 𝐴𝐴𝑋𝑋𝑋𝑋 the area of cross-section of all walls and wall piers at storey
𝑖𝑖 oriented along X-direction in plan, and 𝐴𝐴𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌 the area of cross-section of all
walls and wall piers at storey 𝑖𝑖 oriented along Y-direction in plan,
f) Check at each storey 𝑖𝑖, if:

𝐹𝐹𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 < 𝐹𝐹𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉

𝐹𝐹𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 < 𝐹𝐹𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 and
𝐹𝐹𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 < 𝐹𝐹𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻

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If all the above conditions are satisfied, then the building is said to have passed
Level 2 Assessment.

7.1.4 Level 3: Basic Quantitative (Code Compliance) Evaluation

The assessment of masonry buildings shall be performed as per 5.1.4 of CED 39

(26741) (Part 1).

If all requirements of CED 39 (25408) Sections 1 and 2 are satisfied, then the building
is said to have passed Level 3 Assessment.

7.1.5 Level 4: Detailed Quantitative (Nonlinear) Evaluation

The assessment of masonry buildings shall be performed as per 5.1.5 of IS 13935

(Part 1).

If all requirements of CED 39 (25408) Sections 1 and 2 are satisfied, then the building
is said to have passed Level 4 Assessment.

8 RETROFIT

8.1 Sequence of Interventions

Retrofit of masonry buildings should address first the deficiencies at the structural level
and then those at the member level.

a) Structure level

Retrofit at the building level is targeted to improve one or all of the following,
namely:

1) Overall integrity of the structure, using measures like:

i) Earthquake bands made either of steel or RC in the form of steel twin-
belts or twin-lintel ties lintels, or
ii) Connections between adjoining walls along the vertical joint, and
between walls and roof slab along the horizontal joint.
2) Load Paths in the structure, using measures like:
i) Enhancing existing load paths in the form of additional structural walls or
braces, or
ii) Creating alternate load paths in the form of buttressing of the deficient
building with an adjoining structure built snugly with the deficient
structure.
3) Foundations of the structure, using measures like:
i) Enhancing existing foundations (for example strengthening rubble
masonry footings, and enlarging area of RC footing), or
ii) Strengthening soil under the existing foundation elements (for example
underpinning the foundation by drilling micro-piles).

b) Member level

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Retrofit at the member level is targeted to improve one or all of the following,
namely:

1) In roofs and floors of the building:

i) Diaphragm action using measures like anchorage of reinforcement;
ii) Connections with walls, using measures like anchorage of
reinforcement, screed concrete, or wood planks nailed with cross
battens;
2) In columns and piers of the building:
i) Integrity of the masonry walls, using measures like through stones, and
ii) Jacketing of the masonry member, using measures like jacketing and
wrapping.

8.2 Possible Retrofit Schemes

The choice of retrofit depends on available options, feasibility of implementing the

retrofit measures, and the cost of retrofit. The spirit of retrofit of masonry buildings is
confining them with external and internal supports.

The simplest retrofit alternatives available for masonry buildings are:

a) Addition of horizontal steel twin-belts in brick masonry buildings, and

b) Addition of horizontal steel twin-ties in stone masonry buildings.

A few other alternatives are emerging in the practice. The suitability of such
alternatives shall be examined by detailed analytical studies and experimental
investigations, and used after quantitative design provisions are approved by the
competent authority.

For the building types identified in Table 3 of CED 39 (25408) depending on category
of building and earthquake zone, the recommended retrofit alternatives are shown in
Table 9 for brick masonry buildings [Fig. 1A and in Table 10 for stone masonry
buildings (Fig. 1B].

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Table 9 Recommended Retrofit Measures for Brick Masonry Buildings
(Clause 8.2)

Sl Types of Buildings
Recommended Retrofit Measure
No. B C D E
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
with Flat Roof
i) Steel Twin-Belt Lintel Band only Yes
ii) Steel Twin-Belt Lintel and Sill Bands Yes Yes Yes
iii) Steel Twin-Belt Lintel and Sill Bands, Yes Yes Yes Yes
and Vertical Twin-Reinforcements
with Sloped Roof
i) Steel Twin-Belt Lintel Band only Yes
ii) Steel Twin-Belt Lintel and Gable Bands Yes Yes
iii) Steel Twin-Belt Lintel, Sill, Eaves and Gable Bands Yes Yes Yes
iv) Steel Twin-Belt Lintel, Sill, Eaves and Gable Bands, Yes Yes Yes Yes
and Vertical Steel Twin-Reinforcements
with Hipped Roof
i) Steel Twin-Belt Lintel Band only Yes
ii) Steel Twin-Belt Lintel and Eaves Bands Yes Yes
iii) Steel Twin-Belt Lintel, Sill and Eaves Bands Yes Yes Yes
iv) Steel Twin-Belt Lintel, Sill and Eaves Bands, Yes Yes Yes Yes
and Vertical Steel Twin-Reinforcements

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Table 10 Recommended Retrofit Measures for Stone Masonry Buildings
(Clause 8.2)

Sl Recommended Retrofit Measure Types of Buildings

No. B C D E
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
with Flat Roof
i) Steel Twin-Belt Lintel Tie only Yes
ii) Steel Twin-Belt Lintel and Sill Ties Yes Yes Yes
iii) Steel Twin-Belt Lintel and Sill Ties Yes Yes Yes Yes
and Vertical Steel Twin-Anchors
with Sloped Roof
i) Steel Twin-Belt Lintel Tie only Yes
ii) Steel Twin-Belt Lintel and Gable Ties Yes Yes
iii) Steel Twin-Belt Lintel, Sill, Eaves and Gable Ties Yes Yes Yes
iv) Steel Twin-Belt Lintel, Sill, Eaves and Gable Ties, Yes Yes Yes Yes
and Vertical Steel Twin-Anchors
with Hipped Roof
i) Steel Twin-Belt Lintel Tie only Yes
ii) Steel Twin-Belt Lintel and Eaves Ties Yes Yes
iii) Steel Twin-Belt Lintel, Sill and Eaves Ties Yes Yes Yes
iv) Steel Twin-Belt Lintel, Sill and Eaves Ties, Yes Yes Yes Yes
and Vertical Steel Twin-Anchors

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Brick Masonry House Stone Masonry House

Long Thin
Walls

Thick Walls

1A 1B
Fig. 1 Retrofitting masonry buildings requires care – reversible retrofit is
possible and should be ensured

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8.3 Quantitative Verification of Retrofit Schemes

The efficacy of the retrofit schemes shall be demonstrated by estimating the increase
in the lateral resistance of the masonry buildings, as per provisions given hereunder.

The following step-wise procedure shall be employed for estimating the increase in
the lateral resistance of a masonry building:

a) Estimate the assessment level earthquake base shear force demands 𝐹𝐹𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 and
𝐹𝐹𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 along X- and Y-directions in plan, respectively, as per 7.1.3 (b)(2);
b) Estimate the earthquake base shear force (resistance) capacities 𝐹𝐹𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 and
𝐹𝐹𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 along X- and Y-directions in plan, respectively, offered only by the retrofit
measures as:

𝑁𝑁𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤

𝐹𝐹𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 = 0.6𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 �� 𝐴𝐴𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅,𝑖𝑖 � 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎

𝑖𝑖=1

𝑁𝑁𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤

𝐹𝐹𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌𝑌 = 0.6𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 �� 𝐴𝐴𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅,𝑗𝑗 �

𝑗𝑗=1
,
where,
𝑓𝑓𝑦𝑦 = Characteristic Strength of steel used in making the twin-belts or twin-
ties,
𝐴𝐴𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅,𝑖𝑖 = Cross-sectional area of steel twin-belt or twin-tie 𝑖𝑖 oriented along X-
direction in the ground storey,
𝐴𝐴𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅,𝑗𝑗 = Cross-sectional area of steel twin-belt or twin-tie 𝑗𝑗 oriented along Y-
direction in the ground storey,
𝑁𝑁𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 = Number of masonry walls oriented along the X-direction in plan, and
𝑁𝑁𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 = Number of masonry walls oriented along the Y-direction in plan.

9 STRUCTURAL REPAIR OF DAMAGE

Structural members that are damaged shall be repaired during retrofit, to ensure that
the member does not deteriorate faster over time.

9.1 Distressed Structural Elements

The distressed structural elements in masonry buildings should be identified through

field inspection of the building. The elements of masonry buildings that are likely to
deteriorate are:

a) Masonry units,
b) Mortar,
c) Floors and Roof,
d) Walls, and

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e) Foundation.

9.2 Structural Repairs

The possible repairs of the distresses in masonry buildings are:

a) Stitching of cracks in walls, and subsequent grouting,

b) Reconstructing locally the parts of the walls, floors, roof or foundations that are
crushed or severely cracked. and
c) Re-pointing the joints.

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SECTION 3 ADDITIONAL PROVISIONS FOR CONCRETE BUILDINGS

10 ASSESSMENT

10.1 The method of assessment is applicable to the concrete buildings:

a) With infill masonry made of any material, and

b) With no infill masonry.

10.2 Levels of Assessment

Buildings shall be assessed as per the telescopic method specified in 5.1 and Fig. 1
of CED 39 (26741) (Part 1). The use of Level 0 Assessment for movement to the
higher levels of assessment also shall be guided by the said provision.

10.2.1 Level 0: Basic Prioritization

The basic information of a concrete building shall be recorded as per Table 11. The
impact of the basic prioritization as low, medium and high shall be taken as per Table
1 of CED 39 (26741) (Part 1).

10.2.2 Level 1: Field Assessment

The field assessment of a concrete building shall be performed as per:

a) Table 12 for examining life threatening factors, and

b) Table 13 for examining economic loss inducing factors.

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Table 11 Basic Information of RC Buildings to be ascertained for
Level 0 Assessment
(Clause 10.2.1)

TYPE DETAILS
(1) (2)
Inspection Identificatio
Team n Date Time

Inspector 1 Inspector 2 Inspector 3

Building Building
Identity Name Address Coordinates

N__________º

E__________º
Structural Frame Moment Frame Others
System without or Moment Frame with Structural (Please describe)
with Walls
Structural Moment Frame with Braces ________________
Walls __
(Tick ONE)
Structural Floor RC Slab Others
Component System Timber Planks & Beams (Please describe)
s (Tick ONE) ________________
__
Roof Material Geometry
System In-situ RC Slab Flat
(Tick ONE) Precast RC Slab without in-situ Pitched
screed
Precast RC Slab with in-situ Hipped
screed
Wood Planks Others
Steel Truss with Corrugated (Please describe)
Sheeting Roof
Others (Please describe) ________________
__
____________________________
___
Occupancy Residential Individual House Apartment
(Tick ONE) Educational School College
Institute or University
Lifeline Hospital Police Station
Fire Station Power Station
Water Plant Sewage Plant

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Commercia Hotel Shopping
l Recreational
Office Government Private
Mixed Use Residential-Commercial Residential-
Industrial
Others Please describe
________________________________________
Basic Prioritization
Priority
i) The structure was designed originally to resist earthquake effects, but
a) The structure is being modified to carry heavier loading Yes Low
No
b) Standard is revised and the provisions are more stringent Yes Medium
related to: No
1) Design earthquake hazard, and/or
2) Design and detailing of structures
c) Structure is being extended and/or modified Yes Medium
No
d) The structure is damaged (not by an earthquake) and/or Yes High
deteriorated substantially No
ii) The structure was not designed originally to resist earthquake Yes High
effects. No
iii) “No” in all of the above Low

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Table 12 Level 1 Field Assessment of Concrete Buildings for
Life Threatening Factors
(Clause 10.2.2)

Sl No. Feature Parameters (Tick all applicable) Tag

(1) (2) (3) (4)
i) Siting and Building has at least one of the following
Ground 1) Site is an old failed landslide, fissured land, or Red
Issues cracked river terrace.
2) Site is a hill slopes or adjacent to hill slopes Red
that is vulnerable to sliding during
earthquakes.
3) Site is adjoining (no gap) or downhill a Red
damaged or tilted building.
4) Ground is a river terrace that can slide or Red
creep.
5) Ground is vulnerable to falling debris from
Yellow
uphill.
ii) Soil and Building has at least one of the following
Foundation 1) Soil underneath is likely to undergo uneven
Red
Conditions settlement.
2) Soil underneath is susceptible to liquefaction. Red
3) Soil is weak or non-uniform soil along the long
Yellow
dimension in plan.
iii) Architecture Building has at least one of the following
Features and 1) Open storey exists with smaller column size Red
Elements 230mm or less.
2) Vertical projections or horizontal cantilever Red
balcony or porch is heavy and unanchored.
3) The adjoining building is damaged. Red
4) Water tanks on roof are unanchored. Red
5) Plan aspect ratio is more than 5. Yellow
6) Outer dimension at plinth level less than that at Yellow
the roof.
7) Upper storeys are heavier than the lower ones. Yellow
8) Plan geometry is irregular. Yellow
9) Columns are 230mm thick in a building with Yellow
more than 3 storeys.
10) Room sizes and storey heights are large. Yellow
11) Infill walls are half brick thick. Yellow
12) Windows openings are more than 50% of the Yellow
length of the infill wall.
iv) Structural Building has at least one of the following
Aspects 1) Adjoining building is too close and likely to Red
pound with it.
2) Adjoining building is tilted or unsafe. Red
3) Adjoining building has settled unevenly. Red
4) RC Structural grid (of columns, beams and
Red
walls) is irregular in plan.

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5) Floating columns rest on shallow cantilever
Red
beams.
6) Columns are weaker than the beams framing Red
into them at the joint.
7) Flat Slabs are used with no structural walls in Red
any plan direction.
8) Elements of lateral load resisting system (that Red
is moment frame or structural walls) are
damaged.
9) Infill walls are cracked extensively or fallen out Red
of plane.
10) Some columns have spalling of concrete. Red
11) Staircase or stair cabin is damaged. Red
12) RC Walls are unsymmetrically positioned
Yellow
along each plan direction.
13) Short columns are present in the plinth or at a
Yellow
higher elevation.
14) Infill walls are separated from the frame, with
Yellow
no damage in columns.
15) RC wall or staircase is unsymmetrically placed
Yellow
in any plan direction.
v) Material & Building has at least one of the following
Construction 1) The corrosion of reinforcing bars is visible at
Red
Details some places.
2) There are longitudinal cracks in beams,
Red
columns or walls.
3) The grade of concrete is less than M20. Yellow
4) The quality construction is poor. Yellow
vi) All None of the above Green
RATING
If GREEN flag only If YELLOW flags only If at least one RED Flag
with no RED or YELLOW Flag with no RED Flag

Perform Level 2 Assessment Perform Level 3 Perform Level 4

Assessment Assessment
SUGGESTED INTERVENTIONS
Actions
Building to be SEALED YES NO
Building to be DEMOLISHED YES NO

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Table 13 Level 1 Field Assessment of Concrete Buildings for
Economic Loss Inducing Factors
(Clause 10.2.2)

Sl
Feature Parameters (Circle all applicable penalty points) Penalty
No.
(1) (2) (3) (4)
i) Siting and a) Building has the following Siting Issues
Ground 1) The house is on sloped ground with access to
Issues house at two/three levels, that is ground, 5
middle floor and roof levels.
2) The house is built on unstable ground that can
5
slide or liquefy.
Sub-Total (Maximum Total Penalty Points is 5)
ii) Soil and a) Suitability of Soil
Foundation 1) The soil is soft soil that is ______________. 2
Conditions 2) The soil is weak soil, that is ______________. 2
3) The water table is high, that is
1
______________.
4) The soil is moist in most months of the year, that
2
is ______________.
Foundation a) Suitability of Foundation
1) The individual footings are resting on a non-
4
uniform soil with no tie beams.
2) The individual footings are resting on a non-
2
uniform soil with tie beams.
3) The individual footings are resting on soft soil. 1
Sub-Total (Maximum Total Penalty Points is 5)
iii) Architecture a) Plan Shape
Features and 1) The room are large in size, i.e.,
5
Elements ______________.
2) The rooms are oriented irregularly. 3
3) The overall shape of the building is complex,
5
with reentrant corners.
b) Elevation Profile
1) The building is wider at the top. 5
2) The building is heavier at the top. 5
3) The building has large projections and
3
overhangs, that is, __________.
4) The building has a split roof. 5
5) The building has large storey heights, that is,
5
__________.
6) The building has different storey heights, that is,
5
__________.
7) The location of staircase is unsymmetrical in the
5
plan of the building.
8) The building has an open storey.
c) Openings
1) The openings in concrete walls are large in size, 6

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that is, ______________.
d) Distance from Adjacent Building
1) The building touches an adjoining building. 3
2) The building is at a small distance from an
6
adjoining building, that is, ______________.
e) Parapets and objects on roof, and projections
1) The projections and overhangs are not secured
10
to the structural system.
2) The projections and overhangs are large and
10
heavy.
f) Staircases
1) The staircase is narrow. 1
2) The staircases are too few for the footprint of the
2
building.
3) The staircases are too far to reach. 3
4) The staircase is poorly constructed. 4
Sub-total (Maximum Total Penalty Points is 30)
iv) Structural a) Structural system
Aspects 1) A regular grid is missing of parallel lateral load
resisting systems along one of its plan 5
directions.
2) A regular grid is missing of parallel lateral load
resisting systems along both of its plan 10
directions.
3) The stiffness is unsymmetric of the parallel
lateral load resisting systems along one of its 5
plan directions.
4) The stiffness is unsymmetric of the parallel
lateral load resisting systems along one of its 10
plan directions
5) The building is made of prestressed members. 8
6) The building has moment frame or moment
frame plus wall, but with prestressed floor slabs 10
and/or beams.
7) The building has stiff service cores located
15
unsymmetrically in plan.
b) Roof design
1) The roof or any slab is heavy. 8
2) The roof is pitched without a perimeter frame. 6
3) The roof is a split roof. 10
4) The cut-outs are large in the roof or any floor
6
slab, and close to its edge.
c) Member proportioning
1) The vertical members are smaller in size than
the beams framing into them, with respect to 20
bending about the same axes.
d) Connections
1) The building is made of precast members that
25
are dry-jointed.

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2) The building is made of precast members that
5
are wet-jointed.
e) Staircase
1) The location of the staircase is unsymmetrical. 8
2) The staircase is integrally built into the building
4
frame both at the top and the bottom.
f) Water tank on roof
1) The water tank on roof tops is large. 3
2) The water tank on roof tops is placed 5
unsymmetrically in plan.
Sub-total (Maximum Total Penalty Points is 40)
v) Material & a) Materials
Construction 1) The quality of materials is poor. 15
Details b) Workmanship
1) The geometries of structural elements is
3
irregular.
2) The walls and roof are cured insufficiently. 10
3) The procedures of construction are adhoc. 10
c) Concrete mix
1) The concrete is prepared using nominal mix. 2
2) The ingredients of concrete are measured by
3
volume batching.
Sub-Total (Maximum Total Penalty Points is 20)
Total Penalty Points
EARTHQUAKE FEATURE INDEX = 100 – Total
Penalty Points

Earthquake Feature Index

MINOR MODERATE SEVERE Retrofit
NOT RECOMMENDED
Penalty Points Penalty Penalty Points 41 Penalty Points 81 – 100
< 10 Points – 80, and
11 – 40 OR Total Penalty Points in
Penalty Points Structural Aspects > 30
81 – 100
and
Total Penalty
Points in
Structural Aspects
≤ 30
Perform Perform Perform
at least at least at least
Level 2 Assessment Level 3 Level 4
Assessment Assessment

10.2.3 Level 2: Preliminary Quantitative (Hand-Calculation) Evaluation

The assessment of concrete buildings shall be performed as per 5.1.3 of CED 39

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(26741).

The following step-wise procedure shall be adopted to perform this assessment:

a) Estimate the assessment level earthquake base shear force of the building as
per 5.4.4.
b) Estimate:
1) The total vertical force demand 𝐹𝐹𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 and
2) The total assessment earthquake storey shear force demands 𝐹𝐹𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 and
𝐹𝐹𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 along X- and Y-directions in plan, respectively,
at each storey 𝑖𝑖 considering the load combinations specified in 5.4.5 for
earthquake safety assessment.
c) Distribute the total assessment earthquake base shear forces along the height
of the buildings as per 5.2.3.7(a)(i) of CED 39 (22345).
d) Estimate the storey shear force at each storey of the building as per
5.2.3.7(a)(ii) of CED 39 (22345).
e) Estimate:
1) Axial Force Capacity 𝐹𝐹𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 of all columns and structural walls at storey 𝑖𝑖 as
per CED 39 (25408) Section 3;
2) Shear Force Capacities 𝐹𝐹𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 and 𝐹𝐹𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 of all columns and structural walls
at storey 𝑖𝑖 oriented along X- and Y-directions in plan, respectively, as per
CED 39 (25408) Section 3;
f) Check at each storey 𝑖𝑖, if:

𝐹𝐹𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉 < 𝐹𝐹𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉

𝐹𝐹𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 < 𝐹𝐹𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 and
𝐹𝐹𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 < 𝐹𝐹𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻

If all the above conditions are satisfied, then the building is said to have passed
Level 2 Assessment.

10.2.4 Level 3: Basic Quantitative (Code Compliance) Evaluation

The assessment of concrete buildings shall be performed as per 5.1.4 of CED 39

(26741) (Part 1).

If all requirements of CED 39 (25408) Sections 1 and 3 are satisfied, then the building
is said to have passed Level 3 Assessment.

10.2.5 Level 4: Detailed Quantitative (Nonlinear) Evaluation

The assessment of concrete buildings shall be performed as per 5.1.5 of CED 39

(26741) (Part 1).

If all requirements of CED 39 (25408) Sections 1 and 3 are satisfied, then the building
is said to have passed Level 4 Assessment.

11 RETROFIT

11.1 Sequence of Interventions

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Retrofit of concrete buildings should address first the deficiencies at the structural level
and then those at the member level.

11.1.1 Structure Level

Retrofit at the structure level is targeted to improve one or all of the characteristics
mentioned hereunder.

a) Lateral capacity of existing building by addition of new structural elements

Structural walls and steel bracing shall be added as new elements to increase
the strength and stiffness of existing buildings. The deficient buildings may be
strengthened through addition of new structural elements by:

1) Addition of new reinforced concrete structural walls involves introducing new

structural walls adjoining the frame or infilling the bays between columns
and beams with structural walls (Fig. 2).
It enhances significantly the lateral stiffness and lateral shear force capacity
of frame buildings, and provides the best option of strengthening existing
buildings for improved earthquake performance.
2) Addition of new steel bracing involves introducing new diagonal steel braces
within the select beam-column bays along the full height of the building (Fig.
3). Pre-fabricated steel bracing sub assemblages may be adopted (Fig. 4)
for ease of construction, Braces in X, V and inverted V shall be arranged
inside a heavy rectangular steel frame, which is then placed in frame bay
and firmly connected.
It enhances significantly the lateral stiffness and lateral shear force capacity
of frame buildings, and provides the competitive (speedy) option of
strengthening existing buildings for improved earthquake performance.

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Fig. 2 Adding new RC structural walls within the beam-column bays of

RC frame with additional concrete and steel

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3A Brace connection details 3B Gusset plate connection detail

Fig. 3 Brace connection when adding new steel braces within the beam-column
bays of RC frame with additional steel members

4A prefabricated bracing frame 4B corner view of prefabricated

bracing frame

Fig. 4 Details of pre-fabricated steel bracing

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Draft Standard for Comments Only CED 39(26742)WC
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11.1.2 Member Level

Retrofit at the member level is targeted to improve one or all of the characteristics
mentioned hereunder.

a) Capacity of existing columns by Jacketing

The deficient columns identified during detailed evaluation of building that

require enhancement of strength and/or ductility may be jacketed by:

1) Reinforced concrete jacketing involves placement of new longitudinal

reinforcement and transverse reinforcement bars in the new concrete
overlay around existing member (Fig. 5).

Reinforced concrete jacketing improves both flexural strength and ductility,

and closely spaced transverse reinforcement provided in the jacket
improves both shear strength and ductility of the column, if the following are
satisfied:
i) The jacketing is started from the foundation level to the level up to
the height of the column which is being retrofitted.
ii) The foundation of the existing column is enhanced by extending and
integrating the added part with the existing one.
Else, it improves only the ductility of the existing column.
2) Steel profile jacketing or steel encasement involves placement of steel
angles at each corner of the existing reinforced concrete member and
connected together as a skeleton with transverse steel straps. Another way
is by providing steel encasement. And, steel encasement is the complete
covering of the existing member with thin plates; and
3) Wrapping with FRP sheets involves placement of composite material made
of continuous fibers with resin impregnation on the outer surface of the
reinforced concrete member.

Where possible, the deficient members shall first be stress relieved by propping
before jacketing.

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Draft Standard for Comments Only CED 39(26742)WC
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Fig. 5 Jacketing of existing columns with jacketing with

new concrete and additional steel

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Draft Standard for Comments Only CED 39(26742)WC
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11.3 Quantitative Verification of Retrofit Schemes

The choice of retrofit of concrete buildings depends on available options, feasibility of

implementing the retrofit measures, and the cost of retrofit. The spirit of retrofit of
masonry buildings is confining them with external and internal supports.

The simplest retrofit alternatives available for concrete buildings are:

a) Addition of structural walls, and

b) Addition of braces.

A few other alternatives are emerging in the practice. The suitability of such
alternatives shall be examined by detailed analytical studies and experimental
investigations, and used after quantitative design provisions are approved by the
competent authority.

The said alternative retrofit schemes are within the realm of engineering calculations.
The increase in the lateral resistance of the concrete buildings shall be estimated with
the retrofit scheme in place hereunder. Here, the design of the new RC structural
walls shall be performed as per CED 39 (25408) Section 3 and of the new steel braces
as per CED 39 (25408) Section 4.

12 STRUCTURAL REPAIR OF DAMAGE

Structural members that are damaged shall be repaired during retrofit, to ensure that
the member does not deteriorate faster over time.

12.1 Distressed Structural Elements

The distressed structural elements should be identified through field inspection of the
building. The elements of concrete buildings that are likely to deteriorate are:

a) Beams,
b) Columns and Walls,
c) Floors and Roof,
d) Infill Walls, and
e) Foundation.

12.2 Structural Repairs

The possible repairs of the distresses in concrete buildings are:

a) Grout of cracks in beams, columns and RC walls,

b) Reconstructing locally the parts of the beams, columns, walls, floors, roof or
foundations that are crushed or severely cracked, and
c) Stitching of infill walls, and subsequent grouting.

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ANNEX A
(Clause 2)

LIST OF REFERED STANDARDS

IS No. Title
IS 456 : 2000 Plain and reinforced concrete (fourth revision)
IS 800 : 2007 General construction in steel (second revision)
IS 875 Design loads (other than earthquake) for buildings and
structures:
Part 1 : 1987 Dead loads (second revision)
Part 2 : 1987 Imposed loads (second revision)
Part 3 : 2015 Wind loads (third revision)
Part 4 : 1987 Snow loads (second revision)
Part 5 : 1987 Special loads and load combinations (second revision)
IS 1343 : 2017 Prestressed concrete (second revision)
CED 39 (22343) Design earthquake hazard and criteria for earthquake
resistant design of structures Part 1 General Provisions
(seventh revision)
CED 39 (22345) Design earthquake hazard and criteria for earthquake
resistant design of structures Part 2 Buildings (seventh
revision)
IS 1905 : 1987 Structural use of unreinforced masonry (third revision)
CED 39 (25407) Earthquake resistant design and detailing of structures
Part 1 General provisions (second revision)
CED 39 (25408) Earthquake resistant design and detailing of structures
Part 2 Buildings (second revision)
CED 39 (26741) Earthquake safety assessment and retrofitting of
structures Part 1 General provisions (second revision)

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Draft Standard for Comments Only CED 39(26742)WC
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ANNEX A
(Foreword)

(Composition of the Committee will be added after finalization)

********

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