Cloud Computing

What is Cloud Computing

The term cloud refers to a network or the internet. It is a technology that uses
remote servers on the internet to store, manage, and access data online rather than
local drives. The data can be anything such as files, images, documents, audio,
video, and more.
Cloud computing is a virtualization-based technology that allows us to create,
configure, and customize applications via an internet connection. The cloud
technology includes a development platform, hard disk, software application, and
database.
These are the following operations that we can do using cloud computing:
Developing new applications and services
Storage, back up, and recovery of data
Hosting blogs and websites
Delivery of software on demand
Analysis of data
Streaming videos and audios
Why Cloud Computing?
Small as well as large IT companies, follow the traditional methods to provide the IT
infrastructure. That means for any IT company, we need a Server Room that is the
basic need of IT companies.
In that server room, there should be a database server, mail server, networking,
firewalls, routers, modem, switches, QPS (Query per Second means how much
queries or load will be handled by the server), configurable system, high net speed,
and the maintenance engineers.
To establish such IT infrastructure, we need to spend lots of money. To overcome
all these problems and to reduce the IT infrastructure cost, Cloud Computing comes
into existence.
Advantages of Cloud Computing:
Data Backup and Restoration:
Cloud computing offers a quick and easy method for data backup and restoration.
Improved Collaboration:
Collaboration is improved because cloud technologies make it possible for teams to
share information easily. Multiple users may work together on documents, projects,
and data thanks to shared storage in the cloud, enhancing productivity and
teamwork.
Excellent Accessibility:
Access to information stored in the cloud is made possible. Users can access their
data from anywhere in the world with an internet connection.
Cost-effective Maintenance:
Organizations using cloud computing can save money on both hardware and
software upkeep.
Upkeep and Updates:
Cloud service providers take care of infrastructure upkeep, security patches, and
updates, freeing organizations from having to handle these duties themselves.
Mobility:
Cloud computing makes it simple for mobile devices to access data.
Pay-per-use Model:
Cloud computing uses a pay-per-use business model that enables companies to
only pay for the services they really utilize.
Scalable Storage Capacity:
Businesses can virtually store and manage a limitless amount of data in the cloud.
Enhanced Data Security:
Cloud computing places a high focus on data security. To guarantee that data is
handled and stored safely, cloud service providers offer cutting-edge security
features like encryption.
Disaster Recovery and Business Continuity:
Cloud computing provides reliable options for these two issues. Businesses can
quickly bounce back from any unforeseen disasters or disruptions thanks to data
redundancy, backup systems, and geographically dispersed data centres.
Green Computing:
By maximizing the use of computer resources, lowering energy use, and minimizing
e-waste, cloud computing may support environmental sustainability.
Disadvantages of Cloud Computing
Vendor Reliability and Downtime:
Because of technological difficulties, maintenance needs, or even cyberattacks,
cloud service providers can face outages or downtime.

Internet Dependency:
A dependable and fast internet connection is essential for cloud computing.
Limited Control and Customization:
Using standardized services and platforms offered by the cloud service provider is a
common part of cloud computing. As a result, organizations may have less ability to
customize and control their infrastructure, applications, and security measures.
Data Security and Concerns about Privacy:
Concerns about data security and privacy arise when sensitive data is stored on the
cloud. Businesses must have faith in the cloud service provider's security
procedures, data encryption, access controls, and regulatory compliance.

Hidden Costs and Pricing Models:

Although pay-as-you-go models and lower upfront costs make cloud computing
more affordable, businesses should be wary of hidden charges.

Dependency on Service Provider:

When an organization depends on a cloud service provider, it is dependent on that
provider's dependability, financial security, and longevity.
Data Location and Compliance:
When data is stored in the cloud, it frequently sits in numerous data centres around
the globe that may be governed by multiple legal systems and data protection laws.
Cloud Deployment Models
Cloud Deployment Model functions as a virtual computing environment with a
deployment architecture that varies depending on the amount of data you want to
store and who has access to the infrastructure.
Different Types of Cloud Computing Deployment Models

Public Cloud: The cloud resources that are owned and operated by a third-party
cloud service provider are termed as public clouds. It delivers computing resources
such as servers, software, and storage over the internet
Private Cloud: The cloud computing resources that are exclusively used inside a
single business or organization are termed as a private cloud. A private cloud may
physically be located on the company’s on-site datacentre or hosted by a third-party
service provider.
Hybrid Cloud: Hybrid clouds are mixtures of these different deployments. For
example, an enterprise may rent storage in a public cloud for handling peak
demand. The combination of the enterprise’s private cloud and the rented storage
then is a hybrid cloud
Community Cloud is a cloud infrastructure shared by a community of multiple
organizations that generally have a common purpose.

BUSINESS DRIVERS FOR CLOUD COMPUTING

Cloud computing is considered to have a number of positive aspects.
In the short term scalability, cost, agility, and innovation are considered to be the
major drivers.
Agility and innovation refer to the ability of enterprise IT departments to respond
quickly to requests for new services. Currently, IT departments have come to be
regarded as too slow by users (due to the complexity of enterprise software).
Cloud computing, by increasing manageability, increases the speed at which
applications can be deployed, additionally, it also reduces management complexity.
Scalability, which refers to the ease with which the size of the IT infrastructure can
be increased to accommodate increased workload, is another major factor. Finally,
cloud computing (private or public clouds) have the potential to reduce IT costs due
to automated management.
The first is security. Verification of the security of data arises as a concern in public
clouds, since the data is not being stored by the enterprise. Cloud service providers
have attempted to address this problem by acquiring third-party certification.
Compliance (guide lines) is another issue, and refers to the question of whether the
cloud security provider is complying with the security rules relating to data storage.
The appointment of administrator who will be accountable for the security of the
data. Cloud service providers have attempted to address these issues through
certification as well.
Interoperability and vendor lock-in. This refers to the fact that once a particular
public cloud has been chosen, it would not be easy to migrate away. From a
financial point of view, “pay per use” spending on IT infrastructure but it is
considered as an expense or difficult to reduce since reduction impact operations
Hence, standardization of cloud service APIs becomes important
INTRODUCTION TO CLOUD TECHNOLOGIES
Services provided by Cloud Computing
One of the best ways of learning about cloud technologies is by understanding
The three cloud service models or service types for any cloud platform. These
are Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), and Software
as a Service (SaaS).
Infrastructure as a Service
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): In IaaS, we can rent IT infrastructures like servers
and virtual machines (VMs), storage, networks, operating systems from a cloud
service vendor. We can create VM running Windows or Linux and install anything
we want on it. Using IaaS, we don’t need to care about the hardware or virtualization
software, but other than that, we do have to manage everything else.
Platform as a Service
Platform as a Service (PaaS): This service provides an on-demand environment for
developing, testing, delivering, and managing software applications. The developer
is responsible for the application, and the PaaS vendor provides the ability to deploy
and run it. Using PaaS the management of the environment is taken care of by the
cloud vendors.

Software as a Service (SaaS): It provides a centrally hosted and managed software

services to the end-users. It delivers software over the internet, on-demand, and
typically on a subscription basis. E.g., Microsoft One Drive, Dropbox, WordPress,
Office 365, and Amazon Kindle. SaaS is used to minimize the operational cost to the
maximum extent.

AMAZON WEB SERVICES(AWS)

AWS stands for Amazon Web Services which uses distributed IT infrastructure to
provide different IT resources on demand.
AWS stands for Amazon Web Services.
The AWS service is provided by the Amazon that uses distributed IT infrastructure
to provide different IT resources available on demand. It provides different services
such as infrastructure as a service (IaaS), platform as a service (PaaS) and
packaged software as a service (SaaS).
Amazon launched AWS, a cloud computing platform to allow the different
organizations to take advantage of reliable IT infrastructure.

Uses of AWS
A small manufacturing organization uses their expertise to expand their business by
leaving their IT management to the AWS.
A large enterprise spread across the globe can utilize the AWS to deliver the training
to the distributed workforce.
Pay-As-You-Go
Based on the concept of Pay-As-You-Go, AWS provides the services to the
customers.
Amazon storage services
Amazon Simple Storage Server(S3)
S3 provides developers and IT teams with secure, durable, highly scalable object
storage.
It is easy to use with a simple web services interface to store and retrieve any
amount of data from anywhere on the web.
S3 is a safe place to store the files.
It is Object-based storage, i.e., you can store the images, word files, pdf files, etc.
The files which are stored in S3 can be from 0 Bytes to 5 TB.
It has unlimited storage means that you can store the data as much you want.
Files are stored in Bucket. A bucket is like a folder available in S3 that stores the
files.S3 is a universal namespace, i.e., the names must be unique globally. Bucket
contains a DNS address. Therefore, the bucket must contain a unique name to
generate a unique DNS address.
If you create a bucket, URL look like:

If you upload a file to S3 bucket, then you will receive an HTTP 200 code means
that the uploading of a file is successful.
Advantages of Amazon S3
Create Buckets: Firstly, we create a bucket and provide a name to the bucket.
Buckets are the containers in S3 that stores the data. Buckets must have a unique
name to generate a unique DNS address.
Storing data in buckets: Bucket can be used to store an infinite amount of data. You
can upload the files as much you want into an Amazon S3 bucket, i.e., there is no
maximum limit on no of buckets being stored. Each object can contain up to 5 TB of
data. Each object can be stored and retrieved by using a unique developer
assigned-key.
Download data: You can also download your data from a bucket and can also give
permission to others to download the same data. You can download the data at any
time whenever you want.
Permissions: You can also grant or deny access to others who want to download or
upload the data from your Amazon S3 bucket. Authentication mechanism keeps the
data secure from unauthorized access.
Standard interfaces: S3 is used with the standard interfaces REST and SOAP
interfaces which are designed in such a way that they can work with any
development toolkit.
Security: Amazon S3 offers security features by protecting unauthorized users from
accessing your data.
Accessing Simple Storage Server (S3): There are three ways of using S3.
Most common operations can be performed via
Step 1.Through the AWSconsole
Step 2.the GUI interface to AWS (shown in Figure 2.1) that can be accessed via
http://aws.amazon.com/console. For use of S3 within applications, Amazon provides
a REST-ful API with familiar HTTP operations such as GET, PUT, DELETE, and
HEAD.
Step 3. Also, there are libraries and SDKs for various languages.
How data is stored in Aws Simple Storage Server(Creating Bucket)
1.Sign up for S3 at http://aws.amazon.com/s3/. While signing up, obtain the AWS
Access Key and the AWS Secret Key. These are similar to userid and password that
is used to authenticate all transactions with Amazon Web Services (not just S3).
2.Sign in to the AWS Management Console for S3 (see Figure 2.1)athttps://
console.aws.amazon.com/s3/home.
3. Create a bucket (see Figure 2.2) giving a name and geographical location where
it can be stored. In S3 all files (called objects) are stored in a bucket, which
represents a collection of related objects. Buckets and objects are described later in
the section Organizing Data in S3: Buckets, Objects and Keys.
4. Click the Upload button (see Figure 2.3) and follow the instructions to upload files.

5. The photos or other files are now safely backed up to S3 and available for sharing
with a URL if the right permissions are provided.
Organizing Data In S3:

Buckets:
A bucket is a container used for storing the objects.
Every object is incorporated in a bucket.
For example, if the object named photos/tree.jpg is stored in the treeimage bucket,
then it can be addressed by using the URL
http://treeimage.s3.amazonaws.com/photos/tree.jpg.
A bucket has no limit to the amount of objects that it can store. No bucket can exist
inside of other buckets.
S3 performance remains the same regardless of how many buckets have been
created.
The AWS user that creates a bucket owns it, and no other AWS user cannot own it.
Therefore, we can say that the ownership of a bucket is not transferrable.
The AWS account that creates a bucket can delete a bucket, but no other AWS user
can delete the bucket.
Objects
Objects are the entities which are stored in an S3 bucket.
An object consists of object data and metadata where metadata is a set of name-
value pair that describes the data.
An object consists of some default metadata such as date last modified, and
standard HTTP metadata, such as Content type. Custom metadata can also be
specified at the time of storing an object.
It is uniquely identified within a bucket by key and version ID.
Key
A key is a unique identifier for an object.
Every object in a bucket is associated with one key.
An object can be uniquely identified by using a combination of bucket name, the
key, and optionally version ID.
For example, in the URL http://jtp.s3.amazonaws.com/2019-01-31/Amazons3.wsdl
where "jtp" is the bucket name, and key is "2019-01-31/Amazons3.wsdl"

Regions
You can choose a geographical region in which you want to store the buckets that
you have created.
A region is chosen in such a way that it optimizes the latency, minimize costs or
address regulatory requirements.
Objects will not leave the region unless you explicitly transfer the objects to another
region.
S3 Administration
In any enterprise, data is always coupled to policies that determine the location of
the data and its availability, as well as who can and cannot access it. For security
and compliance with local regulations, it is necessary to be able to audit and log
actions and be able to undo inadvertent user actions.
Security: Users can ensure the security of their S3 data by two methods.
First, S3 offers access control to objects. Users can set permissions that allow
others to access their objects. This is accomplished via the AWS Management
Console. A right-click on an object brings up the object actions menu (see Figure
2.4). Granting anonymous read access to objects makes them readable by anyone;
this is useful, for example, for static content on a web site. This is accomplished by
selecting the Make Public option on the object menu. It is also possible to narrow
read or write access to specific AWS accounts. This is accomplished by selecting
the Properties option that brings up another menu (not shown) that allows users to
enter the email ids of users to be allowed access.

Data protection: S3 offers two features to prevent data loss [1]. By default, S3
replicates data across multiple storage devices, and is designed to survive two
replica failures. It is also possible to request Reduced Redundancy Storage(RRS)
for non-critical data. RRS data is replicated twice, and is designed to survive one
replica failure. It is important to note that Amazon does not guarantee consistency
among the replicas; e.g., if there are three replicas of the data, an application
reading a replica which has a delayed update could read an older version of the
data.

Versioning: If versioning is enabled on a bucket, then S3 automatically stores the full

history of all objects in the bucket from that time onwards. The object can be
restored to a prior version, and even deletes can be undone. This guarantees that
data is never inadvertently lost.

Regions: For performance, legal and other reasons, it may be desirable to have S3
data running in specific geographic locations. This can be accomplished at the
bucket level by selecting the region that the bucket is stored in during its creation

Amazon Simple DB

allows storage and retrieval of a set of attributes based on a key. Use of key-value
stores is an alternative to relational databases that use SQL-based queries. It is a
type of NoSQL data store.
Data Organization and Access
Data in SDB is organized into domains. Each item in a domain has a unique key that
must be provided during creation. Each item can have up to 256 attributes, which
are name-value pairs. In terms of the relational model, for each row, the primary key
translates to the item name and the column names and values for that row translate
to the attribute name-value pairs. For example, if it is necessary to store information
regarding an employee, it is possible to store the attributes of the employee (e.g.,
the employee name) indexed by an appropriate key, such as an employee id. Unlike
an RDBMS, attributes in SDB can have multiple values

SDB Availability and Administration

SDB has a number of features to increase availability and reliability. Data stored in
SDB is automatically replicated across different geographies for high availability.

Amazon Relational Database Service

Amazon Relational Database Service (RDS) provides a traditional database
abstraction in the cloud, specifically a MySQL instance in the cloud.
An RDS instance can be created using the RDS tab in the AWS Management
Console
AWS performs many of the administrative tasks associated with maintaining a
database for the user.
The database is backed up at configurable intervals, which can be as frequent as 5
minutes.
The backup data are retained for a configurable period of time which can be up to 8
days.
Amazon also provides the capability to snapshot the database as needed. All of
these administrative tasks can be performed through the AWS console

Amazon EC2
EC2 stands for Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud.
Amazon EC2 is a web service that provides resizable compute capacity in the cloud.
Amazon EC2 reduces the time required to obtain and boot new user instances to
minutes rather than in older days, if you need a server then you had to put a
purchase order, and cabling is done to get a new server which is a very time-
consuming process. Now, Amazon has provided an EC2 which is a virtual machine
in the cloud that completely changes the industry.
You can scale the compute capacity up and down as per the computing requirement
changes.
Amazon EC2 changes the economics of computing by allowing you to pay only for
the resources that you actually use. Rather than you previously buy physical
servers, you would look for a server that has more CPU capacity, RAM capacity and
you buy a server over 5 year term, so you have to plan for 5 years in advance.
People spend a lot of capital in such investments. EC2 allows you to pay for the
capacity that you actually use.
Accessing EC2 Using AWS Console
Step 1: EC2 can be accessed via the Amazon Web Services console at http://
aws.amazon.com/console Ec2 Dashboard appears.
Step 2: Using EC2 Console Dashboard, we can create an instance (a compute
resource by Clicking on the “Launch Instance” button
Step 3: That takes user to the screen shown, where a set of supported operating
system images (called Amazon Machine Images, AMI) are shown to choose from.

Step 4: one should choose the right one Once the image is chosen, the EC2
instance wizard pops up to help the user set further options for the instance, such as
the specific OS kernel version to use, whether to enable monitoring and so on

Step5:Next, the user has to create at least one key-value pair that is needed to
securely connect to the instance. Follow the instructions to create a key-pair and
save the file (say my_keypair.pem) in a safe place. The user can reuse an already
created key-pair in case the user has many instances (it is analogous to using the
same username-password to access many machines).
Step6: Next, the security groups for the instance can be set to ensure the required
network ports are open or blocked for the instance. For example, choosing the “web
server” configuration will enable port 80 (the default HTTP port). More advanced
firewall rules can be set as well.
Step7: The final screen before launching the instance is shown in Figure 2.10.
Launching the instance gives a public DNS name that the user can use to login
remotely and use as if the cloud server was on the same network as the client
machine
Accessing EC2 Using Command Line Tools
Amazon also provides a command line interface to EC2 that uses the EC2 API to
implement specialized operations that cannot be performed with the AWS console.
Installing EC2 command line tools
Download tools
Set environment variables (e.g., location of JRE)
Set security environment (e.g., get certificate)
Set region
1:Download tools: The EC2 command line utilities can be downloaded from Amazon
EC2 API Tools [7] as a Zip file. They are written in Java, and hence will run on
Linux, Unix, and Windows if the appropriate JRE is available.
2:Set environment variables: The first command sets the environment variable that
specifies the directory in which the Java runtime resides. PATHNAME should be the
full pathname of the directory where the java.exe file can be found. The second
command specifies the directory where the EC2 tools reside; TOOLS_PATHNAME
should be set to the full pathname of the directory
For Linux: $export JAVA_HOME=PATHNAME
$export EC2_TOOLS=TOOLS_PATHNAME
$export PATH=$PATH:$EC2_HOME/bin
For Windows:
C:\>SET JAVA_HOME=PATHNAME
C:\>SET EC2_TOOLS=TOOLS_PATHNAME
C:\>SET PATH=%PATH%,%EC2_HOME%\bin
3: Set up security environment:
The next step is to set up the environment so that the EC2 command line utilities
can authenticate to AWS during each interaction.
To do this, it is necessary to download an X.509 certificate and private key that
authenticates HTTP requests to Amazon.
The following commands are to be executed to set up the environment; both Linux
and Windows commands are given. Here, f1.pem is the certificate file downloaded
from EC2.
$export EC2-CERT=~/.ec2/f1.pem
Or
C:\> set EC2-CERT=~/.ec2/f1.pem
Set region:
It is necessary to next set the region that the EC2 command tools interact with – i.e.,
the location in which the EC2 virtual machines would be created
$export EC2-URL=https:// <ENDPOINT URL>
Or
C:\> set EC2-URL =https:// <ENDPOINT URL>
Simple EC2 Example: Setting up a Web Server
The process is broken down into four steps:
Step 1: Selecting the Amazon MachineImage(AMI) for the instance
Step 2: Creating the EC2 instance and installing the web server
Step 3: Creating an EBS volume for data, such as HTML files and so on
Step 4: Setting up networking and access rules
Step 1: Selecting the AMI for the instance
Using the dropdown menus to select “Amazon Images” and “Amazon Linux” brings
up a list of Linux images supplied by Amazon,
Step2: Creating the Example EC2 Instance
Two other important steps done during the creation of an instance are
generate a key pair that provides access to the EC2 servers that are created and
create a security group that will be associated with the instance and specify the
networking access rules
For Linux: $ export EC2-PRIVATE-KEY=~/.ec2/f2.pem $ ec2addgrp "Web Server"
–d "Security Group for Web Servers" $ ec2run ami-74f0061d –b dev/sda1=::false –k
f2.pem –g “Web Server”
For Windows: C:\> set EC2-PRIVATE-KEY =C:\.ec2\f2.pem C:\> ec2addgrp "Web
Server" –d "Security Group for Web Servers" C:\> ec2run ami-74f0061d –b
"xvda=::false" –k f2.pem –g "Web Server"

Step 3: Attaching an EBS Volume

Attaching an EBS Volume since the HTML pages to be served from the web portal
need to be persistent, it is required to create an EBS volume for holding the HTML
pages that are to be served by the web server.
EBS volumes can be created from the EC2 by clicking on the “Volumes” link. This
brings up a listing of all EBS volumes currently owned by the user. Clicking the
“Create Volume” button brings up the screen shown in Figure 2.12, where the size
of the needed volume can be specified before being created.

Step4: Setting up networking and access rules.

Allowing External Access to the Web Server
Since the web server is now ready for operation, external access to it can now be
enabled. Clicking on the “Security Groups” link at the left of the EC2 console brings
up a list of all security groups available.
Figure shows the available security groups, which consist of the newly created
group “Web Server” and two default groups.
By clicking on the “Inbound” tab, it is possible to input rules that specify the type of
traffic allowed. Figure 2.14 shows how to add a new rule that allows traffic on port
80 from all IP addresses (specified by the 0 IP address)
A specific IP address can also be typed in to allow a specific IP address to be
allowed. Clicking the “Add Rule” button adds this particular rule. After all rules are
added,
Then clicking the “Apply Rule Changes” button activates the newly added rules. By
permitting external access to the web server.
This completes the deployment of a simple web server on EC2 and EBS
Pustak Portal using EC2
Setting up an EC2 instance for hosting a digital platform like a Pustak Portal
involves several steps. Below is a high-level overview of the process using Amazon
Web Services (AWS):
Step 1: Set Up an AWS Account
Sign Up for AWS: If you don't already have an AWS account, sign up at the AWS
website.
Access the AWS Management Console: Log in to your account and access the
AWS Management Console.
Step 2: Launch an EC2 Instance
Navigate to EC2: In the AWS Management Console, go to the EC2 Dashboard.
Launch Instance: Click on "Launch Instance" to start the setup.
Choose an Amazon Machine Image (AMI): Select an AMI that suits your needs
(e.g., Amazon Linux, Ubuntu Server, etc.).
Choose an Instance Type: Select an instance type based on the required computing
power. For small-scale projects, t2.micro (free tier eligible) can be a good starting
point.
Configure Instance: Set up the instance details, including the number of instances,
network settings, and IAM roles.
Add Storage: Configure the storage settings for your instance.
Add Tags: (Optional) Add tags to help organize your instances.
Configure Security Group: Set up the security group rules to allow necessary traffic
(e.g., HTTP, HTTPS, SSH).
Review and Launch: Review your settings and click "Launch." Select or create a key
pair for SSH access.
Step 3: Set Up the Server Environment
Connect to Your Instance: Use the key pair to SSH into your instance. You can use
an SSH client like PuTTY or the terminal on Linux/Mac.
Update the Package Manager:
sh
Copy code
sudo apt update # For Debian/Ubuntu
sudo yum update # For CentOS/RHEL/Amazon Linux
Install Necessary Software: Install a web server (e.g., Apache, Nginx), a database
(e.g., MySQL, PostgreSQL), and any other required software (e.g., PHP, Node.js).
sh
Copy code
sudo apt install apache2 # For Debian/Ubuntu
sudo yum install httpd # For CentOS/RHEL/Amazon Linux
Step 4: Deploy the Pustak Portal
Upload Your Application: Transfer your portal application files to the EC2 instance
using SCP (Secure Copy Protocol), SFTP (Secure File Transfer Protocol, or by
cloning from a Git repository).
Configure the Web Server: Set up the web server configuration to serve your
application. For example, if using Apache, configure the virtual host settings.
sh
Copy code
sudo nano /etc/apache2/sites-available/your_site.conf
# Add your configuration and enable the site
sudo a2ensite your_site.conf
sudo systemctl reload apache2
Set Up the Database: Create and configure your database. Import any necessary
data for your application.
Step 5: Configure Domain and SSL (Optional)
Register a Domain: Register a domain name through a domain registrar.
Update DNS Settings: Point your domain to your EC2 instance's public IP address.
Set Up SSL: For secure connections, install an SSL certificate. You can use
services like Let's Encrypt.
Step 6: Monitoring and Scaling
Set Up Monitoring: Use AWS CloudWatch to monitor the performance of your EC2
instance.
Auto Scaling: If needed, set up Auto Scaling to handle traffic spikes.
Step 7: Maintenance and Updates
Regular Updates: Regularly update your software and security patches.
Backups: Implement a backup strategy for your data and application.
By following these steps, you can set up and deploy a Pustak Portal on an AWS
EC2 instance. Adjust the specifics according to your portal’s requirements and
preferred technologies.