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GEOGRAPHY
Paper 1
1. (a) - Tropopause
- Stratopause
- Menopause
- Thermosphere 3x1 any three
(b) - intensity if the sun’s radiations in the space and the average distance from the
sun.
- the transparency of the atmosphere (transmission) absorption, scattering and
reflection if sun’s rays.
- The angle of the surface on which sun’s rays fall.
- The area and nature of the surface on which sun’s rays fall –any two 1x2
2. (a) (i) It’s a mild earthquake.
(ii) Characteristics of s-waves generated by an earthquake.
- pass through solids only
- Are very strong waves
- Travel at a speed of about 4.5km/sec
- Cause variations perpendicular to their path of travel Any 2 2x1
(b) Effects on physical environment
- lower or raise the sea floor
- Trigger landslides
- Permanent displacement of land surface vertically or horizontally
- Trigger fires which destroy veg. making land bare. 2x1=any two
3. (a) Parts of the river capture
K-pirate river
L-elbow of capture 2x1
(b) Ways through which a gorge is formed
- Where a river flows at a line of weakness
- Where a waterfall retreats upstream
- Where a river flows across a plateau
- Where a river refurenates
4. (a) State causes of vertical movement of ocean water
- Convergence of ocean currents
- Difference in density of water
2x1(2mks)
(b) Features found on ocean floor
- Continental shelf
- Oceanic trenches
- Oceanic ridges
- Abyssal plain
- Oceanic islands 3x1 any 3 (3 marks)
5. (a) Mass wasting is the movement of weathered materials down slope by gravitational
influence while mass movement is the movement of weathered materials down slope
after they have been lubricated by rainwater. (2mks)
(b) Chemical weathering processes
- Oxidation
- Carbonation
- Hydration

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 - Hydrolysis
- Solution (3x1 - any three
(3marks)
6. (a) (i) Feature found at grid reference 564863
- Trigonometrically station other pillar 1x1=(1mk)
(ii) Direction of Igadene forest from Nkubu divisional headquarters
- South west
(iii) Human made features found in grid square 5184.
- A school
- A church
- huts/houses
- All weather road loose surface
- Shops
- Motorable trick / main track motorable.
Any 3x1=(3 mks)
(iv) Vertical internal of the map
- 20m 1x1=(1mk)
(b) (i) Cross-section refers to graph
(iii) Vertical exaggeration

= 1

=
10
=
=10
2x1=(2mks)
(c) Reasons why the area is suitable for coffee farming
- Availability good transport evidence by many roads such as motor able tracks
dry
weather roads all weather roads etc
- Availability of labour evidence by many settlements
- The area receiving high amount of rainfall throughout the year as evidence by
presence of forests and numerous permanent rivers.
- High altitude evidence by contours with height above 2000m, to the western
part, shows that the area has cool climate ideal for coffee farming.
- The area is well drained as indicated by gently sloping ground as shown by
sparse contours.
Any 3 well explained x2=(6mks)

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 A CROSS SECTION FROM GRID REFERENCE 500980 TO GRID
REFERENCE 560980.

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 (d) Describing the relief of the area covered by the map
- The highest units in the area represented by the map is 2660m above sea level
and is found to be West.
- The lowest point is 940m above sea level and is found to the S.E
- There are many river valleys in the area represented by the map.
- The land slopes from West to East.
- There are mills to the West of the area represented by the map
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 - The landscape is the entire area represented by the map is dissected by river
valleys.
- There are depressions to the South West of the area represented by the map.
- There are gentle slopes to the North East of the area covered by the map.
- There is steep slopes South of Igandene forest Any 3x1=(3mks)
7. (a) Definition of a rock
(i) A natural agglomeration of minerals particles that form solid part of the earth’s
Crust (2X1)(2mks)
(ii) Ways through which sedimentary rocks are formed
- Mechanically formed
These rocks are formed when eroded rock materials are transported by
agents of erosion and deposited in layers
- Organically formed
Are formed when remains of plants band animals are accumulated over a
period of time forming layers
- Chemically formed
Are formed when precipitated when solutions of salts are evaporated and
particles accumulate in layers 3x2=(6mks)

(b) Process through which sedimentary rocks change to metamorphic rocks

- When the weight of the overlying rock layers create pressure on the lower layers
it leach to change in structure grain alighnment of the rocks. This process is
known as dynamic metamorphision.
- During volcanic enephons,hot magma/gases liquid may intrude in to a
sedimentary rock. The rock grains will recrystallise due to heat to form new
minerals. This process is called thermal /contact metamorphision
- In the mountain building processes sedimentary rocks are compressed and due to
this pressure heat is generated. This heat modifies the structure of the original
rocks. This process is known as thermal – dynamic metamorphism 2x2=(4mks)
(c) Examples of the following rocks
(i) Plutonic rocks
- Granite - Pariditide - syenite
- Gabboo - Dionite any 1x1=1mk
(ii) Hypabyssal rocks
- Dianite - Lamprophyr
- Porphynite - porphyry
- Granophyte any 1x1=(1mk)
(iii) Volcanic rocks
- Prumice - Phonolite - Rhyolite
- Scoria - Andestite - Trachyte
(1x1)=(1mk)
(d) (i) Secondary sources of information the students would use to prepare for the study
- Textbook/magazines/news papers
- Journals/pamphlets/periodicals/handouts
- Maps/geographical maps
- Photographs/pictures/films
- Tape recorded information Any 3x1=(3mks)
(ii) Activities the students would carry out during the field study.
- Drawing of sketch maps

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 - Observation
- Colleting rock samples
- Making notes
- Taking photographs
- Asking questions/answering questions
- Studying geological maps Any 4x1=(4mks)
(iii) Problems the students are likely to face during the study.
- In ability to identify rocks
- In ability to access the rocks
- Accidents of shipping
- Difficulties in climbing/descending steep rocks
- Hindrance by poor weather conditions
- Attacks by wild animals
- Hostility from unfriendly people Any 3x1=(3mks)
8. (a) (i) M – Arete
N – Tarn (2x1)=(2mks)
(ii) _ Plucking
_ Abrasion (2x1)=(2mks)
(iii) - Formation of feature N. (Tarn)
- Snow accumulates in a pre-exsiting hallow on a mountain side
- Snow gets compacted into ice to form cirque glacier.
- Accumulated ice erodes the hollow making it deep and wide.
- A deep arm – shaped depression called corrie is formed
- The depression filled with melt water to form a lake called tarn
(5x1=5mks)
(b) (i) Types of mordine
- Sub – glacier/ground mordine
- Lateral moraine
- Medial moraine 2x1 any 2 = (2mks)
(c) Factors that determine the speed of ice movement
Plastic flowage – within the ice mass pressure is exerted on bottom layers and
the centre making it to melt thus changing their direction of flow
down the slop before they freeze
Basal slip – weight of the ice causes the ice layer which is in contact with the
rock beneath to melt, this cause the ice to slip and slide over the
underlying rock by gravity 2x2=(4mks)
(d) (i) Why pre – visit
- To familiarize with the area of study before they carry out the area of
study
- To identify the method they would use to collect data
- To budget the cost of the study 3x1= (3mks)
(ii) Challenges
- Ice accumulation may hinder transportation
- Rugged landscape making roads impassable
- Climbing the mountain areas is a scare/dangerous/risk for observation
(3x1=3mks)
(iii) Significance of glaciated landscape
- Minerals are exposed for exploitation
- Lakes s.a cirquel tarn provide water for domestic and industrial use

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 - Tourism industry is expand on features form a beautiful scenery for
tourist attraction
- Boulder clay form fertile soil thus agriculture production
- Water falls formed in hanging valleys generate hydro-electric power for
industries or domestic use (any 5x1=5mks)
9. (a) Desert definition
- Land that has little or completely no vegetation cover (2x1)=(2mks)
(b) (i) Types of desert depending on nature of surfaces:
- Sand desert – Erg
- Rocky desert - reg
- Stony desert – Hamada
- Bad land (4x1)=(4mks)
(ii) Features in arid areas associated with wind deposition.
- Barchan/Barkhans
- Dune
- Loess (3x1)=(3mks)

(c) Yardang. Formation

- Elongated rock ridges of vertically laid rocks
- Formed from rock layers that lie parallel to the wind direction
- The wind by abrassion erodes the soft layers removing and transporting the worn
out particles by deflation
- This leads to the formation of large furrows
- Hard layers are lefty standing out as small ridges called yardang

- Vertical and alternating layers of resistant and soft rock out crops

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 - Wind abrassion and deflation erode the less resistant rock, creating furrows

- Ridges of resistant rock under cut by form yardang wind abrassion

Formation of rock pedestal

- Made of Heterogenous rocks
- Massive rock which has horizontal layers of alternating hard and soft rock in the
path of moving wind
- Abrassion act on the rock j
- Soft rock layers worn out rapidly than the hard rock j leaving an irregular mass
of rock standing out called rock pedestal (4x1)=(4mks)
(d) (i) Objectives
- Should be stated by the candidates within the topic of study
(2mks)
(ii) Methods of data collection
- Photographing
- Note taking 2x1= (2mks)
(iii) Challenges during study
- Hot temperatures
- Gullies
- Heaped soils making roads impassible

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 Diagram for rock pedestal

Exposed mass of rock wilt alternating layers if hard and soft rock

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 Rock pedestal formed

10. (a) (i) X _ Aquifer

Y – Impermeable rock 2x1= (2mks)
(ii) - Conditions necessary for formation of artesian wells.
- An aquifer must lie between two impermeable rock layers so that it
retains water.
- The margins of the aquifer must be exposed to allow water to infiltrate
- The rock structure must form a shallow syncline such that the month of
the a well is at a lower level than the outcrop areas to ensure sufficient
pressure to naturally force out water.
- The aquifer must outcrop in a region which is a source of water e.g. a
lake or rainy region to ensure adequate supply of water.
- The month of t he well must be lower than t he in take area to ensure
water comes out of the well on its own.
Any 4 well explained x2= (8mks)
(b) (i) Ways in which springs occur
- Springs occurring where there is a well jointed limestone.
- Springs occurring at the foot of steep scarp slope
- Springs occurring where permeable rocks lie on top of an impermeable
rock on the hill side 3x1= (3mks)
(ii) Significance of underground water to the physical and human environment
- It leads to formation of springs which provide water for various uses.
- Springs deform the landscape through head ward erosion.
- There may be deposits of salt at the mouth of some hot springs which can
be exploited to make salt.
- Springs and wells are sources of water for domestic and industrial use.
- Springs attract settlement around them since they provide water for
domestic use.
- Water from springs and wells can be used for irrigation / agriculture
- Hot springs can be used for geothermal power production both for
domestic and industrial purposes.

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 - Springs with a high Sulphur content have medical value and can be used
to cure skin diseases.
- Hot springs attract tourists who bring foreign currency
- Hot water from the ground can be pumped into houses during winter thus
keeping the houses in temperature lands Any 3 well explained
x2=(6mks) marks
(c) (i) Hypothesis of the study in a Karst landscape
- The area has many disappearing rivers
- The area is made up of limestone any 2x1= (2mks)
(iii) Reasons why it is necessary to carry out a pre-visit before the study
(4mks)
- It familiarizes the researchers with the area of study
- It helps the researcher to identify and decide on the methods and tools to
use in collecting information
- It helps in determining the suitability of the area of study.
- It helps to identify any problems the researcher is likely to encounter
during the study.
- It enables the researcher to estimate the cost of study and plan
accordingly.
- It is useful in designing a working schedule.
- It introduces the researcher to the authorities and respondents in the area
of study.
Any 4 x1= (4mks)

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