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Theory

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singhsanish729
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THEORY

Rectification is the process of converting this alternating current


to direct current. The goal is to obtain a unidirectional flow of
electric charge.
The electrical device used to so is known as Rectifier.
Diode Rectifiers: Diodes are semiconductor devices that allow
the flow of current in one direction only. They are used in
rectifier circuits to rectify AC.
• Half-Wave Rectification: In a half-wave rectifier, only one
half of the AC waveform is allowed to pass through, resulting in
pulsating DC.
• Full-Wave Rectification: In a full-wave rectifier, both halves
of the AC waveform are utilized, producing a
smoother DC output.
Bridge Rectifiers: A circuit designed consisting of four or more
number of diodes in such a way that it follows bridge topology. It
is referred to as Bridge Rectifier. It can be designed using normal
diodes or by making use of controlled switches in it. It utilizes
both the positive and the negative halves of the cycles so that it
leads to the full wave rectification.
Rectifiers have many uses, but are often found serving as
components of DC power supplies and high-voltage direct
current power transmission systems. Rectification may serve in
roles other than to generate direct current for use as a source of
power. The simple process of rectification produces a type of DC
characterized by pulsating voltages and currents (although still
unidirectional). Depending upon the type of end-use, this type of DC current
may then be further modified into the types of relatively constant voltage DC
characteristically produced by such sources as batteries and solar cell.
A diode bridge is an arrangement of four (or more) diodes in a bridge circuit
configuration that provides the same polarity of output for either
polarity of input.
Working
The input AC supplied to the full wave rectifier is very high.
The step-down transformer in the rectifier circuit converts
the high voltage AC into low voltage AC. The anode of the
centre tapped diodes is connected to the transformer's
secondary winding and connected to the load resistor. During
the positive half cycle of the alternating current, the top half
of the secondary winding becomes positive while the second
half of the secondary winding becomes negative
During the positive half cycle, diode D₁ is forward biased as it
is connected to the top of the secondary winding while diode
D₂ is reverse biased as it is connected to the bottom of the
secondary winding. Due to this, diode D₁ will conduct acting
as a short circuit and D₂ will not conduct acting as an open
circuit
During the negative half cycle, the diode D, is reverse biased
and the diode D₂ is forward biased because the top half of
the secondary circuit becomes negative and the bottom half
of the circuit becomes positive. Thus in a full wave rectifiers,
DC voltage is obtained for both positive and
negative half cycle.
Construction
The construction of a bridge rectifier is shown in the figure below.
The bridge rectifier circuit is made of four diodes D_{1} D_{2} D_{3} D
4, and a load resistor R_{U} The four diodes are connected in a
closed-loop configuration to efficiently convert the alternating
current (AC) into Direct Current (DC). The main advantage of this
configuration is the absence of the expensive center – tapped
transformer. Therefore, the size and cost are reduced.

The input signal is applied across terminals A and B, and the


output DC signal is obtained across the load resistor R_{L}
connected between terminals C and D. The four diodes are
arranged in such a way that only two diodes conduct
electricity during each half cycle. D_{1} and D_{3} are pairs
that conduct electric current during the positive half cycle/.
Likewise, diodes D_{2} and D_{4} conduct electric current
during a negative half cycle.
Advantages of Full Wave Rectifier
1. The rectification efficiency of full wave rectifiers is double that
of half wave rectifiers. The efficiency of half wave rectifiers is
40.6% while the rectification efficiency of full wave rectifiers is
81.2%.
2. The ripple factor in full wave rectifiers is low hence a simple
filter is required. The value of ripple factor in full wave rectifier is
0.482 while in half wave rectifier it is about 1.21.
3. The output voltage and the output power obtained in full wave
rectifiers are higher than that obtained using half wave rectifiers.
4. The only disadvantage of the full wave rectifier is that they
need more circuit elements than the half wave rectifier which
makes, making it costlier.

Applications
The amplitude for the modulating radio signal is detected using
the full-wave bridge rectifier circuit.
In electric wielding to supply steady DC voltage in a polarized
way, this circuit is preferred.
As the efficiency of rectification is high in this rectifier circuit, it is
used in various appliances as a part of the power supply unit.
It has the capability of converting high AC voltage to low DC
value.
In case of powering up of the devices like motors and LED
devices these are used.
Bibliography
Physics-Textbook for class xii (NCERT)
Laboratory manual of Physics
Websites
a) www.wikipedia.org
b) https://byjus.com
c) https://watelectronics.com
CONTENTS
1. Certificate
2. Preface
3. Acknowledgement
4. Introduction
5. Conclusion
6. Bibliography

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