MVC Project 1

Jihwan Kim, William Atmajda, Bhavika Bhojwani, Bryan Lam

October 2024

1
a
 
2t cos(t) cos(t)
K̂(t) = p ,p ,p
1 + 4t2 + cos(2t) 1 + 4t2 + cos(2t) 1 + 4t2 + cos(2t)
r̂′ (t)
= ′
|r̂ (t)|

Let r̂(t) = x(t), y(t), z(t) such that

r̂′ (t) = x′ (t), y ′ (t), z ′ (t)

x′ (t) y ′ (t) z ′ (t)

 
K̂(t) = q
2
2
2 , q
2
2
2 , q
2
2
2
x′ (t) + y ′ (t) + z ′ (t) x′ (t) + y ′ (t) + z ′ (t) x′ (t) + y ′ (t) + z ′ (t)

Hence, we have a system of three differential equations in three functions of t:

x′ (t) 2t
q
2
2
2 = p1 + 4t2 + cos(2t)
x′ (t) + y ′ (t) + z ′ (t)
y ′ (t) cos(t)
q
2
2
2 = p1 + 4t2 + cos(2t)
x′ (t) + y ′ (t) + z ′ (t)
z ′ (t) cos(t)
q
2
2
2 = p1 + 4t2 + cos(2t)
x′ (t) + y ′ (t) + z ′ (t)

1
From the latter two equations, it is clear that z ′ (t) = y ′ (t). Therefore,

x′ (t) 2t
q
2
2 = p1 + 4t2 + cos(2t)
x′ (t) + 2 y ′ (t)
y ′ (t) cos(t)
q
2
2 = p1 + 4t2 + cos(2t)
x′ (t) + 2 y ′ (t)

Squaring the above equations yields

2
x′ (t) 4t2

2
2 = 2
x′ (t) + 2 y ′ (t) 1 + 4t + cos(2t)
2
y ′ (t)


cos2 (t)

2
2 =
x′ (t) + 2 y ′ (t) 1 + 4t2 + cos(2t)

It is well-known that 1 + cos(2t) = 2 cos2 (t), so

2
x′ (t) 4t2

2
2 = 2
x′ (t) + 2 y ′ (t) 4t + 2 cos2 (t)

2
y ′ (t) cos2 (t)

2
2 = 2
x′ (t) + 2 y ′ (t) 4t + 2 cos2 (t)

Notice that both equations are equivalent to

2 cos2 (t) ′
2
y ′ (t) = x (t)
4t2

So the original equation for K̂(t) is equivalent to

cos(t) ′
x (t) = y ′ (t) = z ′ (t)
2t
Therefore, there are infinitely x′ (t), y ′ (t), z ′ (t) representing infinitely many functions r̂′ (t) such

that K̂(t) is as above. However, it is obvious that one solution (which is arguably the most trivial)
is given by x′ (t) = 2t and y ′ (t) = cos(t) such that z ′ (t) = cos(t).

2
 Hence, we now let

r̂′ (t) = 2t, cos(t), cos(t)

Due
R ′ to the constant of integration, this is once again associated with infinitely many r̂(t) given by
r̂ (t) dt, of which we will once again choose the simplest:

r̂(t) = t2 , sin(t), sin(t)

We now compute N̂ (t), B̂(t), κ(t), τ (t), and N̂ (0.8), B̂(0.8), κ(0.8), τ (0.8) using Mathematica (as
opposed to by hand, because I value my sanity):

3
b
It is well-known that τ (t) = 0 implies that the curve is planar. Indeed, we may observe that since
y(t) = z(t), the curve lies on the plane given by y = z, or, in Cartesian form, 0x + 1y + (−1)z = 0.

4
2
a
√ 3 2

r̄(t) = t, t sin(t)
10
v̄(t) = r̄′ (t)
1 3 3
= √ , t sin(t) + t2 cos(t)


2 t 5 10
1 3 6 3
ā(t) = − 3 , sin(t) + t cos(t) − t2 sin(t)


4t 2 4 5 10
1 3 3

v̄(1) = , sin(1) + cos(1)
2 5 10
≈ (0.5, 0.667)
1 3 6 3

ā(1) = − , sin(1) + cos(1) − sin(1)
4 5 5 10
≈ (−0.25, 0.9)

b
We now compute the curvature, torsion, and the unit tangent, normal, and binormal vectors at
t = 1:

v̄(t)
T̂ (t) =
|v̄(t)|
v̄(t) = |v̄(t)|T̂ (t)
= vT (t)T̂ (t)
v̄(1) = |v̄(1)|T̂
≈ |(0.5, 0.667)|T̂
p
= 0.52 + 0.6672 T̂
≈ 0.8336T̂ + 0V̂

5
For the acceleration, we may consider the above vectors v̄(1) and ā(1) as three-dimensional, so that
we may take both their dot and cross products:

v̄(1) = (0.5, 0.667, 0)

ā(1) = (−0.25, 0.9, 0)
v̄(1) · ā(1)
aT (1) =
|v̄(1)|
(0.5, 0.667, 0) · (−0.25, 0.9, 0)
=
|(0.5, 0.667, 0)|
≈ 0.572
|v̄(1) × ā(1)|
aN (1) =
|v̄(1)|
|(0.5, 0.667, 0) × (−0.25, 0.9, 0)|
=
|(0.5, 0.667, 0)|
≈ 0.938
∴ ā = aT (1)T̂ + aN (1)N̂
≈ 0.572T̂ + 0.938N̂

c
aT (1)T̂ + aN (1)N̂ ≈ 0.592T̂ + 0.938N̂
≈ 0.572(0.6, 0.8) + 0.938(−0.8, 0.6)
= (−0.2472, 0.9004)
≈ (−0.25, 0.9)
≈ ā(1)

d
From the above computations in part b, κ = 1.06549. Let C be the centre of the osculating circle
at r̄(1):

C = r̄(1) + RN̂
3
sin(1) + κ−1 N̂


= 1,
10
≈ (1, 0.25) + 0.9385(−0.8, 0.6)
≈ (0.25, 0.81)

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e
It is well-known that
|r′ (t) × r′′ (t)|
κ(t) =
|r′ (t)|3
v(t) = |v̄(t)|
= |r̄′ (t)|
|r′ (t) × r′′ (t)| ′ 2
κ(t)v 2 (t) = |r̄ (t)|
|r′ (t)|3
|r′ (t) × r′′ (t)|
=
|r′ (t)|
= aT (t)
∴ aT (t) = κ(t)v 2 (t)

1
It is also known that κ(t) = R(1) , so

v 2 (1)
aT (1) =
R(1)

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3
a
¯ = r̄b (t) − r̄a (u)
AB
= (10, 1, 0) + (−7, 1, 5)t − (1, 2, 3) − (3, 3, 4)u
= (9 − 7t − 3u, −1 + t − 3u, −3 + 5t − 4u)

¯ ⊥ (3, 3, 4) and AB
But because of perpendicular distance, AB ¯ ⊥ (−7, 1, 5), so

¯ · (3, 3, 4)
0 = AB
= (9 − 7t − 3u, −1 + t − 3u, −3 + 5t − 4u) · (3, 3, 4)
= 3(9 − 7t − 3u) + 3(−1 + t − 3u) + 4(−3 + 5t − 4u)
∴ 0 = 12 + 2t − 34u
¯ · (−7, 1, 5)
0 = AB
= (9 − 7t − 3u, −1 + t − 3u, −3 + 5t − 4u) · (−7, 1, 5)
= −7(9 − 7t − 3u) + (−1 + t − 3u) + 5(−3 + 5t − 4u)
∴ 0 = −79 + 75t − 2u

Solving our system of two linear equations in t, u by elimination:

75t − 79
u=
2
75t − 79
0 = 12 + 2t − 34
2
= 1355 − 1273t
1355
t=
1273
75 1355
1273 − 79
u=
2
1058
=
2546
529
=
1273
 529 
∴ A = r̄a
1273
 2860 4133 5935 
= , ,
1273 1273 1273
 1355 
∴ B = r̄b
1273
 3245 2628 6775 
= , ,
1273 1273 1273

8
b
 3245 2628 6775   2860 4133 5935 
¯ =
|AB| , , − , ,
1273 1273 1273 1273 1273 1273
 385 1505 840 
= ,− ,
r 1273 1273 1273
385 2  1505 2  840 2
= + +
1273 1273 1273
r
3118850
=
1620529
r
2450
=
1273
≈ 1.3873

c
Let d(t) be the distance between r̄a (t) and r̄b (t).

d(t) = |r̄b (t) − r̄a (t)|

= |(10, 1, 0) + (−7, 1, 5)t − (1, 2, 3) − (3, 3, 4)t|
= |(9 − 10t, −1 − 2t, −3 + t)|
p
= (9 − 10t)2 + (−1 − 2t)2 + (−3 + t)2
p
= 105t2 − 182t + 91

It is obvious that d(t) is maximised when the argument of the square root is maximised. Hence, we
differentiate the argument of the square root:
d
0= (105t2 − 182t + 91)
dt
= 210t − 182
182
∴t=
210
13
=
15

9
  13  r  13 2  13 
d = 105 − 182 + 91
15 15 15
r
2730
=
225
r
182
=
15
≈ 3.4833

d
 13  13
r̄a = (1, 2, 3) + (3, 3, 4)
15 15
 54 69 97 
= , ,
15 15 15
 13  13
r̄b = (10, 1, 0) + (−7, 1, 5)
15 15
 59 28 75 
= , ,
15 15 15

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