OBJECTIVES

• Perform operations on mathematical expressions

correctly
• Acknowledge that mathematics is a useful
language
• Evaluate one’s learning
Imagine the following scenario…

You are in a math class, and the instructor passes a piece of paper to
each student. It is announced that the paper contains Strategies for
Solving Math Problems. You are to read it and make comments. Upon
glancing at the paper, you are surprised that it is written in a foreign
language that you do not understand!

IS THE INSTRUCTOR FAIR?

01
RESPONSES:

Of course not. Indeed, the instructor is probably trying to make a

point. Although the ideas in the paragraph may be simple, there is no
access to the ideas without a knowledge of the language in which
the ideas are expressed.

This situation has a strong analogy in mathematics. People frequently

have trouble understanding mathematical ideas; not necessarily
because the ideas are difficult, but because they are being
presented in a foreign language – THE LANGUAGE OF MATHEMATICS!

02
It is a system of conventional spoken, manual (signed), or written

symbols by means of which human beings, as members of a social

group and participants in its culture, express themselves. The functions

of language include communication, the expression of identity, play,

imaginative expression, and emotional release.

03
The language of mathematics is the system used to communicate
mathematical ideas. Numbers and symbols are related to
mathematics. However, it's also linked to several intriguing words.
Every mathematical number or symbol has a term or phrase that
corresponds to it. Math has its own set of rules. The more we learn
about the subject, the more likely we are to stumble across terms that
are specific to this field of science.

04
The origins of the most commonly used mathematics terminology may
be traced back to Old English. The local inhabitants spoke Celtic
when the Romans conquered Britain. The Romans introduced Latin,
and succeeding conquerors introduced their own languages. As a
result, the Anglo-Saxon language, often known as Old English, arose.
Old English is the source of words like one, two, three, and four, as well
as measurement terminology like foot, yard, and so on.

05
 Relationships, quantities, processes, measurements, reasoning,
and so on are all concepts in mathematics. In three essential ways,
the use of language in mathematics differs from the use of language
in everyday life.

• Mathematical language is a non-temporal language. In

mathematics, there is no past, present, or future.
• Mathematical language is emotionally barren.
• Mathematics is a precise language.

06
 are used to refer to certain quantities, concepts, and ideas

among others. The most commonly used in basic mathematics are

numbers 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9, the four fundamental symbols of

operation +, -, ×, ÷, and the inequality symbols ≠, ≤, ≥, < >, and equal

sign =.

07
 NOUN SENTENCE
(Name given to an (must state a complete
object of interest) thought)

• TRUE: The word “math”

has four letters.
• Person
• FALSE: The word “math”
• Place ENGLISH has five letters.
• Thing
• Sometimes
True/Sometimes False:
Math is a difficult subject.
08
Mathematical expression consists of terms. The term of a
mathematical expression contains a number and a letter separated
by at least one of the fundamental operations. In algebra, variables or
letters are used to represent unknown quantities. In 2x + 5, x is variable
and is also called literal coefficient while 2 is called numerical
coefficient. Meanwhile, 5 in the same expression is called constant
whose value is irreplaceable.

09
Mathematical expressions may be classified according to the number
of terms as follows:
• Monomial contains one term only.
Examples are: 2x; 5y; 3m; 4n;
• Binomial contains two terms.
Examples are: 2x – 3y; 5x + 9y; -3m + 2n;
• Trinomial contains three terms.
Examples are: 2a – 3b + 4c; 5x – 3y + 2z
• Multinomial contains four or more terms.
Examples are: 2a – 3b + 4c - d; 5x – 3y + 2z + 4
10
Mathematical Sentence is a combination of two mathematical
expressions using a comparison operator.

• Equation
Examples: 4x + 3 = 19

• Inequality
Examples: 15x – 5 < 3y

11
 An open sentence in math means that it uses variables, meaning
that it is not known whether or not the mathematical sentence is
true or false.
Example: 2xy < 3y

 A closed sentence is a mathematical sentence that is known to be

either true or false.
Example: 2(x + y) = 2x + 2y

12
 Mathematical Sentence have verbs and connectives

 Truth Sentences
The notion of truth (the property of being true or false) is of
fundamental importance in the mathematical language.

13
 Read it aloud, and ask yourself the question: Does it state a

complete thought? If YES, then it is a sentence.

 You may also ask yourself the question: Does it make sense to ask

about the truth of it?

14
It is the structural rules governing the use of symbols representing
mathematical objects.

Express the following using mathematical symbols

A. 5 is the square root of 25
B. 5 is less than 10
C. 5 less than 10

15
 The word "is" could mean equality, inequality, or membership in a
set
 Different uses of a number; to express quantity (cardinal), to
indicate the order (ordinal), and as a label (nominal)
 Mathematical objects may be represented in many ways, such as
sets and functions
 The words “and & or" means different from their English use

16
17
 The following are the most commonly used phrases in Algebra:
1. Addition (plus, increased by, added to, the sum of, more than)
2. Subtraction (decreased by, subtracted from, the difference of, less
than, diminished by)
3. Multiplication (multiplied by, of, the product of, times)
4. Division (ratio of, the quotient of, divided by)
5. Inequality (is greater than, is less than, is at least, is less than or
equal, is greater than or equal to, is at most, is not equal to)
6. Equality (the same as, is equal to, equals)
18
19
 Context refers to the particular topics being studied and it is
important to understand the context to understand mathematical
symbols.
Convention is a technique used by mathematicians, engineers,
and scientists in which each particular symbol has a particular
meaning.

20
1. SET is a well-defined collection of distinct objects.

2. FUNCTIONS are mathematical quantities that give unique outputs

to particular inputs.

3. RELATIONS are correspondence between a first set of variables

such that for some elements of the first set of variables, there
correspond at least two elements of the second set of variables.

4. BINARY OPERATIONS are rules for combining two values to produce

a new value.
21
 Two ways to describe a set:

1. Roster/Tabular Method

Example: E = {a, e, i, o, u}

2. Rule/Descriptive Method

Example: E = {x/x is a collection of vowel numbers}

22
• Empty/Null/Void Set is a set that contains no element
Example: C = {x/x is an integer less than 2 but greater than 1}
• Finite Set is a set that contains a countable number of elements.
Example: A = {a, b, c}
• An Infinite Set is a set that contains an uncountable number of
elements.
Example:
A = {…, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, …} and B = {x/x is a set of whole numbers}
23
• Universal Set is a set that contains all elements under consideration.
Example: U = {x/x is an animal in Manila Zoo} and U = {1, 2, 3, …,100}
• Unit Set (Singleton) is a set that contains only one element.
Example: E = {x/x is a whole number greater than 1 but less than 3}
• Equal Sets are sets that contain exactly the same elements.
Example: A = {0,1,2,3} B = {2, 0, 1,3}

24
• Equivalent Sets are sets that contain the same number of elements.
Example: A = {a, b, c, d} B = {2, 0, 1,3}
• Joint Sets are sets that have at least one common element.
Example: A = {a, b, c, d} B = {d, e, f, g, h}
• Disjoint Sets are sets that contain no common element.
Example: A = {a, b, c, d} B = {e, f, g, h}

25
 The function is a relation in which, for every value of the first
component of the ordered pair, there is exactly one value of the
second component.

It has three most important parts:

1. Input
2. Relationship
3. Output

26
27
28
Example:
Let set X consist of four students and set Y consist of their favorite
subjects, respectively:
X = {Alyssa, Elijah, Steph, Shei}
Y = {Chemistry, Math, Physics, Statistics}

The result is a set of ordered pairs of the form (x, y), written as: {(Alyssa,
Chemistry), (Elijah, Math), (Steph, Physics), (Shei, Statistics)}
29
 The Composition of Functions f with g is denoted by f ∙ g and is

defined by the equation (f ∙ g) (x) = f (g(x)).

The domain of the composition function f ∙ g is the set of all x such

that:

1. x is in the domain of g and;

2. g(x) is in the domain of f.

30
Example 1. Given f(x) = 4x – 5 and g(x) = 𝑥 2 + 4,

Find (a) (f · g) (x) and (b) (g · f) (x)

Example 2. Given f(x) = x -1 and g(x) = 2𝑥 2 + x - 3,

Find (a) (f · g) (x) and (b) (g · f) (x)

Example 3. Given f(x) = 𝑥 2 + 3 and g(x) = 𝑥 2 - 1,
Find (a) (f · g) (x) and (b) (g · f) (x)

31
 The domain is the set of all the first elements in a function.
 The range is the set of all second elements in a function.

32
 Based on the kind of relationship that the elements of the two
sets have with each other there are mainly four types of functions:

 One-to-One Function (Injective)

 Many to One Function
 Onto Function (Surjective)
 One-to-one and Onto Function (Bijective)

33
One-to-One Function One-to-One and
Many-to-One Function One-to-Many Function
(Injective) Onto Function

34
 Relations are correspondence between a first set of variables

such that for some elements of the first set of variables, there

correspond to at least two elements of the second set of variables.

35
36
 Binary operations are
rules for combining two
values to produce a new
value.

37
 Logic is the science of formal principles of reasoning or correct

inference. Mathematical Logic is the study of reasoning in

mathematics. Mathematical reasoning is deductive; meaning it

consists of drawing conclusions from the given hypothesis.

38
 Formality is a relational concept. It is an expression can be more
or less relative to another expression, entailing an ordering of
expressions; yet, no expression can be absolutely formal or absolutely
informal.
 EXISTENTIAL QUANTIFIERS
Example: There exists an x such that x is odd number and 2x is even
number.
 UNIVERSAL QUANTIFIERS
Example: For all x, if x is a positive integer, then 2x + 1 is an odd
number.

39
40