Unit 3: Applications of Differentiation

(微分的應用)

materials in this unit can be found in:

Chap. 4 : 4.2~4.6, 4.9~4.10,
Chap. 11: 11.5~11.6

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 Unit 3 講授內容
• increasing and decreasing functions (4.2, 遞增
及遞減)
• max-min problems (4.3~4.5, 極大與極小問題)
• concavity and points of inflection (4.6, 凹性與
反曲點)
• velocity and acceleration; speed; rate of change
(4.9~4.10, 不在統一會考範圍，但是應該要講)
• indeterminate forms; L'Hôpital's rule (11.5, 11.6,
不定型極限；羅必達法則)
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(Part 1/2)
Chapter 4: The Mean-Value Theorem & Application Topics
4.1 The Mean- Value Theorem 4.6 Concavity and Points of Inflection
a. Theorem 4.1.2, p. 155 a. Definition 4.6.1, p. 191, figure 4.6.1
b. Rolle’s theorem, p. 156, figure 4.1.2 b. Definition 4.6.2, p. 191
c. The mean-value theorem, p. 154, figure 4.1.1 c. Theorem 4.6.3, p. 192
d. Theorem 4.6.4, p. 192
4.2 Increasing and Decreasing functions
a. Definition 4.2.1, p. 161, figure 4.2.1 4.7 Vertical and Horizontal Asymptotes; Vertical Tangents and Cusps
b. Theorem 4.2.2, p. 161 a. Vertical asymptote, p. 195–196, figures 4.7.1-4
c. f is constant on I if f’(x)=0 for all x in I, p. 162 b. Horizontal asymptote, p. 197, figures 4.7.7-8
d. Theorem 4.2.3, p. 162 c. Rational functions and horizontal asymptotes, p. xxx
e. (4.2.4), p. xxx d. Vertical tangent, p. 199, figure 4.7.11
f. Theorem 4.2.4, p. 165, figure 4.2.11 e. Vertical cusp, p. 199, figure 4.7.12

4.3 Local Extreme Values 4.8 Curve Sketching

a. Definition 4.3.1, p. 167&168, figure 4.3.1 a. Procedure, p. 201
b. Theorem 4.3.2, p. 168
c. Critical number (4.3.3), p. 168 4.9 Velocity and Acceleration; Speed
d. The first derivative test, p. 170, figures 4.3.7-10 a. Velocity, p. 209
e. The second derivative test, p. 171 b. Acceleration and Speed, p. 210
c. Free fall near the surface of the Earth, p. 213
4.4 Endpoint and Absolute Extreme Values
a. Endpoint extreme values (4.4.1), p. 174–175, figures 4.10 Related Rates of Change Per Unit Time
4.4.1-4 a. Strategies for solving related rates problems, p. 219
b. Absolute extreme values (4.4.2), p. 175
c. Behavior of f as x→ ∞, p. 117 4.11 Differentials
d. Summary for finding extreme values, p. 179 a. Definition, p. 224

4.5 Max-Min Problems 4.12 Newton-Raphson Approximations

a. Strategy for solving max-min problems, p. 183 a. The Newton-Raphson method, p. 230

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Chapter 11: Sequences; Indeterminate Forms; Improper Integrals
Section 11.1 The Least Upper Bound Axiom Section 11.4 Some Important Limits
a. Least Upper Bound Axiom a. Common Limits
b. Examples b. Limit Properties
c. Theorem 11.1.2 c. More Properties
d. Example
e. Greatest Lower Bound Section 11.5 The Indeterminate Form (0/0)
f. Theorem 11.1.4 a. L’Hôpitals Rule (0/0)
b. Example
Section 11.2 Sequences of Real Numbers c. The Cauchy Mean-Value Theorem
a. Definition
b. Laws of Formation Section 11.6 The Indeterminate Form (∞/∞); Other
c. Types of Sequences Indeterminate Forms
d. Range of a Sequence a. L’Hôpitals Rule (∞/∞)
e. Increasing, Decreasing, Monotonic Sequences b. Limit Properties
f. Example c. Example
d. Indeterminates 00, 1∞, ∞0
Section 11.3 Limit of A Sequence e. Example
a. Definition
b. Example Section 11.7 Improper Integrals
c. Uniqueness of Limit Theorem a. Integrals Over Unbounded Intervals
d. Convergent and Divergent Sequences b. Examples
e. Convergence Theorem c. Limit Property
f. Example d. Comparison Test
g. Theorem 11.3.7 e. Integrals of Unbounded Functions
h. Pinching Theorem for Sequences f. Example
i. Corollary
j. Continuous Functions Applied to Convergent Sequences

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 建議練習題目
• Chap. 4：
– 4.2 (p. 165): 1, 3, 9, 18, 22, 27
– 4.3 (p. 173): 2, 9, 10, 17, 36
– 4.4 (p. 180): 1, 3, 13, 17, 25
– 4.5 (p. 187): 1, 11, 19, 25, 53
– 4.6 (p. 193): 5, 7, 13, 17
– 4.9 (p. 215): 1, 9, 29, 39, 41
– 4.10 (p. 221): 1, 5, 9, 23
• Chap. 11：
– 11.5 (p. 558): 1, 7, 11, 23
– 11.6 (p. 563): 1, 9, 17, 31, 37
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4.1 The Mean-Value Theorem
4.1 略談

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Theorem 4.1.2, p. 155
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Example 1

We use Rolle’s theorem to show that

p (x) = 2x3 + 5x −1
has exactly one real zero.

Hint: p( x)  0 for all x.

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Example 2 The function

is differentiable on (−1, 1), and is continuous on [−1, 1].

Thus, there exists a number c between −1 and 1 at which

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 1
f ( x) = −
2 1− x

1 1
solve for f (c) = − =− 2
2 1− c 2

1
we obtain c=
2
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Example 3
Suppose that f is differentiable on (1,4), continuous
on [1,4] , and f(1) = 2.

Given that 2  f ( x)  3 for all x in (1,4).

What is the least value that f can take on at 4?

What is the greatest value that f can take on at 4?

ans : 8  f (4)  11. 15

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4.2 Increasing and Decreasing Functions

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Neither increasing nor decreasing
on any interval

1, x rational
y=
0, x irrational

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Theorem 4.2.2, p. 161
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Example 1

f ( x) = 1 − x 2

x
f ' ( x) = −
1− x 2

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f(x) increases on [-1, 0], decreases on [0, 1]

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Example 2

f ( x) = 1 / x for all x  0
f ' ( x) = −1 / x 2
for all x  0

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f ( x) decreases on (−,0) and (0, )

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Example 3

4 5
g ( x ) = x − 3x − 4 x + 22 x − 24 x + 6
4 3 2


g ( x ) = 4 x − 12 x − 12 x + 44 x − 24
4 3 2

= 4( x + 2)( x − 1) ( x − 3)
2

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Since g is everywhere continuous,

g increases on (−,−2] and [3, ),

and decreases on [−2, 3].

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Example 4

Let f (x) = x – 2 sin x , 0≤ x ≤ 2 π,

Find the intervals on which f increases

and the intervals on which f decreases.

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Example 3

f ( x) = x − 2 sin x

f ( x) = 1 − 2 cos x
1 
= 2 − cos x 
2 

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1/2

 5
3 3

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f ( x) decreases on 0,  / 3 and 5 / 3, 2 ;
increases on  / 3,5 / 3

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Example 5

 x3 , x  1

f ( x) =  1
 2 x + 2, x  1

then
3 x 2 , x  1

f ( x ) =  1
 2 , x  1
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f ( x) increases on (−,1) and [1, )

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Example 6
1
 x + 2, x  1
g( x) =  2
 x 3 , x 1
then
 1
 , x 1
g( x) =  2
3 x 2 , x  1
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f ( x) increases on (−,1) and [1, )

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Theorem 4.2.4, p. 165, figure 4.2.11
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Theorem 4.2.4, p. 165, figure 4.2.11
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Example 7
Find f given that
f ( x) = 6 x − 7 x − 5
2
for all real x
and f (2) =1.

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sol: f ( x) = 2 x − x − 5 x + C
3

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4.3 Local Extreme Values

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Definition 4.3.1, p. 167&168, figure 4.3.1
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Definition 4.3.1, p. 167&168, figure 4.3.1
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Theorem 4.3.2, p. 168
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 (臨界點)

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Example 1
f (x) = 3 – x2 ,

f’ (x) = – 2x exists everywhere.

f’ (x) = 0 only at x = 0, (the only critical point).

The number f (0) = 3 is a local maximum.

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critical point

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Example 2

− x + 1, x  −1
f ( x) =| x + 1| +2 = 
 x + 3, x  −1
then
 −1, x  −1
f ( x) = 
 1, x  −1
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The value f (– 1) = 2 is a local minimum.

critical point

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Example 3

1
f ( x) = for x  1
x −1
then
1
f ( x) = − for x  1
( x − 1) 2

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 no critical points

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Example 4
f (x) = x3
f ’ (x) = 3x2 is 0 at x = 0,

but f (0) = 0 is not a local extreme value.

The function is everywhere increasing.

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critical point

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Example 5 The function

is everywhere decreasing.

Although 2 is a critical point

[f ’ (2) does not exist],
f (2) = 1 is not a local extreme value. 54
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  − 2 x + 5, x  2
f ( x) =  1
− x + 2, x  2
 2
then
 − 2, x  2
f ( x) =  1
− , x2
 2
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The first derivative test, p. 170, figures 4.3.7-10
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Local maximum

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Local minimum

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Example 6

f ( x) = x − 2 x
4 3


f ( x) = 4 x − 6 x = 2 x (2 x − 3)
3 2 2

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critical points

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 local minimum

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Example 7

f ( x) = 2 x 5/3
+ 5x 2/3

10 2 / 3 10 −1/ 3
f ( x) = x + x
3 3
10 −1/ 3
= x ( x + 1), x0
3

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critical points
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local maximum

local minimum

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Example: f (x) is not continuous at x = 1

no local maximum

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The second derivative test, p. 171
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Example 8
For f (x) = 2x3 – 3x2 – 12x + 5
f’ (x) = 6x2 – 6x – 12 = 6 (x – 2) (x + 1)
and f” (x) = 12x – 6
The critical points are 2 and – 1;
Since f”(2) = 18 ＞ 0 and f” (– 1) = – 18 ＜ 0,

f (2) = – 15 is a local minimum,

f (– 1) = 12 is a local maximum.
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Example: second derivative

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Example 9

By the first-derivative test, f (0) = 0 is a local

minimum, We cannot get this information
from the second-derivative test because f " (x ) = x
4 −2 / 3
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is not defined at x = 0.
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Example 10

f ( x) = x 3
g ( x) = x 4
h( x ) = − x 4

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In each case x = 0 is a critical point:

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In each case the second derivative is zero at x = 0:

The first function, f (x) = x3, has neither a local

maximum nor a local minimum at x = 0.

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The second function, g (x) = x4, has derivative
g’(x) = 4x3. Since

g (0) is a local minimum. (The first-derivative test.)

The last function, being the negative of g, has a

local maximum at x = 0
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4.4 Endpoint and Absolute Extreme Values

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Absolute extreme values (4.4.2), p. 175
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Example 1 Find the critical points of the function

1 4
f ( x) = 1 + 4 x − x ,
2
x [−1,3].
2

Then find and classify all the extreme values.

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Sol:

f ' ( x) = 8 x − 2 x = −2 x( x + 2)( x − 2)
3

 f ( x) has critical points at x = 0, 2

(note : − 2 is not in the domain of f )

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 local maximum,
absolute maximum

endpoint maximum

local minimum
endpoint minimum,
absolute minimum
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Example 2

Find the critical points of the function

 2 1
 x + 2 x + 2, −  x  0
f ( x) =  2
 x 2 − 2 x + 2, 0  x  2

Then find and classify all the extreme values.

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Sol:

 1
2 x + 2, −  x  0
f ' ( x) =  2
2 x − 2, 0  x  2

since f ' ( x) does not exist at x = 0,

and f ' (1) = 0,
 f ( x) has critical points at x = 0, 1

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function values at endpoints :
 1 5
f −  = , f ( 2) = 2
 2 4

derivative s at neighborhood of endpoints :

 1 +

f  −  = 1,
 f ( 2 ) = 2
−

 2 
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function values at critical points :
f (0) = 2, f (1) = 1

derivative s at neighborhood of critical points :

 −
f (0 ) = 2,  +
f (0 ) = −2,
f (1 )  0,
−
f (1 )  0
+

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 endpoint maximum,
local maximum, absolute maximum
absolute maximum

local minimum,
endpoint minimum absolute minimum

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Example 3
(a) As x → ,
3 x − 100 x + 2 x − 5 → 
4 3

no absolute maximum

(b) As x → − ,
5 x + 12 x + 80 → −
3 2

no absolute minimum 87
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Example 4
Find the critical points of the function

f ( x) = 6 x − x x
Then find and classify all the extreme values.

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Sol: f ( x ) = 6 x − x x = − x 3 / 2 + 6 x1 / 2
dom ( f ) = [0, )

3 1/ 2 −1 / 2
f ' ( x) = − x + 3x
2
(
3 1/ 2
= − x − 2 x −1/ 2
2
)
= − x (x − 2)
3 −1/ 2
2

 f ( x) has critical points at x = 2 89

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function values at endpoints :
f ( 0) = 0
lim f ( x ) = −
x →

derivative s at neighborhood of endpoints :

 +
f (0 ) → 

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function values at critical point :
f ( 2) = 4 2 ,

derivative s at neighborhood of critical points :

f ( 2 )  0,
−
f ( 2 )  0
+

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 local maximum,
absolute maximum

endpoint minimum
absolute minimum does not exist
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Summary for finding all extreme values, p. 179
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 自行練習
Example 5
Find the critical points of the function

Then find and classify all the extreme values.

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 自行練習

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Example 6 Find the critical points of the function

Then find and classify all the extreme value.

自行練習

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