Eco-Niwas Samhita (ENS) 2024

Energy Conservation and

Sustainable Building Code-
Residential
2024

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Bureau of Energy Efficiency (Ministry of Power, Government of India)
www.beeindia.gov.in

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 Eco-Niwas Samhita (ENS) 2024
(Energy Conservation and Sustainable Building
Code - Residential)

© 2024 Bureau of Energy Efficiency

Published by

Bureau of Energy Efficiency

4th Floor, Sewa Bhawan, R K Puram, New Delhi, India`

No portion (graphics or text) of this Code may be reproduced, translated, or transmitted in

any form or manner by any means – including but not limited to electronic copy, photocopy,
or any other information storage and retrieval system without explicit written consent from
Bureau of
Energy Efficiency, New Delhi.

All rights reserved Printed in New Delhi, India

1st Printed: September 2024

Printed on 100% recycled paper.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
List of Tables 7
Table of Figures 8
Message from Director General, BEE 9
Acknowledgement 10
List of Steering Committee Members 11
List of Technical Committee Members 13
Development Teams 14
Chapter 1: Introduction 16
Chapter 2: Scope 18
Chapter 3: Code Compliance 20
Chapter 4: Sustainable Site Management 22
4.1 SCOPE 22
4.2 MANDATORY PROVISIONS 22
4.2.1 Site Preservation 22
4.2.2 Universal Accessibility 22
4.2.3 Landscaping 22
4.2.4 Mitigating Urban Heat Island 23
4.3 INCREMENTAL PROVISIONS (M AXIMUM 30 POINTS ) 23
4.3.1 LANDSCAPING (MAXIMUM 16 POINTS) 23
4.3.2 Mitigation of Urban Heat Island (MAXIMUM 14 POINTS) 23
Chapter 5: Energy Management and Conservation 25
5.1 SCOPE 25
5.2 MANDATORY PROVISIONS 25
5.2.1 Building Envelope 25
5.2.2 Building Services 26
5.2.3 Indoor Electrical End use (If applicable) 30
5.2.4 Renewable EnERgy Systems 30
5.3 INCREMENTAL PROVISIONS (Maximum 120 Points) 31
5.3.1 Building Envelope (Maximum 40 Points) 31
5.3.2 Building Services (Maximum 28 Points) 32
5.3.3 Indoor Electrical End-use (If applicable) (Maximum 42 Points) 33
5.3.4 Renewable Energy Systems (Maximum 10 points) 34
Chapter 6: Water Conservation and Management 35
6.1 SCOPE 35

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 6.2 MANDATORY PROVISIONS 35
6.2.1 Site Water Use Reduction 35
6.2.2 Building Water Use Reduction 35
6.2.3 Water Usage Monitoring 36
6.2.4 RAINWATER HARVESTING 36
6.2.5 Recycle & Reuse of Wastewater 37
6.2.6 WATER QUALITY REQUIREMENTS 37
6.3 INCREMENTAL PROVISIONS (Maximum 43 points) 37
6.3.1 Site Water Use Reduction (MAXIMUM 17 POINTS) 37
6.3.2 Building Water Use Reduction (MAXIMUM 26 POINTS) 38
Chapter 7: Waste Management 39
7.1 SCOPE 39
7.2 MANDATORY PROVISIONS 40
7.2.1 Construction waste management 40
7.2.2 Post-construction waste management 40
7.3 INCREMENTAL PROVISIONS (maximum 7 points) 41
7.3.1 Construction waste management (maximum 2 points) 41
7.3.2 Post-construction waste management (maximum 5 points) 42
Chapter 8: Indoor EnvironmentAL Quality (IEQ) 43
8.1 SCOPE 43
8.2 MANDATORY PROVISIONS 43
8.2.1 Ventilation potential 43
8.2.2 Low-Emitting Materials 43
8.2.3 Air Quality in Car parking 43
8.2.4 Ventilation Opening in Kitchen and bathrooms/toilets 43
8.2.5 Daylight availability 44
8.2.6 Lighting adequacy for common areas and exterior lighting 44
8.2.7 Lighting quality - Colour rendering Index 44
8.2.8 Thermal comfort 45
8.3 INCREMENTAL POINTS PROVISIONS (Maximum 10 Points) 45
8.3.1 Cross-ventilation (maximum 4 Points) 45
8.3.2 Daylight availability (Useful daylight illuminance) (Maximum 4 Points) 45
8.3.3 Air quality in UNDERGROUND PARKING AREA (MAXIMUM POINTS 2) 46
Chapter 9: Calculations and Formula 47
9.1 Calculation of Openable Window-to Floor area ratio (WFRop) 47

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 9.2 Calculation Of Window-To-Wall Ratio (WWR) 48
9.3 Calculation Of Thermal Transmittance (U Value) Of Roof and Wall 48
9.4 Thermal Transmittance of Roof (Uroof) 52
9.5 Residential Envelope Transmittance Value (RETV) for building envelope
(except roof) for four climate zones, namely, composite climate, Hot-Dry climate,
Warm-Humid climate, and Temperate climate 53
9.6 Calculation of the Weighted Average Retv Of the total residential project
54
9.7 Thermal Transmittance of building envelope (except roof) for cold climate
(Uenvelope,cold) 55
9.8 Calculation of Orientation Factor 55
9.9 Calculation Of Equivalent SHGC 56
9.10 Lux level calculation 61
9.11 Day light Availability Calculation 62
9.12 Example for Post Occupancy Waste generation 64
9.13 calculation of area requirement for Storing organic waste 65
9.14 Organic waste calculation (Vermi Composting Method) 65
9.15 Inorganic waste calculation 66
9.16 Example for construction Waste diversion estimation 66
Chapter 10: Terminology & Definitions 68
Annexures 75
Annexure 1: Compliance Documents 76
Annexure 2: Embodied Energy 79
Annexure 3: Construction Management 82
3.1 Good construction practices 82
3.1.1 Air and soil pollution during construction 82
3.1.2 energy conservation during construction 82
3.1.3 Water conservation during construction 84
3.1.4 Education and research enhancement for good construction practices
84
Annexure 4: Retrofitting of Residential Buildings 85
Annexure 5: Improved Air Cooling 88
Annexure 6: Smart Home 94
Annexure 7: Guidelines for Design for Natural Ventilation 98
Annexure 8: Cool Roof and Roof Gardens 102

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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Points required to achieve ENS+ and Super ENS compliance ....................................... 20
Table 2: Maximum incremental points in each chapter ................................................................ 20
Table 3: Points for increasing vegetated area on site .................................................................... 23
Table 4: Points for Reducing the Turf Area ....................................................................................... 23
Table 5: Points for Increasing the Landscaped Area planted with Native Plant Species ......... 23
Table 6: Points for Reducing Paved Area on Site ........................................................................... 24
Table 7: Points for Increasing Pervious Paving ................................................................................. 24
Table 8: Minimum requirement of window-to-floor area ratio (WFRop) ...................................... 25
Table 9: Minimum visible light transmittance (VLT) requirement ................................................... 25
Table 10: Common Area Lighting ..................................................................................................... 27
Table 11: Outdoor Lighting Requirement ......................................................................................... 27
Table 12: Permissible Limit for Dry-Type Transformers ...................................................................... 28
Table 13: Permissible Limit for Mineral or Easter Oil Transformers ................................................... 29
Table 14: Points for Thermal Transmittance of Roof (Uroof).............................................................. 31
Table 15: Points for improved RETV ................................................................................................... 31
Table 16: Points for Thermal transmittance of the building envelope (except the roof) for cold
climate (UENVELOPE, COLD) ....................................................................................................................... 31
Table 17: Points for Common Area Lighting .................................................................................... 32
Table 18: Points for automatic control of exterior lights ................................................................. 32
Table 19: Points for Elevators.............................................................................................................. 32
Table 20: Points for Pumps.................................................................................................................. 32
Table 21: Points for Electrical System ................................................................................................ 33
Table 22: Points for Lamp Lumen Efficacy of Indoor Lighting ........................................................ 33
Table 23: Points for BEE star rated ceiling fans ................................................................................. 33
Table 24: Points for BEE Star Rating of Air-Conditioners .................................................................. 33
Table 25: Points for renewable energy systems ............................................................................... 34
Table 26: Sanitary Fittings ................................................................................................................... 35
Table 27: Sanitary Wares .................................................................................................................... 36
Table 28: Points for recycled water used for irrigation ................................................................... 37
Table 29: Points for Drip irrigation System ......................................................................................... 38
Table 30: Points for Sprinkler Irrigation System .................................................................................. 38
Table 31: Points for Reclamation of Wastewater ............................................................................ 38
Table 32: Points for Star Rated Sanitary Fittings ............................................................................... 38
Table 33: Points for Star Rated Sanitary Ware ................................................................................. 38
Table 34: Area requirement for different strategies ........................................................................ 41
Table 35: Points for reuse of waste generated on-site ................................................................... 41
Table 36: Points for waste segregation at the centralized unit ..................................................... 42
Table 37: Points for Composting of Organic Waste ........................................................................ 42
Table 38: VOC Limits of Selected Paints ........................................................................................... 43
Table 39: Required Min. Lux Levels as per space ............................................................................ 44
Table 40: Required CRI as per space type ...................................................................................... 44
Table 41: Cross ventilation requirement for incremental points .................................................... 45
Table 42: Daylight Requirement ........................................................................................................ 46
Table 43: Air Quality in Car Parking................................................................................................... 46
Table 44: Default openable area to opening area ratio............................................................... 47
Table 45: Values of surface film thermal resistance for U-value calculation ............................... 49
Table 46: Type of material and Thermal Conductivity ................................................................... 49
Table 47: Values of unventilated air layer thermal resistance for U-value calculation .............. 52

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Table 48: Coefficients (a, b, and c) for RETV formula..................................................................... 54
Table 49: Orientation factor (ω) for different orientations ............................................................. 56
Table 50: External Shading Factor for Overhang (ESFoverhang) for LAT ≥ 23.5˚N ............................ 58
Table 51: External Shading Factor for Overhang (ESFoverhang) for LAT<23.5˚N .............................. 58
Table 52: External Shading Factor for Side Fin-Right (ESFright) for LAT ≥ 23.5˚N ............................. 59
Table 53: External Shading Factor for Side Fin-Right (ESFright) for LAT<23.5˚N ............................... 59
Table 54: External Shading Factor for Side Fin-Left (ESFleft) for LAT ≥ 23.5˚N ................................ 60
Table 55: External Shading Factor for Side Fin-Left (ESFleft) for LAT<23.5˚N ................................... 60
Table 56: Daylight Extent Factors (DEF) for Manually Calculating Daylight Area ....................... 62
Table 57: Calculation example for construction waste management........................................ 66
Table 58: Construction waste calculation as per ENS Provisions .................................................. 67
Table 59: Materials and Embodied energy consumption ............................................................. 80
Table 60: Functionality Requirement for smart Home .................................................................... 96
Table 61: Minimum requirement of window-to-floor area ratio, WFRop ....................................... 98

TABLE OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Primary orientations for determining the orientation factor ω....................................... 56
Figure 2: Section showing overhang ................................................................................................ 61
Figure 3: Plan showing left side fin .................................................................................................... 61
Figure 4: Plan showing right side fin .................................................................................................. 61
Figure 5: Regularly occupied area (yellow rendered) ................................................................... 63
Figure 6: Daylight compliant area (yellow rendered) .................................................................... 64
Figure 7: Walls included in the definition of building envelope .................................................... 68
Figure 8: Projection factor, overhang .............................................................................................. 71
Figure 9: Projection factor, side fin .................................................................................................... 71
Figure 10: Solar heat gain through a non-opaque component .................................................. 72
Figure 11: Openings on adjacent or opposite external walls for cross ventilation (Guideline) 98
Figure 12: Openings on external wall and internal wall for cross ventilation (Guideline) .......... 99
Figure 13: Two windows on single external wall (Guideline) ......................................................... 99
Figure 14: Adding ventilators above windows improves ventilation especially when only single
external wall is available for openings (Guideline) ...................................................................... 100
Figure 15: Room with only one opening on the external wall ..................................................... 100
Figure 16: Room with multiple openings on the external wall ..................................................... 100
Figure 17: Room with openings on both the external wall and another internal or external wall.
............................................................................................................................................................ 101
Figure 18: Comparison of different cases ...................................................................................... 101

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MESSAGE FROM DIRECTOR GENERAL, BEE

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
By Shri Saurabh Diddi (Director, BEE)

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LIST OF STEERING COMMITTEE MEMBERS

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LIST OF TECHNICAL COMMITTEE
MEMBERS

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 DEVELOPMENT TEAMS

Mr. Srikant Nagulapalli, Director General, BEE

Mr. Saurabh Diddi, Director, BEE
Ms. Meenal Anand, Senior Sector Expert, BEE
Ms. Manisha Sharma, Project Engineer, BEE
Mr. Jotham Prabhu, Project Engineer, BEE
Mr. Mayankraj Prajapat, Project Engineer, BEE

Mr. S Vikash Ranjan, Pledge4earth

Ms. Anukriti Pathak, Pledge4earth
Mr. Manish Kumar, Pledge4earth
Mr. Prashant Bhanware, GKSPL
Ms. Vernica Prakash Kapoor, GKSPL
Ms. Saswati Chetia, GKSPL
Ms. Sonija Kapooria Phogat, GKSPL
Mr. Komaravelli Mani Chandra, GKSPL

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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 In 2022, India revised its Nationally Determined Contribution under the Paris Agreement.
Among others, the revision had two significant components. The first aimed to promote a
healthy and sustainable lifestyle based on conservation and moderation. This included a
mass movement for ‘LIFE’ – ‘Lifestyle for Environment’ to combat climate change. The
second aimed to reduce emissions intensity of GDP by 45% by 2030, compared to 2005
levels. Achieving these targets relies on increased adoption of low-carbon, sustainable
pathways, especially in the building sector.

1.2 As per Energy Statistics 2023 1 released by the Ministry of Statistics and Programme
Implementation (MoSPI), total energy demand by various sectors for FY 2021–22 is about
525.7 Mtoe, out of which the residential (domestic) sector consumes about 58.8 Mtoe,
which is 11.2% of total primary energy consumption. The energy demand in the domestic
sector has been on the rise since the late 2000s, with increasing demand for appliance
ownership, especially of fans and televisions in urban and rural areas, and an increase in
refrigerators and air conditioners in urban areas. Further, it is estimated that domestic
sector will consume about 98.6 million ton 2 of energy.

1.3 The building sector in India is responsible for over 30% of the total electricity consumed in
the country, out of which about 70% is consumed in residential buildings. The total
electricity demand for FY 2021–22 is about 1296 billion Units (BU) 3 , out of which the
residential sector consumed about 334 BU which is 25.8% of total electricity consumption.
Electricity consumption increased from 183.7 BU in 2012- 13 to 334 BU in 2021-22 with a
CAGR of 6.87%. Further, it is estimated that, the electricity consumption of the residential
sector will increase to 769 BU4 by 2031.

1.4 According to India Cooling Action Plan 2019, approximately 8% of the households have
room air conditioners. This is anticipated to rise to 21% and 40% by 2027-28 and 2037-38
respectively. The demand for air conditioning will continue its exponential growth with
improvement in household incomes and will become the dominant contributor of GHG
emissions nation-wide owing to increased electricity consumption. This situation calls for an
immediate energy conservation action plan.

1.5 As of 2019, the Central Water Commission has assessed the average annual per capita
water availability to be 1486 cubic meters and 1367 cubic meters for 2021 and 20315,
respectively. According to standards, an annual per-capita water availability of less than
1700 cubic meters is considered as a water stressed condition (PIB, 2022). The per capita
water availability in the country in reducing due to an increase in population, climate
change, rapid urbanisation and uneven distribution of water. Both demand-side and
supply side measures to ensure efficient water management, conservation, and
augmentation are needed to avoid a water crisis.

1 Energy Statistics India – 2023, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, National Statistical Office,
Government of India
2 UNlocking National Energy-Efficiency potential (UNNATEE), Bureau of Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Power
3 Energy Statistics India – 2023, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, National Statistical Office,
Government of India
4 UNlocking National Energy-Efficiency potential (UNNATEE), Bureau of Energy Efficiency, Ministry of Power
5 Reassessment of Water Availability in India using Space Inputs, 2019, Central Water Commission, Delhi 16
1.6 Excessive waste generation and improper waste management is a major environmental
concern in India. The per capita waste generation in India varies between 0.2 Kg to 0.6 Kg
per day in Tier 1 cities and is expected to increase at a rate of 5% annually. It is dependent
on various factors ranging from the size of the city, season and income groups. As of 2021,
a total of 1.6 Lakhs tonnes of waste is generated in India on a daily basis6. While 50% of
this waste is treated, nearly 20% of the waste still reaches the landfill and over 30% of the
waste remains unaccounted for.

1.7 Indoor environmental quality (IEQ) refers to the conditions inside a building that can affect
the health, comfort, and productivity of its occupants. Several factors contribute to IEQ,
including ventilation, air quality, thermal comfort, lighting, and acoustics. As we spend 90%
of our time indoors, poor IEQ results in discomfort and potential health issues for occupants.
Prioritizing and maintaining optimal IEQ within confined buildings is crucial, as it can save
people from diseases like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which is the 3rd
highest reason for global deaths according to the World Health Organisation (WHO).

1.8 In the illustrated context, Energy Conservation & Sustainable Building Codes for Residential
Buildings (ENS) 2024, is an important regulatory measure for ushering in sustainability and
energy efficiency in the Indian building sector. The present code integrates the Eco Niwas
Samhita 2018 (Part I: Building Envelope), Eco Niwas Samhita 2021 (Part-II: Electro-
Mechanical & Renewable Energy Systems) along with measures for sustainable site
planning, water conservation, waste management and, indoor environmental quality to
ensure that residential buildings in India have a low carbon footprint and provide a healthy
environment for the occupants.

1.9 The code also provides the following eight annexures which are recommendatory and
envisaged to be added in future revision of the code.

• Annexure 1: Compliance Documents

• Annexure 2: Embodied energy
• Annexure 3: Good construction practices
• Annexure 4: Retrofitting of residential buildings
• Annexure 5: Improved air cooling
• Annexure 6: Smart Home
• Annexure 7: Guidelines to Design for Natural Ventilation
• Annexure 8: Cool Roof and Roof Gardens

6 Annual Report on Solid Waste Management (2020-21), CPCB, Delhi

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CHAPTER 2: SCOPE

2.1 The amendment of the Energy Conservation (EC) Act in 2022, widens the scope of
BEE’s Energy Conservation Codes to include other sustainability features. The Eco-
Niwas Samhita 2024 is a consolidated energy conservation and sustainable building
code that integrates the ENS Part I (Building Envelope) and, Part II (Electro-Mechanical
and Renewable Energy Systems) and includes new provisions to improve the overall
sustainability of residential buildings.
2.2 The code applies to residential buildings or residential building complexes which has a
minimum connected load of 100 kilowatt (kW) or contract demand of 120 kilovolt
ampere (kVA) or a plot area7 of ≥ 3000 m2, whichever is more stringent.
2.2.1 Where a ‘residential building’, as defined in National Building Code 2016, includes any
building in which sleeping accommodation is provided for normal residential purposes
with or without cooking or dining or both facilities. this definition includes:
2.2.1.1 One- or two-family private dwellings: these shall include any private dwelling,
which is occupied by members of one or two families and has a total sleeping
accommodation for not more than 20 persons.
2.2.1.2 Apartment houses: these shall include any building or structure in which living
quarters are provided for three or more families, living independently of each other
and with independent cooking facilities. this also includes ‘Group housing’.
2.2.1.3 Mixed-use building: In a mixed-use building, having both commercial and
residential building use, each category of a building use must be classified
separately, and –

a) If a part of the mixed-use building classification (residential or commercial) is

less than 10% of the total above grade floor area, the mixed-use building part
shall show compliance based on the building sub-classification having higher
percentage of above grade floor area.
b) If a part of the mixed-use building has different classification (residential or
commercial) and one or more sub-classification is more than 10% of the total
above grade floor area, the compliance requirements for each sub-
classification, having area more than 10% of above grade floor area of a
mixed-use building, shall be determined by the requirements for the respective
building classification.
c) Basement and common area services, designed for a particular building use or
documented with respective buildings for compliance with authority having
jurisdiction, needs to show compliance with the sections for the respective
building requirement.

2.3 In accordance with section 14(p) of the Energy Conservation (Amendment) Act 2022
the purpose of the Energy Conservation and Sustainable Building Code (Code) is to
provide norms and standards for energy efficiency and its conservation, use of
renewable energy and other green building requirements for a building.
2.4 The following are excluded from the definition of ‘residential building’ for of this code.
2.4.1 Lodging and rooming houses: these shall include any building or group of buildings
under the same management in which separate sleeping accommodation on

7 States and municipal bodies may change the plot area based on the prevalence in their
respective areas of jurisdiction.

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 transient or permanent basis, with or without dining facilities but without cooking
facilities for individuals, is provided. this includes inns, clubs, motels, and guest houses.
2.4.2 Dormitories: these shall include any building in which group sleeping accommodation
is provided, with or without dining facilities for persons who are not members of the
same family, in one room or a series of closely associated rooms under joint occupancy
and single management. For example, school and college dormitories, students, and
other hostels and military barracks.
2.4.3 Hotels and resorts: these shall include any building or group of buildings under single
management, in which sleeping accommodation is provided, with or without dining
facilities.

2.5 The code is also applicable for all additions made to existing residential buildings where
the existing building exceeds the threshold defined in section 2.2 of this document. For
this purpose, the additional building(s) is/are required to show compliance with the
authority having jurisdiction.

2.6 The code is also applicable for all alterations made to existing residential buildings
where the existing building exceeds the threshold defined in section 2.2 of this
document. For this purpose, the part of the building or its systems that are being altered
is required to show compliance to the sections 5.2, 5.3 and 8.2 only with the authority
having jurisdiction.

2.7 The following codes, programs, and policies or any subsequent revisions shall take
precedence over the code in case of conflict.
2.7.1 Rules or codes or bye-laws on buildings, building construction systems, safety, security,
health, or environment by Central, State, or Local Governments.
2.7.2 BEE’s Standards and Labelling for appliances and Star Rating Program for buildings, or
any reference standard prescribed by the Code, provided both or are more stringent
than the requirements of this Code.

2.8 The code prescribes the three levels of energy conservation and sustainability:
2.8.1 ENS compliance: ENS compliance Buildings shall demonstrate compliance by
adopting the mandatory requirements listed under each of the sections of this code.
2.8.2 ENS+ compliance: ENS+ compliance Buildings shall demonstrate compliance by
adopting the mandatory requirements and gaining required incremental points from
each of the sections of this code.
2.8.3 Super ENS compliance: Super ENS compliance Buildings shall demonstrate compliance
by adopting the mandatory requirements and gaining required incremental points
from each of the sections of this code.

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CHAPTER 3: CODE COMPLIANCE

3.1 The mandatory provisions as per chapters 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 are applicable to all building
categories as per section 2.2.

3.2 If a building project has more than one building block, each building block is required
to comply with the code unless specified otherwise.

3.3 The code also provides incremental provisions should the project want to demonstrate
enhanced compliance; ENS + and Super ENS as per Table 1
Table 1: Points required to achieve ENS+ and Super ENS compliance

Project Category ENS+ Super ENS

30% of all the total points 50% of all the total points
All residential
applicable in each section (4.3, applicable in each section (4.3,
buildings
5.3.1, 5.3.2, 5.3.3, 5.3.4, 6.3, 7.3, 8.3) 5.3.1, 5.3.2, 5.3.3, 5.3.4, 6.3, 7.3, 8.3)

3.4 A summary of the incremental points available in each chapter is given in Table 2
Table 2: Maximum incremental points in each chapter
Compliance Compliance
for ENS+ for Super
Maximum (30% of ENS (50% of
Section Provisions Incremental Points maximum maximum
available incremental incremental
points points
available) available)
Sustainable Site
4.3 30 9 15
Management
4.3.1 Landscaping 16
Mitigation of Urban Heat
4.3.2 14
Island
5.3.1 Building Envelope 40 12 20
5.3.1.1 Roof 4
5.3.1.2 / Building envelope (except
36
5.3.1.3 roof)
5.3.2 Building Services 28 8 14
Common area and exterior
5.3.2.1 6
lighting
5.3.2.2 Elevators 9
5.3.2.3 Pumps 8
5.3.2.4 Electrical Systems 5
5.3.3 Indoor Electrical End-use 42 13 21
5.3.3.1 Indoor Lighting 8
5.3.3.2 Comfort Systems 34
5.3.4 Renewable Energy Systems 10 3 5
5.3.4.1 Solar Water Heating 5
5.3.4.2 Solar Photo Voltaic 5

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 Water Conservation and
6.3 43 13 22
management
6.3.1 Site Water Use Reduction 17
Building Water Use
6.3.2 26
Reduction
7.3 Waste Management 7 2 4
Construction Waste
7.3.1 2
management
Post Construction Waste
7.3.2 5
Management
Indoor Environmental
8.3 10 3 5
Quality (IEQ)
8.3.1 Cross Ventilation 4
Daylight Availability (useful
8.3.2 4
daylight illuminance)
Air Quality in Car Parking
8.3.3 2
(CO sensor)

3.5 A building shall comply if the minimum specifications of all products installed under any
category are met as prescribed by this code unless specified otherwise.

3.6 In a mixed-use building, having both commercial and residential building use, each
category of a building use must be classified separately, and –
3.6.1 The residential above grade floor area as defined in section 2.2.1 shall comply with this
code.
3.6.2 Basement and common area services, designed for a particular building use or
documented with respective buildings for compliance with authority having
jurisdiction, needs to show compliance with the sections for the respective building
requirement.

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CHAPTER 4: SUSTAINABLE SITE MANAGEMENT
4.1 SCOPE

4.1.1 The chapter provides requirements to minimize the impact of construction activity
on the natural terrain and topography of the site during the construction phase. It
consists of four parts- Site Preservation, Universal Accessibility, Landscaping and
Mitigating Urban Heat Island.

4.2 MANDATORY PROVISIONS

4.2.1 SITE PRESERVATION

4.2.1.1 Ensure to protect or preserve existing mature trees naturally or as per guidelines of
local byelaws/authority, whichever is more stringent. Else, in compliance with the
Model Building Byelaws, compensatory Plantation for felled/transplanted trees in
the ratio 1:3 within the premises under consideration must be ensured.

4.2.1.2 Preservation of fertile topsoil:

a) Fertile topsoil up to 150-200 mm (6-8 inches) must be preserved, stabilized and its
fertility must be maintained.
b) The stored topsoil shall be used as finished grade for planting areas within the site
or outside. In case the stored topsoil is not being used within the site, proper reuse
of the soil must be ensured.

4.2.1.3 In compliance with the Model Building Byelaws, construction shall not hinder
existing areas like water bodies, power or communication lines, sewerage lines that
are located on or adjacent to the project site.

4.2.2 UNIVERSAL ACCESSIBILITY

4.2.2.1 Residential buildings shall be universally accessible with special provisions for
children, the elderly and differently abled people in accordance with Chapter 8 of
the Model Building Bylaws, 2016.

4.2.3 LANDSCAPING

4.2.3.1 With the exception of low-lying areas, minimise disturbances to the topography &
gradient of the site by retaining natural features of the site. Vegetated landscaped
area must be developed on a minimum of 20% of the total landscaped area.

4.2.3.2 In compliance with the National Building Code, if turf grasses are to be used, they
should not be planted on more than 30% of the total landscaped area.

4.2.3.3 In compliance with the National Building Code, to preserve local biodiversity and
ecology, a minimum of 30% of the landscaped area must be planted with
native/adaptive species of plants/trees. The choice of species for plantation shall
be as per Section 8 of the Urban Greening Guidelines, 2014 of the Ministry of
Housing and Urban Affairs8.

8 Source: https://mohua.gov.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/G%20G%202014(2).pdf

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4.2.3.4 In compliance with the notification of the Ministry of Environment, Forest and
Climate Change Notification dated 25th February 2022 a minimum of 1 tree for
every 80 sqm. of land should be planted and maintained to ensure at least 10% of
plot area under tree cover. The existing trees will be counted for this purpose.

4.2.3.5 In compliance with the Model Building Byelaws, 2016 compensatory Plantation for
felled/transplanted trees in the ratio 1:3 within the premises under consideration
must be ensured.

4.2.4 MITIGATING URBAN HEAT ISLAND

4.2.4.1 Limiting the net paved area of the site under parking, roads, paths, or any other
use so as not to exceed 25% of the site area, as per the National Building Code.

4.2.4.2 More than 50% of the total paved area shall have pervious paving/grass
pavers/open grid pavements, as per National Building Code.

4.3 INCREMENTAL PROVISIONS (M AXIMUM 30 POINTS )

4.3.1 LANDSCAPING (MAXIMUM 16 POINTS)

4.3.1.1 Minimise disturbances to the topography & gradient of the site by retaining natural
features of the site and developing vegetated landscaped spaces as per Table 3.

Table 3: Points for increasing vegetated area on site

Minimum Vegetated Area Incremental Points
30% of the total landscaped area 6
40% of the total landscaped area 8

4.3.1.2 Minimise the planting of turf grasses as per Table 4.

Table 4: Points for Reducing the Turf Area

Maximum Turf Area Incremental Points
20% of the landscaped area 2
15% of the landscaped area 4

4.3.1.3 Increase the plantation of native/ adaptive species of plants/ trees as per Table 5.

Table 5: Points for Increasing the Landscaped Area planted with Native Plant Species
Minimum Area with Native Plants Species Incremental Points
40% of the landscaped area 2
50% of the landscaped area 4

4.3.2 MITIGATION OF URBAN HEAT ISLAND (MAXIMUM 14 POINTS)

4.3.2.1 Limiting the net paved area of the site under parking, roads, paths, or any other as
per Table 6.

23
 Table 6: Points for Reducing Paved Area on Site
Maximum Net Paved Area on Site Incremental Points
Up to 20% of the site area 4
Up to 15% of the site area 6

4.3.2.2 Increase the pervious paving/grass pavers/open grid pavements as per Table 7.

Table 7: Points for Increasing Pervious Paving

Minimum Pervious Paving Incremental Points
60% of the total paved area 5
70% of the total paved area 8

24
CHAPTER 5: ENERGY MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION
5.1 SCOPE

5.1.1 The chapter provides requirements for energy management and conservation in a
building pre-occupancy through passive measures, active measures, and renewable
energy integration. It consists of four parts – building envelope, building services, indoor
electrical end use and renewable energy.

5.2 MANDATORY PROVISIONS

5.2.1 BUILDING ENVELOPE

5.2.1.1 OPENABLE WINDOW-TO-FLOOR AREA RATIO

The openable window-to-floor area ratio (WFRop), (refer Daylight availability (Useful daylight
illuminance) (Maximum 4 Points)

8.1.1.1 The building shall comply with the useful daylight illuminance requirement as
prescribed by the ECBC 2017, section no 4.2.3. Ensure above-grade floor areas shall
meet or exceed the useful daylight illuminance (UDI) area requirements listed in
Table 56 for 90% of the potential daylit time in a year. (Refer to Error! Not a valid
bookmark self-reference.). Incremental points can be achieved as per Table 42.

Table 42: Daylight Requirement

Provision Incremental
Points
40% of the regularly occupied spaces meeting the UDI requirement 2
50% of the regularly occupied spaces meeting the UDI requirement 3
60% of the regularly occupied spaces meeting the UDI requirement 4

8.1.2 AIR QUALITY IN UNDERGROUND PARKING AREA (MAXIMUM POINTS 2)

8.1.2.1 Install a demand control ventilation system to limit CO levels in the underground
parking area to ensure safety and air quality. The location of sensors should be
followed as prescribed by the NBC 2016, Volume 2, Part 8, section 3, section no
11.5.4. Incremental points can be achieved as per Table 43.

Table 43: Air Quality in Car Parking

Provision Incremental Points
CO sensors are installed to control the ventilation system 2
to limit CO level

25
Chapter 9: Calculations and Formula) for individual building blocks, shall comply with the
values9 given in Error! Reference source not found..
Table 8: Minimum requirement of window-to-floor area ratio (WFRop)

Climatic zone Minimum WFRop (%)

Composite 12.50
Hot-Dry 10.00
Warm-Humid 16.66
Temperate 12.50
Cold 8.33
SOURCE: Adapted from Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). 2016. National Building Code of India 2016. New Delhi: BIS.

5.2.1.2 VISIBLE LIGHT TRANSMITTANCE

The glass used in non-opaque building envelope components (transparent/translucent panels

in windows, doors, etc.) shall comply with the requirements given in Error! Reference source
not found..
Table 9: Minimum visible light transmittance (VLT) requirement

Window-to-wall ratio (WWR)9 Minimum VLT9

0–0.30 0.27
0.31–0.40 0.20
0.41–0.50 0.16
0.51–0.60 0.13
0.61–0.70 0.11
SOURCE: Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). 2016. National Building Code of India 2016. New Delhi: BIS.

5.2.1.3 THERMAL TRANSMITTANCE OF ROOF (UROOF)

Thermal transmittance of the roof shall comply with the maximum U roof value of 1.2 W/m2·K as
prescribed in section 9.4 of this code.

5.2.1.4 RESIDENTIAL ENVELOPE TRANSMITTANCE VALUE (RETV) FOR BUILDING

ENVELOPE (EXCEPT ROOF) FOR FOUR CLIMATE ZONES, NAMELY, COMPOSITE
CLIMATE, HOT-DRY CLIMATE, WARM-HUMID CLIMATE, AND TEMPERATE
CLIMATE

The RETV for the building envelope (except the roof) for four climate zones, namely, Composite
Climate, Hot-Dry Climate, Warm-Humid Climate, and Temperate Climate, shall comply with
the maximum10 RETV value of 15 W/m2 as prescribed in section 9.5 of this code.

5.2.1.5 TRANSMITTANCE OF BUILDING ENVELOPE (EXCEPT ROOF) FOR COLD CLIMATE

(UENVELOPE, COLD)

9 To comply with the Code, WFRop (%) values shall be rounded off to two decimal places in
accordance with IS 2: 1960 ‘Rules for rounding off numerical values’.
10 BEE plans to improve the RETV norm to 12 W/m 2 in the near future and the building industry

and regulating agencies are encouraged to aim for it.

26
For Cold Climate Zone, the thermal transmittance of the building envelope (except the roof)
for the cold climate shall comply with the maximum value of 1.8 W/m2·K as prescribed in
section 9.7 of this code.

5.2.2 BUILDING SERVICES

5.2.2.1 POWER FACTOR CORRECTION

All 3 phase power systems shall be designed to maintain a power factor of 0.97 or respective
DISCOM guidelines on Power Factor, whichever is more stringent shall be followed at the point
of connection.

5.2.2.2 ENERGY MONITORING

A. Residential buildings exceeding the threshold defined as per section 2.2 of this code
shall monitor the total electrical energy use for each of the following sections
separately:

a) Services

i. Services above 65kVA shall have permanently installed electric

metering to record demand (kW/kVA), energy (kWh/kVAh), and total
power factor (or kVARh) on half hourly basis.
ii. Services less than 65 kVA shall have permanently installed electrical
metering to record energy (kWh) on hourly basis

b) Electricity consumption of the following applicable end-use

i. Common area lighting (Outdoor lighting, corridor lighting, basement
lighting)
ii. Elevators
iii. Water pumps
iv. Basement car parking ventilation system
v. Lift pressurization system

c) Electricity Generation
i. Electricity generated from power back-up.
ii. Electricity generated through renewable energy systems.

B. At Building mains, the electrical energy use shall be recorded at a minimum interval of
15 minutes and reported at least on an hourly, daily, monthly and annual basis. The
monitoring equipment shall be capable of transmitting the data to the digital control
system/ energy monitoring information system. The digital control system shall be
capable of maintaining all data collected for a minimum period of 36 months.

a. At Building mains, installed meters shall monitor Energy use (kWh, kVARh,
kVAh), Energy Demand (kW/ kVA), THD (V and I). The metering shall also
be displaying current (in each phase and the neutral), voltage (between
phases and between each phase and neutral).

5.2.2.3 ELECTRIC VEHICLE CHARGING SYSTEM

If an Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure is installed on the premises, it shall be as per

revised guidelines issued by Ministry of Power for Charging Infrastructure for Electric Vehicles
(EV) on 14th Jan 2022, or any subsequent amendments.

27
5.2.2.4 ELECTRIC SYSTEMS

A. The power cabling shall be sized so that the distribution losses shall not exceed 3% of
the total power usage of the building. A record of design calculation for the losses with
possible effects of harmonics shall be maintained and the load calculation up to the
panel level shall be documented.

B. Voltage drop for feeders shall not exceed 2% at design load. Voltage drop for branch
circuit shall not exceed 3% at design load.

C. The conductor used for fixed wiring shall be of class 2 as per IS 8130.

5.2.2.5 COMMON AREA AND EXTERIOR LIGHTING (IF APPLICABLE)

A. The Lighting power density (LPD) and Luminous efficacy (LE) of permanently installed
lighting fixtures in common area shall meet the requirements of either maximum LPD or
minimum LE given in Error! Reference source not found..

Table 10: Common Area Lighting

Common Areas Maximum LPD (in W/m2) Minimum luminous efficacy (lm/W)
All the permanently installed lighting
Corridor lighting 3.0 fixtures shall use lamps with an efficacy
of at least 95 lumens per Watt
All the permanently installed lighting
Basement & stilt Parking 1.0 fixtures shall use lamps with an efficacy
of at least 95 lumens per Watt

B. In case of the exterior lighting load being more than 100 W, the permanently installed
lighting fixtures shall use lamps with an efficacy of at least 95 lumens per Watt or meet
the maximum LPD requirements given in Error! Reference source not found..

Table 11: Outdoor Lighting Requirement

Exterior Lighting Areas/ Zones Maximum LPD (in W/m2)
Driveways and parking (open/ external) 1.6
Pedestrian walkways 2.0
Stairways 10.0
Landscaping 0.5
Outdoor sales area 9.0

5.2.2.6 ELEVATORS, IF APPLICABLE

Elevators installed in the building shall meet all the following requirements:
i. Install high-efficacy lamps for lift car lighting having a minimum luminous efficacy
of 95 lm/W.
ii. Install automatic switch-off controls for lighting and fan inside the lift car when
are not occupied.
iii. Install minimum class IE 3 high-efficiency motors.
iv. Group automatic operation of two or more elevators coordinated by supervisory
control

28
5.2.2.7 PUMPS, IF APPLICABLE

Pumps that are either hydro-pneumatic having a minimum overall pump efficiency of 60% or
BEE 4-star rated shall be installed in the building.

5.2.2.8 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM, IF APPLICABLE

A. Power transformers with a minimum efficiency at 50% and full load rating shall be
installed. The permissible loss shall not exceed the values listed in Error! Reference
source not found. for dry-type transformers and the BEE 4-star rating in Error! Reference
source not found. for mineral oil-type transformers or Ester Oil type transformer as per IS
1180 first published in 2014 and latest amendment issued in 4th march 2021 titled as IS
1180 (PART 1) : 2014 and IS 1180 (Part 3) : 2021 or as revised from time to time for Mineral
Oil type or Ester Oil type transformer respectively and shall conform to BEE star rating.

B. All measurements of losses shall be carried out by using calibrated digital meters of
class 0.5 or better accuracy and certified by the manufacturer. All transformers of the
capacity of 500 kVA and above would be equipped with additional metering class
current transformers (CTs) and potential transformers (PTs) in addition to the
requirements of Utilities so that periodic loss monitoring studies may be carried out.

Table 12: Permissible Limit for Dry-Type Transformers

Rating Max. Losses at Max. Losses at Max. Losses at Max. Losses at
kVA 50% loading W* 100% loading W* 50% loading W* 100% loading W*
Up to 22 kV class 33 kV class
100 940 2400 1120 2400
160 1290 3300 1420 3300
200 1500 3800 1750 4000
250 1700 4320 1970 4600
315 2000 5040 2400 5400
400 2380 6040 2900 6800
500 2800 7250 3300 7800
630 3340 8820 3950 9200
800 3880 10240 4650 11400
1000 4500 12000 5300 12800
1250 5190 13870 6250 14500
1600 6320 16800 7500 18000
2000 7500 20000 8880 21400
2500 9250 24750 10750 26500
*The values as per Indian Standard/BEE Standard & Labeling notification for dry type
transformer corresponding to values in this table will supersede as and when the Indian
standards/ BEE Standard & Labeling notifications are published.

Table 13: Permissible Limit for Mineral or Easter Oil Transformers

Max. Total Loss (W)
Rating Impedance BEE 3 Star BEE 4 Star BEE 5 Star
(kVA) (%) 50 % 100% 50 % 100% 50 % 100%
Load Load Load Load Load Load

29
 16 4.5 108 364 97 331 87 301
25 4.5 158 541 142 493 128 448
63 4.5 270 956 243 870 219 791
100 4.5 392 1,365 352 1242 317 1,130
160 4.5 513 1,547 462 1408 416 1,281
200 4.5 603 1,911 543 1739 488 1,582
250 4.5 864 2,488 811 2293 761 2,113
315 4.5 890 2,440 829 2164 772 1,920
400 4.5 1,080 3,214 1013 3102 951 2,994
500 4.5 1,354 3,909 1282 3727 1,215 3,554
630 4.5 1,637 4,438 1536 4061 1,441 3,717
1,000 5.0 2,460 6,364 2310 5785 2,170 5,259
1,250 5.0 3,142 7,670 3066 7003 2,991 6,394
1,600 6.25 3,753 10,821 3547 10363 3,353 9,924
2,000 6.25 4,543 13,254 4309 12459 4,088 11,711
2,500 6.25 5,660 16,554 5430 15659 5,209 14,813
Total loss values given in the above table are applicable for thermal classes E, B and F, and
have component of load loss at reference temperature according to Section 17 of IS 1180 i.e.,
average winding temperature rise as given in Column 2 of Table 8.2 plus 300C. An increase of
7% in total for thermal class H is allowed.
Permissible total loss values shall not exceed:
- 5% of the maximum total loss values mentioned in IS 1180 for oil type transformers in
voltage class above 11 kV but not more than 22 kV
- 7.5% of the maximum total loss values mentioned in above IS 1180 for oil-type
transformers in voltage class above 22 kV and up to and including 33 kV

5.2.3 INDOOR ELECTRICAL END USE (IF APPLICABLE)

5.2.3.1 INDOOR LIGHTING

All the lighting fixtures shall have lamps with a luminous efficacy of a minimum of 95 lm/W
installed in all the locations.

5.2.3.2 COMFORT SYSTEM

A. Ceiling Fans:
All ceiling fans installed in all the spaces in all the dwelling units shall have a minimum of 3
star for all sweep sizes.
B. Air Conditioners:
All the air conditioners in all the dwelling units (either unitary, split, VRF, or centralized plant)
shall have the following specifications and shall meet or exceed the minimum efficiency
requirements under BEE Standards and Labelling Program as and when updated by BEE.

30
 • Unitary Type: 5 Star
• Split AC: 3 Star
• VRF: 3.28 EER, or 4.36 IEER11 (BEE Standards and Labelling requirements of 3 stars
for VRF shall take precedence over the current minimum requirement)
• Chiller: 3 Star

In case, air conditioners installed are of mixed type, the calculation of points will be based on
section number Error! Reference source not found. of this document.

5.2.4 RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS

The renewable energy systems, Solar Water Heating as per section 5.2.4.1 or Solar Photo-
Voltaic as per section 5.2.4.2 to be installed collectively, or any of them, at the project site as
per the total renewable energy installation requirement.

5.2.4.1 SOLAR WATER HEATING

The installed solar water heater shall meet the minimum efficiency level mentioned in IS 13129
Part (1&2) and for the evacuated tube collector the storage tanks shall meet the IS 16542:2016,
tubes shall meet IS 16543:2016 and IS 16544:2016 for the complete system, and shall comply
with requirements as Solar water Heating system of minimum BEE 3-star label installed in at least
10% of the plot area12

5.2.4.2 SOLAR PHOTO-VOLTAIC

The Renewable Energy Generation Zone (REGZ) shall be free of any obstructions within its
boundaries and from shadows cast by objects adjacent to the zone. It must adhere to the
installation standards of solar photovoltaic systems and meet the requirements for a minimum
BEE 3-star label. It shall comply with the requirements of installing Solar photo-voltaic:
Equivalent to at least 10% of the plot area. 13

5.3 INCREMENTAL PROVISIONS (M AXIMUM 120 P OINTS )

5.3.1 BUILDING ENVELOPE (MAXIMUM 40 POINTS)

5.3.1.1 THERMAL TRANSMITTANCE OF ROOF (U ROOF ) (MAXIMUM 4 POINTS)

The thermal transmittance of the roof (Uroof) shall comply with the requirement as per Error!
Reference source not found..
Table 14: Points for Thermal Transmittance of Roof (Uroof)

Uroof (W/m2·K) Formula for points calculation Incremental Points

0.28 ≤ Uroof < 1.2 (1.2 - Uroof) / 0.23 Up to 4
Uroof < 0.28 - 4

11 The revised EER and IEER values as per Indian Standard for VRF corresponding to values will
supersede as and when the revised standards are published
12 100 lpd= 3 m2 area as per MNRE guidelines

13 1 kWp = 10 m2 area as per MNRE guidelines

31
5.3.1.2 RESIDENTIAL ENVELOPE TRANSMITTANCE VALUE (RETV) FOR BUILDING
ENVELOPE (EXCEPT ROOF) FOR FOUR CLIMATE ZONES, NAMELY, COMPOSITE
CLIMATE, HOT-DRY CLIMATE, WARM-HUMID CLIMATE, AND TEMPERATE
CLIMATE14 (MAXIMUM 36 POINTS)

The RETV for building envelope (except roof) for four climate zones, namely, composite
climate, Hot-Dry climate, Warm-Humid climate, and Temperate climate, shall comply with the
requirement as per Error! Reference source not found..
Table 15: Points for improved RETV

RETV (W/m2) Formula for points calculation Incremental Points

12 ≤ RETV < 15 30 – 2 x (RETV) Up to 6
6 ≤ RETV < 12 66 – 5 x (RETV) Up to 36
RETV < 6 - 36

5.3.1.3 THERMAL TRANSMITTANCE OF BUILDING ENVELOPE (EXCEPT ROOF) FOR

COLD CLIMATE (U ENVELOPE,COLD ) (MAXIMUM 36 POINTS)

The thermal transmittance of the building envelope (except the roof) for cold climate
(UENVELOPE,COLD), shall comply with the requirement as per Error! Reference source not found..

Table 16: Points for Thermal transmittance of the building envelope (except the roof) for cold climate (UENVELOPE, COLD)

Uenvelope, cold (W/m2.K) Formula for points calculation Incremental Points

1.32 ≤ Uenvelope, cold < 1.8 22.5 - 12.5 x (Uenvelope, cold) Up to 6
0.36 ≤ Uenvelope, cold < 1.32 47.25 – 31.25 x (Uenvelope, cold) Up to 36
Uenvelope, cold < 0.36 - 36

5.3.2 BUILDING SERVICES (MAXIMUM 28 POINTS)

5.3.2.1 COMMON AREA AND EXTERIOR LIGHTING (MAXIMUM 6 POINTS)

A. All permanent lighting fixtures with a lamp luminous efficacy of at least 105 lm/Watt
with Lumen depreciation > L70B10 for 50000 hrs shall be installed in the areas, as per
Error! Reference source not found..

Table 17: Points for Common Area Lighting

Area/Zones Incremental Points
Corridor parking and stilt parking 1
Basement Lighting 1
Exterior Lighting Areas 1

14 The project shall meet the requirements of either section 6.4.2 or 6.4.3 depending on the
climatic zone

32
 B. All permanent lighting fixtures excluding emergency lighting installed in areas as per
Error! Reference source not found. shall:
i. Have a luminous efficacy of 115 lm/W with Lumen depreciation > L80B10 for 50000
hrs
ii. Be controlled by a photo sensor or astronomical time switch that is capable of
automatically turning off the exterior lighting when daylight is available, or the
lighting is not required.
Table 18: Points for automatic control of exterior lights
Area/Zones Incremental Points
Corridor parking and stilt parking 2
Basement Lighting 2
Exterior Lighting Areas 2

5.3.2.2 ELEVATORS (MAXIMUM 9 POINTS)

The installed elevators shall comply with the requirements as per Error! Reference source not
found..
Table 19: Points for Elevators
Provisions Incremental Points
Installing variable voltage variable frequency dives 4
Installing Regenerative Drives 3
Installing IE4 Motors 2

5.3.2.3 PUMPS (MAXIMUM 8 POINTS)

The installed pumps shall comply with the requirements as per Error! Reference source not
found..
Table 20: Points for Pumps
Provisions Incremental Points
Installation of BEE 5-star rated pumps 5

Installation of a hydro-pneumatic system for water pumping having 3

minimum overall pump efficiency of 70%

5.3.2.4 ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS (MAXIMUM 5 POINTS)

The installed electrical system shall comply with the requirements as per Error! Reference
source not found..
Table 21: Points for Electrical System
Provisions Incremental Points
Providing all oil-type transformers with 5-star ratings 5

5.3.3 INDOOR ELECTRICAL END-USE (IF APPLICABLE) (MAXIMUM 42 POINTS)

5.3.3.1 INDOOR LIGHTING (MAXIMUM 8 POINTS)

33
 All indoor lighting fixtures installed in all dwelling units shall have lamps luminous efficacy
as per Error! Reference source not found..
Table 22: Points for Lamp Lumen Efficacy of Indoor Lighting
Provisions Incremental Points
Lamp Lumen Efficacy >105 Lm/W with Lumen 3
depreciation > L70B10 for 50000 hrs
Lamp Lumen Efficacy >115 Lm/W with Lumen 8
depreciation > L80B10 for 50000 hrs

5.3.3.2 COMFORT SYSTEM (MAXIMUM 34 POINTS)

A. Ceiling Fans installed in all the bedrooms and hall in all the dwelling units shall comply
with the requirements as per Error! Reference source not found..

Table 23: Points for BEE star rated ceiling fans

Provisions Incremental Points
Ceiling fans in all the bedrooms and hall with BEE 4-Star 1
Ceiling fans in all the bedrooms and hall with BEE 5-Star 4

B. Air Conditioners (either unitary, split, VRF or centralized plant) installed in all the
bedrooms in all the dwelling units, shall comply with requirements as per Error!
Reference source not found. and shall meet or exceed the minimum efficiency
requirements under BEE Standards and Labelling Program as and when updated by
BEE.

Table 24: Points for BEE Star Rating of Air-Conditioners

Provisions Incremental Points
a) Split AC: 4-Star 9
b) VRF: 3.6 EER, however, whenever BEE Star labelling for VRF is
launched, Star 4 will be applicable (BEE Standards and Labelling
requirements of 4-star for VRF shall take precedence)
c) Chiller: 4-Star
a) Split AC: 5-Star 30
b) VRF: 3.8 EER, however, whenever BEE Star labelling for VRF is
launched, Star 5 will be applicable (BEE Standards and Labelling
requirements of 5-star for VRF shall take precedence)
c) Chiller: 5-Star

In case, the air conditioners installed are of mixed types, the points shall be
calculated based on the following formula:
𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐴𝐶
∑(𝐼𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 × 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙)
=
∑ 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡

5.3.4 RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS (MAXIMUM 10 POINTS)

The renewable energy systems, Solar Water Heating as per section 5.2.4.1 and/or Solar Photo-
Voltaic as per section 5.2.4.2 to be installed collectively or any of them, at the project site as
per the total renewable energy installation requirement.

34
 Table 25: Points for renewable energy systems
Provisions Incremental Points
Installing renewable energy systems Equivalent to at least 13% of the 4
plot area having minimum BEE-3 star label:
• Installing Solar Water Heating system 15
OR
• Installing Solar photo-voltaic16
OR
• Installing a combination of Solar Water Heating system and Solar
photo-voltaic
Installing renewable energy systems Equivalent to at least 16% of the 10
plot area:
• Installing Solar Water Heating system 17
OR
• Installing Solar photo-voltaic 18
OR

• Installing a combination of Solar Water Heating system and Solar

photo-voltaic

15 100 lpd= 3 m2 area as per MNRE guidelines

16 1kWp=10m2 area as per MNRE guidelines
17 100 lpd= 3 m2 area as per MNRE guidelines

18 1kWp=10m2 area as per MNRE guidelines

35
CHAPTER 6: WATER CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT
6.1 SCOPE

6.1.1 The chapter provides requirements for water conservation and management post-
occupancy of a building to reduce water demand and optimise the supply of water.
It consists of five parts- site water use reduction, building water use reduction, water
usage monitoring, rainwater harvesting and recycle & reuse of wastewater.

6.2 MANDATORY PROVISIONS

6.2.1 SITE WATER USE REDUCTION

6.2.1.1 At least 40% of the total water required for irrigation shall be provided through
recycled water or rainwater harvesting.

6.2.1.2 As per the National Building Code, irrigation systems must be designed in a manner
to provide 8 litres/sqm/day of water to all landscaped areas.

6.2.1.3 At least 70% of the landscaped planting beds to have drip irrigation, to prevent
evaporation.

6.2.1.4 At least 60% of the planted turf grasses must be provided with sprinkler systems.

6.2.2 BUILDING WATER USE REDUCTION

6.2.2.1 SANITARY FITTINGS

Sanitary Fittings such as faucets (taps) and showerheads for their performance based on
water efficiency shall comply with the specifications of 1 star rating criteria of the fixtures, laid
down in IS 17650 Part 1, 2021, as specified in Table 26:
Table 26: Sanitary Fittings
SI Water Consumption Per Unit Water Water Efficiency Rating Criteria
No. Consumption
Per Unit
1- Star 2- Stars 3- Stars
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
i) Metered faucets for basin use litres/use Not more Not more Not more
than 1.0 than 0.8 than 0.6
ii) Wash basin/ lavatory faucet litres/use Not more Not more Not more
(also applies to sensor faucets) than 8.0 than 6.0 than 3.0
iii) Sink faucet litres/use Not more Not more Not more
than 8.0 than 6.0 than 4.5
iv) Overhead shower litres/use Not more Not more Not more
than 10.0 than 8.0 than 6.8
v) Hand held shower litres/use Not more Not more Not more
than 8.0 than 6.0 than 4.0
vi) Handheld ablution spray litres/use Not more Not more Not more
than 6.0 than 5.0 than 4.0

36
6.2.2.2 SANITARY WARE

Sanitary ware such as water closets, squatting pans, flush valves, flushing cisterns, and urinals
for their performance based on water efficiency shall comply with the specifications as
outlined for 1 star rating in IS 17650 Part 2, 2021, as specified in Table 27:
Table 27: Sanitary Wares
SI Product Water Rating Criteria
No. Consumption
Per Unit
1-Star 2- Stars 3-Stars
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
i) Water closet, a) Full flush, Not more than Not more than Not more than
squatting pan, litres/flush 6.0 l per flush 4.8 l per flush 4.0 l per flush
flushing cistern, b) Reduced Not more than Not more than Not more than
and flush valve flush, litres/flush 3.0 l per flush 2.8 l per flush 2.0 l per flush
ii) Urinal litres/flush Not more than Not more than Not more than
3.0 l per flush 2.0 l per flush 1.0 l per flush
(inclusive of (inclusive of (Inclusive of
pre-flush and pre-flush and pre-flush and
post-flush, in post-flush, in post-flush, in
case of sensor case of sensor case of sensor
urinal) urinal) urinal)

6.2.3 WATER USAGE MONITORING

6.2.3.1 Buildings exceeding the threshold defined under section 2.2 of this code shall install
bulk flow meters in the premises to record the flow and demand of the residential
premises and the demand requirements of the particular dwelling unit as per
Chapter 13 of the Manual on Water Supply and Treatment Systems (Drink from
Tap), 2024, published by CPHEEO, MoHUA.

6.2.4 RAINWATER HARVESTING

6.2.4.1 Ensure to harvest rainwater either by recharging or storage as per guidelines of

local byelaws/authority or Model Building Byelaws, whichever is more stringent. The
quality of harvested rainwater stored in storage tanks/pit/ sumps at residential level
needs to regularly tested as per BIS 10500:2012, particularly used for potable
purposes. Residential buildings may have a rainwater harvesting system consisting
of:

a) Roof catchment
b) Gutters
c) Downpipes
d) Rainwater/ Storm water drains
e) Filter Chamber
f) Storage Tanks/ Pits/ Sumps.
g) Groundwater recharge structures like pits, trenches, tube wells or a combination
of above structures.
6.2.4.2 At least 80% of the rainwater (adjusting the coefficient) falling on roof of the building
shall be harvested and stored in a tank for reuse in households through a provision of
separate water tank and pipeline to avoid mixing with potable municipal water supply.

37
6.2.4.3 The quality of harvested rainwater stored in storage tanks/pit/ sumps on the site shall
be regularly (once in three months) tested as per BIS 10500:2012, particularly used for
potable purposes.
6.2.4.4 The remaining rainwater harvested including the water falling on non-roof areas, after
filtering should be recharged back to groundwater through tube well bore or through
any other technique in the premise.

6.2.5 RECYCLE & REUSE OF WASTEWATER

6.2.5.1 Residential complexes having plot area of 1.0 lac sq.ft. or more, which have
substantial amount of untreated sewage/ wastewater may be suggested to install
on-site wastewater treatment systems, in the absence of centralised sewerage
systems and 50% of total wastewater generated shall be recycled and reuse within
the premises. The other residential complexes shall also provide onsite wastewater
treatment systems for treatment of grey and black water generated by an
individual household

6.2.5.2 Separate storage tanks and plumbing lines shall be provided for the reuse of
treated water from the on-site wastewater treatment plant following the criteria
laid in Section 2 of the National Building Code of India.

6.2.6 WATER QUALITY REQUIREMENTS

6.2.6.1 Potable/domestic water quality shall comply with the requirements of IS

10500:2012, Drinking Water – Specification, as given in Tables 1 to 4.

6.2.6.2 Varied recycled applications of treated used water quality such as toilet flushing,
vehicle exterior washing, non-contact impoundments, and landscape irrigation
shall comply with the requirements of updated table 7.19 which has been
circulated to the States/UTs by CPHEEO and mentioned under section 9.2.2 (c) of
the Sewerage and Sewage Manual released by CPHEEO, Ministry of Housing and
Urban Affairs.

6.3 INCREMENTAL PROVISIONS (M AXIMUM 43 POINTS )

6.3.1 SITE WATER USE REDUCTION (MAXIMUM 17 POINTS)

6.3.1.1 Recycled/harvested water shall provide water for irrigation as per the
requirements in Table 28.

Table 28: Points for recycled water used for irrigation

Provision Incremental Points
At least 60% of the total irrigation requirement 5
At least 80% of the total irrigation requirement 8

6.3.1.2 Planting beds shall be provided with a drip irrigation system and shall comply with
the requirements as per Table 29.

38
 Table 29: Points for Drip irrigation System
Provision Incremental Points
A minimum of 80% of the planting bed area has drip irrigation 3
A minimum of 90% of the planting bed area has drip irrigation 5

6.3.1.3 The turf area shall be provided with sprinkler systems and shall comply with
requirements as per Table 30.

Table 30: Points for Sprinkler Irrigation System

Provision Incremental Points
A minimum of 70% of the turf area has a sprinkler system 2
A minimum of 80% of the turf area has a sprinkler system 4

6.3.2 BUILDING WATER USE REDUCTION (MAXIMUM 26 POINTS)

6.3.2.1 RECYCLE AND REUSE OF WATER

Recycle and reuse of water shall be ensured on site and shall comply with the specification
as per Table 31.

Table 31: Points for Reclamation of Wastewater

Provision Incremental Points
A minimum of 70% of wastewater reclaimed 6
A minimum of 90% of wastewater reclaimed 10

6.3.2.2 SANITARY FITTINGS & WARE

Sanitary Fittings such as faucets (taps) and showerheads for their performance based on
water efficiency shall comply with the specifications as per Table 32.
Table 32: Points for Star Rated Sanitary Fittings
Provision Incremental Points
2- star rating as per IS 17650 Part 1, 2021, 5
3- star rating as per IS 17650 Part 1, 2021, 8

Sanitary ware such as water closets, squatting pans, flush valves, flushing cisterns, and urinals
for their performance based on water efficiency shall comply with the specifications as per
Table 33.
Table 33: Points for Star Rated Sanitary Ware
Provision Incremental Points
2- star rating as per IS 17650 Part 1, 2021, 5
3- star rating as per IS 17650 Part 1, 2021, 8

39
CHAPTER 7: WASTE MANAGEMENT
7.1 SCOPE

7.1.1 The chapter provides requirements to minimise the waste generated both during
the construction phase and post-occupancy to divert any waste from reaching the
landfills. The chapter consists of two parts – Construction Waste Management and
Municipal Waste Management.
7.1.2 Classification of construction waste 19 : The waste generated during construction
shall be classified but not limited to the following categories:

i. Non-Hazardous waste: Including but not limited to Excavated earth excluding 150-
200 mm (6-8 inches) of the topsoil, Land clearing debris, Metals (Reinforcement
bars, Metal beams/girders, Window/Door frames, nuts and bolts, wires, etc.),
Cement and Concrete, Masonry materials (Bricks, AAC blocks, stone, any other
masonry, etc.), Flooring, Ceiling, Roofing materials, Insulation materials, Cladding
materials (Tiles, stones, gypsum, etc.), Glass, Wood, etc.
ii. Packaging waste: Including but not limited to cement bags, Wooden crates and
pallets, Cardboard boxes, Plastic wrapping and shrink wrap, Foam and bubble
wrap, Strapping bands and steel wires, PE film or plastic sheeting, Plastic or metal
drums/buckets/containers, Corrugated plastic sheets, specialized packaging etc.
iii. Construction Hazardous waste: Including but not limited to lead, tars, adhesives,
sealants, broken glass.

7.1.3 Classification of post-occupancy waste: The waste generated post-construction

shall be classified but not limited to the following categories:

i. Dry waste: Including but not limited to, plastic items (plastic bottles, containers,
packaging, stationary items, etc.), paper items (newspapers, magazines,
cardboard, packaging, etc.), metal items (aluminium cans, used aluminium foil
paper/tray, steel containers, old metal utensils, pots, metal gardening accessories,
etc.), glass items (glass bottles, jars, utensils, etc.), Electronics items (wires,
computer accessories, fluorescents, lamps, other electronics, and electrical
devices/appliances).
ii. Wet waste: Including but not limited to, vegetable peels, used tea, fruits, food
leftovers, horticulture waste, etc. These are biodegradable organic waste that can
also be composted.
iii. Sanitary waste: Including but not limited to, used diapers, sanitary pads, sweat
pads, tampons, condoms, wipes, masks/ gloves, toilet paper, bandages, swabs,
and other personal hygiene products etc.
iv. Hazardous waste: Including but not limited to, expired medicines, used
syringes/needles, chemical containers, broken glass, batteries, etc.

19Construction Waste: Construction waste is any substance, matter, or thing that is produced
as a result of construction work. Wastes also include surplus and damaged products and
materials arising in the course of construction work or used temporarily during on-site activities.
(C & D Waste Management Rules, 2016)

40
7.2 MANDATORY PROVISIONS

7.2.1 CONSTRUCTION WASTE MANAGEMENT

7.2.1.1 SEGREGATION AND STORAGE OF WASTE

Designated areas shall be provided within the site/adjacent site for collection, segregation,
and storage of segregated waste as per the classification of waste mentioned in section no.
7.1.2 of this code.

Note: No construction and demolition waste shall be littered or deposited to prevent obstruction to the traffic or the
public or drains. (C&D Waste Management Rules, 2016)

7.2.1.2 MINIMIZATION OF NON-HAZARDOUS WASTE

At least 50% (by either weight or volume) of non-hazardous waste generated, shall have to be
reused/repurposed/recycled/salvaged 20. For sample calculation refer to section number 9.15
of this code.
Note: Some types of construction waste can be reused/repurposed on-site as fill material for levelling uneven terrain,
filling excavated areas, or creating embankments, as a base or subbase material for road construction, for erosion
control measures, constructing retaining walls, as bedding and backfill material for utility pipelines, etc.

7.2.1.3 RECYCLING OF PACKAGING WASTE

100% of the packaging recyclable waste, shall be handed over to manufacturers/ authorized
recyclers or municipal entities for appropriate management and disposal.

7.2.1.4 DIVERT CONSTRUCTION WASTE FROM LANDFILL

Ensure that all (100%) the construction waste (by either weight or volume) generated during
the construction process is either reused/repurposed/salvaged on-site, diverted to recycling
facilities, or safely handed over to municipalities. Diversion efforts shall be tracked throughout
the construction process. For sample calculation refer to section number 9.15 of this code.

7.2.2 POST-CONSTRUCTION WASTE MANAGEMENT

7.2.2.1 WASTE COLLECTION, SEGREGATION AND STORAGE

A designated centralized waste collection area in each building shall be provided with at least
four colour-coded waste bins from the categories (Dry Waste, Organic Waste, Sanitary Waste,

20Reusing is a strategy to return materials for active use in the same or a related capacity.
Repurposing refers to items or substances that were originally intended for one purpose but
have been creatively transformed, i.e., broken brick/blocks can be repurposed as road filling.
Recycling is a strategy to put used objects and materials through a process so that they can
be used again.
Salvaged materials are construction materials recovered from existing buildings or
construction sites / second-hand markets and reused in other buildings.
41
Hazardous Waste, E-waste). For calculation of waste generation quantity and area required
for storage, refer to section number 9.12, 9.13 of this code.

Note:
A. A daily waste collection schedule should be developed to collect the segregated waste
from each building and store at a designated centralized storage area in the premises until
its transportation to respective recyclers.
B. Dry, sanitary, and hazardous waste shall be transported to/ collected by authorised
recyclers/ Municipal Corporation.

7.2.2.2 ORGANIC WASTE TREATMENT

A. Projects having built up area ≥5000 sq.m, an onsite designated area shall be
provided to compost (manually or mechanically) at least 50% of projected organic
waste (kitchen & horticulture) generated on post-occupancy. The waste
generation shall be calculated using the formula as given in section number 9.10
of this code. The area shall be provided as per
B. Table 34.

C. Projects having built up area <5000 sq.m, the project authority may hand over the
segregated organic waste to the concerned local body if the municipality has a
garbage pick-up mechanism in place. If such an arrangement is inadequate or
unavailable, the project authority shall engage a professional waste management
organisation to pick up the segregated organic waste, where there is no alternate
arrangement for disposal of biodegradable waste, Organic waste
composter/Vermiculture pit with a minimum capacity of 1.0 kg/150 sqm. of built-
up area/day shall be installed & operated.

Table 34: Area requirement for different strategies

S. No. Type of waste treatment Area required (m2 per 10Kg)
1 Composting Approx. 10 m2 (including circulation area)
2 Vermi Composting Approx. 15 m2 (including circulation area)
3 Mechanical 8-12 m2 (including circulation area)

7.3 INCREMENTAL PROVISIONS ( MAXIMUM 7 POINTS )

7.3.1 CONSTRUCTION WASTE MANAGEMENT (MAXIMUM 2 POINTS)

7.3.1.1 MINIMIZATION OF NON-HAZARDOUS WASTE

Non-hazardous construction waste generated shall have to be reused/repurposed

/recycled/salvaged, to comply with the requirements as per Table 35.
Table 35: Points for reuse of waste generated on-site
Provision Incremental Points
75%of non-hazardous waste generated is reused/repurposed 1
/recycled/salvaged
95% of non-hazardous waste generated is reused/repurposed 2
/recycled/salvaged

42
 7.3.2 POST-CONSTRUCTION WASTE MANAGEMENT (MAXIMUM 5 POINTS)

7.3.2.1 WASTE COLLECTION, SEGREGATION AND STORAGE (MAXIMUM POINTS: 2)

Different categories (organic, sanitary, Hazardous, plastic, paper, glass, metal, packaging, E-
waste) of colour-coded waste collection bins are provided for waste segregation in the
centralized waste collection area, as per Table 36.

Note: Colour coding of wastebins can be implemented based on market availability, along with the
installation of permanent signages.

Table 36: Points for waste segregation at the centralized unit

Provision Incremental Points
100% of recyclable waste shall be segregated into any six categories 1
100% of recyclable waste shall be segregated into eight categories 2

7.3.2.2 ORGANIC WASTE TREATMENT (MAXIMUM POINTS: 3)

A designated area on the project site shall be provided to compost (manually or

mechanically) to comply with the requirements as per Table 37. The calculation shall be done
to calculate the designated area as per 9.12, 9.13, 9.13.
Table 37: Points for Composting of Organic Waste
Provision Incremental Points
75% of organic waste generated post-occupancy is composted on- 2
site
95% of organic waste generated post-occupancy is composted on- 3
site

43
CHAPTER 8: INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY (IEQ)
8.2 SCOPE
8.2.1 The chapter provides provisions related to indoor air quality, thermal comfort, and
visual comfort post-occupancy of a building. It consists of eight parts: ventilation
potential, low-emitting materials, air quality in car parking, openings for kitchen and
bathrooms/toilet ventilation, daylight availability, lighting adequacy for common
areas and exterior lighting, lighting quality, and thermal comfort.

8.3 MANDATORY PROVISIONS

8.3.1 VENTILATION POTENTIAL

8.3.1.1 The building shall meet the minimum criteria for the openable window-to-floor area
ratio (WFRop) to ensure an adequate potential for natural ventilation as per Error!
Reference source not found. under provision number Error! Reference source not
found. of this code.

8.3.2 LOW-EMITTING MATERIALS

8.3.2.1 Paints used on the interior side of the building envelope shall comply with the VOC
content limits as per Table 38
Table 38: VOC Limits of Selected Paints
Type of Material VOC Limit (g/L less water)
Paints:
Flat paints 50
Non-flat paints 50

8.3.3 AIR QUALITY IN CAR PARKING

8.3.3.1 For enclosed parking areas, a well-designed ventilation and exhaust system shall
be installed that provides a minimum of 6 air changes per hour, as per the National
Building Code (NBC), to effectively eliminate vehicle exhaust fumes and pollutants.

Air Change per Hour = Q / V

where,
Q = airflow rate (m3/h)
V = volume of the space (m3)

8.3.4 VENTILATION OPENING IN KITCHEN AND BATHROOMS/TOILETS

8.3.4.1 An opening and/or ventilator shall be provided, in addition to the window, for the
installation of exhaust systems in the kitchen and bathrooms/toilets.

44
8.3.5 DAYLIGHT AVAILABILITY

8.3.5.1 The building shall meet the minimum criteria for Visible Light Transmittance (VLT) to
ensure adequate availability of daylight as per Error! Reference source not found.
under provision number Error! Reference source not found. of this code.

8.3.6 LIGHTING ADEQUACY FOR COMMON AREAS AND EXTERIOR LIGHTING

8.3.6.1 Artificial lighting systems complying with the minimum recommended lux levels
specified in Table 39 shall be installed.

Table 39: Required Min. Lux Levels as per space

Area Name Minimum lux level
Corridor Lighting & Stilt Parking 100
Basement lighting 70
Exterior Lighting Areas
Driveways and parking (open/ external) 5-20
Pedestrian walkways 50
Stairways 100
Indoor Lighting (If applicable)
Kitchen 200
Bathroom 100
Reading/ Study 300
(Source: SP 41 - Handbook on Functional Requirements of Buildings-Part 4 & NBC 2016: Volume 2, part 8, section 1,
section 4.1.4)
The lux levels shall be calculated using the formula as given in section number 9.10 of this code.

8.3.7 LIGHTING QUALITY - COLOUR RENDERING INDEX

8.3.7.1 The Colour Rendering Index (CRI) values for each zone within the building shall
comply with requirements as per Table 40

Table 40: Required CRI as per space type

Area Name Ra (General Colour Rendering Index)
Corridor Lighting & Stilt Parking 80
Basement lighting 70
Exterior Lighting Areas
Driveways and parking (open/ external) 70
Pedestrian walkways 70
Stairways 80
Indoor Lighting (If applicable)
Kitchen 90
Bathroom 80
Reading/ Study 90

45
8.3.8 THERMAL COMFORT

8.3.8.1 Buildings in all Climate Zones except Cold Climate shall comply with the following
provisions of the code:

A. Maximum Residential Envelope Transmittance Value (RETV) (except the

roof) as per provision number Error! Reference source not found.
B. Minimum openable window-to-floor area ratio (WFRop) as per provision
number Error! Reference source not found.
C. Maximum Thermal Transmittance of roof (Uroof) as per provision number
Error! Reference source not found.

8.3.8.2 Buildings in Cold Climates, shall comply with the following provisions of the code:

A. Thermal Transmittance value of the building envelope (UEnvelope.Cold) (except

the roof) as per provision number Error! Reference source not found.
B. Maximum Thermal Transmittance of roof (Uroof) as per provision number
Error! Reference source not found.

8.4 INCREMENTAL POINTS PROVISIONS (M AXIMUM 10 P OINTS )

8.4.1 CROSS-VENTILATION (MAXIMUM 4 POINTS)

8.4.1.1 Cross-ventilation is ensured in regularly occupied spaces (kitchen, bedrooms, living,

dining areas) with openable doors, windows, or ventilators as per Annexure 6.
Incremental points are calculated as per the formula below and points as per Table
41.

Percentage of cross ventilation area = (cross ventilation Area / total regularly

occupied Area) * 100

Table 41: Cross ventilation requirement for incremental points

Provision Incremental
Points
50% of regularly occupied spaces have cross- 2
ventilation
75% of regularly occupied spaces have cross- 3
ventilation
90% of regularly occupied spaces have cross- 4
ventilation

8.4.2 DAYLIGHT AVAILABILITY (USEFUL DAYLIGHT ILLUMINANCE) (MAXIMUM 4

POINTS)

8.4.2.1 The building shall comply with the useful daylight illuminance requirement as
prescribed by the ECBC 2017, section no 4.2.3. Ensure above-grade floor areas shall
meet or exceed the useful daylight illuminance (UDI) area requirements listed in
Table 56 for 90% of the potential daylit time in a year. (Refer to Error! Not a valid
bookmark self-reference.). Incremental points can be achieved as per Table 42.

46
 Table 42: Daylight Requirement
Provision Incremental
Points
40% of the regularly occupied spaces meeting the UDI requirement 2
50% of the regularly occupied spaces meeting the UDI requirement 3
60% of the regularly occupied spaces meeting the UDI requirement 4

8.4.3 AIR QUALITY IN UNDERGROUND PARKING AREA (MAXIMUM POINTS 2)

8.4.3.1 Install a demand control ventilation system to limit CO levels in the underground
parking area to ensure safety and air quality. The location of sensors should be
followed as prescribed by the NBC 2016, Volume 2, Part 8, section 3, section no
11.5.4. Incremental points can be achieved as per Table 43.

Table 43: Air Quality in Car Parking

Provision Incremental Points
CO sensors are installed to control the ventilation system 2
to limit CO level

47
CHAPTER 9: CALCULATIONS AND FORMULA

9.1 CALCULATION OF OPENABLE WINDOW-TO FLOOR AREA RATIO (WFR O P )

9.1.1 The openable window-to-floor area ratio (WFRop) indicates the potential of using
external air for ventilation. The prescribed minimum WFRop helps in ventilation,
improvement in thermal comfort, and reduction in cooling energy.
9.1.2 The openable window-to-floor area ratio (WFRop) is the ratio of openable area to the
carpet area of dwelling units.

𝐴𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒
𝑊𝐹𝑅𝑜𝑝 = (1)
𝐴𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑡
Where:
WFRop : openable window-to-floor area ratio
Aopenable: openable area (m2); it includes the openable area of all windows and
ventilators, opening directly to the external air, an open balcony, ‘verandah’, corridor,
or shaft; and the openable area of the doors opening directly into an open balcony.

Exclusions: All doors opening into corridors. External doors on ground floor, for example,
ground floor entrance doors or backyard doors.

Acarpet: Carpet Area of dwelling units (m2); it is the net usable floor area of a dwelling
unit, excluding the area covered by the external walls, areas under services shafts,
exclusive balcony or verandah areas and exclusive open terrace areas, but includes
the area covered by the internal partition walls of the dwelling unit.

9.1.3 The openable area (

Aopenable DU )of each dwelling unit (DU) is calculated by adding the
openable area of all windows and ventilators, opening directly to the external air, an
open balcony, ‘veranda’, corridor or shaft; and the openable area of the doors
opening directly into an open balcony (doors opening into the corridors and ground-
floor external doors are not included).

Aopenable = Aopenable
DU
+ Aopenable
window
+ Aopenable
ventilator door

In case the exact openable area is not known, the default values as per Table 44
can be used:
Table 44: Default openable area to opening area ratio
Type of window/door/ventilator Percentage openable area
Casement 90%
Sliding (2 panes) 50%
Sliding (3 panes) 67%

9.1.4 Add openable areas of all dwelling units to get the total openable area.

Aopenable = Aopenable + Aopenable + Aopenable +…

DU1 DU2 DU3

48
9.1.5 The total carpet area can be calculated by adding the carpet areas of all the dwelling
units (DU). It excludes the areas covered by external walls, areas under service shafts,
exclusive balcony or veranda areas and exclusive open terrace areas, but includes
the areas covered by the internal partition walls of the dwelling unit.

Acarpet = AcarpetDU1+ AcarpetDU2+ AcarpetDU3+…

9.2 CALCULATION OF WINDOW -TO-WALL RATIO (WWR)

9.2.1 WWR is the ratio of the area of non-opaque building envelope components of dwelling
units to the envelope area (excluding roof) of dwelling units.

𝐴𝑛𝑜𝑛−𝑜𝑝𝑎𝑞𝑢𝑒
𝑊𝑊𝑅 =
𝐴𝑒𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒

9.2.2 Calculate the total non-opaque (transparent/translucent panels of windows, doors,

ventilators, etc.) area of the building envelope for each dwelling unit.

Anon−opaque(DU) = Anon−opaque(Window) + Anon−opaque(Door) + Anon−opaque(Other)

Add non-opaque areas of all dwelling units to get the total non-opaque area of the
building block. Non-opaque components facing open corridors and enclosed shafts,
as well as walls of common services such as lifts and staircases are to be excluded.

Anon−opaque = Anon−opaque(DU1) + Anon−opaque(DU2)+ Anon−opaque(DU3) + ...

9.2.3 Calculate the total envelope area (excluding roof) of dwelling units of the building
block. For each wall of the building envelope, calculate the gross wall area (i.e., overall
area of a wall including openings such as windows, ventilators, and doors, with
measurement taken horizontally from outside surface to outside surface and measured
vertically from the top of the floor to the top of the roof). Add the gross wall area of all
walls to get the total envelope area (excluding roof) for the building. Walls facing open
corridors and enclosed shafts, as well as walls of common services such as lifts and
staircases are to be excluded.

Aenvelope = Agross−wall + Agross−wall + Agross−wall + ...

9.3 CALCULATION OF THERMAL TRANSMITTANCE (U VALUE) OF ROOF AND WALL

Calculate the thermal resistance of each uniform material layer, which constitutes the building
component, as follows:
𝑡𝑖
𝑅𝑖 = (2)
𝑘𝑖

where,
R_i is the thermal resistance of material layer i, m2.K/W
t_i is the thickness of material layer i, m

49
 k_i is the thermal conductivity of material layer i, W/(m.K)
Find the total thermal resistance, RT, as follows:

𝑅𝑇 = 𝑅𝑠𝑖 + 𝑅𝑠𝑒 + 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 + ⋯ (14)

Where,
RT is the total thermal resistance, m2.K/W
Rsi is the interior surface film thermal resistance, m2.K/W
Rse is the exterior surface film thermal resistance, m2.K/W
R1 is the thermal resistance of material layer 1, m2.K/W
R2 is the thermal resistance of material layer 2, m22.K/W
R3 is the thermal resistance of material layer 3, m2.K/W
Using these default values for calculation, the thermal conductivity of commonly used
building materials is given in Table 45, which can be used to calculate the thermal
resistance (r- value).

Table 45: Values of surface film thermal resistance for U-value calculation
Wall Roof
All climatic composite climate, hot-dry climate, warm- cold
Zones humid climate, and temperate climate climate
Rsi (m2.K/W) 0.13 0.17 0.10
Rse (m2.K/W) 0.04 0.04 0.04

Source: adapted from Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE), 2009. Energy Conservation Building
Code user guide, New Delhi.

Calculate the thermal transmittance (or the overall heat transfer coefficient or U value) of a
wall or roof assembly, as follows:
1
𝑈= (15)
𝑅𝑇
where,
𝑈 is the overall heat transfer coefficient, W/(m2.K)
Table 46 gives typical thermal properties of commonly used building and insulating materials.
This is not an all-inclusive list. In case, thermal conductivity values, measured using the
appropriate IS codes, are available; than those can also be used for calculations.

Table 46: Type of material and Thermal Conductivity

thermal specific
S. No. type of material Density conductivity heat source
(kg/m3) (w/m.K) capacity
(kJ/kg.K)
I. Building materials
1 Solid burnt clay brick 1920 0.980 0.80 (1)
2 Solid burnt clay brick 1760 0.850 NA (1)
3 Solid burnt clay brick 1600 0.740 NA (1)
4 Solid burnt clay brick 1440 0.620 NA (1)
5 Resource efficient (hollow) 1520 0.631 0.65 (4)
brick

50
6 Fly ash brick 1650 0.856 0.93 (2)
7 Solid concrete block 25/50 2427 1.396 0.20 (4)
8 Solid concrete block 30/60 2349 1.411 0.30 (4)
9 Aerated autoclaved 642 0.184 1.24 (4)
concrete (AAC) block
10 Cement stabilized soil block 1700 1.026 1.03 (5)
(CSEB)
11 Cement stabilized soil block 1800 1.201 1.07 (5)
(CSEB)
12 Cement stabilized soil block 1900 1.303 1.07 (5)
(CSEB)
13 Dense concrete 2410 1.740 0.88 (3)
14 Reinforced concrete cement 2288 1.580 0.88 (3)
(RCC)
15 Brick tile 1892 0.798 0.88 (3)
16 Lime concrete 1646 0.730 0.88 (3)
17 Mud Phuska 1622 0.519 0.88 (3)
18 Cement mortar 1648 0.719 0.92 (3)
19 Cement plaster 1762 0.721 0.84 (3)
20 Gypsum plaster 1120 0.512 0.96 (3)
21 Cellular concrete 704 0.188 1.05 (3)
22 AC sheet 1520 0.245 0.84 (3)
23 Gl sheet 7520 61.060 0.50 (3)
24 Timber 480 0.072 1.68 (3)
25 Timber 720 0.144 1.68 (3)
26 Plywood 640 0.174 1.76 (3)
27 Glass 2350 0.814 0.88 (3)
28 Tar felt (2.3 kg/m2) 0.479 0.88 (3)
II. Insulating materials
1 Expanded polystyrene 16.0 0.038 1.34 (3)
2 Expanded polystyrene 24.0 0.035 1.34 (3)
3 Expanded polystyrene 34.0 0.035 1.34 (3)
4 Foam glass 127.0 0.056 0.75 (3)
5 Foam glass 160.0 0.055 0.75 (3)
6 Foam concrete 320.0 0.070 0.92 (3)
7 Foam concrete 400.0 0.084 0.92 (3)
8 Foam concrete 704.0 0.149 0.92 (3)
9 Cork slab 164.0 0.043 0.96 (3)
10 Cork slab 192.0 0.044 0.96 (3)
11 Cork slab 304.0 0.055 0.96 (3)
12 Rock wool (unbonded) 92.0 0.047 0.84 (3)
13 Rock wool (unbonded) 150.0 0.043 0.84 (3)
14 Mineral wool (unbonded) 73.5 0.030 0.92 (3)
15 Glass wool (unbonded) 69.0 0.043 0.92 (3)
16 Glass wool (unbonded) 189.0 0.040 0.92 (3)

51
 17 Resin bonded mineral wool 48.0 0.042 1.00 (3)
18 Resin bonded mineral wool 64.0 0.038 1.00 (3)
19 Resin bonded mineral wool 99.0 0.036 1.00 (3)
20 Resin bonded mineral wool 16.0 0.040 1.00 (3)
21 Resin bonded mineral wool 24.0 0.036 1.00 (3)
22 Exfoliated vermiculite (loose) 264.0 0.069 0.88 (3)
23 Asbestos mill board 1397.0 0.249 0.84 (3)
24 Hard board 979.0 0.279 1.42 (3)
25 Straw board 310.0 0.057 1.30 (3)
26 Soft board 320.0 0.066 1.30 (3)
27 Soft board 249.0 0.047 1.30 (3)
28 Wall board 262.0 0.047 1.26 (3)
29 Chip board 432.0 0.067 1.26 (3)
30 Chip board (perforated) 352.0 0.066 1.26 (3)
31 Particle board 750.0 0.098 1.30 (3)
32 Coconut pith insulation board 520.0 0.060 1.09 (3)
33 Jute fibre 329.0 0.067 1.09 (3)
34 Wood wool board (bonded with 398.0 0.081 1.13 (3)
cement)
35 Wood wool board (bonded with 674.0 0.108 1.13 (3)
cement)
36 Coir board 97.0 0.038 1.00 (3)
37 Saw dust 188.0 0.051 1.00 (3)
38 Rice husk 120.0 0.051 1.00 (3)
39 Jute felt 291.0 0.042 0.88 (3)
40 Closed cell flexible elastomeric 40–55 0.043 1.20 (3)
foam - NBR
NA: Not available

Sources
(1) American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE). 2009. 2009 ASHRAE
Handbook (Fundamentals). Atlanta, United States: ASHRAE
(2) Gourav K, et al. 2017. Studies into structural and thermal properties of building envelope mate- rials. Energy
Procedia 122: 104–108
(3) Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). 1987. Handbook on Functional Requirements of Buildings (Other than
Industrial Buildings) SP: 41 (S & T) -1987. New Delhi: BIS.
(4) Thermo-Physical-Optical Property Database of Construction Materials, U.S.- India Joint Centre for Building
Energy Research and Development (CBERD) and Ministry of New and Renew- able Energy (MNRE). Available at
http://www.carbse.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Data- base-of-Construction-Materials_Oct17.pdf (accessed on
1 May 2018).
(5) Balaji N C, et al. 2015. Influence of varying mix proportions on thermal performance of soil-cement blocks.
Building Simulation Applications (BSA). 2nd IBPSA Italy Conference, Building Simulation Application - 2015 (BSA 2015).
Available at http://www.ibpsa.org/proceedings/ BSA2015/9788860460745_10.pdf (accessed on 1 May 2018).

In case, the construction has air layer, use values of thermal resistance of air layer given in
Table 47 for U value calculation.

52
 Table 47: Values of unventilated air layer thermal resistance for U-value calculation
thickness thermal resistance (m2.K/w)
of air
wall in all climatic Roof in composite climate, hot-Dry climate, Roof in cold
Layer
Zones warm-humid climate, and temperate climate climate
(mm)
5 0.12 0.10 0.10
7 0.12 0.12 0.12
10 0.14 0.14 0.14
15 0.16 0.16 0.16
25 0.18 0.18 0.17
50 0.18 0.20 0.17
100 0.18 0.20 0.17
300 0.18 0.21 0.17

Source: Adapted from Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE), 2009. Energy Conservation Building Code User Guide, New
Delhi

In case of solid bricks and blocks, where measured thermal conductivity values are not
available but measured dry density values (using appropriate IS code) are available then
equation 1 and equation 2 can be used to calculate the thermal conductivity value.

Equation 1 gives a correlation between thermal conductivity (𝑘) and dry density (𝜌) for solid
burnt clay bricks and can be used for dry density ranging from 1250 – 2150 kg/m3.

𝑘 = 0.0652𝑒 0.0012𝜌 (Equation 1)

Equation 2 gives a correlation for non-fired bricks (AAC block, concrete block, flyash bricks,
C&D waste bricks, CSEB, etc.) and can be used for dry density ranging from 600 – 2100 kg/m3.

𝑘 = 0.1009𝑒 0.0011𝜌 (Equation 2)

(Source: Maithel S, et al. 2023, Thermal Properties of Indian Masonry Units & Masonry for Eco-
Niwas Samhita Implementation, Energise 2023)

9.4 THERMAL TRANSMITTANCE OF ROOF (U R O O F )

9.4.1 Thermal transmittance (Uroof) characterizes the thermal performance of the roof of a building.
Limiting the Uroof helps in reducing heat gains or losses from the roof, thereby improving the
thermal comfort and reducing the energy required for cooling or heating.
9.4.2 The calculation21 for thermal transmittance of roof shall be carried out, using Equation as
shown below,

21 To comply with the Code, U value shall be rounded off to one decimal places in
accordance with IS 2: 1960 ‘Rules for rounding off numerical values’.
53
 𝑛
1
𝑈𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑓 = [∑(𝑈𝑖 𝑥 𝐴𝑖 )]
𝐴𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑓
𝑖=1
Where,
Uroof : thermal transmittance of roof (W/m2.K)
Aroof : total area of the roof (m2)
𝑈𝑖 : thermal transmittance values of different values of different roof
construction (W/m2.K)
𝐴𝑖 : areas of different roof constructions (m2)

9.5 RESIDENTIAL ENVELOPE TRANSMITTANCE VALUE (RETV) FOR BUILDING

ENVELOPE (EXCEPT ROOF) FOR FOUR CLIMATE ZONES, NAMELY, COMPOSITE
CLIMATE, HOT -DRY CLIMATE, WARM-HUMID CLIMATE, AND TEMPERATE
CLIMATE

9.5.1 Residential envelope heat transmittance (RETV) is the net heat gain rate (over the cooling
period) through the building envelope (excluding roof) of the dwelling units divided by the
area of the building envelope (excluding roof) of the dwelling units. Its unit is W/m2.

RETV characterizes the thermal performance of the building envelope (except

roof). Limiting the RETV value helps in reducing heat gains from the building
envelope, thereby improving the thermal comfort and reducing the electricity
required for cooling.
RETV formula takes into account the following:

a) Heat conduction through opaque building envelope components (wall,

opaque panels in doors, windows, ventilators, etc.),
b) Heat conduction through non-opaque building envelope components
(transparent/translucent panels of windows, doors, ventilators, etc.),
c) Solar radiation through non-opaque building envelope components
(transparent/translucent panels of windows, doors, ventilators, etc.)

9.5.2 The RETV for the building envelope (except roof) for four climate zones, namely, Composite
Climate, hot-Dry Climate, Warm-humid Climate, and temperate Climate, shall comply with the
maximum RETV of 15 W/m2.
9.5.3 The RETV calculation of the building envelope (except roof) shall be carried out, using Equation
4 as shown below. 22

𝑛 𝑛
1
𝑅𝐸𝑇𝑉 = × [{𝑎 × ∑(𝐴𝑜𝑝𝑎𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑖 × 𝑈𝑜𝑝𝑎𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑖 × 𝜔𝑖 )} + {𝑏 × ∑(𝐴𝑛𝑜𝑛−𝑜𝑝𝑎𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑖 × 𝑈𝑛𝑜𝑛−𝑜𝑝𝑎𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑖 × 𝜔𝑖 )}
𝐴𝑒𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒
𝑖=1 𝑖=1
𝑛

+ {𝑐 × ∑(𝐴𝑛𝑜𝑛−𝑜𝑝𝑎𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑖 × 𝑆𝐻𝐺𝐶𝑒𝑞𝑖 × 𝜔𝑖 )}] (3)

𝑖=1

BEE plans to improve the RETV norm to 12 W/m 2 in the near future and the building industry
and regulating agencies are encouraged to aim for it.
22 To comply with the Code, RETV value shall be rounded off to nearest integer value in
accordance with IS 2: 1960 ‘Rules for rounding off numerical values’.
54
 where,
𝐴𝑒𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 : envelope area (excluding roof) of dwelling units (m 2). It is the gross
external wall area (includes the area of the walls and the openings such
as windows and doors).
𝐴𝑜𝑝𝑎𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑖 : areas of different opaque building envelope components (m2)
𝑈𝑜𝑝𝑎𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑖 : thermal transmittance values of different opaque building envelope
components (W/m2.K)
𝐴𝑛𝑜𝑛−𝑜𝑝𝑎𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑖 : areas of different non-opaque building envelope components (m2)
𝑈𝑛𝑜𝑛−𝑜𝑝𝑎𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑖 : thermal transmittance values of different non-opaque building
envelope components (W/m2.K)
𝑆𝐻𝐺𝐶𝑒𝑞𝑖 : equivalent solar heat gain coefficient values of different non-opaque
building envelope components (values are given in section 9.9)
𝜔𝑖 : orientation factor of respective opaque and non-opaque building envelope
components; it is a measure of the amount of direct and diffused solar radiation that is
received on the vertical surface in a specific orientation

The coefficients of RETV formula, for different climate zones are given in Table 48

Table 48: Coefficients (a, b, and c) for RETV formula

Climate zone a b c
Composite 6.06 1.85 68.99
Hot-Dry 6.06 1.85 68.99
Warm-Humid 5.15 1.31 65.21
Temperate 3.38 0.37 63.69
Cold Not applicable (Refer section Error! Reference source not found.)

9.5.4 If a proposed building development comprises two or more residential building blocks
having different RETV. The weighted average RETV of the total residential project shall be
computed (using method mentioned in Chapter 9).

9.6 CALCULATION OF THE WEIGHTED AVERAGE RETV OF THE TOTAL RESIDENTIAL

PROJECT

9.6.1 The weighted average RETV of the total residential project shall be computed using following
equation

(𝑅𝐸𝑇𝑉𝑏𝑙𝑑𝑔. × 𝐸𝐴𝑏𝑙𝑑𝑔. )⁄
𝑅𝐸𝑇𝑉𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 = ∑ 𝐸𝐴𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙

(𝑅𝐸𝑇𝑉𝑏𝑙𝑑𝑔1. × 𝐸𝐴𝑏𝑙𝑑𝑔1 ) + (𝑅𝐸𝑇𝑉𝑏𝑙𝑑𝑔2 × 𝐸𝐴𝑏𝑙𝑑𝑔2 ) + (𝑅𝐸𝑇𝑉𝑏𝑙𝑑𝑔3 × 𝐸𝐴𝑏𝑙𝑑𝑔3 )

=
(𝐸𝐴𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 )

55
 Where,

RETVWeighted average is the combined RETV of the overall residential development project.
RETVbldg. i: is the individual RETV of each residential block.
EAbldg i: is the total envelope area of the individual building or the total residential project.
EAtotal: is the total envelope area of the individual building or the total residential project.
Aenvelope: envelope area (excluding roof) of dwelling units (m2). It is the gross external wall
area (includes the area of the walls and the openings such as windows and doors)

9.7 THERMAL TRANSMITTANCE OF BUILDING ENVELOPE (EXCEPT ROOF) FOR COLD

CLIMATE (U E N V E L O P E , C O L D )

9.7.1 Thermal transmittance (Uenvelope,cold) characterizes the thermal performance of the building
envelope (except roof). Limiting the Uenvelope,cold helps in reducing heat losses from the building
envelope, thereby improving the thermal comfort and reducing the energy required for heating.

U envelope,cold takes into account the following:

• Heat conduction through opaque building envelope components (wall,

opaque panels in door, window, ventilators, etc.)
• Heat conduction through non-opaque building envelope components (trans-
parent/translucent panels in windows, doors, ventilators, etc.).

9.7.2 The thermal transmittance of the building envelope (except roof) for cold climate shall comply
with the maximum of 1.8 W/m2.K.
9.7.3 The calculation of the building envelope (except roof) shall be carried out, using the following
equation

𝑛
1
𝑈𝑒𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒,𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑 = ∑(𝑈𝑖 × 𝐴𝑖 )
𝐴𝑒𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒
𝑖=1
Where,
Uenvelope,cold : Thermal transmittance of building envelope (except roof) for cold
2
climate (W/m .K)
Aenvelope : envelope area (excluding roof) of dwelling units (m2). It is the gross
external wall area (includes the area of the walls and the openings
such as windows and doors)
Ui : thermal; transmittance of different opaque and non-opaque building
envelope components (W/m2.K)
Ai : area of different opaque and non-opaque building envelope
components (m2)

9.8 CALCULATION OF ORIENTATION FACTOR

9.8.1 The orientation factor (ω) is a measure of the amount of direct and diffused solar radiation that
is received on the vertical surface in a specific orientation. This factor accounts for and gives
weightage to the fact that the solar radiation falling on different orientations of walls is not same.
It has been defined for the latitudes ≥23.5˚N and latitudes <23.5˚N (Table 49). Table 49 should
be read in conjunction with Figure 1.

56
 Table 49: Orientation factor (ω) for different orientations
Orientation factor (ω)
Orientation Latitudes ≥23.5˚N Latitudes <23.5˚N
North (337.6˚–22.5˚) 0.550 0.659
North-east (22.6˚–67.5˚) 0.829 0.906
East (67.6˚–112.5˚) 1.155 1.155
South-east (112.6˚–157.5˚) 1.211 1.125
South (157.6˚–202.5˚) 1.089 0.966
South-west (202.6˚–247.5˚) 1.202 1.124
West (247.6˚–292.5˚) 1.143 1.156
North-west (292.6˚–337.5˚) 0.821 0.908

Figure 1: Primary orientations for determining the orientation factor ω

Example:
What is the orientation factor (ω) for a vertical surface oriented towards the East in a building
situated in Chandigarh (30.73° N latitude).

Step 1: From Table 49

For latitudes ≥23.5˚N, the orientation factor (ω) for an East orientation is 1.155.

9.9 CALCULATION OF EQUIVALENT SHGC

9.9.1 SHGC Equivalent is the SHGC for a non-opaque component with a permanent external
shading projection (overhang and side fins). It is calculated by multiplying the External
Shading Factor (ESF) with the SHGC of unshaded non-opaque component. ESF values
are defined based on the projection factor (PF). the procedure for calculation is given
below:

A. Calculate the projection factor (PF) for permanent external projection, including but
not limited to overhangs, side fins, box frame, verandah, balcony, and fixed canopies,
using the formula:

57
i. Projection factor, overhang: the ratio of the horizontal depth of the external shading
projection (Hoverhang) to the sum of the height of a non-opaque component and the
distance from the top of the same component to the bottom of the farthest point of
the external shading projection (Voverhang), in consistent units.

𝐻𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔
𝑃𝐹𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔 = (16)
𝑉𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔

ii. Projection factor, side/vertical fin: the ratio of the horizontal depth of the external
shading projection to the distance from a non-opaque component to the farthest
point of the external shading projection, in consistent units. In case of single side/
vertical fin, it could be on the ‘Right’ or ‘Left’ or there could be side/vertical fins on
both the sides. A ‘Right’ side/vertical fin would be located on the right side of the
window while looking out from the building and similarly, a ‘Left’ side/ vertical fin would
be located on the left side of the window while looking out from the building.

𝐻𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
𝑃𝐹𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = (17)
𝑉𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡

𝐻𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡
𝑃𝐹𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 = (18)
𝑉𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡

58
 B. Select the ESF value for each shading element as:

I. Overhang (ESFoverhang): Refer Table 50 and

II.
III.
IV. Table 51
V. Side fin-right (ESFright): Refer Table 52 and Table 53
VI. Side fin-left (ESFleft): Refer
VII.
VIII.

IX. Table 54 and Table 55

Table 50: External Shading Factor for Overhang (ESFoverhang) for LAT ≥ 23.5˚N
External Shading Factor for Overhang (ESFoverhang) for LAT ≥ 23.5˚N
Orientation North North- East South- South South- West North-
east east west west
(337.6˚– (22.6˚– (67.6˚– (112.6˚– (157.6˚– (202.6˚– (247.6˚– (292.6˚–
22.5˚) 67.5˚) 112.5˚) 157.5˚) 202.5˚) 247.5˚) 292.5˚) 337.5˚)
PFoverhang

<0.10 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000

0.10-0.19 0.955 0.930 0.922 0.906 0.881 0.905 0.922 0.930
0.20-0.29 0.922 0.876 0.855 0.824 0.789 0.823 0.853 0.875
0.30-0.39 0.897 0.834 0.796 0.755 0.719 0.753 0.794 0.834
0.40-0.49 0.877 0.803 0.745 0.697 0.665 0.695 0.743 0.802
0.50-0.59 0.860 0.779 0.702 0.652 0.626 0.650 0.700 0.778
0.60-0.69 0.846 0.761 0.666 0.617 0.598 0.614 0.663 0.760
0.70-0.79 0.834 0.747 0.635 0.590 0.580 0.587 0.632 0.746
0.80-0.89 0.825 0.737 0.609 0.569 0.569 0.566 0.606 0.736
0.90-0.99 0.817 0.729 0.587 0.554 0.563 0.551 0.585 0.728
≥1 0.810 0.722 0.569 0.542 0.559 0.539 0.566 0.721

Table 51: External Shading Factor for Overhang (ESFoverhang) for LAT<23.5˚N
External shading Factor for overhang (ESFoverhang) for Lat < 23.5˚N

orientation North North- East south- south south- west North-

(337.6˚– east (67.6˚– east (157.6˚– west (247.6˚– west
22.5˚) (22.6˚– 112.5˚) (112.6˚– 202.5˚) (202.6˚– 292.5˚) (292.6˚–
PFoverhang 67.5˚) 157.5˚) 247.5˚) 337.5˚)
<0.10 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000
0.10-0.19 0.931 0.924 0.922 0.910 0.896 0.910 0.922 0.924

59
0.20-0.29 0.888 0.864 0.855 0.834 0.816 0.834 0.854 0.864
0.30-0.39 0.860 0.818 0.797 0.771 0.754 0.771 0.796 0.818
0.40-0.49 0.838 0.782 0.747 0.721 0.708 0.720 0.746 0.782
0.50-0.59 0.820 0.755 0.705 0.682 0.675 0.681 0.705 0.755
0.60-0.69 0.806 0.734 0.670 0.651 0.653 0.651 0.670 0.734
0.70-0.79 0.793 0.718 0.641 0.628 0.638 0.627 0.640 0.717
0.80-0.89 0.783 0.706 0.616 0.610 0.628 0.609 0.615 0.705
0.90-0.99 0.775 0.696 0.596 0.596 0.621 0.596 0.595 0.695
≥1 0.768 0.688 0.579 0.585 0.616 0.585 0.578 0.688

Table 52: External Shading Factor for Side Fin-Right (ESFright) for LAT ≥ 23.5˚N
External shading Factor for side Fin-Right (EsFright) for Lat ≥ 23.5˚N
orientation
North North- East south- south south- west North-
(337.6˚– east (67.6˚– east (157.6˚– west (247.6˚– west
22.5˚) (22.6˚– 112.5˚) (112.6˚– 202.5˚) (202.6˚– 292.5˚) (292.6˚–
PFright 67.5˚) 157.5˚) 247.5˚) 337.5˚)
<0.10 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000
0.10-0.19 0.968 0.942 0.972 0.982 0.961 0.965 0.988 0.985
0.20-0.29 0.943 0.894 0.949 0.968 0.933 0.934 0.977 0.972
0.30-0.39 0.924 0.855 0.931 0.957 0.912 0.907 0.968 0.961
0.40-0.49 0.911 0.824 0.917 0.950 0.898 0.884 0.960 0.953
0.50-0.59 0.899 0.798 0.905 0.944 0.887 0.865 0.954 0.945
0.60-0.69 0.890 0.777 0.895 0.939 0.880 0.849 0.948 0.939
0.70-0.79 0.883 0.762 0.887 0.936 0.875 0.837 0.943 0.934
0.80-0.89 0.877 0.750 0.881 0.933 0.872 0.827 0.939 0.930
0.90-0.99 0.871 0.739 0.875 0.930 0.868 0.819 0.935 0.926
≥1 0.865 0.731 0.870 0.927 0.865 0.812 0.932 0.922

Table 53: External Shading Factor for Side Fin-Right (ESFright) for LAT<23.5˚N
External shading Factor for side Fin-Right (EsFright) for Lat < 23.5˚N
orientation
North North- East south- south south- west North-
(337.6˚– east (67.6˚– east (157.6˚– west (247.6˚– west
22.5˚) (22.6˚– 112.5˚) (112.6˚– 202.5˚) (202.6˚– 292.5˚) (292.6˚–
PFright 67.5˚) 157.5˚) 247.5˚) 337.5˚)
<0.10 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000
0.10-0.19 0.962 0.948 0.975 0.982 0.962 0.959 0.984 0.984
0.20-0.29 0.934 0.904 0.954 0.968 0.932 0.924 0.970 0.970
0.30-0.39 0.913 0.868 0.937 0.957 0.911 0.894 0.958 0.959
0.40-0.49 0.900 0.840 0.924 0.949 0.896 0.870 0.949 0.950
0.50-0.59 0.888 0.816 0.912 0.942 0.885 0.849 0.940 0.942
0.60-0.69 0.879 0.797 0.903 0.936 0.877 0.832 0.933 0.936

60
0.70-0.79 0.872 0.782 0.896 0.932 0.872 0.820 0.927 0.931
0.80-0.89 0.866 0.770 0.889 0.929 0.867 0.810 0.922 0.927
0.90-0.99 0.860 0.760 0.884 0.925 0.863 0.801 0.917 0.923
≥1 0.855 0.752 0.878 0.922 0.859 0.794 0.913 0.919

Table 54: External Shading Factor for Side Fin-Left (ESFleft) for LAT ≥ 23.5˚N
orientation External shading Factor for side Fin-Left (EsFleft) for Lat ≥ 23.5˚N

North North- East south- south south- west North-

(337.6˚– east (67.6˚– east (157.6˚– west (247.6˚– west
22.5˚) (22.6˚– 112.5˚) (112.6˚– 202.5˚) (202.6˚– 292.5˚) (292.6˚–
PFleft
67.5˚) 157.5˚) 247.5˚) 337.5˚)
<0.10 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000
0.10-0.19 0.968 0.985 0.988 0.965 0.961 0.982 0.972 0.942
0.20-0.29 0.943 0.972 0.977 0.933 0.932 0.967 0.949 0.895
0.30-0.39 0.925 0.961 0.968 0.906 0.911 0.957 0.931 0.857
0.40-0.49 0.912 0.953 0.961 0.883 0.897 0.949 0.916 0.826
0.50-0.59 0.900 0.946 0.954 0.863 0.886 0.943 0.904 0.801
0.60-0.69 0.890 0.939 0.948 0.846 0.879 0.938 0.895 0.781
0.70-0.79 0.884 0.935 0.944 0.834 0.874 0.935 0.887 0.766
0.80-0.89 0.877 0.931 0.940 0.824 0.871 0.932 0.881 0.754
0.90-0.99 0.871 0.927 0.936 0.815 0.867 0.929 0.875 0.744
≥1 0.866 0.923 0.932 0.808 0.864 0.927 0.870 0.736

Table 55: External Shading Factor for Side Fin-Left (ESFleft) for LAT<23.5˚N
orientation External shading Factor for side Fin-Left (EsFleft) for Lat < 23.5˚N
North North- East south- south south- west North-
(337.6˚– east (67.6˚– east (157.6˚– west (247.6˚– west
22.5˚) (22.6˚– 112.5˚) (112.6˚– 202.5˚) (202.6˚– 292.5˚) (292.6˚–
PFleft 67.5˚) 157.5˚) 247.5˚) 337.5˚)
<0.10 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000
0.10-0.19 0.962 0.984 0.984 0.959 0.962 0.982 0.975 0.948
0.20-0.29 0.933 0.970 0.970 0.924 0.932 0.968 0.954 0.904
0.30-0.39 0.912 0.959 0.958 0.895 0.911 0.956 0.937 0.868
0.40-0.49 0.899 0.950 0.949 0.870 0.896 0.948 0.924 0.840
0.50-0.59 0.887 0.942 0.941 0.849 0.885 0.942 0.913 0.816
0.60-0.69 0.878 0.935 0.933 0.833 0.877 0.936 0.903 0.797
0.70-0.79 0.871 0.931 0.928 0.820 0.871 0.932 0.896 0.783
0.80-0.89 0.865 0.926 0.923 0.810 0.867 0.928 0.890 0.771

61
 0.90-0.99 0.859 0.922 0.918 0.801 0.863 0.925 0.884 0.761
≥1 0.854 0.919 0.913 0.794 0.859 0.922 0.879 0.752

A. Calculate the total external shading factor (ESFtotal) using the formula:

𝐸𝑆𝐹𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝐸𝑆𝐹𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔 × 𝐸𝑆𝐹𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛 (19)

Where,
𝐸𝑆𝐹𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛 = 1 − [(1 − 𝐸𝑆𝐹𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 ) + (1 − 𝐸𝑆𝐹𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 )] (20)

B. Calculate the equivalent ShGC of the fenestration (ShGC eq) by multiplying

the ShGC of the unshaded fenestration product (ShGC Unshaded) with the total
external shading factor (ESFtotal), using the formula:

𝑆𝐻𝐺𝐶𝑒𝑞 = 𝑆𝐻𝐺𝐶𝑈𝑛𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑 × 𝐸𝑆𝐹𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 (21)

Example:
The building (located in Chandigarh, 30.9°N latitude) has a window, oriented in East
orientation, with overhang and both side fins, shown in Figure 2-Figure 4. Calculate the
equivalent SHGC.
Considerations:
a) SHGCUnshaded = 0.6
b) Hoverhang = 2 m
c) Height of window = 2.5 m
d) Voverhang = 3 m
e) Horizontal depth of side fin (Hright and Hleft) = 1.5 m
f) Vright and Vleft = 2 m

Step 1: Calculate Projection Factors

1. Projection Factor for overhang:

PFoverhang = Hoverhang /Voverhang / = 2 /3 ≈ 0.67

2. Projection Factors for side fins: Figure 2: Section showing

overhang
PFright = Hright / Vright = 1.5/ 2 = 0.75
PFleft = Hleft / Vleft = 1.5/2 = 0.75
Step 2: Determine External Shading Factors (ESF)
Using tables (Table 50-Table 55 ) based on
orientation and projection factors:
For overhang, ESFoverhang ≈ 0.666
For side fin-right, ESFright ≈ 0.887
For side fin-left, ESFleft ≈ 0.944
Step 3: Calculate Total External Shading Factor (ESFtotal)
Figure 3: Plan showing left side fin
ESFsidefin = 1 - [(1 - ESFright) + (1 - ESFleft)]

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 = 1 - [(1 - 0.887) + (1 - 0.944)] = 0.831
ESFtotal = ESFoverhang × ESFsidefin
≈ 0.666 × 0.831 ≈ 0.553
Step 4: Calculate Equivalent SHGC (SHGCeq)
SHGCeq = SHGCUnshaded × ESFtotal
≈ 0.6 × 0.553 ≈ 0.331
So, the Equivalent SHGC for the non-opaque
component with permanent external shading
projection is approximately 0.331. Figure 4: Plan showing right side fin

9.10 LUX LEVEL CALCULATION

The following simplified23 formula shall be used to calculate the lux levels:

Formula:
Total luminous flux = number of light fixtures * lumens per fixture
Average lux level = Total luminous flux *Utilization factor* Maintenance factor / Total floor area

Example:
The illuminance level in the room, with a floor area of 100 sq.m and equipped with 10 lighting
fixtures, each emitting 1500 lumens, is calculated to be __________ lux.
Considerations:
Number of light fixtures: 10
Lumens per fixture: 1500 lumens
Total floor area: 100 square meters

Step 1: Calculate the total luminous flux:

Total luminous flux = Number of light fixtures x Lumens per fixture
= 10 fixtures x 1500 lumens/fixture = 15000 lumens

Step 2: Calculate the average lux level:

Average lux level = Total luminous flux x UF x MF / Total floor area
= 15000 lumens x 1x 1 / 100 square meters = 150 lux

So, the average lux level in this scenario is 150 lux.

For simplification, the utilisation factor and maintenance factor are taken as 1.

9.11 DAY LIGHT AVAILABILITY CALCULATION

This method can be used for demonstrating compliance with daylighting requirements without
simulation. Daylight extent factors (DEF) mentioned in Table 56 shall be used for manually
calculating percentage of above grade floor area meeting the UDI requirement for 90% of
the potential daylit time in a year.

Table 56: Daylight Extent Factors (DEF) for Manually Calculating Daylight Area

23 For simplification, the utilisation factor and maintenance factor are taken as 1.

63
Shading Latitude Window VLT < 0.3
VLT ≥ 0.3
Type
North South East West North South East West
No ≥ 15°N All 2.5 2.0 0.7 0.5 2.8 2.2 1.1 0.7
shading window
or PF < < 15°N types 2.4 2.0 1.3 0.6 1.7 2.2 1.5 0.8
0.4
Shading All All 2.8 2.3 1.5 1.1 3.0 2.5 1.8 1.5
with PF ≥ latitudes window
0.4 types
without
light
shelf
Window 3.0 2.5 1.8 1.6 3.5 3.0 2.1 1.8
with
light
shelf

A. To calculate the daylit area:

I. In a direction perpendicular to the fenestration, multiply daylight extent factor
(DEF) by the head height of the fenestration or till an opaque partition higher
than head height of the fenestration, whichever is less.
II. In the direction parallel to the fenestration, daylit area extends a horizontal
dimension equal to the width of the fenestration plus either 1 meter on each
side of the aperture, or the distance to an opaque partition, or one-half the
distance to an adjacent fenestration, whichever is least.
III. For skylights, calculate the horizontal dimension in each direction equal to the
top aperture dimension in that direction plus either the floor-to-ceiling height
(H) for skylights, or 1.5 H for monitors, or H or 2H for the sawtooth configuration,
or the distance to the nearest 1 meter or higher opaque partition, or one-half
the distance to an adjacent skylight or vertical glazing, whichever is least.

B. A separate architectural plan shall be prepared with all daylit areas marked on the
floor plans. A summary shall be provided showing compliance as per Table 59.
C. Glazed façades, with non-cardinal orientation, shall be categorized under a
particular cardinal direction if its orientation is within ± 45 degrees of that cardinal
direction.

64
 D. Any surrounding natural or man-made daylight
obstructions shall not be considered in this method.

Example:

Considerations:
Window VLT: 0.6
DEF (Daylight Extent Factor)
North: 3
South: 2.5
East: 1.8
N
West: 1.5

Window B Figure 5: Regularly occupied area (yellow

nomenclature Width Height (Width+1) rendered)

W 1.45 1.23 2.45

W1 0.86 1.23 1.86
W2 0.77 1.23 1.77

Calculate the daylight compliant area in North orientation:

North
A (Window
Window height X
nomenclature North DEF) AXB
W 3.7 7.1
W1 3.7 6.9
W2 3.7 6.5

Regularly occupied area : 23.14 m² (see Error! Reference

source not found. )
Total daylit area: 20.5m² (From drawing calculation) (see
Figure 6)

Overlap Area: 1.44m² (From drawing calculation)

Figure 6: Daylight compliant area (yellow rendered)
(see Figure 6)

Net compliant area: Total daylit area - Overlap Area = 19.1m²

Regularly occupied Compliant area percentage: Total compliant area/ Regularly

occupied area X 100 = 82.37%

9.12 EXAMPLE FOR POST OCCUPANCY WASTE GENERATION

A residential housing complex having area 3000 sq.m, consisting of 60 dwelling units,
considering 4.5 occupants each housing. According to the National Building Code (NBC)

65
guidelines, the recommended range of waste generation is between 0.3 to 0.6 kilograms per
capita per day, comprises 40% organic waste and 60% inorganic waste.

Calculation for estimation of waste generation:

Step 1: Calculate the total number of occupants in the residential complex:
Total number of occupants = Number of dwelling units x occupants/unit
=60 x 4.5 = 270

Step 2: Calculate the total waste generation per day Considering the upper range 24 of the
NBC guidelines:
Total waste generation = Total number of occupants x waste generation per capita
= 270 occupants x 0.6 kg/person/day
=162 kilograms per day

Step 3: Calculate the organic and inorganic waste generation:

Organic waste generation = Total waste generation x Organic waste percentage
=162 kg/day x 40% = 64.8 kilograms per day (say 10 Kg)
Inorganic waste generation = Total waste generation x Inorganic waste percentage
=162 kg/day x 60% = 97.2 kilograms per day

9.13 CALCULATION OF AREA REQUIREMENT FOR STORING ORGANIC WASTE

The volume required to store 1 kg of organic waste depends on the density of the waste and
how compacted it is. Organic waste's density can vary based on its composition, moisture
content, and packing method.

Let's consider an example where the organic waste has a density of 0.5 kg/L. Remember that
this is an approximate value, as organic waste density typically ranges from 0.2 kg/L to 0.8 kg/L,
depending on the specific waste composition.

To calculate the volume required:

Volume = Mass / Density

Volume = 1 kg / 0.5 kg/L = 2 L
As a rule of thumb, 1000 litres require 1 cubic meter of volume
Then 2 L waste required = 0.002 m³
(For a thumb rule, it is calculated that 1 kg waste required 0.002 m3)
So, if the organic waste has a density of 0.5 kg/L, you would need approximately 2 litres of
volume to store 1 kg of organic waste.

9.14 ORGANIC WASTE CALCULATION (VERMI COMPOSTING METHOD)

Quantity of waste per day (Kg) 64.8 (From 9.12)

Volume required to store 1 Kg 0.002
Retention time: days 60

24 Considering the upper range of waste generation, the range is given in NBC 2016 edition.
According to Mohua (Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs), there is an annual increase in per
capita waste generation of about 1.3%.

66
Worm density: 0.5 kg/m²
(Should not be more than
Vermi bed depth(m): 0.6 600mm for better efficiency)
(Should not be more than
1500mm for easy turning and
Vermi bed width (m): 1.5 rotation)
Calculation:
Calculate the total waste produced during the retention time:
Total waste generated in 60 days = Daily waste generation x Retention time
Total waste Kg 3888.00
Calculate the volume of vermi beds required to handle this waste:
Total vermi bed volume required = Total waste / Storage density
Volume: m3 7.78
Calculate the total area of vermi beds required:
Vermi bed area = Vermi bed volume / Vermi bed depth=13.0
Length of vermi beds = Vermi bed area / Vermi bed width= 8.6
Hence, size of required pit/bed per cycle: 0.6 m X 1.5 m X 2.6 m
Number of beds 2
Total area required for per day organic waste (m²) =25.9
Area (Sq.m) Required for Mandatory
section 50% 12.96
Area (Sq.m) Required for 2 points 75% 19.44
Area (Sq.m) Required for 3 points 95% 24.62
Area provided on site for organic
composting 25
Meeting the requirement 100%

9.15 INORGANIC WASTE CALCULATION

Quantity of waste per day (Kg) 97.20 (From 9.12)

Volume required to store 1 Kg 0.0033
Volume of waste (m3) 0.3240
Volume of waste to store at least 2 days waste 0.6480
Conversion into litres 648
Assume standard wastebin size (Litres), as per market
availability 240
Dimensions
Length 0.5
Breadth 0.5
Height 1
Area required for 1 wastebin (240 ltrs) 0.25
Area with Circulation/ handling space 1.5
Area (Sq.m) Required for Mandatory section 4 bins 6.00
Area (Sq.m) Required for 1 point 6 bins 9.00
Area (Sq.m) Required for 2 points 8 bins 12.00
Area provided on site for waste segregation at
centralized level 15
Meeting the requirement 100%

9.16 EXAMPLE FOR CONSTRUCTION WASTE DIVERSION ESTIMATION

Table 57: Calculation example for construction waste management

67
 % Of Diverted
total from
Classification Quantity waste Density(k Volume landfills Method of
of waste Type of waste (Kg) 25 g/m3) (m3) (Kg) Diversion
As per CPCB 2016, new construction generates approx. 40-60 kg per sqm of built-up area
Total Construction waste 257621.5 (Considering 50 kg waste per sq.m of built-up area)
Quantity
Reused/
Soil, Sand and repurposed
Gravel 66981.6 26% 1600 41.86 66981.6 on site
Reused/
Brick & repurposed
Masonry 82438.9 32% 1900 43.39 82438.9 on site
Non-
Reused/
Hazardous repurposed
Concrete 72134.0 28% 1200 60.11 72134.0 on site
Sold to
Metals 15457.3 6% 7850 2.0 15457.3 recycler
Sold to
Wood 7728.6 3% 400 19.3 7728.6 recycler
Sold to
Packaging Others 7728.6 3% 7728.6 recycler
Handover To
Hazardous municipal
Bitumen 5152.4 2% 1040 5.0 5152.4 authority

Table 58: Construction waste calculation as per ENS Provisions

% Of
Classification of waste as per ENS Provisions Quantity (Kg) diversion
Non-Hazardous 244740.425
Sent to recycling units 23185.9
Reused/ repurposed on site 221554.5
Hazardous 5152.43
To municipalities 5152.4
Packaging 7728.645
Sent to recycling units 7728.6
Minimization of Non-Hazardous waste (reused on site, to
recycling units) 244740.4 100%
Recycling of packaging waste 7728.6 100%
Total waste diverted from landfills (Kg) 257621.5 100%

25 BMTPC, Ready reckoner, 2018

68
CHAPTER 10: TERMINOLOGY & DEFINITIONS
A
Above Grade area: It is the carpet area plus the thickness of outer walls and the area covered
by balcony, expressed in meters, and subtracting the basement area.
Addition: An extension or increase in the carpet area or height of a building or structure.
Affordable Housing Projects: Affordable houses are Dwelling Units (DUs) with Carpet Area less
than 60 sqm. It also includes Economically Weaker Section (EWS) category and Lower Income
Group (LIG) category (LIG-A: 28-40 sq. m. and LIG-B 41- 60 Sq.m). Projects using at least 60
percent of the FAR/ FSI for dwelling units of Carpet Area not more than 60 sqm. will be
considered as Affordable housing projects. This definition could be changed time to time by
Ministry of Housing & Urban Affairs and respective states and latest definition for the respective
state shall be considered.
Affordable housing scheme: The Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY), also known as,
Affordable housing scheme, including any notification of change in name of the aforesaid
scheme, is an initiative provided by the Government of India which aims at providing
affordable housing to the urban poor.
Air Changes per Hour (ACH): Air Changes per Hour (ACH) is a measurement that quantifies the
number of times the air within a space is completely replaced with fresh air within a one-hour
time period. It indicates the effectiveness of ventilation or air exchange in a given space.
Alteration: A change from one type of occupancy to another or the removal of part of a
building, or any change to the structure, such as the construction of, cutting into or removal
of any wall, partition, column, beam, joist, floor or other support, or a change to or closing of
any required means of ingress or egress or a change to the fixtures or equipment.
Authority Having Jurisdiction: The Authority which has been created by a statute and which,
for the purpose of administering the Code, may authorize a committee or an official or an
agency to act on its behalf.
B
Building Envelope: The elements of a building that separate the habitable spaces of dwelling
units from the exterior and are exposed to the ambient (i.e., exposed directly to external air
and opening into balconies). It does not include walls facing open corridors and enclosed
shafts, as well as walls of common services such as lifts and staircase. (See Figure 7: Walls
included in the definition of building envelope. Dotted lines show the walls included in the
definition of building envelope in this code.)

Figure 7: Walls included in the definition of building envelope

Building services: Basic MEP services such as firefighting systems, elevators and escalators,
HVAC systems, gas supply systems, building management systems, power backup, water
supply, water recycling etc. that are provided for the comfort and available to all dwelling
units/apartments of the building or building complex.

69
Built-up area: It is the carpet area plus the thickness of outer walls and the area covered by
balcony, expressed in meters.
C
Carpet Area26: Carpet area is the net usable floor area of a dwelling unit, excluding the area
covered by the external walls, areas under services shafts, exclusive balcony or verandah area
and exclusive open terrace area, but includes the area covered by the internal partition walls
of the dwelling unit.
Color Rendering Index (CRI): Color Rendering Index (CRI) is a quantitative measure of the
ability of a light source to accurately reveal the true colors of objects compared to a reference
light source. It is a scale ranging from 0 to 100, with higher values indicating better color
rendering.
Common Area: Amenities such as corridors, hallways, lobby, staircases, lifts, pool, parking areas
etc. provided for the comfort and available for use to all occupants, owners, tenants, or users
of the building or building complex expressed in m2.
Construction Waste: Construction waste is any substance, matter, or thing that is produced as
a result of construction work.
Cool roof: A cool roof is one that reflects most of the incident sunlight and efficiently emits
some of the absorbed radiation back into the atmosphere, instead of conducting it to the
building below. The ‘coolness’ of a roof is influenced by its solar reflectance and thermal
emittance.
D
Dwelling unit: An Independent housing unit with separate facilities for Living, Cooking and
sanitary requirement.
E
ENS 2024 building: Any building in which all covered spaces comply with the requirements of
§3 of the Eco- Niwas Samhita 2024.
ENS 2024 point: It is the algebraic sum of the points that are obtained by meeting the
requirements of Eco- Niwas Samhita 2024.
Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER): the ratio of net cooling capacity in kW to total rate of electric
input in watts under design operating conditions
Envelope Area: Envelope area (excluding roof) of dwelling units is the overall area of the
building envelope (see definition ’Building Envelope’). It is the gross external wall area (includes
the area of the walls and the openings such as windows and doors), with measurement taken
horizontally from outside surface to outside surface and measured vertically from the top of
the floor to the top of the roof.
F
Floor area: The net enclosed area expressed in m2 of a floor in the building including circulation
spaces like lobby or corridors, service areas and semi-open spaces such as verandah or
balcony.
H
High Rise Buildings: A building above 4 stories, and/or a building exceeding 15 meters or more
in height (without stilt) and 17.5 meters (including stilt).
I

26 Source: The Real Estate (Regulation and Development) Bill, 2016 as passed by the Rajya
Sabha on the 10 March 2016. Available at
http://164.100.47.4/BillsTexts/RSBillTexts/PassedRajyaSabha/realest-238-RSP-E.pdf (accessed
on 1 May 2018)
70
Integrated Energy Efficiency Ratio (IEER): It is a single-number cooling part load efficiency
figure of merit calculated as specified by the method described in ANSI/AHRI Standard
340/360/1230.
Indian Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio (ISEER): It is the ratio of the total annual amount of heat
that the equipment can remove from the indoor air when operated for cooling in active mode
to the total annual amount of energy consumed by the equipment during the same period.
L
Lighting Power Density (LPD): It is the total of the maximum power rating of the lamps (in Watts)
in a space, other than those that are plugged into socket outlets for intermittent use such as
floor standing lamps, desk lamps, divided by the area of the space (in m2).
Low Rise Buildings: A building equal or below 4 stories, and/or a building up to 15 meters in
height (without stilt) and up to 17.5 meters (including stilt).
Low energy comfort systems: Space conditioning or ventilation systems that are less energy
intensive then vapor compression-based systems.
Luminous Efficacy (LE): Total luminous flux emitted from a luminaire upon input power,
expressed in lumens per Watt.
M
Mechanical Efficiency: It is a dimensionless number that measures the effectiveness of a
machine in transforming the power input to the device to power output.
Mixed land-use building projects: A single building or a group of buildings used for a
combination of residential, commercial, business, educational, hospitality and assembly
purposes
Mixed-mode ventilated: The building in which natural ventilation is employed as the primary
mode of ventilating the building, and air conditioning is deployed as and when required.
N
Non-opaque Building Envelope Components: Non-opaque building envelope components
include transparent/translucent panels in windows, doors, ventilators, etc.
O
Openable area of dwelling unit: The total openable area expressed in m2 of a dwelling unit is
the sum of openable area of all windows and ventilators opening directly to the external
ambience, open balcony, verandah, corridor and or shaft.
Exclusions: Doors opening into corridors and external doors on ground floor (for e.g., ground
floor entrance doors or back-yard doors).
Opaque Building Envelope Components: Opaque building envelope components include
walls, opaque panels in doors, windows, ventilators, etc.
Openable Window-to-Floor Ratio (WFRop): The openable window-to-floor ratio (WFrop) is the
ratio of the total openable area to the total carpet area of dwelling units. the total openable
area of a dwelling unit is the addition of openable area of all windows and ventilators, opening
directly to the external air, an open balcony, ‘verandah’, corridor or shaft; and the openable
area of the doors opening directly into an open balcony.
Exclusions: Doors opening into corridors and external doors on ground floor (for e.g., ground
floor entrance doors or back-yard doors).
Organic waste: Including but not limited to, kitchen waste (food scraps, fruit and vegetable
peels, tea leaves, and coffee grounds etc.), garden waste (pruning/ cutting waste, shredded
leaves, mulches, flowers etc.).
Orientation Factor (ω): It is a measure of the amount of direct and diffused solar radiation that
is received on the vertical surface in a specific orientation. This factor accounts for and gives
weightage to the fact that the solar radiation falling on different orientations of walls is not
same.

71
P
Packaging construction waste: Including but not limited to cement bags, Wooden crates and
pallets, Cardboard boxes, Plastic wrapping and shrink wrap, Foam and bubble wrap,
Strapping bands and steel wires, PE film or plastic sheeting, Plastic or metal
drums/buckets/containers, Corrugated plastic sheets, specialized packaging etc.

Plot Area: A parcel (piece) of land enclosed by definite boundaries expressed in m 2.

Projection Distance: It is the horizontal depth, expressed in meters, of the external shading
projection
Projection Factor, Overhang: Projection factor (overhang) is the ratio of the horizontal depth
of the external shading projection to the sum of the height of a non-opaque component and
the distance from the top of the same component to the bottom of the farthest point of the
external shading projection, in consistent units (Figure 8 ).

Figure 8: Projection factor, overhang

Projection Factor, Side Fin: Project factor (side fin) is the ratio of the horizontal depth of the
external shading projection to the distance from a non-opaque component to the farthest
point of the external shading projection, in consistent units (Figure 9).

Figure 9: Projection factor, side fin

Residential Envelope Heat Transmittance (RETV): RETV is the net heat gain rate (over the
cooling period) through the building envelope of dwelling units (excluding roof) divided by the
area of the building envelope (excluding roof) of dwelling units. Its unit is W/m 2.
Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC)27: SHGC is the fraction of incident solar radiation admitted
through non-opaque components, both directly transmitted, and absorbed and subsequently
released inward through conduction, convection, and radiation (Figure 10).

27 Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). 2016. National Building Code of India 2016. New Delhi: BIS.

72
 Figure 10: Solar heat gain through a non-opaque component
R
Regularly Occupied Spaces: Regularly occupied spaces include living room, bed rooms,
dining room, kitchen, etc.,
Renewable Energy Systems: Energy from renewable non-fossil energy sources, e.g., solar
energy (thermal and photovoltaic), wind, hydropower, biomass, geothermal, wave, tidal,
landfill gas, sewage treatment plant gas and biogases. A resource that is available naturally,
harnessed, and can be replenished.
Residential Building(s): Residential building(s) (including affordable housing) include any
building in which sleeping accommodation is provided for normal residential purposes with or
without cooking or dining or both facilities. This includes:
i. One- or two-family private dwellings: These shall include any private dwelling, which is
occupied by members of one or two families and has a total sleeping accommodation for not
more than 20 persons.
ii. Apartment houses: These shall include any building or structure in which living quarters
are provided for three or more families, living independently of each other and with
independent cooking facilities. This also includes group housing.
However, following buildings are excluded for the purpose of this code.
Lodging and rooming houses: these shall include any building or group of buildings under the
same management in which separate sleeping accommodation on transient or permanent
basis, with or without dining facilities but without cooking facilities for individuals, is provided.
This includes inns, clubs, motels, and guest houses.
Dormitories: these shall include any building in which group sleeping accommodation is
provided, with or without dining facilities for persons who are not members of the same family,
in one room or a series of closely associated rooms under joint occupancy and single
management. For example, school and college dormitories, students, and other hostels and
military barracks.
Hotels: these shall include any building or group of buildings under single management, in
which sleeping accommodation is provided, with or without dining facilities.
Retrofit: providing or adding something with a building component or feature not fitted when
the building or building complex was first constructed.
Roof Gardens: In the case of roofs with roof gardens on earth fill for plantation or lawn, the
thermal resistance of the earth fill can be taken into the calculation of the thermal
transmittance (U value) of the roof. Some of the heat absorbed by the earth fill is also released
into the atmosphere due to evapotranspiration of irrigation water from the roof garden, thus
giving additional benefit.

73
R – Value: The measurement of the thermal resistance of a material which is the effectiveness
of the material to resist the flow of heat, i.e., the thermal resistance (m2·K/W) of a component
calculated by dividing its thickness by its thermal conductivity.
S
Service Value: The Service value is the ratio of air delivery to power input.
SHGC Equivalent: SHGC Equivalent is the SHGC for a non-opaque component with a
permanent external shading projection. It is calculated by multiplying the External Shading
Factor (ESF) with the SHGC of unshaded non-opaque component.
Solar reflectance: Solar reflectance is the ratio of solar radiation reflected by a surface to the
solar radiation incident upon it. Solar reflectance is measured on a scale of 0 to 1. A
reflectance value of 0 indicates that the surface absorbs all incident solar radiation, and a
value of 1 denotes a surface that reflects all incident solar radiation. The term ‘albedo’ is often
used inter-changeably with solar reflectance.
Solar reflectance Index (SRI): That incorporates both solar reflectance and emittance in a
single value and quantifies how hot a surface would get relative to standard black and
standard white surfaces. It is the ability of a material to reject solar radiation, as shown by a
small temperature rise.28 The SRI’s of a standard black surface (having reflectance of 0.05 and
emittance of 0.9) and a standard white surface (of reflectance 0.8 and emittance 0.9) are
taken as 0 and 100, respectively.
For more detailed information on cool roof, please refer Cool roofs for Cool Delhi: Design
Manual.29
T
Thermal Insulation: A material used to reduce heat loss or gain through thermal envelope
component.
Thermal emittance: Thermal emittance is the relative ability of a material to reradiate absorbed
heat as invisible infrared radiation. Emittance, measured from 0 to 1, is defined as the ratio of
the radiant flux emitted by a body to that emitted by a black body at the same temperature
and under the same conditions.
According to ECBC 2017 cool roof requirement, roofs with slopes less than 20 degrees shall
have an initial solar reflectance of at least 0.6 and an initial emittance of 0.9.
Thermal Transmittance (U-Value): Also known as U-Factor, thermal transmittance (U-value) is
the heat transmission in a unit of time through a unit of area of an envelope component or
insulating material, induced by a unit of temperature difference between conditioned and
unconditioned spaces. The U-value for an envelope component indicates its ability to reduce
heat transfer through conduction. U-value is expressed as W/m2·K.
U
U Value: Thermal transmittance (U value) is the heat transmission in unit time through unit area
of a material or construction and the boundary air films, induced by unit temperature
difference between the environments on either side. Unit of U value is W/m 2 K. The U value for
a wall/roof/glazing indicates its ability to transfer heat through conduction.
V
Visible Light Transmittance (VLT): VLT is the ratio of the total transmitted light to the total incident
light. It is a measure of the transmitted light in the visible portion of the spectrum through a
material.

28 Bureau of India Standards (BIS). 2016. National Building Code 2016. Part 11. New Delhi: BIS
29 Shakti Foundation. 2017. Cool Roofs for Cool Delhi: Design Manual. Available at
http://shaktifoundation.in/ wp-content/uploads/2017/06/cool-roofs-manual.pdf (accessed
on 01 May 2018)
74
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC): Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) are a group of
organic chemicals that easily evaporate at room temperature. They are commonly found in
various products such as paints, solvents, cleaning agents, adhesives, and building materials.
W
Window-to-Wall Ratio (WWR): WWR is the ratio of the non-opaque building envelope
components area to the envelope area (excluding roof) of dwelling units.
Waste Management: Waste management refers to the activities and actions required to
manage waste from its start till its disposal. This includes collection, transport, treatment and
disposal of waste together with monitoring and regulation.

75
ANNEXURES

76
ANNEXURE 1: COMPLIANCE DOCUMENTS
The building project can demonstrate compliance using the software/toolkit that has been
approved by the BEE or authority having jurisdiction and submit the following list of documents
to show compliance with the code.

S.No. Compliance Documents

Specification sheet (or cut sheet) from manufacturers for materials/ products/ installed fixtures along with copy of
purchase invoice/ BOQ/ tender documents, wherever possible.
1. Sustainable Site Management

□
1a. Site Plan highlighted trees (existing mature trees, preserved trees,
transplanted, removed), along with highlighting top soil excavation and
top soil storage and preservation area with volume.

□
1b. Fertility report of soil from a certified lab.

□
1c. Survey-plan highlighted existing features of the site like existing water
bodies, power or communication lines, sewerage lines.

□
1d. Accessibility Plan highlighted measures (ramps with handrails on
entrances and grade change, tactile guiding system, easily accessible
play areas etc.) to ensure universal accessibility including features for
differently abled, children and elderly.

□
1e. Landscape Plan highlighted the following:

• Plant/tree schedule for all vegetated species being planted along

with measures taken to preserve local biodiversity and ecology;
• All type of finishes used on site with legend
• Waterbodies/ water features, Vegetated areas, paved areas, building
footprint.

2. Envelope and Electro-Mechanical and Renewable Energy System

2a. Construction drawings and specifications shall show all pertinent data and
features of the building, equipment, and systems in sufficient detail to
permit the authority having jurisdiction to verify that the building complies
with the requirements of this code.
□
□
2b. Details shall include, but are not limited to:

• Building envelope: opaque construction materials and their thermal

properties including thermal conductivity, specific heat, density along
with thickness; fenestration U-factors, solar heat gain coefficients
(SHGC), visible light transmittance (VLT); overhangs and side fins and
operable window area;
• Building services: Common area lighting (lamp efficacy for lamps and
their controls); pump efficiencies; elevator technologies and their
controls; transformer losses; power distribution losses; power factor

77
 correction devices; basement ventilation controls; efficiency of EV
charging infrastructure and electric check metering and monitoring
system.
• Indoor electrical end-use: Indoor lighting (type, number, and wattage
of lamps and ballasts; automatic lighting shutoff, occupancy sensors,
and other lighting controls); ceiling fans star labelling; service hot
water type and their efficiency; air- conditioners (system and
equipment types, sizes, efficiencies, and controls);
• Renewable energy systems: system peak generation capacity, solar
water heating system; technical specifications, renewable energy
zone area.

3. Water Conservation

□
3a. Landscape irrigation layout highlighted areas with different type of
irrigation system and efficiency.

□
3b. Good for construction plan and sections of the building highlighting the
plumbing layout along with the dual pipes system, water recycling & reuse
provisions.

□
3c. Good for construction site plan and building plans highlighting the
rainwater harvesting system, storage tanks and recharge provisions.

□
3d. Specifications of various sanitary fitting and sanitary ware used along with
copy of purchase invoice/ BoQ/ tender documents.

4. Waste Management

□
4a. Declaration for safe handling and disposing C&D waste as per CPCB
guidelines/ (C & D Waste Management Rules, 2016).

4b. An inventory of the waste generated during construction by either weight

or volume, but not both shall be developed. The inventory shall classify the
quantities of waste generated as per section 7.2.1. □
□
4c. During Construction

A waste management plan shall be developed which include:

i. Estimate the quantum of waste generated daily
ii. Designate an area for collection of daily waste
iii. Site Logistics plan including; designated collection, segregation
and storage areas for construction waste as per categories as
mentioned in Chapter 7: section 7.2.1.2.
iv. Detailed implementation plan for reuse of waste on site as per
section, Chapter 7: section 7.2.1.3.

78
 a) Detailed implementation plan for resale of recyclable waste to
recyclers or municipal authorities as per Chapter 7: section
7.2.1.4.

□
4d. Post Occupancy:

Site and Building floor plans, highlighted area for floor wise waste
collection, with different color bins, organic waste composting location,
type and catering capacity.

5. Indoor Environmental Quality

5a. Good for construction plan highlighted openings (doors, windows and
ventilators), and enclosed parking with ventilation and exhaust systems.
□
□
5b. Calculation of lux levels for common areas, exterior lighting and interior
lighting (if applicable).

□
5c. Calculation of RETV and WFRop for each typical block.

□
5d. Specifications of VOC content in paints, coatings, adhesives, and sealants
(With copy of purchase invoice/ BoQ/ tender documents).

□
5e. Specifications of glass provided by the manufacturer (With copy of
purchase invoice/ BoQ/ tender documents).

□
5f. Specifications of various lighting fixtures used (With copy of purchase
invoice/ BoQ/ tender documents).

□
5g. Description of ventilation and exhaust system installed in the enclosed
parking with showing ACH calculation.

□
5h. Good for construction floor plan highlighted enclosed parking with the
placement of sensors

79
ANNEXURE 2: EMBODIED ENERGY

RATIONALE
Embodied energy in construction in India (especially in “formal’ residential buildings of the sort
that are covered by the ENS 2024 code) can sometimes be of the order of magnitude of many
decades of operating energy use30 and therefore is very significant to consider when such a
code is being developed.

However, this was true for non-air-conditioned housing stock, and it seems likely that, like in the
developed economies, increasing consumption of operating energy (e.g., for appliances,
common area services, air-conditioning etc.) may cause the embodied energy to become
less significant compared to operating energy. Still, this is an important area to include in the
code.

Embodied energy is also important because much of it is consumed in the form of primary
energy (coal, oil, fuels) causing direct pollution and carbon emissions.
Embodied energy is the sum of all energy used in the construction process, i.e., in the product,
transport and installation: from the extraction of raw materials, manufacture of materials and
fabrication of products, to their transportation and installation in buildings. It is often measured
in megajoules per square meter. But its units can also be kWh(th) (Thermal Kilowatt hours, with
1kWh(th) being equivalent of 3600 kJ) per sqm of built-up-area, making it more easily
comparable with EPI of the ENS 2024 code.

Cement and steel are the major contributors of embodied energy in residential building
construction in India. According to the study conducted by Jadavpur University31, 98% of the
embodied energy is attributed to the embodied energy of the materials used and 2% is the
contribution of actual erection of the building. Unfortunately, embodied energy is often
“hidden” in industry for the manufacture and transport of materials, and the transportation of
workers.

Institutes of technological research need to be tasked with creating standards for embodied
energy benchmarks based on average and best practice. If necessary, this research needs to
attract funds from the building industry and foundations.

Embodied Energy measured in kWh(th)/sqm and Operating Energy measured in kWh(th)/sqm.

year can be combined. In order to combine the (capital) embodied energy with the
operating energy, it is necessary to merge the two to units equivalent of kWh(th)/sqm. year so
that a single number can represent the energy performance of a project.

In a recent piece of research for Technology Information Forecasting and Assessment Council
of India32, it was found that the best way to translate from kWh(th)/sqm (Embodied Energy) to

30 The Mud Village project, sponsored by HUDCO, entry by Studio Plus, 1987
31 Embodied Energy Analysis of Multi-storied Residential Buildings in Urban India, S Bardhan -
WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, 2011
32 Technology Vision 2035, Technology Information Forecasting and Assessment Council
(TIFAC) 2014
80
kWh(th)/sqm. year (equivalent Operating Energy) would be to set up a notional or actual
discount/ replacement rate of construction taking its nominal life, say, as:

• 50 years life leading to a 2% replacement rate of stock for mainstream buildings

• 20 years life leading to a 5% replacement rate of stock for temporary industrial materials
(steel) buildings.
• And so, on

According to a study by HUDCO33, affordable housing uses 4257 MJ/sqm of embodied energy
and so at a rated life of 50 years (or 2% replacement rate), this is equivalent of 85 MJ/sqm.year
or 23.6 kWh(th)/sqm.year which is substantial for a building without air-conditioning but low for
a building with various mechanical systems using up substantial operating energy.

This can be codified along with other benchmarks in the ENS 2024 code after suitable
characterisation, study, analysis of best practices, and benchmarking.
NOTES

• Embodied energy is given less importance in the affluent regions of the world since
their operating energy is high. There are two methods to evaluate this energy: by
process or by input-output.
• Researchers in the Indian Institute of Science 34 identified process analysis as
appropriate for embodied energy assessment in the Indian context.
• One of the earliest researchers using process-based analysis of embodied energy, Dr.
Mohan Rai, carried out studies at CBRI Roorkee in the early 1960s and made the first
listing of embodied energy, sorted in descending order, as follows in Table 59: Materials
and Embodied energy consumption:

Table 59: Materials and Embodied energy consumption

Materials Unit kWh(th) MJ
Sheet Glass sqm 74.199 267.1
Linoleum sqm 46.287 166.6
Aluminium kg 39.891 143.6
PVC kg 32.273 116.2
Sanitaryware kg 9.071 32.7
Mild Steel kg 7.327 26.4
L.D. Polyethylene kg 6.048 21.8
Stoneware Pipes kg 5.896 21.2
Cement kg 2.245 8.1
Quick Lime kg 1.756 6.3
Bloated Clay Aggregate kg 1.477 5.3
Burnt Clay Roofing Tiles each 1.233 4.4
Burnt Clay Bricks each 1.187 4.3

33 Accessed in December 2019 at https://www.slideshare.net/sslele456/embodied-energy-in-

residential-cost-effective-units.
34 K.I. Praseeda, B.V. Venkatarama Reddy, Monto Mani, 2015. Embodied energy assessment
of building materials in India using process and input–output analysis, Energy and Buildings, 86
(677-686), ISSN 0378-7788
81
 Wood Particle Board kg 0.861 3.1
Sand Lime Bricks each 0.773 2.8
Clay Fly-Ash Bricks each 0.643 2.3
Gypsum (Calcined) kg 0.420 1.5
Brick Dust (Surkhi) kg 0.384 1.4
Crushed Aggregate kg 0.060 0.216

The table above shows (as is well-known) that the embodied energy of processed industrial
materials like aluminium, steel and cement is much higher than relatively unprocessed and
mined materials extracted from nature (like crushed aggregates). Natural and renewable
materials such as timber may be deemed to have zero renewable energy. Therefore, all other
things being equal, a concrete framed structure with cement and steel is worse than a load
bearing structure with hardly any cement and steel and masonry (preferably non-fired) and
funicular forms holding up the roof.

82
ANNEXURE 3: CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
3.1 G OOD CONSTRUCTION PRACTICES

3.1.1 AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION DURING CONSTRUCTION

• Boundary Barricading Requirement: Erect continuous barricading at a minimum

height of 3 meters along the perimeter of the construction site to contain dust and
debris within the premises.
• Vehicular Entrance and Exit Protocol: All vehicular entrances and exits must be
equipped with wheel washing facilities or gravel beds to prevent the dispersion of
pollutants onto surrounding roads.
• Diesel Generator Compliance Standard: Diesel generator sets must conform to
stipulated CPCB norms, including the installation of exhaust stacks with a minimum
height of 2 meters from the generator's apex, each fitted with a cap to mitigate
emissions.
• Spill Containment Protocol: Develop and enforce a spill prevention plan for the
proper storage of hazardous materials such as diesel, admixtures, curing compounds,
and bitumen to avert potential leaks or spills that could contaminate soil and air.
• Covering or Sprinkling of Construction Materials: Ensure that fine aggregate,
excavated earth, and other potentially airborne construction materials are either
adequately covered or regularly sprinkled with non-potable sewage treatment plant
(STP) water to suppress dust emissions.
• Water Sprinkling on Unpaved Pathways: Implement a water sprinkling regimen on
unpaved pathways within the construction site using non-potable water sources to
mitigate dust-related air pollution.
• Vehicular Speed Limitation Protocol: Enforce a maximum vehicular speed limit of 10
km/h within the construction site to minimize the generation of dust and soil
disturbance.
• Covering of Waste-Transporting Vehicles: All vehicles transporting waste materials out
of the site must be fully covered to prevent the dissemination of dust, debris, and
pollutants during transit.
• Soil Erosion Control Measures: Construct designated soil erosion channels throughout
the site and interconnect them with sedimentation tanks to impede soil movement
beyond the construction site boundaries, effectively curbing soil erosion and
sediment runoff.

3.1.2 ENERGY CONSERVATION DURING CONSTRUCTION

Energy usage may result from poor practices observed at construction sites. While it is
imperative to address and curtail such practices, they currently fall beyond the purview of the
ENS 202code. Typical practices include an over- or under-reliance on assisted manual labour
(which may be seen as a form of renewable energy), an excessive requirement for the
transportation of materials (like mixed concrete) or solids (like steel) on site. This is primarily due
to poor layout and improper sizing of pipes to save on capital expenses, subsequently causing
greater pumping power due to friction losses. Moreover, the industry has become acquainted
to fuel-based services or energy-on-tap (firm energy) and is therefore not willing to switch to
renewable energy such as solar photovoltaic systems.

83
Often machinery is also designed so as to have very high starting surge loads, thereby making
it impractical to invest in capital-intensive technologies (renewable) instead of fuel-based
technologies, causing emissions and/or pollution. These areas need to be improved and then
can be codified.

Although according to the study conducted by Jadavpur University 35 98% of the embodied
energy is attributed to the embodied energy of the materials used and 2% is the contribution
of actual erection of the building, it is important to look at this seemingly trivial 2% for the main
reason that there can be a lot of energy wasted and emissions and pollution created by bad
site practices, and also because better site practices lead to better buildings and saves cost
for the builder, thereby (ultimately) resulting in more affordable construction.

• Efficient Machinery Usage: Opt for energy-efficient construction equipment and

machinery, including electric or hybrid vehicles, to minimize fuel consumption and
emissions during construction activities.

• On-Site Power Generation: Utilize portable renewable energy sources such as solar
generators or wind turbines to power construction operations, reducing reliance on
grid electricity.

• Timely Equipment Maintenance: Regularly maintain construction equipment to ensure

optimal performance, reducing energy waste due to inefficient machinery operation.

• Proper Equipment Sizing: Select appropriately sized equipment for construction tasks to
avoid oversized machinery that consumes excess energy during operation.

• Optimized Heating and Cooling Systems: Temporarily install energy-efficient heating,

ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems in construction trailers or temporary
offices to provide comfortable working conditions with minimal energy consumption.

• Temporary Lighting Solutions: Use temporary lighting fixtures equipped with energy-
efficient bulbs, such as LED lights, to illuminate construction sites during low-light
conditions while minimizing electricity usage.

• Construction Material Management: Implement efficient material management

practices to minimize energy-intensive transportation and handling processes,
reducing fuel consumption and emissions associated with material delivery.

• Job Site Layout Optimization: Plan the layout of the construction site to minimize the
distance travelled by workers and equipment, reducing fuel consumption and energy
usage during transportation activities.

• Energy-Aware Construction Processes: Train construction workers and supervisors to

prioritize energy conservation practices, such as turning off equipment when not in use
and minimizing idling time for vehicles and machinery.

• Waste Reduction and Recycling: Implement waste reduction and recycling programs
to minimize the energy required for waste disposal and processing, promoting a more
sustainable approach to construction activities.

35 Embodied Energy Analysis of Multi-storied Residential Buildings in Urban India, S Bardhan -

WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, 2011

84
3.1.3 WATER CONSERVATION DURING CONSTRUCTION

• Utilization of Water-Saving Techniques: Implement the use of gunny bags, ponding

technique, or curing compound to reduce water usage during construction activities.
• Monitoring Water Consumption: Install meters to accurately monitor and track water
consumption throughout the construction process, ensuring accountability and
facilitating the identification of areas for improvement.
• Incorporation of Water-Reducing Admixtures: Integrate water-reducing admixtures
into concrete mixes to enhance workability while simultaneously reducing the overall
water content required for construction activities.
• Utilization of Treated Wastewater and Stormwater: Prioritize the use of treated
wastewater and captured stormwater for construction purposes, thereby conserving
potable water resources and promoting sustainable water management practices.

3.1.4 EDUCATION AND RESEARCH ENHANCEMENT FOR GOOD CONSTRUCTION

PRACTICES

• The layout planning of sites should be incorporated as a course in civil engineering,

and project managers should be required to complete at least one semester of study
in this subject.
• Civil engineers need to be able to engage with concepts of renewable energy
through manual labour and solar and wind energy systems and they, along with
project managers, need to, by mandate, graduate in at least one-semester course in
this subject.
• Total energy losses due to waste and friction on site (per unit area of building being
made) need to be analysed, benchmarked, and codified.
• All these point to research directions that need to be undertaken (again by Civil
Engineering departments in our Engineering Institutes).
• Best industry standards for ratios of running energy: starting surge, need to be analysed,
benchmarked, and codified, so that infirm energy sources such as solar photovoltaics
may be able to be considered to meet the demand of energy on site. It may be noted
that infirm energy sources such as solar photovoltaics could be seen to be a form of
production of energy, and if managed well and with sufficient open area, with a good
rental market created for solar photovoltaics or wind turbines, sites can in the future
become energy-neutral for construction of buildings.

Since research in this area is nascent, it has been kept out of the ENS 2024 code for now.

85
ANNEXURE 4: RETROFITTING OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS

Retrofitting consists of additions and alterations to existing (and, in the context of the ENS 2024
code, residential) building stock and typically this is set into motion by building owners.

For reasons of poor research and difficult practice, this code is currently silent on retrofit
provisions and this appendix is created because given the right conditions this situation may
change. This code does not mention provisions for retrofit cases because of the principle that
laws (and codes) should preferably not be applied retroactively (so we cannot declare a
building not meeting standards before the standard was even made), but in doing so we lose
out a large potential of building stock (say over 50% of the residential building stock in 2030 if
we read the McKenzie report36 that “nearly 70% of building stock that will be there in 2030 is
yet to be built in India” and geometrically extrapolate it from 2010 when it was written to 2019
today).

The following market innovations need to be encouraged to cover a large part of India’s
existing residential building stock even when they are not being added to or being altered:

• For apartment dwellers, before enforcing this code, there need to be financial (low-
interest loan) instruments available or created whereby collective retrofitting may take
place through collective action, for example changing of window or wall
specifications through RWA action to comply with provisions of the ENS 2024 so that
capital cost of such retrofits may be kept low per month.
• For individual house owners, there need to be encouragement of vendors who can
audit and retrofit because until that is done the implementation of ENS 2024 code shall
be resisted or “loopholed” by homeowners.
• For rental stock, these audits and retrofit companies can undertake audit and retrofit
to meet the ENS 2024 code provisions either through RWA or through apartment
owners’ associations (this is more difficult but can be eased by easy upgrade costs
accompanied by strict compliance demands).

It would help a lot if the improvements effected by RWAs or contractors can be documented
in a standardized way and the improvements in performance recorded numerically on a
plaque or certificate for the owners to take pride in retrofitting their homes. This can be
designed like the BEE star labels for various appliances.

It is anticipated that since the primary means of enforcing the ENS 2024 code is at the time of
municipal approval and completion, this code could be immediately applied at the time of
application for addition and alterations of buildings as per section 2.5 and 2.6 of this code.
However, It would exempt minor addition and alterations (such as raising internal walls,
painting, etc.) For reference, these “minor” retrofits in existing buildings that do not need any
permission according to Delhi Development Authority (DDA), similar to changes in buildings all
over the country, are provided below:

36 India’s Urban Awakening: Building inclusive cities, sustaining economic growth (McKinsey
Global Institute, April 2010)

86
Except from DDA37

1. To convert existing barsati into room provided the wall is made of only 115 mm thick.
2. Grills and glazing in verandah with proper fixing arrangement.
3. Raising height of front and rear courtyard wall up to 7’ height by putting up jali/ fencing.
4. Providing door in courtyard wherever not provided.
5. Providing sunshades on doors and windows wherever not provided with proper fixing
arrangements.
6. Closing the door.
7. If the bathroom or WC are not having roof, these may be treated as open urinals and
allowed.
8. Raising the wall of balcony/terrace parapet with grill or glazing up to 5’ height.
9. Construction of open staircase (cat ladder) where no staircase has been provided for
approach to the terrace.
10. To put provide additional PVC water tank at ground floor area without disturbing the
common passage.
11. To provide an additional PVC water tank in the scooter/car garage at the surface level.
12. To provide loft /shelf in the rooms without chase in the walls.
13. To change the flooring with water proofing treatment.
14. To remove half (41/2) brick wall.
15. To make a ramp at front gate without disturbing the common passage /storm water drain.
16. To provide sunshades or the outer windows up to 2’wide projection.
17. To provide false ceiling in rooms.
18. To make an opening of maximum size of 2’6” x1’9” for exhaust fan or air- conditioner in
existing walls.
19. Fixing of door in back and front courtyard.
20. Converting of window into Almirah subject to availability of light and ventilation as per
building byelaws provided that no structural elements are disturbed and there is no
projection extending beyond the external wall.
21. Shifting of water storage tank/raising of parapet wall up to 5’ height and putting additional
water storage tank. Wherever the existing water storage tank capacity is less than 500 litres
in a flat, a 500 litres tank can either replace the existing water storage tank or if possible,
the additional tank can be added so as to make the total storage capacity up to 550 litres.
However, such replacement/provision of additional tank will be done only on the locations
specified for such tanks and the supporting beams will be required to be strengthened
suitably. Parapet wall around terrace can be increased to a height of 5’.
22. To shift the front glazing, rooms/windows up to existing chajja.

Not implementing retrofit cases for, say, 5 years, it can then be suggested that the ENS 2024
code could be made applicable to all Addition and Alterations cases that come for approval
to ULBs. This will cover at least some 5% of existing building stock (say 10% of 50%) and
simultaneously measures (1) through (3) in the last page need to be actively pursued in the
market to make alterations proactively possible for existing building stock, even when not
undertaking additions and alterations.

37 http://www.dda.org.in/housing/pending_cases/permissible_alteration_housing.htm,
accessed December 2019.

87
Generally, alterations in themselves do not require municipal approval. The key changes that
require getting municipal approval is increase of height / FAR / Ground Coverage, all of these
are related to increasing the size of the home.

Studying codes from other countries38, it can be seen that whenever a project comes up for
municipal sanction, the codes require the renovated project to comply with the code
provisions. This should be recommended in India also.

This will leave out only that part of the existing building stock that has a completion certificate
from the ULB and remains unchanged. In time it shall be added to (requiring ULB approval) or
demolished and rebuilt (requiring ULB approval). Therefore, by the later part of this century the
entire residential building stock shall become ENS 2024 compliant, even if market forces do not
already make it so.

38 There are many references. See for instance, the Residential Compliance Manual for the
2019 Building Energy Efficiency Standards, California, at
https://ww2.energy.ca.gov/2018publications/CEC-400-2018-017/CEC-400-2018-017-CMF. pdf,
or https://www.buildwaikato.co.nz/building-projects/additions-alterations/ from the Waikato
Building Consent Group (WBCG) in New Zealand, both accessed in December 2019
88
A NNEXURE 5: I MPROVED A IR C OOLING

The Indian residential building sector accounts for approximately 24% of the country's total
energy consumption and is the second largest consumer after industries. Within the building
sector, the residential electricity consumption amounts to 259 TWh. As the Indian middle-class
experiences growing prosperity, there is a trend toward seeking comfort by installing air-
conditioners, particularly in warm-humid, hot-dry, composite, and even moderate climates.
The capital costs of air conditioning are relatively lower than those of building. Even
inexpensive and inefficient air-conditioning systems can constitute as little as 5% of the total
building cost. With the availability of EMI-based loans, it has become feasible for such families
to afford split air-conditioners, often at a monthly cost lower than the energy expenses required
to operate them.

The adoption of air conditioning poses a significant challenge to achieving energy efficiency
in residential buildings in India. This is because it undeniably offers superior comfort across a
range of conditions, including warm humid, hot dry, composite, and moderate climates.

For lower-middle-class families, who are acutely aware of the challenges associated with
managing energy bills, the common approach is to use air conditioning sparingly. This may
involve restricting usage to nighttime or extreme weather conditions, or adjusting the
thermostat to higher temperatures. However, the effectiveness of air conditioning in managing
humidity levels often leads to increased reliance on its usage, often exceeding the users'
financial capacity.

Compounding this issue is the tendency within this economic class to opt for inexpensive,
lower-rated, and inefficient air conditioning units. These are then installed in poorly insulated
homes, resulting in even higher electricity consumption than necessary.

This causes residential air-conditioning to become a major barrier in energy efficiency (USAID,
2014) 39 . This issue is a major guzzler of energy in houses and needs to be mitigated by
codification. However, since the research on this is ongoing, this has not yet been included in
the ENS 2024 code.

On November 15, 2019, the Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI) in collaboration with the Ministry of
Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA) of the Government of India (GoI) announced the results
of a Global Cooling Prize competition, for Incentivizing the development of a residential
cooling solution that will have at least five times less climate impact than standard
residential/room air conditioners (RAC) units in the market today. This technology could
prevent up to 100 gigatons (GT) of CO2-equivalent emissions by 2050, and put the world on a
pathway to mitigate up to 0.5˚C of global warming by 2100, all while enhancing living
standards for people in developing countries around the globe. 40

39 HVAC Market Assessment and Transformation Approach for India, PACE-D Technical
Assistance Program, USAID, August 2014
40 https://globalcoolingprize.org/ accessed in December 2019

89
Hence, there is an urgent need to conduct research and implement the following measures
to ensure that Indian households achieve comfort while maintaining energy efficiency, at
affordable capital costs or through the facilitation of fiscal incentives or financial mechanisms:

• Air-conditioning systems that can be used at higher set-point temperatures (say, up to

28 °C) in combination with ceiling fans. These require higher cfm of air to be pushed
through (rather than the industry standard of 400 cfm per Ton) and a balance between
refrigerant temperature, air flow, and set point since currently air-conditioning industry
has optimised all systems for 22°C - 24°C. As the set point temperature is increased, the
other parameters need to change. This kind of device will be ideal for bill- conscious
lower middle classes even if they can progressively afford air-conditioning capex.

• Fiscal incentives or financial instruments to lower capex for improving house thermal
performance to ENS 2024 code levels so that optimum (not too much) air-conditioning
is installed. Unfortunately, at this point, the ENS 2024 code has been developed
assuming that the cooling system is some form of air-conditioning.

• Rapid development and deployment of effective an acceptable intermediate

technologies including adiabatic technologies, such as passive hybrid and active
evaporative coolers, better natural ventilation, indirect evaporative coolers, or chilled
coil indirect evaporative coolers, combined with fiscal incentives or financial
instruments to lower capex for improving houses to a level so that sufficient passive
cooling is managed and the number of days of usage of cooling or conditioning can
be brought down.

• Alternative desiccant and evaporative systems for cooling (which are not yet well-
developed). This may require fundamental research and cannot be expected to be
rapidly deployed.

• Promotion of all these above alternatives through some cultural or social incentives
(such as the BEE star rating system or TV promotions) so that they are not perceived as
inferior to “complete” air-conditioning. This requires a major social change in attitude
from progress seen as consumption only to progress seen as sufficiency, but is probably
the most effective instrument for meeting and even bettering the EPI targets of the ENS
2024 code.

NATURAL AND ENS 2024 POINT VENTILATION

If buildings can achieve comfort by natural or sense Point ventilation, this would entirely avoid
the use of energy for mechanical cooling, and needs to be highly encouraged.

Natural ventilation fulfils two primary needs: first, it gives fresh air for satisfactory indoor quality;
and, second when the outdoor temperature is comfortable (during night and transition
seasons), it expels heat from inside the structure and facilitates cooling.

Natural ventilation is of course not useful for cooling when the outdoor air is at a temperature
higher than the set-point or desired indoor temperatures. This leads us to another very
important concept of ventilation, ENS Point ventilation, opening the building very much to the
outdoor air whenever the temperature outside is more comfortable than the inside, namely
summer nights and winter days.

90
The National Building Code 2016 (Part 8; 1; 5. Ventilation) or ASHRAE 62.1–2016 provide
standard ventilation rates for acceptable indoor quality.

To aid cooling a larger volume of airflow is required than the standard ventilation rates. The
rate of ventilation by natural means through windows or other openings depends on, direction
and velocity of wind outside and sizes and disposition of openings (wind action); and
convection effects arising from temperature of vapour pressure difference (or both) between
inside and outside the room and the difference of height between the outlet and inlet
openings (stack effect).

One of the parameters to quantify the adequacy of natural ventilation is hourly air change
rate (ACH), which is a proportion of how frequently the air volume inside a room is supplanted
by outside air in 60 minutes. The larger the number, the better is the cooling potential through
common ventilation. As a rule, 5 to 20 ACH gives good natural ventilation.

NBC 2016 discusses the design guidelines for natural ventilation in the 5.4.3 of Part 8: Building
Services of the code.

Once the promotion of naturally ventilated buildings can be successfully undertaken, it should
be possible to eliminate the use of air-conditioning or at least drastically reduce its use in all
but the most affluent residences.

Ventilation in residential buildings can be provided by one of the following methods:

a) Natural supply and natural exhaust of air (natural ventilation)

b) Natural supply and mechanical exhaust of air (mechanical ventilation, see below)
c) Mechanical supply and natural exhaust of air (mechanical ventilation, see below)
d) Mechanical supply and mechanical exhaust of air (mechanical ventilation, see below).

MECHANICAL VENTILATION
There are a range of circumstances in which natural ventilation may not be possible or
sufficient to attain thermal comfort:

• The building is too deep to ventilate from the perimeter.

• Local air quality is poor, for example if a building is next to a busy road. Local noise
levels mean that windows cannot be opened.
• The local urban structure is very dense and shelters the building from the wind. Privacy
or security requirements prevent windows from being opened.
• Internal partitions block air paths.
• The density of occupation, equipment, lighting and so on creates very high heat loads
or high levels of contaminants.

Some of these issues can be avoided or mitigated by careful design, and mixed mode or
assisted ventilation might be possible, where natural ventilation is supplemented by
mechanical systems. Naturally it is not desirable to go with mechanical ventilation where
natural ventilation could achieve the similar results.

Where mechanical ventilation is necessary it can be:

91
 • A circulation system such as a ceiling fan, which creates internal air movement, but
does not introduce fresh air.
• A pressure system, in which fresh outside air is blown into the building by inlet fans,
creating a higher internal pressure than the outside air.
• A vacuum system, in which stale internal air is extracted from the building by an exhaust
fan, creating lower pressure inside the building than the outside air.
• A balanced system that uses both inlet and extract fans, maintaining the internal air
pressure at a similar level to the outside air and so reducing air infiltration and draughts.
• A local exhaust system that extracts local sources of heat or contaminants at their
source, such as cooker hoods, fume cupboards and so on.

KITCHEN VENTILATION
Kitchen is always the hottest space in a flat on account of the huge amount of heat produced
due to cooking. The arrangement of a decent ventilation framework that can proficiently
separate hot air from the kitchen before it blends with the encompassing air can help lessen
the heat in the kitchen and adjoining spaces.

For powerful natural ventilation of the kitchen, notwithstanding the window, an extra louvre
opening ought to be given to further aid the movement of air.

If the kitchen is ventilated utilizing a fume hood, the distance of the hood from the gas fire and
the fume flow rate should be appropriately chosen for best ventilation of the kitchen.

EVAPORATIVE COOLING
Evaporative cooling is a process that uses the effect of evaporation of water as a natural heat
sink. The amount of sensible heat absorbed depends on the amount of water that can be
evaporated. Currently this is the most promising area of reducing energy for cooling, except
that it is largely ineffective in warm and humid seasons or climates. Sensible heat from the air
is absorbed to be used as latent heat necessary to evaporate water.

• Direct Evaporative cooling (DEC): In this system, commonly used in the form of a
‘desert’ cooler, the outdoor air is brought into direct contact with water, cooling the air by
converting sensible heat to latent heat. DEC systems could be divided into: Active DECs which
are electrically powered to operate and Passive DECs that are naturally operated systems with
zero power consumption. In DEC, the water content of the cooled air increases because air is
in contact with the evaporated water. This strategy is useful in dry and hot climates.

• Indirect Evaporative Cooling: Indirect evaporative coolers operate by decreasing

air sensible heat without changing its humidity, which is a distinct advantage over DEC systems
(the final temperature approached can be dew point instead of wet bulb temperatures). In
indirect evaporative cooling, evaporation occurs inside a heat exchanger and the absolute
humidity of the cooled air remains unchanged. This strategy is even more effective in hot and
dry climates that DEC and fairly effective for warm and humid climates, too.

EPI FOR EVAPORATIVE COOLER

The efficiency of the evaporative coolers is measured based on the evaporative efficiency
which depends on the outside dry bulb temperature and relative humidity of the airstream.

92
The EPI shall be estimated for Evaporative Coolers as shown below:

EPI = [Total Wattage of fan(s) + Total wattage of pump(s)]

* Hours of operation/ (1000 * Built-up area)

Rationale for EPI calculation for evaporative cooler

Parameters influencing EPI for evaporative cooler are:

Design Parameters Technology Parameters

• Location (climate) • Direct evaporative cooling

• Air Delivery Rate • Fan and Pump motor types
• Pump Water Circulation rate
• Fan and Pump efficiencies
Controls

• Dew Point based shut-off controller

User inputs in calculating the EPI shall include:

• Power rating of the fan motor (From nameplate) in watts

• Power rating of the pump motor (From nameplate) in watts.

If a household employs DEC, IEC, or any natural, ENS 2024 point, or mechanical ventilation
strategies for cooling, thereby circumventing Carnot cycle-based air conditioning entirely, it is
suggested that it should inherently meet the ENS 2024 code requirements without necessitating
the exhaustive process of demonstrating full EPI calculation procedures. While this aspect has
not been codified, it is included in this appendix as a suggestion open for consideration.

DISTRICT COOLING
District cooling systems, which typically require about 15% less capacity than conventional
distributed cooling systems for the same cooling loads due to load diversity and flexibility in
capacity design and installation. District cooling helps in greatly reducing the peak demands
and provide new generation capacity to meet cooling demand. District cooling systems are
appropriate for densely populated urban areas having mixed uses of buildings with high
cooling requirement. It provides enhanced level of reliability and flexibility, as individual
building’s cooling demand can increase or decrease without the need to change the main
plant’s capacity.

District cooling entails the centralized production and distribution of cooling energy. Chilled
water is produced at a central plant and then conveyed to buildings via underground
insulated pipelines to cool the interiors within a neighbourhood or zone. Specially designed
equipment such as heat exchangers, pumps, and air handling units (AHUs) in each building
utilize this chilled water to lower the temperature of the air circulated through the building's
cooling system

THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE

Thermal storage may be used for limiting maximum demand, by controlling peak electricity
load through reduction of chiller capacity, and by taking advantage of high system efficiency

93
during low ambient conditions. Thermal storage would also help in reducing operating cost by
using differential time-of-the day power tariff, where applicable.

The storage medium can consist of either ice or water. Water storage typically requires
stratified storage tanks and is most feasible with large storage capacities. It offers the
advantage of operating the plant at higher efficiencies but necessitates larger storage
volumes. In the case of a central plant equipped with thermal energy storage, the location
should be determined in consultation with the air conditioning engineer.

For rooftop installations, structural provisions should accommodate the additional load
imposed on the building or structure. When opting for open-area surface installations,
considerations should be made regarding horizontal or vertical system options, and access
ladders for manholes should be provided. Buried installations must account for the loads
resulting from vehicle movement above the area.

94
A NNEXURE 6: S MART H O M E

The concept of smart homes has been around for several decades, but its significance has
grown exponentially in recent times. This heightened importance can be attributed to various
factors, including the increasing demand for comfort and convenience, driven by rising
disposable incomes, greater reliance on household appliances, and a corresponding uptick
in per capita electricity consumption. Additionally, the availability of rooftop solar photovoltaic
(PV) systems and electric vehicles (EVs) for potential on-site generation and storage has further
amplified the relevance of smart home technology.

In parallel with these consumer-driven drivers, technological advancements have played a

crucial role in fuelling the demand for smart home products and services. The widespread
adoption of high-speed computing devices such as smartphones, coupled with affordable
internet data, has democratized access to smart technology. Furthermore, the shrinking size
of Internet of Things (IoT) devices and sensors, coupled with the migration of sophisticated
computing functions to the cloud, has facilitated the development of complex algorithms
powered by artificial intelligence. These advancements enable the customization of home
systems according to user preferences and requirements, thereby enhancing the appeal of
smart home solutions.

Moreover, the evolving energy landscape has underscored the need for utility-based demand
response programs to balance variable consumer demand, resulting from the diverse use of
appliances, with dynamic electricity supply stemming from the increased penetration of
renewable energy sources into the grid. As a result, smart home solutions are increasingly being
recognized as essential products/services in every household, ensuring readiness for demand
response initiatives.

To manage the energy use in a home in order to make optimum use of these opportunities
and for minimizing the demand supply gap, there is a need of Smart Home Energy
Management System (SHEMS). SHEMS can be defined 41 as the combination of a service and
devices that are designed to work together to deliver occupancy-based optimization of
energy use. SHEMS42 consist of hardware and software, which are linked and integrated to,
monitor energy usage, provide feedback on energy consumption, enhance control and
provide remote access and automation provisions over appliances and devices that use
energy in the home. SHEMS can deliver a range of services and benefits to households, which
includes:

• Energy management (energy efficiency)

• Demand response (contribute to regulating energy demand)
• Electricity generation, storage and delivery to the grid
• Comfort and convenience.

41 Source: ENERGY STAR® Program Requirements, Product Specification for Smart Home Energy
Management Systems,
https://www.energystar.gov/sites/default/files/ENERGY%20STAR%20SHEMS%20Version%201.0%20Progra
m%20 Requirements_0.pdf
42 Source: Sustainable Now, https://sustainable-now.eu/guide-to-home-energy-management-systems/
95
The functionality of SHEMS can be broadly categorized in five areas that include monitoring,
control, user interface, data sharing and grid connectivity. Schematics indicating the
functionality of SHEMS and purpose of each functionality is given below:

SHEMS

User Grid
Monitoring Control Data Sharing
Interface Connectivity

Energy and Trends Preventive Demand

Energy Saving
Loads Monitoring Maintenance Response

Demand Demand
Comfort Control Bench Marking
Response Forecasting

Manage
Outdoor Energy Saving rooftop SPV
Comfort MRV
Conditions Tips generation and
storage

The above-mentioned functionalities of SHEMS43 can be operationalized with the support of:

• Physical sensors and devices

• Communication network for data transfer across smart devices, computation and
data storage systems
• Data processing, decision making and relay commands as per defined logic or
preference
• Smart appliances, devices and actuators to align the physical parameters to required
level
• User interface to enable user to monitor, interact with smart home components and
convey preferences
• Smart meter to monitor, record the energy consumption, load variation and to
facilitate implementation of demand response program

In smart home, energy and cost savings is achieved by:

• Preventing idle running of energy consuming system

• Optimization of adjustable building envelope elements to minimize energy demand
Optimization of operating parameters to match user preference

43 Source: Based on the analysis conducted as part of BEE-GIZ study on Smart Home:
Technology Assessment Study and Pilot Design through technical support of Deloitte Touche
Tohmatsu India LLP and Prof. Vishal Garg (IIIT Hyderabad, India)

96
 • Shifting the operation of non-essential energy consuming systems to off peak time
• Making use of renewable energy generation source, whenever available to meet the
energy demand
• Optimization of charging and discharging of storage for cost saving
• Smart home has significant potential for saving energy, however, the net energy
savings depends on a range of factors, which include:
• The rationale behind automation (comfort or energy saving)
• Level and type of automation used (i.e., occupancy based on/off control or fine tuning
of operating parameters based on user preference and weather conditions)
• User behaviour (whether the user just looks at energy monitoring information or uses this
information to change settings or change behaviour)
• Power consumption by monitoring and control devices
• Additional power consumption by appliances in standby mode due to inclusion of
smart communication features.

Several studies have been undertaken at international level by various public and private
agencies, including manufacturer associations, to estimate the energy savings from smart
home solutions (product and services). Based on one of them, conducted by the Connected
Device Alliance (CDA) 44 , energy savings potential in a dwelling enabled with smart home
devices and services could be in the range of 20-30% of the present household energy use,
subject to the factors mentioned above.

As technologies are optimised, developed and linked with the implementation of further
energy efficiency opportunities in homes, the energy savings potential may increase. Smart
Home requirement can be added to code along with other benchmarks in the ENS 2024 code
after suitable characterisation, study, analysis of best practices, and benchmarking.

NOTES
MINIMUM FUNCTIONALITY REQUIREMENT FOR SMART HOME
To ensure availability of minimum capabilities (regarding monitoring, control, user-interface,
data sharing and grid connectivity) and to successfully deliver basic smart home experience
to user, a minimum set of smart home devices should to be installed in a home. Table indicating
the minimum device/capability requirement for each functionality of SHEMS is provided below
in Table 60:

Table 60: Functionality Requirement for smart Home

Functionality Smart home device and/or solution
Home level phase-wise energy and load monitoring
Monitoring Two 15A outlets for energy use monitoring of two appliances One
temperature and humidity sensor
One occupancy sensor
One AC Controller to control set point, mode of operations, ON/OFF
with provision of receiving control signals

44 A case study of barriers and solutions – Smart Home by Connected Device Alliance (CDA), which is a
network of more than 350 government and industry participants that have come together to work on
the energy efficiency opportunities provided by networked devices. Further information on the CDA is
available at: https://cda.iea-4e.org
97
 Control* One Geyser Controller for ON/OFF, with provision of receiving control
signals One Controllable light with provision of receiving control signal
User interface Common user interface (app, voice or gesture based), to connect
smart home devices over single software package for energy use
monitoring and control
Grid connectivity Able to participate in utility demand response program
Data sharing Typical daily indoor conditions, and device-wise energy consumption,
and hours of usage to be reported once a month in anonymous way

*All controllable devices to be able take control signals from hub/cloud

Data privacy, cyber security, interoperability, safety and energy efficiency - minimum
requirement for smart home devices and components.

• All components, devices or elements of smart home that connects “directly or

indirectly” to the internet must be equipped with “reasonable” security features,
designed to prevent unauthorized access, modification, or information disclosure.
• All components, devices or elements of smart home should follow common standards
(for hardware and software), as prescribed by the concerned department for
connected devices, enabling them to discover and communicate with one another,
regardless of manufacturer, operating system, chipset or physical transport.
• All components, devices or elements of smart home should have adequate level of
fire, electricity and other user health related safety features to avoid potential
accidents, hazards and discomfort.
• All components, devices or elements of smart home should be energy efficient and
should meet the minimum energy efficiency criteria set by concerned government
department.

98
A NNEXURE 7: G UIDELINES FOR D ESIGN FOR N ATURAL V ENTILATION

This annexure provides a simple and illustrative interpretation of provisions for the location of
windows in a room and its impact on natural ventilation. A detailed design guideline for natural
ventilation is available in the NBC 2016 45 (Volume II, Part 8 Building Services, Section 1 Lighting
and Natural Ventilation).

The code gives the following provision for minimum WFRop values for natural ventilation Table
61:
Table 61: Minimum requirement of window-to-floor area ratio, WFRop

Climatic Zone Minimum Wfrop (%)

Composite 12.50
Hot-Dry 10.00
Warm-Humid 16.66
Temperate 12.50
Cold 8.33
SOURCE: Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). 2016. National Building Code of India 2016. New Delhi: BIS.

Openable window-to-floor area ratio (WFRop) indicates the potential of using external air for
ventilation. the openable area allows external air, when the ambient temperature is cooler
than the inside air, into the internal spaces, which helps in ventilation, improvement in thermal
comfort, and consequent reduction in cooling energy.

This openable area can be distributed on the external wall in a number of ways. rooms may
have openings on only one external wall or multiple external walls (usually two external walls).
Some guidelines for design of these openings are given below. It is to be noted that internal
doors cannot be relied for enhancing ventilation and are assumed to be closed. 46
1. Distribution of the openable area on the external walls of a dwelling unit must be done
to maximize cross-ventilation, i.e., the air inlet and outlet openings should be separate and
positioned on different walls in a way that optimizes the air flow path through the space. this
can be done by placing openings on adjacent walls or on opposite walls, where possible
(Figure 11).

Figure 11: Openings on adjacent or opposite external walls for cross ventilation (Guideline)

45 Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). 2016. National Building Code of India 2016. New Delhi: BIS.
46 Heat exchange during night-time in hot/warm climates has greater value for thermal
comfort. At this time, it is generally seen now that people keep the doors of their private rooms,
i.e., the internal doors, closed.
99
In rooms that have openable area on only one external wall, cross ventilation can be
achieved by having an opening at a higher level on one of the internal walls (Figure 12). this
will enhance cross ventilation through the habitable space. this principle can be extended
from room to room, for instance, from a bedroom into a living room which is cross-ventilated,
thus enhancing cross ventilation through the entire dwelling unit.

Figure 12: Openings on external wall and internal wall for cross ventilation (Guideline)

3. In rooms with only one external wall, and where cross ventilation is not possible (see
point 2, above), provision of multiple windows on the external wall is preferred to that of a
single window (Figure 13). the farther apart these windows are placed on the wall, the better
is the effect of air movement across the room.

Figure 13: Two windows on single external wall (Guideline)

4. Adding a ventilator above the windows on the external wall helps increase the rate of
convective heat exchange (Figure 14). this is especially helpful in cases where windows are
available on only one external wall and there is no means of cross ventilation.

100
 Figure 14: Adding ventilators above windows improves ventilation especially when only single external wall is
available for openings (Guideline)

The following illustrative diagrams recommend good design strategies to help achieve better
air exchange and increase the rate of heat loss through the buildings.

SINGLE-SIDED VENTILATION
Case 1: Room with only one opening on the external wall (Figure 15 )

Figure 15: Room with only one opening on the external wall
Addition of ventilator at an upper level increases the rate of convective heat exchange with
the outside air.

Case 2: Room with multiple openings on the external wall (Figure 16 )

Figure 16: Room with multiple openings on the external wall

Cross ventilation
Case 1: Room with openings on both the external wall and another internal or external wall.
(Figure 17 )

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 Figure 17: Room with openings on both the external wall and another internal or external wall.

Comparison (Figure 18 )

Figure 18: Comparison of different cases

For the same ratio of area of openings to floor area of a room, the thermal heat exchange
increases as the number of openings increases on the wall. 47 It is thus recommended to have
openable ventilators to aid better ventilation.

47 This conclusion is generally valid for hot-dry, warm-humid climates. For cold regions, this may
vary.

102
A NNEXURE 8: C OOL R OOF AND R OOF G ARDENS

A cool roof is one that reflects most of the incident solar radiation and efficiently emits some
of the absorbed radiation back into the atmosphere, instead of conducting it to the building
below.48 The term specifically refers to the outer layer or exterior surface of the roof, which acts
as the key reflective surface.49 A cool roof minimizes the solar heat gain of a building by first
reflecting a considerable amount of incoming radiation and then by quickly re-emitting the
absorbed portion. Cool roof encompasses an extensive array of applications including roof
coatings, colours, textures, and finishes such as broken China mosaic, tiles, and even metals.

However, cool roofs are not to be seen as an alternative to the thermal transmittance
requirement of the roof (Uroof) as given in this code. It is encouraged to have any cool roof
application over a roof assembly complying with the maximum thermal transmittance value
given in the code.

Defining a cool roof

The ‘coolness’ of a roof is influenced by its solar reflectance and thermal emittance.

• Solar reflectance: Solar reflectance is the ratio of solar radiation reflected by a surface to
the solar radiation incident upon it. Solar reflectance is measured on a scale of 0 to 1. A
reflectance value of 0 indicates that the surface absorbs all incident solar radiation, and
a value of 1 denotes a surface that reflects all incident solar radiation. The term ‘albedo’
is often used inter-changeably with solar reflectance.
• Thermal emittance: Thermal emittance is the relative ability of a material to reradiate
absorbed heat as invisible infrared radiation. Emittance, measured from 0 to 1, is defined
as the ratio of the radiant flux emitted by a body to that emitted by a black body at the
same temperature and under the same conditions.

According to ECBC 2017 cool roof requirement, roofs with slopes less than 20 degrees shall
have an initial solar reflectance of at least 0.6 and an initial emittance of 0.9.

The Solar Reflectance Index (SRI) is a term that incorporates both solar reflectance and
emittance in a single value and quantifies how hot a surface would get relative to standard
black and standard white surfaces. It is the ability of a material to reject solar radiation, as
shown by a small temperature rise.50 The SRIs of a standard black surface (having reflectance
of 0.05 and emittance of 0.9) and a standard white surface (of reflectance 0.8 and emittance
0.9) are taken as 0 and 100, respectively.

IGBC Green Homes requires a minimum SRI value of 78 for roof slopes with gradient ≤1:6 and
29 for steeper roof.

48 Shakti Foundation. 2017. Cool Roofs for Cool Delhi: Design Manual. Available at
http://shaktifoundation.in/ wp-content/uploads/2017/06/cool-roofs-manual.pdf (accessed
on 1 May 2018)
49 ibid
50 Bureau of India Standards (BIS). 2016. National Building Code 2016. Part 11. New Delhi: BIS
103
For more detailed information on cool roof, please refer Cool Roofs for Cool Delhi: Design
Manual.51

Roof Gardens
In the case of roofs with roof gardens on earth fill for plantation or lawn, the thermal resistance
of the earth fill can be taken into the calculation of the thermal transmittance (U value) of the
roof. Some of the heat absorbed by the earth fill is also released into the atmosphere due to
evapotranspiration of irrigation water from the roof garden, thus giving additional benefit.

51 Shakti Foundation. 2017. Cool Roofs for Cool Delhi: Design Manual. Available at
http://shaktifoundation.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/cool-roofs-manual.pdf (accessed on
01 May 2018)

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