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What Doctor Why Ai and Robotics Will Define New Health

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What Doctor Why Ai and Robotics Will Define New Health

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aceituno.gomez.daniel

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What doctor?

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Why AI and robotics will

define New Health
What doctor?
Why AI and robotics will define New Health

Introduction Transforming Investment Findings Conclusion References About Contacts

Introduction
Would you allow a medical robot with artificial

New Health
intelligence (AI) to examine, diagnose and The answers to these two questions fundamentally
prescribe a treatment plan for you or a member impact clinicians and caregivers throughout healthcare.
of your family with cancer? Would you accept a The answers will ultimately decide how we implement
robot as your primary surgeon? And if you were to We are entering a new era of the use of AI and robots in developing our healthcare
do so, what would the human clinician do? systems across the globe. We will specifically address
health – New Health
these two questions in the next phase of our research
AI and robots have long been a theme in fiction. From Health matters. It matters to each of us as individuals and initiative, but it is important to keep them in mind as we
Isaac Asimov’s ‘I, Robot’ in 1950 to Baymax, the care to society as a whole. It lies at the heart of our economic, explore existing perceptions and attitudes towards AI and
robot in ‘Big Hero 6’, we’ve long been fascinated with political, social and environmental prosperity and is one robotics in this report.
the possibilities for machines that can understand, of the largest industries in the world.
reason and learn – and help us to make better use Modern health systems can treat and cure more diseases
of information. than ever before. New technology is bringing innovation
to old treatments. Yet significant quality, access and
Just imagine that you had a hand-held scanner the
cost issues remain and our health systems are becoming
size of your smartphone that could ‘sense, compute
increasingly unsustainable.
and record’ your daily health status just like the
Star Trek medical ‘tricorder’. What if it could make What doctor?
recommendations so that you could achieve and
At the heart of this report is the emergence and increasing
maintain your ‘optimal’ physical or mental condition
use of artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics within
or detect anomalies early?
and throughout this New Health ecosystem. We chose
Robots like Baymax and tricorder scanners are not ‘What doctor’ as our title for the report because during
science fiction. AI and robots that support, diagnose our research – and the response to that research – it has
and treat people are already in homes, workplaces become increasingly clear that policy makers, payers,
and clinical environments all over the world. And providers, educators and the public need to consider:
how we embrace AI and robotics to complement and • What is the role of the AI/ robot doctor?
enhance current healthcare services over the next
ten years will define our ability to deliver a more • What is the role of the human doctor?
responsive health service with improved health
outcomes, while at the same time enabling people to
take more control over their day-to-day health needs. Continued
What doctor?
Why AI and robotics will define New Health

Introduction Transforming Investment Findings Conclusion References About Contacts

Introduction
Five distinct trends are converging, which mean AI and 3. Information technology development in healthcare has been 4. Technology has, of course, had an impact far
robotics will come to define New Health: rapidly moving from products to services to solutions (Frost & beyond the developments in healthcare. The
Sullivan, 2016). Past decades have focused on the innovation explosion of technology – digitally enabled, wireless
1. First and foremost is the value challenge that
provided by medical products delivering historic and evidence- connectivity across increasingly mobile devices – has
all countries across the globe are facing – there is
based care. The present decade is one of medical platforms created an increasing democratisation of access for
escalating demand from long-term, chronic disease,
focused on real-time, outcome-based care. The next decade is healthcare. Some of the most powerful AI tools are
rising costs, often with an ageing population and
moving towards medical solutions – using AI, robotics, and virtual already embedded in Android or iOS. Harnessing this
limited resources (money, workforce specialists,
and augmented reality – to deliver intelligent solutions for both technology is providing consumers with the data and
etc). Yet we are continuing to invest in facilities and
evidence- and outcome-based health and focusing on collaborative, information they need to proactively manage their own
equipment that were built to solve a completely
preventative care. This confluence of technology-based products, health and wellness, and to make better, more informed
different set of healthcare needs and are not designed
platforms and solutions is leading to a previously unimagined decisions in partnership with their healthcare providers.
to cope with this demand. A hospital-centric system
precision medicine, down to the familial and individual level, which
deals very well with serious health episodes that 5. Finally, the willingness of the general public to
one day may even be able to predict and thereby prevent disease.
require days or weeks of acute care for very ill people. be more active participants in their own health and
But it was never intended to deal with large numbers wellness has now reached critical mass. As we reported
of people whose conditions are chronic, complex and Last Current Next in our 2016 survey Care Anywhere, the explosion of
require treatment for the longer term. decade decade decade technology and the increasing ubiquity of the Internet
of Things (IoT) is bringing about breakthroughs that
2. The past decade has seen an explosion in the Medical Products Medical Platforms Medical Solutions are erasing healthcare boundaries and enabling care
amount of health data that is now available to us. Equipment, Hardware, Wearable, Big Data, Robotics, AI, anywhere and everywhere3. And this willingness is
For example, for a skin specialist there are 11,000 new Consumables Health Analytics Augmented Reality extending into the areas of AI and robotics, which we
dermatology articles published every year. In 2013, it
explore in this report.
was estimated that the volume of health-related data
had reached over four zettabytes – that’s four trillion
gigabytes (1021) – and there are those who project this
exponential growth rate to reach ten times that by 2020,
Differentiation is solely Differentiation by Differentiation via
and, even beyond, to yottabyte (1024) proportions1. through product providing services to key intelligent solutions for
Furthermore, fully 80% of this extraordinary amount of innovation. Focused on stakeholders. Focused evidence/outcome based The Medical Futurist (2016). http://medicalfuturist.com/
1

artificial-intelligence-will-redesign-healthcare/
data is unstructured2, meaning that it’s not contained in historic and evidence on real time outcome health. Focused on
based-care. based-care. preventive care. Healthcare Data Institute (2015). http://healthcaredatainstitute.
2

a database or some other type of data structure. Staying com/2015/02/18/big-unstructured-datas-contribution-to-healthcare/

current with and being able to access this data is simply PwC (2016). Care Anywhere: Moving health and wellness out of the hospital
3

and into the hands of the consumer. https://www.pwc.com/m1/en/publications/

beyond the scope of any human individual, no matter Source: Frost & Sullivan, ‘Transforming healthcare through artificial intelligence systems’, 2016 documents/care-anywhere.pdf
how capable or intelligent.
What doctor?
Why AI and robotics will define New Health

Introduction Transforming Investment Findings Conclusion References About Contacts

Keeping well Early detection Diagnosis Decision-making Treatment End of life care Research Training

No longer science fiction, AI and robotics

These applications and others (see Box-Out) all

Training Keeping encourage healthier behaviour in individuals and
Well
help with the proactive management of a healthy
Early lifestyle. It puts consumers in control of health and
Research
AI and Detection well-being. Additionally, AI increases the ability for
Robotics healthcare professionals to better understand the
day-to-day patterns and needs of the people they
End of
Diagnosis care for, and with that understanding they are able
Life Care
to provide better feedback, guidance and support
Treatment
Decision for staying healthy – although, as we have noted,
Making
the sheer volume of data is increasingly difficult for
humans to deal with, or make sense of.
Throughout this section of the report, we highlight a range 4
The Ringer (2016). How Siri Got Left Behind.
of products and existing or emerging technology in side- https://theringer.com/amp/p/2ffc86fe5dfa

bars or boxes that we’ve found during our research for these
5
The Economist (2017). How voice technology is transforming computing.
http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21713836-casting-magic-spell-it-lets-
eight areas. It is extraordinary, and hard to keep up with as people-control-world-through-words-alone-how-voice
new uses of AI and robotics are launched every week.
What doctor?
Why AI and robotics will define New Health

Introduction Transforming Investment Findings Conclusion References About Contacts

Keeping well Early detection Diagnosis Decision-making Treatment End of life care Research Training

No longer science fiction, AI and robotics

are transforming healthcare
Keeping well
Most of us are barely aware of it, but AI is already a part of
our lives – it’s in our cars, telling us when it’s time for the One of AI’s biggest potential benefits is to help people
engine to be serviced based on our driving patterns; it’s in stay healthy so they don’t need a doctor, or at least Artificial Intelligence and Consumer
our everyday Google searches and the suggestions from not as often. The use of AI and the Internet of Medical Apps for keeping well
Amazon that follow us around on the web; it’s the chatbot Things (IoMT) in consumer health applications
on the end of the telephone in call service centres. AI is is already helping people to manage their own
Smart Performance Apparel offers real-time biometrics, personalised programming, and customised
becoming ubiquitous and most of us use it: Apple’s Siri healthcare and to keep themselves well through
reporting to help athletes reach their goals faster.
processes two billion natural-language requests a week4, healthier living. For example, the Smart belt – welt
and 20% of requests on Android phones are made by has aSamsung
built-in mechanism
Electronics thatoffers
alertsconsumers
the person devices such as smartwatches and activity trackers, as well
voice alone5. whenastheytheirovereat. It relies on a magnetic
Tizen open-source operatingsensor
system,to which gives users quick access to their mobile devices
trackandwaste
helpsize andtrack
them tension to determine
their fitness. when the
AI is getting increasingly sophisticated at doing what
users may have over eaten and alerts the wearer.
humans do but more efficiently, more quickly and at a lower
Lumo
Further, IBM Lift
hasis announced three new consumer-
a posture monitoring device that alerts the person when their posture changes, thus
cost. The potential for both AI and robotics in healthcare
providing the feedback necessary to Under
focused partnerships, one of which is with ensure correct posture whether sitting or standing.
is vast. Just like in our everyday lives, AI and robotics are
Armour who will use Watson to power a ‘cognitive
increasingly a part of our healthcare ecosystem. Under Armour will use IBM’s Watson to power a ‘cognitive coaching system’ in an application that
coaching system’.
provides customised advice for sleep, fitness, activity and nutrition. The insights originate from three
These applications
sources: and others
crunching (see Box-Out)
data from all
Under Armour’s 200 million-member Connected Fitness community,
Training Keeping encourage healthier behaviour in individuals and
external academic research studies and institutions, and IBM Watson similarity analytics. Under
Well
helpArmour
with thewill
proactive
be addingmanagement of a healthy
new capabilities including behavioural and performance management, food
Early lifestyle.
intakeIt puts consumers
tracking in control
and overall of health
nutrition and
management as well as the effects of weather and environment
Research
AI and Detection well-being. Additionally,
on training. AI increases the ability for
Robotics healthcare professionals to better understand the
Pathway
day-to-day Genomics
patterns is developing
and needs of the peoplean application
they that will provide customised health advice based on
End of
Diagnosis a user’s specific genetic makeup.
care for, and with that understanding they are able
Life Care
to provide better feedback, guidance and support
Treatment
Decision for staying healthy – although, as we have noted,
Making
the sheer volume of data is increasingly difficult for
humans to deal with, or make sense of.
Throughout this section of the report, we highlight a range 4
The Ringer (2016). How Siri Got Left Behind.
of products and existing or emerging technology in side- https://theringer.com/amp/p/2ffc86fe5dfa

Introduction Transforming Investment Findings Conclusion References About Contacts

Keeping well Early Detection Diagnosis Decision-making Treatment End of life care Research Training

No longer science fiction, AI and robotics

are transforming healthcare
Early detection
Most of us are barely aware of it, but AI is already a part of
our lives – it’s in our cars, telling us when it’s time for the AI is already being used to detect diseases, such as
engine to be serviced based on our driving patterns; it’s in cancer, more accurately and in their early stages. For AI and Wearables for
our everyday Google searches and the suggestions from example, according to the American Cancer Society, early detection
Amazon that follow us around on the web; it’s the chatbot 12.1 million mammograms are performed annually in
on the end of the telephone in call service centres. AI is the US, but a high proportion of these mammograms
becoming ubiquitous and most of us use it: Apple’s Siri yield false results, leading to 1 in 2 healthy women
processes two billion natural-language requests a week4, being told they have cancer. The use of AI is enabling
and 20% of requests on Android phones are made by review and translation of mammograms 30 times
voice alone5. faster with 99% accuracy, reducing the need
for unnecessary biopsies as well as reducing the
AI is getting increasingly sophisticated at doing what
uncertainty and stress of a misdiagnosis6.
humans do but more efficiently, more quickly and at a lower
cost. The potential for both AI and robotics in healthcare The proliferation of consumer wearables and other
is vast. Just like in our everyday lives, AI and robotics are medical devices combined with AI is also being
increasingly a part of our healthcare ecosystem. applied to oversee early-stage heart disease, enabling
doctors and other caregivers to better monitor and
detect potentially life-threatening episodes at earlier,
Training Keeping more treatable stages.
Well

Early
On the horizon, Microsoft is developing computers
Research
AI and Detection programmed for use at a molecular level to start
fighting cancerous cells as soon as they are detected.
Robotics They are also doing research for using AI to interpret
End of
Diagnosis
online search engine behaviour, for example, at the
Life Care
point where someone might research symptoms
Decision online long before they approach their physician.
Treatment Making
4
The Ringer (2016). How Siri Got Left Behind.
Throughout this section of the report, we highlight a range https://theringer.com/amp/p/2ffc86fe5dfa

of products and existing or emerging technology in side- 5

The Economist (2017). How voice technology is transforming computing.
http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21713836-casting-magic-spell-it-lets-
bars or boxes that we’ve found during our research for these people-control-world-through-words-alone-how-voice
eight areas. It is extraordinary, and hard to keep up with as 6
Wired (2016). http://www.wired.co.uk/article/cancer-risk-ai-mammograms
new uses of AI and robotics are launched every week.
What doctor?
Why AI and robotics will define New Health

Introduction Transforming Investment Findings Conclusion References About Contacts

Keeping well Early Detection Diagnosis Decision-making Treatment End of life care Research Training

No longer science fiction, AI and robotics

are transforming healthcare
Early detection
Most of us are barely aware of it, but AI is already a part of
our lives – it’s in our cars, telling us when it’s time for the AI is already being used to detect diseases, such as
engine to be serviced based on our driving patterns; it’s in cancer, more accurately and in their early stages. For AI and Wearables for
our everyday Google searches and the suggestions from example, according to the American Cancer Society, early detection
Amazon that follow us around on the web; it’s the chatbot 12.1 million mammograms are performed annually in
on the end of the telephone in call service centres. AI is the US, but a high proportion of these mammograms
Cyrcadia’s iTBraTM is a wearable vest being used to screen for the detection of breast cancer at
becoming ubiquitous and most of us use it: Apple’s Siri yield false results, leading to 1 in 2 healthy women
earlier stages.
processes two billion natural-language requests a week4, being told they have cancer. The use of AI is enabling
and 20% of requests on Android phones are made by review and translation of mammograms
CardioDiagnostics has developed30 times that is able to remotely monitor its wearer for heart
a device
voice alone5. faster with 99% accuracy,
irregularities reducing
and is used the need
to improve cardiac monitoring and rhythm management.
for unnecessary biopsies as well as reducing the
AI is getting increasingly sophisticated at doing what
uncertainty and stress of a misdiagnosis6.
humans do but more efficiently, more quickly and at a lower
cost. The potential for both AI and robotics in healthcare The proliferation of consumer wearables and other
is vast. Just like in our everyday lives, AI and robotics are medical devices combined with AI is also being
increasingly a part of our healthcare ecosystem. applied to oversee early-stage heart disease, enabling
doctors and other caregivers to better monitor and
detect potentially life-threatening episodes at earlier,
Training Keeping more treatable stages.
Well

of products and existing or emerging technology in side- 5

Introduction Transforming Investment Findings Conclusion References About Contacts

Keeping well Early Detection Diagnosis Decision-making Treatment End of life care Research Training

No longer science fiction, AI and robotics

End of
Life Care Diagnosis

Decision
Treatment Making
4
The Ringer (2016). How Siri Got Left Behind.
https://theringer.com/amp/p/2ffc86fe5dfa
Throughout this section of the report, we highlight a range 5
The Economist (2017). How voice technology is transforming computing.
of products and existing or emerging technology in side- http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21713836-casting-magic-spell-it-lets-
people-control-world-through-words-alone-how-voice
bars or boxes that we’ve found during our research for these 7
Healthcare Data Institute (2015). http://healthcaredatainstitute.
eight areas. It is extraordinary, and hard to keep up with as com/2015/02/18/big-unstructured-datas-contribution-to-healthcare/
new uses of AI and robotics are launched every week.
What doctor?
Why AI and robotics will define New Health

Introduction Transforming Investment Findings Conclusion References About Contacts

Keeping well Early Detection Diagnosis Decision-making Treatment End of life care Research Training

No longer science fiction, AI and robotics

are transforming healthcare
Diagnosis
Most of us are barely aware of it, but AI is already a part of
our lives – it’s in our cars, telling us when it’s time for the It’s estimated that 80% of health data is invisible to
engine to be serviced based on our driving patterns; it’s in current systems because it’s unstructured7. IBM’s Google’s Deepmind
DeepMind
our everyday Google searches and the suggestions from Watson for Health uses cognitive technology to
Amazon that follow us around on the web; it’s the chatbot help healthcare organisations unlock vast amounts
on the end of the telephone in call service centres. AI is of health data and power diagnosis. Watson can
In 2016, Google’s DeepMind stunned the Go-playing world by beating 18-time world champion Lee
becoming ubiquitous and most of us use it: Apple’s Siri review and store far more medical information –
Se-dol, one of the highest ranked players in the world. It was the first time a computer programme
processes two billion natural-language requests a week4, every medical journal, symptom, and case study
took on a professional player of this ancient Chinese board game, which has long been considered
and 20% of requests on Android phones are made by of treatment and response around the world –
impossible for computers to play at the international professional level. It’s much more difficult than
voice alone5. exponentially faster than any human. And it doesn’t
other games like chess, even though the rules are relatively simple, because of the almost infinite
just store data, it’s capable of finding meaning in
AI is getting increasingly sophisticated at doing what number of possibilities and the high levels of intuition required of a world-class player. Deepmind’s
it. Unlike humans, its decisions are all evidence-
humans do but more efficiently, more quickly and at a lower programme displayed game-winning creativity, in some cases finding moves that challenged millennia
based and free of cognitive biases or overconfidence,
cost. The potential for both AI and robotics in healthcare of Go wisdom.
enabling rapid analysis and vastly reducing – even
is vast. Just like in our everyday lives, AI and robotics are
eliminating – misdiagnosis.
DeepMind Health began working with hospitals in the UK in 2016, searching for early signs of disease
increasingly a part of our healthcare ecosystem.
that lead to blindness and cancer, as well as developing new clinical mobile apps linked to electronic
Google’s DeepMind Health is working in
patient records.
partnership with clinicians, researchers and patients
Training Keeping to solve real-world healthcare problems. The
Well
technology combines machine learning and systems
Early neuroscience to build powerful general-purpose
Research
AI and Detection learning algorithms into neural networks that mimic
Robotics the human brain.

End of
Life Care Diagnosis

Introduction Transforming Investment Findings Conclusion References About Contacts

Keeping well Early Detection Diagnosis Decision-making Treatment End of life care Research Training

No longer science fiction, AI and robotics

are transforming healthcare
Decision-making
Most of us are barely aware of it, but AI is already a part of
our lives – it’s in our cars, telling us when it’s time for the Improving care requires the alignment of broad base
engine to be serviced based on our driving patterns; it’s in data analysis with appropriate and timely decisions, AI and analytics platforms
our everyday Google searches and the suggestions from and predictive analytics can support clinical decision- for decision-making
Amazon that follow us around on the web; it’s the chatbot making and actions as well as prioritise tasks.
on the end of the telephone in call service centres. AI is
becoming ubiquitous and most of us use it: Apple’s Siri Using the system dynamics driven pattern
processes two billion natural-language requests a week4, recognition to identify patients at risk of developing
and 20% of requests on Android phones are made by a condition – or seeing it deteriorate due to lifestyle,
voice alone5. environmental, genomic, or other factors – is another
area where AI is beginning to take hold in healthcare.
AI is getting increasingly sophisticated at doing what For example, in an extension and application of
humans do but more efficiently, more quickly and at a lower AI, PwC’s Bodylogical™ captures learnings in
cost. The potential for both AI and robotics in healthcare mechanistic modeling to digitally represent the
is vast. Just like in our everyday lives, AI and robotics are physiology of the human body. This enables true-
increasingly a part of our healthcare ecosystem. life simulations to predict the likely progression
of chronic diseases in the future based on today’s
actions and interventions. These simulations help
Training Keeping pharmaceutical companies, providers, payers,
Well
employers, researchers and consumers better
Early understand how daily life choices and therapeutics
Research
AI and Detection impact individual patients or population health
Robotics outcomes and associated costs.

End of
Life Care Diagnosis

Decision
Treatment Making

Throughout this section of the report, we highlight a range 4

The Ringer (2016). How Siri Got Left Behind.
of products and existing or emerging technology in side- https://theringer.com/amp/p/2ffc86fe5dfa
5
The Economist (2017). How voice technology is transforming computing.
bars or boxes that we’ve found during our research for these http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21713836-casting-magic-spell-it-lets-
eight areas. It is extraordinary, and hard to keep up with as people-control-world-through-words-alone-how-voice
new uses of AI and robotics are launched every week.
What doctor?
Why AI and robotics will define New Health

Introduction Transforming Investment Findings Conclusion References About Contacts

Keeping well Early Detection Diagnosis Decision-making Treatment End of life care Research Training

No longer science fiction, AI and robotics

are transforming healthcare
Decision-making
Most of us are barely aware of it, but AI is already a part of
our lives – it’s in our cars, telling us when it’s time for the Improving care requires the alignment of broad base
engine to be serviced based on our driving patterns; it’s in data analysis with appropriate and timely decisions, AI and analytics platforms
our everyday Google searches and the suggestions from and predictive analytics can support clinical decision- for decision-making
Amazon that follow us around on the web; it’s the chatbot making and actions as well as prioritise tasks.
on the end of the telephone in call service centres. AI is
Using Quest Diagnostics’
the system dynamicsQuanum platform is an integrated suite of healthcare information technology
driven pattern
becoming ubiquitous and most of us use it: Apple’s Siri
and predictive
recognition analytics
to identify tools
patients that
at risk ofanalyses
developingpatient test data together with their medical data to help
processes two billion natural-language requests a week4,
primary–care
a condition physicians
or seeing identifydue
it deteriorate patients with early onset memory loss and dementia.
to lifestyle,
and 20% of requests on Android phones are made by
voice alone5. environmental, genomic, or other factors – is another
VitreosHealth has developed a predictive analytics platform that identifies people whose health is
area where AI is beginning to take hold in healthcare.
AI is getting increasingly sophisticated at doing what most likely to deteriorate and implements change protocols to prevent catastrophic health events.
For example, in an extension and application of
humans do but more efficiently, more quickly and at a lower AI, PwC’s Bodylogical™ captures learnings in
cost. The potential for both AI and robotics in healthcare mechanistic modeling to digitally represent the
is vast. Just like in our everyday lives, AI and robotics are physiology of the human body. This enables true-
increasingly a part of our healthcare ecosystem. life simulations to predict the likely progression
of chronic diseases in the future based on today’s
actions and interventions. These simulations help
Training Keeping pharmaceutical companies, providers, payers,
Well
employers, researchers and consumers better
Early understand how daily life choices and therapeutics
Research
AI and Detection impact individual patients or population health
Robotics outcomes and associated costs.

End of
Life Care Diagnosis

Decision
Treatment Making

Throughout this section of the report, we highlight a range 4

Introduction Transforming Investment Findings Conclusion References About Contacts

Keeping well Early Detection Diagnosis Decision-making Treatment End of life care Research Training

No longer science fiction, AI and robotics

are transforming healthcare
Treatment
Most of us are barely aware of it, but AI is already a part of
our lives – it’s in our cars, telling us when it’s time for the Beyond scanning health records to help providers
engine to be serviced based on our driving patterns; it’s in identify chronically ill individuals who may be at Treatment
our everyday Google searches and the suggestions from risk of an adverse episode, AI can help clinicians
Amazon that follow us around on the web; it’s the chatbot take a more comprehensive approach for disease
on the end of the telephone in call service centres. AI is management, better coordinate care plans and
becoming ubiquitous and most of us use it: Apple’s Siri help patients to better manage and comply with
processes two billion natural-language requests a week4, their long-term treatment programmes. AiCure
and 20% of requests on Android phones are made by has built an application to monitor patients with
voice alone5. long-term conditions and help them adhere to
medication intake. The application uses a visual
AI is getting increasingly sophisticated at doing what
recognition system to identify the patient’s face, the
humans do but more efficiently, more quickly and at a lower
medication they’re taking, and confirm ingestion.
cost. The potential for both AI and robotics in healthcare
The data is then sent back to the care provider or to a
is vast. Just like in our everyday lives, AI and robotics are
pharmaceutical company conducting a clinical trial.
increasingly a part of our healthcare ecosystem.
Robots have been used in medicine for more than
30 years. From the first programmable universal
Training Keeping machine for assembly (PUMA), used in urology
Well
surgery in the 1980s, to the da Vinci robot, the most
Early widely used robotic system in clinical use today,
Research
AI and Detection robots have developed to perform a wide range
Robotics of tasks and functions. They range from simple
laboratory robots to highly complex surgical robots
End of
Diagnosis that can either aid a human surgeon or execute
Life Care
operations by themselves. In addition to surgery,
Treatment
Decision they’re used in hospitals and labs for repetitive
Making
tasks, in rehabilitation, physical therapy and in
support of those with long-term conditions. RoBear
Throughout this section of the report, we highlight a range is a nursing-care robot that is able to lift and move 4
The Ringer (2016). How Siri Got Left Behind.
of products and existing or emerging technology in side- https://theringer.com/amp/p/2ffc86fe5dfa
patients in and out of bed into a wheelchair, help 5
The Economist (2017). How voice technology is transforming computing.
bars or boxes that we’ve found during our research for these those who need assistance to stand, and even turn http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21713836-casting-magic-spell-it-lets-
eight areas. It is extraordinary, and hard to keep up with as patients in bed to prevent bedsores. people-control-world-through-words-alone-how-voice
new uses of AI and robotics are launched every week.
What doctor?
Why AI and robotics will define New Health

Introduction Transforming Investment Findings Conclusion References About Contacts

Keeping well Early Detection Diagnosis Decision-making Treatment End of life care Research Training

No longer science fiction, AI and robotics

medication intake. TheGiraffapplication uses a communication

is a mobile visual robot that facilitates a chronically ill patients’
AI is getting increasingly sophisticated at doing what
Sentrian is a remote patient intelligence service provider that delivers recognition system to identify
integrated contactthewithpatient’s face, the
the outside world. It is remote-controlled, on wheels, and has a
humans do but more efficiently, more quickly and at a lower
remote patient monitoring and analytics to health plan members with complexmedication they’re taking, and confirm
camera and monitor. ingestion.
cost. The potential for both AI and robotics in healthcare
pulmonary diseases. The data is then sent back to the care provider or to a
is vast. Just like in our everyday lives, AI and robotics are Bestic is a robotic-assisted
pharmaceutical company conducting a clinical trial. dining appliance for people who are unable to move
increasingly a part of our healthcare ecosystem.
Royal Philips delivers remote care options to proactively help patients at home. their arms or hands.
The services are powered by data analytics and connected sensors Robots have been used in medicine for more than
enabling
24/7 monitoring and delivery of an ongoing stream of monitoring data to From
30 years. the firstToyota
a remote has created
programmable four robots that enable immobilized patients to walk or balance.
universal
home-careTraining
team. Keeping machine for assembly (PUMA), used in urology
surgery in the 1980s, toXenex
the da robots disinfect hospital facilities using UV light, destroying microorganisms
Well
Vinci robot, the most
Google DeepMind is partnering with the University Early College London
widely used robotic system in clinical use today, hospital acquired infections (HAIs).
Hospitals’ that can be the cause of
Research
radiotherapy AI and
department. DeepMind willDetection
test the use of AI and machine
robots havelearning to to perform a wide range
developed
Aethon’s TUG robots automate the delivery and transportation of the immense
reduce the time it takes to plan radiotherapy treatment for hard-to-treat cancers of They
Robotics of tasks and functions. range from simple
amount of materials – including food, laundry and prescriptions – that move
the head and neck. laboratory robots to highly complex surgical robots
through a hospital every day, freeing staff to focus on patient care.
End of
Diagnosis that can either aid a human surgeon or execute
IBM’s Watson for Oncology gives treatment recommendationsoperations
Life Care based on by patients’
themselves. In addition to surgery,
Veebot is a robot that can draw blood faster and more safely than a human.
medical records and is now being used
Decision
around the world, including 21
they’re hospitals
used in hospitals and labs for repetitive
across China Treatment
and in Thailand and India.
Making
tasks, in rehabilitation, physical therapy and in
support of those with long-term conditions. RoBear
Throughout this section of the report, we highlight a range is a nursing-care robot that is able to lift and move The Ringer (2016). How Siri Got Left Behind.
4

of products and existing or emerging technology in side- https://theringer.com/amp/p/2ffc86fe5dfa

patients in and out of bed into a wheelchair, help
The Economist (2017). How voice technology is transforming computing.
5
bars or boxes that we’ve found during our research for these those who need assistance to stand, and even turn http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21713836-casting-magic-spell-it-lets-
eight areas. It is extraordinary, and hard to keep up with as patients in bed to prevent bedsores. people-control-world-through-words-alone-how-voice
new uses of AI and robotics are launched every week.
What doctor?
Why AI and robotics will define New Health

Introduction Transforming Investment Findings Conclusion References About Contacts

Keeping well Early Detection Diagnosis Decision-making Treatment End of life care Research Training

No longer science fiction, AI and robotics

Decision
Treatment Making

Throughout this section of the report, we highlight a range 4

Introduction Transforming Investment Findings Conclusion References About Contacts

Keeping well Early Detection Diagnosis Decision-making Treatment End of life care Research Training

No longer science fiction, AI and robotics

are transforming healthcare
End of life care
Most of us are barely aware of it, but AI is already a part of
our lives – it’s in our cars, telling us when it’s time for the We are living much longer than previous generations,
engine to be serviced based on our driving patterns; it’s in and as we approach the end of life, we are dying End of life care
our everyday Google searches and the suggestions from in a different and slower way, from conditions like
Amazon that follow us around on the web; it’s the chatbot dementia, heart failure and osteoporosis. It is also a
on the end of the telephone in call service centres. AI is phase of life that is often plagued by loneliness.
Paro Therapeutic Robots are advanced interactive robots that enable the documented benefits of
becoming ubiquitous and most of us use it: Apple’s Siri
Robotsanimal
havetherapy to be to
the potential administered
revolutionisetoend
patients
of in environments such as hospitals and extended care
processes two billion natural-language requests a week4,
facilities
life care, where
helping live to
people animals
remainpresent treatment or logistical difficulties. They’ve been found to reduce
independent
and 20% of requests on Android phones are made by
stress, stimulate interaction and improve
for longer, reducing the need for hospitalisation, socialisation.
voice alone5.
caregivers and care homes by performing routine
AI is getting increasingly sophisticated at doing what Robot Era is developing robots that move around on wheels but have a friendly humanoid face. The
tasks such as taking vital signs and prompting for
humans do but more efficiently, more quickly and at a lower robot’s sensors and cameras are used to gather and analyse real-time data which is then sent to
medication. AI combined with the advancements
cost. The potential for both AI and robotics in healthcare the cloud wirelessly where algorithms extrapolate such advanced information as whether someone
in humanoid design are enabling robots to go even
is vast. Just like in our everyday lives, AI and robotics are is showing signs of dementia. They can also remind the elderly about daily tasks and important
further and have ‘conversations’ and other social
increasingly a part of our healthcare ecosystem. information, and track conditions over time.
interactions with the people that keep ageing minds
sharp and Robotics
Zora solves problems of loneliness
is building and into
AI software isolation.
Zora Bots that have patient-facing roles in hospitals and
Kompai robots talk, understand speech, remind
are training humanoid robots to hold conversations with the elderly.
Training Keeping people of meetings, keep track of shopping lists and
Well
play music. Developed to assist the elderly in their
Early own homes, they are able to monitor for falls and
Research
AI and Detection other health parameters, provide alerts, and connect
Robotics via video-conference with healthcare providers as
well as with friends and family.
End of
Life Care Diagnosis

Decision
Treatment Making

Throughout this section of the report, we highlight a range 4

Introduction Transforming Investment Findings Conclusion References About Contacts

Keeping well Early Detection Diagnosis Decision-making Treatment End of life care Research Training

No longer science fiction, AI and robotics

are transforming healthcare
Research
Most of us are barely aware of it, but AI is already a part of
our lives – it’s in our cars, telling us when it’s time for the Each and every one of us has most likely taken a However, medical research is not just about finding
engine to be serviced based on our driving patterns; it’s in medication prescribed by our doctors for a symptom or new drugs to combat disease. It also includes research
our everyday Google searches and the suggestions from illness at some point in our lives. Those with chronic into disease itself, with the ultimate goal being to
Amazon that follow us around on the web; it’s the chatbot diseases often depend upon medication to manage what inoculate against or completely eliminate disease. Meta
on the end of the telephone in call service centres. AI is might otherwise be debilitating diseases. But the path is a Canadian start-up that uses AI to quickly read and
becoming ubiquitous and most of us use it: Apple’s Siri from research lab to patient is a long and costly one. comprehend scientific papers and then provide insights
processes two billion natural-language requests a week4, to researchers; it was bought by the Chan Zuckerberg
and 20% of requests on Android phones are made by According to the California Biomedical Research Initiative in January 2017 as part of the charitable
voice alone5. Association, it takes an average of 12 years for a drug foundation’s mission to eradicate disease.
to travel from the research lab to the patient. Only
AI is getting increasingly sophisticated at doing what five in 5,000, or .1%, of the drugs that begin
humans do but more efficiently, more quickly and at a lower pre-clinical testing ever make it to human testing Research
cost. The potential for both AI and robotics in healthcare and just one of these five is ever approved for
is vast. Just like in our everyday lives, AI and robotics are human usage. Furthermore, on average, it will cost
increasingly a part of our healthcare ecosystem. a company US $359 million to develop a new drug
from the research lab to the patient8.

Training Keeping Drug research and discovery is one of the more

Well recent applications for AI in healthcare. By directing
Early
the latest advances in AI to streamline the drug
Research
AI and Detection discovery and drug repurposing processes there is
the potential to significantly cut both the time to
Robotics market for new drugs and their costs, not only for
End of
Diagnosis
the labs who develop the drugs, but for those people
Life Care
whose health depends upon them. Pharma.AI is
Decision the Pharmaceutical Artificial Intelligence division of
Treatment Making Insilico Medicine, a bioinformatics company located
4
The Ringer (2016). How Siri Got Left Behind.
at the Emerging Technology Centers at the Johns https://theringer.com/amp/p/2ffc86fe5dfa
Throughout this section of the report, we highlight a range Hopkins University, launched in March 2016. They 5
The Economist (2017). How voice technology is transforming computing.
of products and existing or emerging technology in side- focus on drug discovery programmes for cancer, http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21713836-casting-magic-spell-it-lets-
people-control-world-through-words-alone-how-voice
bars or boxes that we’ve found during our research for these Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, and other ageing and 8
California Biomedical Research Association. New Drug Development Process.
eight areas. It is extraordinary, and hard to keep up with as age‑related health issues. http://www.ca-biomed.org/pdf/media-kit/fact-sheets/CBRADrugDevelop.pdf
new uses of AI and robotics are launched every week.
What doctor?
Why AI and robotics will define New Health

Introduction Transforming Investment Findings Conclusion References About Contacts

Keeping well Early Detection Diagnosis Decision-making Treatment End of life care Research Training

No longer science fiction, AI and robotics

Training Keeping Drugpartnership

research andwill support isresearchers
discovery in streamlining the development of new drugs in order to boost
one of the more
Well theapplications
recent nation’s competitive advantage.
for AI in healthcare. By directing
the latest advances in AI to streamline the drug
Early BERG Health, a startup that uses an AI platform for drug discovery, initiated a phase II clinical trial in
Research
AI and Detection discovery and drug repurposing processes there is
2016 for a drug compound that could potentially treat pancreatic cancer.
the potential to significantly cut both the time to
Robotics market for new drugs
Atomwise foundandtwotheir costs,
existing not only
drugs for
– reportedly in one day using its AI technology – that may also
End of
Diagnosis
the labs who develop the drugs,
work against the Ebola virus. but for those people
Life Care
whose health depends upon them. Pharma.AI is
Decision the Pharmaceutical Artificial Intelligence division of
Treatment Making Insilico Medicine, a bioinformatics company located
The Ringer (2016). How Siri Got Left Behind.
4
at the Emerging Technology Centers at the Johns https://theringer.com/amp/p/2ffc86fe5dfa
Throughout this section of the report, we highlight a range Hopkins University, launched in March 2016. They The Economist (2017). How voice technology is transforming computing.
5

of products and existing or emerging technology in side- focus on drug discovery programmes for cancer, http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21713836-casting-magic-spell-it-lets-
people-control-world-through-words-alone-how-voice
bars or boxes that we’ve found during our research for these Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, and other ageing and California Biomedical Research Association. New Drug Development Process.
8

eight areas. It is extraordinary, and hard to keep up with as age‑related health issues. http://www.ca-biomed.org/pdf/media-kit/fact-sheets/CBRADrugDevelop.pdf
new uses of AI and robotics are launched every week.
What doctor?
Why AI and robotics will define New Health

Introduction Transforming Investment Findings Conclusion References About Contacts

Keeping well Early Detection Diagnosis Decision-making Treatment End of life care Research Training

No longer science fiction, AI and robotics

are transforming healthcare
Training
Most of us are barely aware of it, but AI is already a part of AI allows those in training to go through naturalistic This shift will inevitably alter many of the roles of
our lives – it’s in our cars, telling us when it’s time for the simulations in a way that simple computer-driven healthcare professionals. As these new technologies and
engine to be serviced based on our driving patterns; it’s in algorithms cannot. The advent use of natural speech in perspectives become more integrated within and across
our everyday Google searches and the suggestions from technology and the ability of an AI computer to draw our healthcare systems and more ubiquitous among
Amazon that follow us around on the web; it’s the chatbot instantly on a large database of scenarios means AI can the population, the skills that are required by our new
on the end of the telephone in call service centres. AI is respond to questions, decisions or advice from a trainee health landscape may well be markedly different than
becoming ubiquitous and most of us use it: Apple’s Siri and can challenge more effectively than a human can. those that are needed today. We currently train our
processes two billion natural-language requests a week4, And the training programme can learn from previous doctors and nurses in the context of health systems that
and 20% of requests on Android phones are made by responses from the trainee, meaning that the challenges may no longer exist once they graduate medical school.
voice alone5. can be continually adjusted to meet their learning needs. An understanding of technology will be imperative.
AI is getting increasingly sophisticated at doing what Programming, data analytics and human behaviour
humans do but more efficiently, more quickly and at a lower And training can be done anywhere with the power may well be as much a part of the medical curricula as
cost. The potential for both AI and robotics in healthcare of AI embedded on a smartphone, for example, as anatomy and neurology.
is vast. Just like in our everyday lives, AI and robotics are quick catch up sessions, after a tricky case in a clinic or
increasingly a part of our healthcare ecosystem. while travelling. AI and robotics technology will free up clinicians for other
types of work that enable them to spend more meaningful
To date, the main way new technologies have been used time with their patients. Rather than a profession
to augment training is through virtual reality (VR). of ‘healthcare providers’, AI and robotics will open
Training Keeping Combining VR with AI will offer boundless opportunities
Well opportunities for more holistic patient care, with a focus
for extending the skills of trainees in a targeted fashion. on keeping patients healthier longer, instead of primarily
Early treating illness.
Research
AI and Detection AI and robotics are redrawing the healthcare
Robotics landscape. The wave of innovation being driven by AI will likely challenge the traditional role of the doctor.
these technologies is not only transforming clinical But, rather than worrying if these technologies are going
End of
Diagnosis decision-making, patient monitoring and care, and to replace doctors and other healthcare professionals, we
Life Care
surgical support, but fundamentally changing how should be considering more deeply their wider role in
Decision we approach healthcare for our populations. We are the entire healthcare continuum with a clear eye towards
Treatment Making
already experiencing this shift as we focus on integrating training our healthcare workforce for the future.
prevention and wellness into our health systems and
Throughout this section of the report, we highlight a range
4
The Ringer (2016). How Siri Got Left Behind. https://theringer.com/
we are heading towards a time when people work more amp/p/2ffc86fe5dfa
of products and existing or emerging technology in side- proactively with their healthcare professionals across 5
The Economist (2017). How voice technology is transforming computing.
bars or boxes that we’ve found during our research for these illness and wellness. http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21713836-casting-magic-spell-it-lets-
people-control-world-through-words-alone-how-voice
eight areas. It is extraordinary, and hard to keep up with as
new uses of AI and robotics are launched every week.
What doctor?
Why AI and robotics will define New Health

Introduction Transforming Investment Findings Conclusion References About Contacts

AI investment heats up Rise of the robots

AI investment heats up
From predictive insights to robotic In 2011 there were fewer than ten deals related to healthcare
surgery, investment is booming AI; this leapt to almost 70 deals in 2016. Some of the 2016 deals AI investment highlights13
Investing in health is always a long-term prospect, included a US$25m Series A round raised by London-based
whether it is a matter of training a doctor, developing health services startup, Babylon Health, and a US$154m Series
a new drug, building a new facility or developing AI A round raised by China-based iCarbonX11.
and robotics. The question is, given that long-term
view, and the potential of AI and robotics, where According to CB Insights, healthcare is the hottest area of
should that investment go? Already AI is coming investment within AI. They identified over 100 companies that
of age, and the AI healthcare market is poised for have raised an equity funding round since January 201312. From
dramatic growth. Frost & Sullivan predicts that the AI insights and analytics, imaging and diagnostics, drug discovery to
market for healthcare will increase by 40% between remote patient monitoring and virtual assistants, AI is poised to
2014 and 2021. And they estimate growth from impact every aspect of healthcare.
US$633.8m to US$6.662bn9.

Figure 1: Artificial Intelligence Market for Healthcare Applications,

World, 2014, 2021 (in Millions)

2014 663.8

2021 6,662
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
Source: Frost & Sullivan 2016 Transforming healthcare through artificial intelligence systems
9
Frost & Sullivan (2016). Transforming healthcare through artificial intelligence
systems. AI Health and Life Sciences.
10
As quoted in Huffpost Tech UK, “Artificial Intelligence For Healthcare Is
Booming”, by Reuven Cohen (31 Jan 2017). http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/
According to Frost & Sullivan analyst Harpreet reuven-cohen/artificial-intelligence-f_b_14437718.html
Singh Buttar, ‘By 2025, AI systems could be involved 11
CB Insights (Feb. 3, 2017). https://www.cbinsights.com/blog/
artificial-intelligence-startups-healthcare/
in everything from population health management,
12
Ibid.
to digital avatars capable of answering specific 13
CB Insights (Feb. 3, 2017). https://www.cbinsights.com/blog/
patient queries.’10 artificial-intelligence-startups-healthcare/
What doctor?
Why AI and robotics will define New Health

Introduction Transforming Investment Findings Conclusion References About Contacts

AI investment heats up Rise of the robots

AI investment heats up
From predictive insights to robotic In 2011 there were fewer than ten deals related to healthcare
surgery, investment is booming AI; this leapt to almost 70 deals in 2016. Some of the 2016 deals AI investment highlights13
Investing in health is always a long-term prospect, included a US$25m Series A round raised by London-based
Figure 1: Artificial Intelligence Market for Healthcare
health Applications,
services startup, Babylon Health, and a US$154m Series
whether it is a matter of training a doctor,
World, 2014, 2021 (indeveloping
Millions)
a new drug, building a new facility or developing AI A round raised by China-based iCarbonX11.
and robotics. The question is, given that long-term
view, and the potential of 2014
AI and robotics, where According to CB Insights, healthcare is the hottest area of
663.8
should that investment go? Already AI is coming investment within AI. They identified over 100 companies that
of age, and the AI healthcare market is poised for have raised an equity funding round since January 201312. From
dramatic growth. Frost & Sullivan predicts that the AI insights and analytics, imaging and diagnostics, drug discovery to
2021
market for healthcare will increase by 40% between remote patient 6,662
monitoring and virtual assistants, AI is poised to
2014 and 2021. And they estimate growth from impact every aspect of healthcare.
US$633.8m to US$6.662bn9. 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
Source: Frost & Sullivan 2016 Transforming healthcare through artificial intelligence systems

Figure 1: Artificial Intelligence Market for Healthcare Applications,

World, 2014, 2021 (in Millions)

2014 663.8

Introduction Transforming Investment Findings Conclusion References About Contacts

AI investment heats up Rise of the robots

AI investment heats up
From predictive insights to robotic In 2011 there were fewer than ten deals related to healthcare
AI; this leapt to almost 70 deals in 2016. Some of the 2016 deals AIAIinvestment
investmenthighlights highlights 1313
surgery, investment is booming
Investing in health is always a long-term prospect, included a US$25m Series A round raised by London-based
whether it is a matter of training a doctor, developing health services startup, Babylon Health, and a US$154m Series
Insights
a new & risk analytics:
drug, building a new facility Health insights and
or developing A round
AI risk analytics raised
has beenbythe
China-based The company
hottest iCarbonX 11
. will collect blood samples from high-risk individuals who have never
andcategory
robotics. for Theinvestment
question is,since given2015. Companies in this category provide predictive
that long-term been diagnosed with the disease to determine if early detection is possible.
insights
view, and theabout potentiala patient’s
of AI and health usingwhere
robotics, According to CB
machine learning and natural languageInsights, healthcare is the hottest area of
processing
should that investment algorithms. The analytics
go? Already are based on factors
AI is coming investment
that include AI. They identified over 100 room
withinmedical Emergency & hospital
companies that management: Start-ups here provide insights and
history
of age, and and the AI demography.
healthcare market is poised for have raised an equity funding round real-time analytics,
since January specifically
2013 12
. From in a hospital environment. Gauss Surgical, for
dramatic growth. Frost & Sullivan predicts that the AI insights and analytics, imaging and instance, usesdrug
diagnostics, image recognition
discovery to to monitor blood loss during surgery in real time
Imaging
market & diagnostics:
for healthcare This category
will increase by 40% between has become more remote patient with
saturated usingassistants,
monitoring and virtual an iPad. AI is poised to
2014companies
and 2021. in And recent
they years
estimate compared
growth from to other areas ofimpact everyAI,
healthcare aspect
withof healthcare.
more
than 80% of deals raised after January 2015. Virtual Assistants: This category has a relatively low deal count, less than ten
US$633.8m to US$6.662bn9.
since 2012, but has the potential for increased investment activity. One of the start-
Remote patient monitoring: Deals to the category have picked up since 2015, ups, Babylon Health in the United Kingdom, was backed last year by investors
though there are fewer companies here than in diagnostics or risk analytics. including Kinnevik and Google DeepMind in a US$25m Series A round.
London-based Babylon Health, backed by investors including Kinnevik and
Google-owned DeepMind
Figure 1: Artificial Intelligence Technologies,
Market for Healthcare Applications,raised a US$25m Series A round in 2016
Mental Health: This is another category with relatively low deal count, as
World, 2014, 2021 (in Millions)
to develop an AI-based chat platform. well as fewer companies. Seed-stage start-up Avalon uses AI to predict brain
degeneration, and focuses on neuro-degenerative disease like Alzheimer’s and
Core AI 663.8
2014 companies bring their algorithms to healthcare: Core AI start-up Parkinson’s.
Ayasdi, which has developed a machine intelligence platform based on topological
data
2021 analysis, is bringing its solutions 6,662 to healthcare providers for applications Research: This category includes China-based iCarbonX, which joined the unicorn
including patient risk scoring and readmission reduction. club in Q2 2016. Another start-up, Desktop Genetics, helps scientist with genome
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 editing and CRISPR research. It received funding last year from genetic research
Frost & Sullivan (2016). Transforming healthcare through artificial intelligence
9

Drug discovery: This category is gaining attention, and venture capitalists have
Source: Frost & Sullivan 2016 Transforming healthcare through artificial intelligence systems
company Illumina. systems. AI Health and Life Sciences.
backed six out of the nine start-ups on the map, who are using machine learning As quoted in Huffpost Tech UK, “Artificial Intelligence For Healthcare Is
10

algorithms
According to Frost to reduce
& Sullivan druganalyst
discovery times.
Harpreet Nutrition: Ireland-based Nuritas uses Booming”,
artificial by Reuven Cohen (31to
intelligence Janmine
2017). http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/
data and identify
reuven-cohen/artificial-intelligence-f_b_14437718.html
Singh Buttar, ‘By 2025, AI systems could be involved compounds in food that are beneficial to health. Marc Benioff invested over US$2m
CB Insights (Feb. 3, 2017). https://www.cbinsights.com/blog/
11

Oncology:from
in everything IBMpopulation
Watson Group-backed
health management, Pathway Genomics has recently started a in the company in Q2 2016. artificial-intelligence-startups-healthcare/
research
to digital avatarsstudy for its of
capable new blood test
answering kit, CancerIntercept Detect.
specific Ibid. 12

CB Insights (Feb. 3, 2017). https://www.cbinsights.com/blog/

patient queries.’10 artificial-intelligence-startups-healthcare/

What doctor?
Why AI and robotics will define New Health

Introduction Transforming Investment Findings Conclusion References About Contacts

AI investments heats up Rise of the robots

Rise of the robots

Alongside AI, robotics is becoming one of the hottest Bionics, exoskeletons and the next generation
new markets in tech. According to IDC, the overall wearable robot are also becoming a reality and could
market has been growing at a compound rate of revolutionise how we treat and care for those with
17% a year and will be worth US$135bn by 2019, diminished or lost functions due to ageing or physical
with a boom taking place in Asia, Japan and China. challenges and injuries. The rehabilitation robot market
was estimated at US$203m in 2014 and is expected
Markets and Markets estimates that the market for grow to US$1.1bn by 202116.
healthcare robotics will grow to US$11.4bn by 202014.
Surgical robots comprise the largest component of the
New entrants, minimally invasive
medical robotics market, according to IndustryArc,
surgical robots17
specifically the use of robots to facilitate minimally
invasive surgery (see box-out).
The sheer scope of opportunity raises many questions
Changes soon could cause something of a shift in power for investors. There are risks – competitive, regulatory
around the operating table. Surgical robots may cease and market risk, among others. But with healthcare
to be dumb, programmable machines and transform undergoing such massive change, and the rapid
into smart assistants. progress of AI and robotics, how safe are current,
traditional healthcare investment strategies? We
Yet there is also growing opportunity in the home believe that healthcare is fundamentally about the
health and end of life care space for robots. The global most effective application of knowledge in order
personal robot market, including ‘care-bots’, could reach to keep people healthy. As knowledge progresses,
US$17.4bn by 2020, according to Frost & Sullivan, it is the investor who has the power to bring that
driven by rapidly ageing populations, a looming knowledge to life.
shortfall of care workers, and the need to enhance
performance and assist rehabilitation of the elderly and Markets and Markets (Feb 2017). http://www.marketsandmarkets.com/
14

PressReleases/medical-robotic-systems.asp
physically handicapped. 15
Bank of America (2016). http://about.bankofamerica.com/assets/
davos-2016/PDFs/robotic-revolution.pdf
Japan is leading the way with one-third of the 16
Bank of America (2016). http://about.bankofamerica.com/assets/
government budget on robots devoted to the elderly. davos-2016/PDFs/robotic-revolution.pdf

The Japanese ‘care-bot’ market alone is estimated

17
MedDeviceOnline (February 12, 2016). New Entrants to Open Up
Surgical Robotics Market. https://www.meddeviceonline.com/doc/
to grow from US$155m in 2015 to US$3.728 new-entrants-to-open-up-surgical-robotics-market-0001
billion by 2035 (source: Ministry of Economy,
Trade & Industry)15.
What doctor?
Why AI and robotics will define New Health

Introduction Transforming Investment Findings Conclusion References About Contacts

AI investments heats up Rise of the robots

Rise of the robots

Alongside AI, robotics is becoming one of the hottest Bionics, exoskeletons and the next generation
Verb Surgical
new markets in tech.isAccording
working with Johnson
to IDC, & Johnson’s Ethicon and Alphabet Inc’s Verily to develop the generation of
the overall wearable robot are also becoming a reality and could
surgical
market robots,
has been incorporating
growing advanced
at a compound ratevisualisation,
of machine learning, data analytics and connectivity. revolutionise how we treat and care for those with
17% a year and will be worth US$135bn by 2019, diminished or lost functions due to ageing or physical
with Mazor
a boomRobotics
taking place Renaissance
in Asia, Japansurgical guidance system transforms spine surgery from freehand procedures to
and China. challenges and injuries. The rehabilitation robot market
guided procedures. Mazor’s ADSs trade on the NASDAQ under the symbol MZOR. The company reported a 54% was estimated at US$203m in 2014 and is expected
year-over-year
Markets Q4 2015 that
and Markets estimates revenue increase
the market for to US$8.8m. grow to US$1.1bn by 202116.
healthcare robotics will grow to US$11.4bn by 202014.
TransEnterix
Surgical is a medical
robots comprise device
the largest company
component that is pioneering the use of robotics to improve minimally invasive
of the
surgery.
medical They
robotics are developing
market, according toand commercialising its ALF-X System, a multi-port robotic surgery system that enables
IndustryArc,
New entrants, minimally invasive
up to four arms to control robotic instruments and a camera, and its SurgiBot System, a single-incision, patient-side surgical robots17
17
specifically the use of robots to facilitate minimally
robotic-assisted
invasive surgery system.
surgery (see box-out).
The sheer scope of opportunity raises many questions
Titan
Changes Medical
soon is a development
could cause something of astage company
shift in power that is developing its SPORT (Single Port Orifice Robotic Technology) for investors. There are risks – competitive, regulatory
aroundSurgical Systemtable.
the operating composed
Surgicalofrobots
a surgeon-controlled
may cease robotic platform with 3D vision and interactive instrument control and market risk, among others. But with healthcare
for performing minimally invasive
to be dumb, programmable machines and transform surgery. The company believes SPORT will enable surgeons to perform procedures undergoing such massive change, and the rapid
withinassistants.
into smart small- to medium-size surgical spaces for general abdominal, gynecologic, and urologic indications. The progress of AI and robotics, how safe are current,
company is pre-revenue. The company recently raised CAD$15.1m through a public offering. traditional healthcare investment strategies? We
Yet there is also growing opportunity in the home believe that healthcare is fundamentally about the
healthHansen
and endMedical
of life caredevelops,
space formanufactures,
robots. The global and sells medical robotics designed for the positioning, manipulation, and most effective application of knowledge in order
personal robot market, including ‘care-bots’, could reachRobotic System controls the proprietary Magellan Robotic Catheter, a
control of catheters. The company’s Magellan to keep people healthy. As knowledge progresses,
telescoping
US$17.4bn by 2020,and robotically
according steerable
to Frost catheter. In 2016 the FDA approved Hansen’s Magellan Robotic Catheter eKit
& Sullivan, it is the investor who has the power to bring that
drivenand a few days
by rapidly ageing later, the company
populations, announced its first clinical procedure with the Magellan in the US.
a looming knowledge to life.
shortfall of care workers, and the need to enhance
Stereotaxis designs, manufactures, and markets robotic systems and instruments for the treatment of abnormal heart
performance and assist rehabilitation of the elderly and Markets and Markets (Feb 2017). http://www.marketsandmarkets.com/
14

rhythms. Its products include the Niobe ES robotic system and Vdrive system. Stereotaxis has strategic alliances PressReleases/medical-robotic-systems.asp
physically handicapped.
with Siemens and Philips Medical Systems. The company recently reported its first quarter of positive free cash flow 15
Bank of America (2016). http://about.bankofamerica.com/assets/
davos-2016/PDFs/robotic-revolution.pdf
Japan–isofleading
US$1.6m – which
the way with management
one-third of theindicated helped drive a 71% reduction in 2015 annual cash burn, For FY 2015, 16
Bank of America (2016). http://about.bankofamerica.com/assets/
Stereotaxis
government budgetregistered
on robotstotal revenue
devoted to theof US$37.7m, which represented an 8% year-over-year improvement.
elderly. davos-2016/PDFs/robotic-revolution.pdf

The Japanese ‘care-bot’ market alone is estimated

Introduction Transforming Investment Findings Conclusion References About Contacts

The public is ready Will AI replace the consultation? Service preferences Will robots replace surgeons? The new imperatives for healthcare

The public is ready

In November 2016, we asked YouGov Research But behind that message is a lot of important information that • Emerging economies are significantly more
to conduct a survey of the general public across has implications for how these new technologies will shape New willing to engage with the new technologies.
Europe, the Middle East and Africa (EMEA) to Health. The findings of the survey suggest three key themes These countries have mixed degrees of healthcare
understand 3 things: that are impacting how consumers are willing to engage with AI coverage (Turkey enacted universal healthcare in
and robotics: 2003, for example) but lower per capita health
• if there was the appetite to engage with AI and
spend compared to developed economies. Some
robots for healthcare; • People are increasingly willing to engage with AI and robots if
still have access constraints and quality disparities
it means better access to healthcare;
• the circumstances under which there would be between public and private care.
greater or lesser willingness to do so; and, • Speed and accuracy of diagnosis and treatment is a critical
• Countries in the Middle East sit in the middle
factor for this willingness; and
• the perceived advantages and disadvantages of of our survey results. These countries have a
using AI and robots in healthcare. • Trust in the technology is vital for wider use and adoption; longer history with universal coverage and spend
the ‘human touch’ remains a key component of the two to three times more per capita on healthcare
We surveyed over 11,000 people across 12 countries healthcare experience. than other emerging markets, but are affected by
and the evidence strongly indicates that there is a workforce issues and capacity constraints18.
growing enthusiasm among consumers to engage in Trends did emerge across regions – people in those countries with
new ways with new technology for their health and well-established, and therefore more rigid, healthcare systems However, there is generally a surprisingly high
wellness needs. were willing to engage with a non-human healthcare provider, willingness among all respondents to engage with
but less so than those in countries where healthcare still has the AI and robots, regardless of country, gender or age.
The message is clear; the public is ready and willing ability to shape and form. From fitness advice, monitoring and counsel on
to substitute AI and robotics for humans. diabetes and heart conditions, to both minor and
In fact, for all questions throughout the survey a pattern can be major surgery, we found that consumers across
seen between developed and emerging economies: demographics are willing to consider non-traditional
options for managing and treating their health.
• Developed economies with entrenched healthcare systems
– characterised by a high per capita health spend and a long
Total health expenditure (THE) in the developed economies in our survey
18
legacy of universal healthcare coverage delivering good
(e.g. UK, Northern and Central Europe) ranges between $3,377 and $6,347 overall value – occupy the bottom half of the scale where
per capita. Middle East countries range between $2,400-3,000 per capita.
South Africa and Turkey’s THE per capita is around $1,000, while Nigeria respondents were less willing to rely on AI.
has the lowest in the sample at $217 per capita. All amounts are Int$ (PPP)
for 2014. Source: WHO Global Health Expenditure Database

Continued
What doctor?
Why AI and robotics will define New Health

Introduction Transforming Investment Findings Conclusion References About Contacts

The public is ready Will AI replace the consultation? Service preferences Will robots replace surgeons? The new imperatives for healthcare

Will AI replace the consultation?

The human ‘face-to-face’ element of healthcare While there was generally high willingness to engage
is traditionally cited as vital to healthcare. And Figure 2: Percentage of respondents willing/unwilling to engage
with AI and robots across all countries, a clear
yet most doctors probably spend more time with AI and robotics for their healthcare needs (total sample) pattern emerged:
going over medical records and interpreting data • Nigeria, Turkey and South Africa are
from tests and other medical interventions than significantly the most willing (94%, 85% and
actually spending time with their patients.
55% 38% 7% 82% respectively).
As we’ve noted, there is already existing technology • Two-thirds of the Middle East are willing,
that can perform these functions. This may well with percentages statistically the same across
Willing Unwilling Neither willing
evolve into a human-like interface for patients and nor unwilling the region.
consumers of healthcare services – either remotely or Source: PwC survey

in a clinical environment – where the experience will • The Netherlands (55%), Belgium (51%), Norway
feel like an interaction with a ‘real’ doctor. (50%) and Sweden (48%) are less willing yet still
Yet when we looked at the individual country data, there were represent a significant percentage of the sample.
How willing are patients to interact interesting findings. From almost four out of ten respondents
with such technology? in the UK (39%) to more than nine out of ten in Nigeria (95%), • Germany and the UK are the only countries
We asked our survey participants to consider advanced willingness to talk to and interact with a device, platform or robot where unwillingness (51% and 50% respectively)
computer technology or robots with AI that had the with artificial intelligence varied widely. is greater than willingness (41% and
ability to answer health questions, perform tests, make 39% respectively).
a diagnosis based on those test and symptoms, and
But the variation across countries should not be taken
recommend and administer treatment. We wanted to
Figure 3: Percentage of respondents willing/unwilling to engage with
AI and robotics for their healthcare needs (by country)

to mean there are not opportunities in every country

understand how willing they would be to engage with Nigeria
6%
94%

85% for AI and robotics to be adopted. In every country,

this technology if it was more accessible and could
Turkey
11%
82%
South Africa
16%
a highly significant proportion of the population
process health information faster and more efficiently Saudi Arabia
24%
66%

65% is willing to engage with AI and robotics for

than their doctor or other health professional. Qatar
24%
UAE
26%
55%
62%
healthcare services. Yet the findings clearly suggest
Netherlands

that implementation is key – the introduction of AI

39%
As a whole, across EMEA there is more willingness than Belgium 43%
51%

unwillingness to engage with AI and robots, with more Norway 39%

50%

48%
and robotics for these services will need a different
approach in the different countries.
Sweden 44%
than half willing (55%), one-third unwilling (38%) and Germany
41%
51%
39%
7% neither willing nor unwilling. UK 50%

Continued
0 10 Willing
Net: 20 30 40Net:50 60 70
Unwilling 80 90 100

Source: PwC survey

What doctor?
Why AI and robotics will define New Health

Introduction Transforming Investment Findings Conclusion References About Contacts

The public is ready Will AI replace the consultation? Service preferences Will robots replace surgeons? The new imperatives for healthcare

Will AI replace the consultation?

The human ‘face-to-face’ element of healthcare While there was generally high willingness to engage
is traditionally cited as vital to healthcare. And Figure 2: Percentage of respondents willing/unwilling to engage
with AI and robots across all countries, a clear
yet most doctors probably spend more time with AI and robotics for their healthcare needs (total sample) pattern emerged:
Figure 2: Percentage of respondents willing/unwilling to engage
going over medical records and interpreting data • Nigeria, Turkey and South Africa are
with AI and robotics for their healthcare needs (total sample)
from tests and other medical interventions than significantly the most willing (94%, 85% and
actually spending time with their patients.
55% 38% 7% 82% respectively).
As we’ve noted, there is already existing technology
that can perform these functions. This may well
evolve into a human-like interface for patients and
55% Willing 38%
Unwilling
7%
Neither willing
nor unwilling
• Two-thirds of the Middle East are willing,
with percentages statistically the same across
the region.
consumers of healthcare services – either remotely or Source: PwC survey

in a clinical environment – where the experience will • The Netherlands (55%), Belgium (51%), Norway
Willing Unwilling Neither willing
feel like an interaction with a ‘real’ doctor. nor unwilling (50%) and Sweden (48%) are less willing yet still
Yet when we looked at the individual country data, there were
Source: PwC survey
represent a significant percentage of the sample.
How willing are patients to interact interesting findings. From almost four out of ten respondents
with such technology? in the UK (39%) to more than nine out of ten in Nigeria (95%), • Germany and the UK are the only countries
We asked our survey participants to consider advanced willingness to talk to and interact with a device, platform or robot where unwillingness (51% and 50% respectively)
computer technology or robots with AI that had the with artificial intelligence varied widely. is greater than willingness (41% and
ability to answer health questions, perform tests, make 39% respectively).
a diagnosis based on those test and symptoms, and
But the variation across countries should not be taken
recommend and administer treatment. We wanted to
Figure 3: Percentage of respondents willing/unwilling to engage with
AI and robotics for their healthcare needs (by country)

to mean there are not opportunities in every country

understand how willing they would be to engage with Nigeria
6%
94%

85% for AI and robotics to be adopted. In every country,

65% is willing to engage with AI and robotics for

than their doctor or other health professional. Qatar
24%
UAE
26%
55%
62%
healthcare services. Yet the findings clearly suggest
Netherlands

that implementation is key – the introduction of AI

39%
As a whole, across EMEA there is more willingness than Belgium 43%
51%

unwillingness to engage with AI and robots, with more Norway 39%

50%

Continued
0 10 Willing
Net: 20 30 40Net:50 60 70
Unwilling 80 90 100

Source: PwC survey

What doctor?
Why AI and robotics will define New Health

Introduction Transforming Investment Findings Conclusion References About Contacts

The public is ready Will AI replace the consultation? Service preferences Will robots replace surgeons? The new imperatives for healthcare

Will AI replace the consultation?

The human ‘face-to-face’ element of healthcare While there was generally high willingness to engage
is traditionally cited as vital to healthcare. And Figure 2: Percentage of respondents willing/unwilling to engage
with AI and robots across all countries, a clear
yet most doctors probably spend more time with AI and robotics
Figure 3: Percentage for their healthcare
of respondents needs (total sample)
willing/unwilling to engage with pattern emerged:
going over medical records and interpreting data AI and robotics for their healthcare needs (by country)
• Nigeria, Turkey and South Africa are
from tests and other medical interventions than significantly the most willing (94%, 85% and
actually spending time with their patients.
Nigeria
6% 55% 38% 7%94% 82% respectively).
As we’ve noted, there is already existing technology 85% • Two-thirds of the Middle East are willing,
Turkey
that can perform these functions. This may well 11%
Willing Unwilling Neither willing with percentages statistically the same across
evolve into a human-like interface for patients and South Africa
82unwilling
nor %
16% the region.
consumers of healthcare services – either remotely or Source: PwC survey

in a clinical environment – where the experience will Saudi Arabia

66%
24% • The Netherlands (55%), Belgium (51%), Norway
feel like an interaction with a ‘real’ doctor. (50%) and Sweden (48%) are less willing yet still
Qatar 65%
Yet when we looked at 24 the%individual country data, there were represent a significant percentage of the sample.
How willing are patients to interact interesting 62%
UAE findings. From almost four out of ten respondents
with such technology? 26 %
in the UK (39%) to more than nine out of ten in Nigeria (95%), • Germany and the UK are the only countries
willingness to talk to and interact 55% where unwillingness (51% and 50% respectively)
We asked our survey participants to consider advanced Netherlands 39%with a device, platform or robot
computer technology or robots with AI that had the with artificial intelligence varied widely. is greater than willingness (41% and
51%
ability to answer health questions, perform tests, make Belgium 43% 39% respectively).
a diagnosis based on those test and symptoms, and 50%
Norway 39% But the variation across countries should not be taken
recommend and administer treatment. We wanted to
Figure 3: Percentage of respondents willing/unwilling to engage with
AI and robotics for their healthcare needs (by country)

48% to mean there are not opportunities in every country

understand how willing they would be to engage with Sweden Nigeria
94 %

44
6
for AI and robotics to be adopted. In every country,
%

% 85
this technology if it was more accessible and could
%
Turkey
11 %

16 41%
82
a highly significant proportion of the population
%
South Africa

Germany
%

process health information faster and more efficiently Saudi Arabia

24 51% 66 %

is willing to engage with AI and robotics for

65
than their doctor or other health professional.
%

39
Qatar
24 %
%
UK 26
62
5055%
UAE
%
%
%
healthcare services. Yet the findings clearly suggest
Netherlands

that implementation is key – the introduction of AI

39 %

As a whole, across EMEA there is more willingness than Belgium 43%

51%

unwillingness to engage with AI and robots, with more 0 10 Willing

20 Norway
30 40Net:50 50
and robotics for these services will need a different
48 60
%

Net: Unwilling
39
70%
%
80 90 100
approach in the different countries.
Sweden 44%
than half willing (55%), one-third unwilling (38%) and Germany
41%
51%
Source: PwC survey 39%
7% neither willing nor unwilling. UK 50%

Continued
0 10 Willing
Net: 20 30 40Net:50 60 70
Unwilling 80 90 100

Source: PwC survey

What doctor?
Why AI and robotics will define New Health

Introduction Transforming Investment Findings Conclusion References About Contacts

The public is ready Will AI replace the consultation? Service preferences Will robots replace surgeons? The new imperatives for healthcare

Will AI replace the consultation?

There were some distinctions with regards to gender We then wanted to understand how people felt about receiving When the situation involved a loved one, the respondents
– men were generally more willing than women (61% health advice and information remotely, from an ‘intelligent were less willing, though not substantially so. Specifically,
versus 55%), yet women were significantly more healthcare assistant’, via a smartphone, tablet or personal we asked them to imagine that a loved one was feeling
willing than men in Turkey (91% versus 80%), Norway computer – in a situation that involved their own health and unwell and they needed advice about treatment.
(57% versus 42%) and Sweden (54% versus 41%). also for a loved one (such as parent, spouse or child). We asked This would involve making a diagnosis based on their
them to imagine a specific health situation in each case. For their symptoms, medical history and vital signs (pulse, blood
There were surprisingly little differences between own situation, we asked them about remote diabetes monitoring pressure and temperature).
age groups, with even those over the age of 55 almost and recommendations for any treatment or lifestyle changes
evenly split between willingness and unwillingness. that were necessary – this would involve taking pulse and blood While the patterns from country-to-country remained
pressure, testing blood sugar levels, checking kidney function, and consistent, with significantly higher willingness for
Figure 4: Percentage of respondents willing/unwilling to engage monitoring weight and level of exercise. Nigeria, Turkey and South Africa, and high willingness
with AI and robotics for their healthcare needs (by age) across the Middle East, respondents across Northern and
56%
Western Europe expressed significantly less willingness.
Figure 5: Percentage of respondents willing/unwilling to
18 – 24
26% use an 'intelligent healthcare assistant' via a smartphone,
tablet or personal computer In Sweden, Germany and the UK those who were
57%
25 – 34
28% Nigeria 5%
95% reluctant to use this technology for their loved ones
35 – 44
54% Turkey 9%
89%
outnumbered those who would be willing.
32% South Africa 15%
84%

45% 74%
Again, percentages of willingness remained
Saudi Arabia 16%
45 – 54
37% Qatar 24%
72%

55+
44% UAE 23%
67%
high, reinforcing the indication for different
47% 60%
Netherlands

Norway
34%
59% implementation strategies.
28%
0 20
10 Willing
Net: 30 40 Unwilling
Net: 50 60 70 80 90 100
58%
Belgium 36%
Source: PwC survey Sweden
53%
38%
Germany
51%
41% Figure 6: Percentage of respondents willing/unwilling to use
47% an 'intelligent healthcare assistant' via a smartphone, tablet or
UK 40% personal computer for a loved one (e.g. child, parent).

This was the pattern across all countries with the Source: PwC survey
0 10 Willing
Net: 20 30 40Net:50Unwilling
60 70 80 90 100
Nigeria 9%
91%

exceptions of Nigeria, where the most willing were Turkey 12%

79%
85%

South Africa

aged 18-24 (95%) and over the age of 45 (100%), and

20%

The patterns remained consistent with the willingness to engage Saudi Arabia 21%
70%

Turkey, where willingness increased with age (from face-to-face, with the exception of Germany and the UK, where
Qatar 32%
56%
64%

UAE
82% to 89%). respondents were more willing than unwilling in this specific Norway
33%

37%
53%

48%
situation, even though they remained the least willing and most
Netherlands 46%
48%
Belgium 46%
unwilling of all the countries. Sweden
45%
46%
42%
Germany 49%
34%
UK 54%

0 Net:
10 Willing
20 30 Net: 50
40 Unwilling
60 70 80 90 100
Source: PwC survey
What doctor?
Why AI and robotics will define New Health

Introduction Transforming Investment Findings Conclusion References About Contacts

The public is ready Will AI replace the consultation? Service preferences Will robots replace surgeons? The new imperatives for healthcare

Will AI replace the consultation?

There were some distinctions with regards to gender We then wanted to understand how people felt about receiving When the situation involved a loved one, the respondents
– men were generally more willing than women (61% health advice
Figure and information
4: Percentage remotely,
of respondents from an ‘intelligent
willing/unwilling to engage were less willing, though not substantially so. Specifically,
versus 55%), yet women were significantly more with AI and robotics for their healthcare needs (by
healthcare assistant’, via a smartphone, tablet or personal age) we asked them to imagine that a loved one was feeling
willing than men in Turkey (91% versus 80%), Norway computer – in a situation that involved their own health and unwell and they needed advice about treatment.
(57% versus 42%) and Sweden (54% versus 41%). also for a loved one (such as parent, spouse 56% or child). We asked This would involve making a diagnosis based on their
18 – 24
them to imagine a specific 26health
% situation in each case. For their symptoms, medical history and vital signs (pulse, blood
There were surprisingly little differences between own situation, we asked them about remote 57% diabetes monitoring pressure and temperature).
age groups, with even those over the age of 55 almost and 25 – 34
recommendations for any
28% treatment or lifestyle changes
evenly split between willingness and unwillingness. that were necessary – this would involve taking pulse and blood While the patterns from country-to-country remained
54%
35 – 44
pressure, testing blood sugar levels, checking kidney function, and consistent, with significantly higher willingness for
32%
monitoring weight and level of exercise. Nigeria, Turkey and South Africa, and high willingness
Figure 4: Percentage of respondents willing/unwilling to engage
with AI and robotics for their healthcare needs (by age)
45% across the Middle East, respondents across Northern and
45 – 54
37%
56%
Western Europe expressed significantly less willingness.
18 – 24
26% 44%
Figure 5: Percentage of respondents willing/unwilling to
use an 'intelligent healthcare assistant' via a smartphone,
In Sweden, Germany and the UK those who were
55+
47%
tablet or personal computer

57%
25 – 34
28% Nigeria 5%
95% reluctant to use this technology for their loved ones
54%
0 20
Turkey
30
9%
40 Unwilling
50 60
89%
70 80 90 100
outnumbered those who would be willing.
35 – 44
32% 10 Willing
Net: South Africa Net: 84%
15%

45% 74%
Again, percentages of willingness remained
Saudi Arabia 16%
45 – 54
37% Source: PwC survey Qatar
72%
24%

55+
44% UAE 23%
67%
high, reinforcing the indication for different
47% 60%
Netherlands

This was the pattern across all countries with the Source: PwC survey
0 10 Willing
Net: 20 30 40Net:50Unwilling
60 70 80 90 100
Nigeria 9%
91%

exceptions of Nigeria, where the most willing were Turkey 12%

79%
85%

South Africa

aged 18-24 (95%) and over the age of 45 (100%), and

20%

The patterns remained consistent with the willingness to engage Saudi Arabia 21%
70%

Turkey, where willingness increased with age (from face-to-face, with the exception of Germany and the UK, where
Qatar 32%
56%
64%

UAE
82% to 89%). respondents were more willing than unwilling in this specific Norway
33%

37%
53%

48%
situation, even though they remained the least willing and most
Netherlands 46%
48%
Belgium 46%
unwilling of all the countries. Sweden
45%
46%
42%
Germany 49%
34%
UK 54%

0 Net:
10 Willing
20 30 Net: 50
40 Unwilling
60 70 80 90 100
Source: PwC survey
What doctor?
Why AI and robotics will define New Health

Introduction Transforming Investment Findings Conclusion References About Contacts

The public is ready Will AI replace the consultation? Service preferences Will robots replace surgeons? The new imperatives for healthcare

Will AI replace the consultation? Figure 5: Percentage of respondents willing/unwilling to

use an 'intelligent healthcare assistant' via a smartphone,
tablet or personal computer

There were some distinctions with regards to gender We then wanted to understand how people felt about receiving 95% When the situation involved a loved one, the respondents
– men were generally more willing than women (61% Nigeria and information
health advice 5% remotely, from an ‘intelligent were less willing, though not substantially so. Specifically,
versus 55%), yet women were significantly more healthcare assistant’, via a smartphone, tablet or personal 89% we asked them to imagine that a loved one was feeling
Turkey 9% that involved their own health and
willing than men in Turkey (91% versus 80%), Norway computer – in a situation unwell and they needed advice about treatment.
(57% versus 42%) and Sweden (54% versus 41%). also
South loved one (such as parent, spouse or child). We84
for aAfrica asked
% This would involve making a diagnosis based on their
15%
them to imagine a specific health situation in each case. For their symptoms, medical history and vital signs (pulse, blood
There were surprisingly little differences between own situation,
74%
Saudi Arabia we asked16them
%
about remote diabetes monitoring pressure and temperature).
age groups, with even those over the age of 55 almost and recommendations for any treatment or lifestyle 72changes
%
evenly split between willingness and unwillingness. Qatar
that were necessary – this would
24% involve taking pulse and blood While the patterns from country-to-country remained
pressure, testing blood sugar levels, checking kidney
67% function, and consistent, with significantly higher willingness for
UAE 23 Nigeria, Turkey and South Africa, and high willingness
Figure 4: Percentage of respondents willing/unwilling to engage monitoring weight and level of exercise.
%
with AI and robotics for their healthcare needs (by age)
60% across the Middle East, respondents across Northern and
Netherlands 34%
56%
Western Europe expressed significantly less willingness.
18 – 24
26%
Figure 5: Percentage of respondents willing/unwilling to
use an 'intelligent healthcare assistant' via a smartphone, 59% In Sweden, Germany and the UK those who were
Norway tablet or personal computer

25 – 34
57% 28% reluctant to use this technology for their loved ones
28% 95%
Nigeria 5%
58% outnumbered those who would be willing.
35 – 44
54% Belgium Turkey 9%
36%
89%

32% South Africa 15%

84%

45 – 54
45%
Sweden
Saudi Arabia 16% 53%
74%
Again, percentages of willingness remained
37% Qatar 24% 38% 72%

44% UAE
67%
high, reinforcing the indication for different
51%
55+ 23%
47%
Germany
60%
Netherlands

Norway
34%
41% 59% implementation strategies.
28%
0 20
10 Willing
Net: 30 40 Unwilling
Net: 50 60 70 80 90 100
Belgium 36% 47%58%

Source: PwC survey UK Sweden 38% 40%53%

Germany
51%
41% Figure 6: Percentage of respondents willing/unwilling to use
47% an 'intelligent healthcare assistant' via a smartphone, tablet or
UK 40% personal computer for a loved one (e.g. child, parent).

This was the pattern across all countries with the 0 10 Willing
Net: 20 30 0 10 Willing
Net: 20 30 40Net:50Unwilling
60 70
40Net:50Unwilling
60 70 80 90 100 80 90 100 91%
Nigeria 9%
Source: PwC survey

exceptions of Nigeria, where the most willing were Source: PwC survey
Turkey 12%
79%
85%

South Africa

aged 18-24 (95%) and over the age of 45 (100%), and

20%

The patterns remained consistent with the willingness to engage Saudi Arabia 21%
70%

Turkey, where willingness increased with age (from face-to-face, with the exception of Germany and the UK, where
Qatar 32%
56%
64%

UAE
82% to 89%). respondents were more willing than unwilling in this specific Norway
33%

37%
53%

48%
situation, even though they remained the least willing and most
Netherlands 46%
48%
Belgium 46%
unwilling of all the countries. Sweden
45%
46%
42%
Germany 49%
34%
UK 54%

0 Net:
10 Willing
20 30 Net: 50
40 Unwilling
60 70 80 90 100
Source: PwC survey
What doctor?
Why AI and robotics will define New Health

Introduction Transforming Investment Findings Conclusion References About Contacts

The public is ready Will AI replace the consultation? Service preferences Will robots replace surgeons? The new imperatives for healthcare

Will AI replace the consultation? Figure 6: Percentage of respondents willing/unwilling to use

an 'intelligent healthcare assistant' via a smartphone, tablet or
personal computer for a loved one (e.g. child, parent).

There were some distinctions with regards to gender We then Nigeria

wanted to understand how people felt about receiving 91% When the situation involved a loved one, the respondents
9%
– men were generally more willing than women (61% health advice and information remotely, from an ‘intelligent were less willing, though not substantially so. Specifically,
versus 55%), yet women were significantly more healthcare assistant’, via
85%
Turkey 12a%smartphone, tablet or personal we asked them to imagine that a loved one was feeling
willing than men in Turkey (91% versus 80%), Norway computer – in a situation that involved their own health 79and
%
unwell and they needed advice about treatment.
(57% versus 42%) and Sweden (54% versus 41%). South Africa
also for a loved one (such as 20parent,
% spouse or child). We asked This would involve making a diagnosis based on their
them to imagine a specific health situation in each70 case.
% For their symptoms, medical history and vital signs (pulse, blood
There were surprisingly little differences between Saudi Arabia 21
own situation, we asked them about remote diabetes monitoring
% pressure and temperature).
age groups, with even those over the age of 55 almost and recommendations 64% changes
for any treatment or lifestyle
Qatar 32%
evenly split between willingness and unwillingness. that were necessary – this would involve taking pulse and blood While the patterns from country-to-country remained
56% consistent, with significantly higher willingness for
pressure, testing
UAE blood sugar levels, 33%checking kidney function, and
Figure 4: Percentage of respondents willing/unwilling to engage monitoring weight and level of exercise. 53% Nigeria, Turkey and South Africa, and high willingness
with AI and robotics for their healthcare needs (by age) Norway 37% across the Middle East, respondents across Northern and
56% 48% Western Europe expressed significantly less willingness.
18 – 24
26% Netherlands Figure 5: Percentage of respondents willing/unwilling to
46%
use an 'intelligent healthcare assistant' via a smartphone,
In Sweden, Germany and the UK those who were
tablet or personal computer

57%
25 – 34 48% reluctant to use this technology for their loved ones
28% Belgium
95%
46%
Nigeria 5%

35 – 44
54% Turkey 9%
89%
outnumbered those who would be willing.
32%
Sweden
South Africa 15% 45% 84%

45 – 54
37%
45% Saudi Arabia 16% 46% 74%

72% Again, percentages of willingness remained

42%
Qatar 24%
44% Germany
67%
high, reinforcing the indication for different
49%
UAE 23%
55+
47% 60%
Netherlands 34%
implementation strategies.
Norway 34%
28%
59%
0 20
10 Willing
Net: 30 40 Unwilling
Net: 50 60 70 80 90 100
UK Belgium 36%
58%
54%
Source: PwC survey Sweden
53%
38%
Germany
51%

0 Net:
10 Willing Net: 50
Unwilling
41% Figure 6: Percentage of respondents willing/unwilling to use
20 30 UK 4047%
40% 60 70 80 90 100 an 'intelligent healthcare assistant' via a smartphone, tablet or
personal computer for a loved one (e.g. child, parent).

This was the pattern across all countries with the Source: PwC survey
Source: PwC survey
0 10 Willing
Net: 20 30 40Net:50Unwilling
60 70 80 90 100
Nigeria 9%
91%

exceptions of Nigeria, where the most willing were Turkey 12%

79%
85%

South Africa

aged 18-24 (95%) and over the age of 45 (100%), and

20%

The patterns remained consistent with the willingness to engage Saudi Arabia 21%
70%

Turkey, where willingness increased with age (from face-to-face, with the exception of Germany and the UK, where
Qatar 32%
56%
64%

UAE
82% to 89%). respondents were more willing than unwilling in this specific Norway
33%

37%
53%

48%
situation, even though they remained the least willing and most
Netherlands 46%
48%
Belgium 46%
unwilling of all the countries. Sweden
45%
46%
42%
Germany 49%
34%
UK 54%

0 Net:
10 Willing
20 30 Net: 50
40 Unwilling
60 70 80 90 100
Source: PwC survey
What doctor?
Why AI and robotics will define New Health

Introduction Transforming Investment Findings Conclusion References About Contacts

The public is ready Will AI replace the consultation? Service preferences Will robots replace surgeons? The new imperatives for healthcare

Service preferences
A significant percentage of respondents were
highly willing to choose certain treatments, tests
or services administered by an AI or robot and
there was widespread agreement about these Figure 7: Procedures respondents were most willing to receive from an AI/robot, when asked to rank three
Figure 8: Healthcare service priorities, by country

services across the countries surveyed. ?

? X
X Monitor my
heart condition Based on test
Not applicable
– I would not
be willing to
(e.g. pulse, results, my use an
blood Administer a Provide preferences advanced

Specifically, consumers across the region were most

Not applicable pressure, ECG test that checks customised and drawing computer/
Monitor my – I would not etc.), take my heartbeat’s advice for on medical robot with
heart condition Based on test be willing to note of my rhythm and ﬁtness and Take and research, Monitor me and artiﬁcial
symptoms, make health based on test a blood advise me on Prepare and Stitch and provide general intelligence for
(e.g. pulse, results, my use an and advise on recommenda my personal sample and the best give an injection bandage a Set a broken care/offer any type of

willing – by a significant margin – to receive four

blood Administer a Provide preferences advanced heart condition tions based on preferences and provide me treatments for of medicine/an minor cut or bone and put it advice during Deliver my procedure/
pressure, ECG test that checks customised and drawing computer/ treatment the results health records with results cancer immunisation wound into a cast pregnancy baby Other Don’t know service
etc.), take my heartbeat’s advice for on medical robot with
note of my rhythm and ﬁtness and Take and research, Monitor me and artiﬁcial
34% 42% 34% 29% 13% 10% 9% 5% 8% 2% 1% 10% 19%

types of services:
Belgium
symptoms, make health based on test a blood advise me on Prepare and Stitch and provide general intelligence for
and advise on recommenda my personal sample and the best give an injection bandage a Set a broken care/offer any type of
Germany 35% 29% 33% 16% 12% 10% 8% 6% 3% 0% 0% 11% 25%
heart condition tions based on preferences and provide me treatments for of medicine/an minor cut or bone and put it advice during Deliver my procedure/
treatment the results health records with results cancer immunisation wound into a cast pregnancy baby Other Don’t know service Saudi Arabia 41% 32% 36% 31% 22% 12% 11% 10% 0% 0% 1% 14% 6%

• Monitor my heart condition (e.g. pulse, blood

Netherlands 33% 38% 30% 27% 15% 10% 9% 4% 4% 1% 1% 12% 20%

62% 46% 53% 42% 28% 8% 17% 12% 9% 3% 1% 1% 2%

41% 37% 37% 32% 17% 11% 10% 7% 5% 1% 1% 10% 20%
Nigeria

Norway 33% 32% 38% 39% 17% 9% 6% 3% 4% 0% 1% 9% 19%

pressure, electrocardiography (ECG), etc.), Qatar

South Africa
44%

53%
40%

47%
46%

46%
42%

43%
19%

21%
9%

11%
9%

11%
7%

9%
1%

11%
1%

2%
0%

2%
7%

2%
12%

take note of my symptoms, and advise on heart

Source: PwC survey

Sweden 37% 32% 31% 33% 9% 5% 8% 4% 1% 1% 1% 10% 22%

Turkey 39% 35% 38% 40% 32% 13% 13% 10% 11% 4% 1% 3% 8%

condition treatment (41%). UAE

UK
38%

34%
31%

33%
33%

29%
30%

28%
19%

9%
11%

9%
15%

8%
11%

4%
5%

3%
2%

1%
0%

0%
11%

9%
8%

31%

All 41% 37% 37% 32% 17% 11% 10% 7% 5% 1% 1% 10% 20%

• Administer a test that checks my heartbeat’s 1st choice 2nd choice 3rd choice

rhythm and make recommendations based on the

Source: PwC commissioned survey (2017)

results (37%).
• Provide customised advice for fitness and health Consistent with our 2016 report Care Anywhere: Moving health Furthermore, it’s worth noting that a remarkably high
based on my personal preferences and health and wellness out of the hospital and into the hands of the percentage of respondents in a majority of countries
records (37%). consumer, these findings suggest that the public is most willing would be willing to receive advice on treating
to use AI and robotics for monitoring and providing advice. But cancer. And even though the UK and Germany had
• Take and test a blood sample and provide me with this survey has also shown they are willing to replace a human a significant number of people unwilling to use
the results (32%). for these same services. In a world increasingly dominated by such technology for any type of health service or
chronic disease this has a major implication for ambulatory or procedure compared to other countries, there is
clinic-based care. still greater willingness than unwillingness; again,
important to note when it comes to implementation.
However, while every country surveyed agreed that these four
services were the ones they would be most willing to receive, the
priorities were slightly different from country to country.
What doctor?
Why AI and robotics will define New Health

Introduction Transforming Investment Findings Conclusion References About Contacts

The public is ready Will AI replace the consultation? Service preferences Will robots replace surgeons? The new imperatives for healthcare
Figure 7: Procedures respondents were most willing to receive from an AI/robot, when asked to rank three

Service preferences ? X
Not applicable
Monitor my – I would not
A significant heart
percentage
condition
of respondents were Based on test be willing to
highly willing(e.g.
topulse,
choose certain treatments, tests results, my use an
or services administeredAdminister
blood
by an AI a
orProvide
robot and preferences advanced
pressure, ECG test that checks customised and drawing computer/
there was widespread
etc.), take agreement
my heartbeat’s advicethese
about for on medical
Figure 7: Procedures respondents were most willing to receive from an AI/robot, when asked to rank three
Figure 8: Healthcare service priorities, by country

robot with
services across the countries
note of my surveyed.
rhythm and ﬁtness and Take and research, Monitor me and
?
artiﬁcial ? X
symptoms, make health based on test a blood advise me on Prepare and Stitch and provide X
general Monitor my
heart condition Based on test
intelligence for Not applicable
– I would not
be willing to

and advise on recommenda my personal sample and the best give an injection bandage a Set a broken care/offer any type of
(e.g. pulse, results, my use an
blood Administer a Provide preferences advanced

Specifically, consumers
heart conditionacross the on region were most
Not applicable pressure, ECG test that checks customised and drawing computer/
Monitor my – I would not etc.), take my heartbeat’s advice for on medical robot with

tions based preferences and provide me treatments for

heart condition
(e.g. pulse, of medicine/an Based on test
results, my minor cut or bone and put it advice during Deliver my be willing to
use an
note of my
symptoms,
and advise on
rhythm and
make
recommenda
ﬁtness and
health based on
my personal
Take and
test a blood
sample and
research,
advise me on
the best
Prepare and
give an injection
Stitch and
bandage a
procedure/
Set a broken
Monitor me and
provide general
care/offer
artiﬁcial
intelligence for
any type of

willing – by a significant margin – to receive four

blood Administer a Provide preferences advanced
treatment the results health records with results cancer immunisation wound into a cast pregnancy baby Other Don’t know service
heart condition tions based on preferences and provide me treatments for of medicine/an minor cut or bone and put it advice during Deliver my procedure/
pressure, ECG test that checks customised and drawing computer/ treatment the results health records with results cancer immunisation wound into a cast pregnancy baby Other Don’t know service
etc.), take my heartbeat’s advice for on medical robot with
note of my rhythm and ﬁtness and Take and research, Monitor me and artiﬁcial
34% 42% 34% 29% 13% 10% 9% 5% 8% 2% 1% 10% 19%

• Monitor my heart condition (e.g. pulse, blood

Netherlands 33% 38% 30% 27% 15% 10% 9% 4% 4% 1% 1% 12% 20%

62% 46% 53% 42% 28% 8% 17% 12% 9% 3% 1% 1% 2%

41% 37% 37% 32% 17% 11% 10% 7% 5% 1% 1% 10% 20%
Nigeria

41
% 37
%(ECG), etc.),% 37 32% 17% 11% 10% 7% 5% 1% 1% 10% 20%
Norway 33% 32% 38% 39% 17% 9% 6% 3% 4% 0% 1% 9% 19%

pressure, electrocardiography Qatar

South Africa
44%

53%
40%

47%
46%

46%
42%

43%
19%

21%
9%

11%
9%

11%
7%

9%
1%

11%
1%

2%
0%

2%
7%

2%
12%

take note of my symptoms, and advise on heart

Source: PwC survey

Sweden 37% 32% 31% 33% 9% 5% 8% 4% 1% 1% 1% 10% 22%

Turkey 39% 35% 38% 40% 32% 13% 13% 10% 11% 4% 1% 3% 8%

condition treatment (41%). UAE

UK
38%

34%
31%

33%
33%

29%
30%

28%
19%

9%
11%

9%
15%

8%
11%

4%
5%

3%
2%

1%
0%

0%
11%

9%
8%

31%

All 41% 37% 37% 32% 17% 11% 10% 7% 5% 1% 1% 10% 20%

• Administer a test
Source: that checks my heartbeat’s
PwC survey 1st choice 2nd choice 3rd choice

rhythm and make recommendations based on the

Source: PwC commissioned survey (2017)

The public is ready Will AI replace the consultation? Service preferences Will robots replace surgeons? The new imperatives for healthcare
? X
Not applicable

Service preferences
Monitor my – I would not
heart condition Based on test be willing to
(e.g. pulse, results, my use an
blood Administer a Provide preferences advanced
pressure, ECG test that checks customised and drawing computer/
etc.), take my heartbeat’s advice for on medical robot with
note of my rhythm and ﬁtness and Take and research, Monitor me and artiﬁcial
symptoms, make health based on test a blood advise me on Prepare and Stitch and provide general intelligence for
A significant percentage
and advise on of respondents
recommenda were
my personal sample and the best give an injection bandage a Set a broken care/offer any type of
highly willing to choose certain treatments, testsand
heart condition tions based on preferences provide me treatments for of medicine/an minor cut or bone and put it advice during Deliver my procedure/
treatment the results health records with results cancer immunisation wound into a cast pregnancy baby Other Don’t know service
or services administered by an AI or robot and
there was widespread agreement about these Figure 7: Procedures respondents were most willing to receive from an AI/robot, when asked to rank three
Figure 8: Healthcare service priorities, by country

services across the34

countries surveyed.
42% 34% 29% 13% 10% 9% 5% ? X
Belgium % ? X 8% 2%
Monitor my
heart condition
1%
Based on test
10% 19% Not applicable
– I would not
be willing to
(e.g. pulse, results, my use an
blood Administer a Provide preferences advanced

Specifically,
Germanyconsumers
35% across the29
region were33
most
Not applicable

16% 12% 10% 8% 6% 3% 0% 0% 11% 25%

pressure, ECG test that checks customised and drawing computer/

% %
Monitor my – I would not etc.), take my heartbeat’s advice for on medical robot with
heart condition Based on test be willing to note of my rhythm and ﬁtness and Take and research, Monitor me and artiﬁcial
symptoms, make health based on test a blood advise me on Prepare and Stitch and provide general intelligence for
(e.g. pulse, results, my use an and advise on recommenda my personal sample and the best give an injection bandage a Set a broken care/offer any type of

willing – by a significant margin – to receive four

41% 32% 36% 31% 22% 12% 11% 10% 0% 0% 1% 14% 6%

note of my rhythm and ﬁtness and Take and research, Monitor me and artiﬁcial

types ofSaudi Arabia

34% 42% 34% 29% 13% 10% 9% 5% 8% 2% 1% 10% 19%

services:
Belgium
symptoms, make health based on test a blood advise me on Prepare and Stitch and provide general intelligence for
and advise on recommenda my personal sample and the best give an injection bandage a Set a broken care/offer any type of
Germany 35% 29% 33% 16% 12% 10% 8% 6% 3% 0% 0% 11% 25%
heart condition tions based on preferences and provide me treatments for of medicine/an minor cut or bone and put it advice during Deliver my procedure/
treatment the results health records with results cancer immunisation wound into a cast pregnancy baby Other Don’t know service Saudi Arabia 41% 32% 36% 31% 22% 12% 11% 10% 0% 0% 1% 14% 6%

• Monitor my heart
33condition (e.g.
38%pulse, blood
Netherlands 33% 38% 30% 27% 15% 10% 9% 4% 4% 1% 1% 12% 20%

Netherlands % 30% 27% 41% 37% 15% 10% 9% 5%

37% 32% 17% 11% 10% 7% 1%
4%
1% 10% 20%
4% 1%
Nigeria 62% 46% 53% 1% 42% 28% 8% 12%
17% 12% 9% 3% 20%
1% 1% 2%

Norway 33% 32% 38% 39% 17% 9% 6% 3% 4% 0% 1% 9% 19%

pressure, ECG etc.), take note of my symptoms, Qatar 44% 40% 46% 42% 19% 9% 9% 7% 1% 1% 0% 7% 12%

andNigeria 62% condition46 % 53% 42% 28% 8% 17% 12% 9% 3% 53% 47% 46%
1% 43% 21% 11%
1%
11% 9% 11% 2%
2%
2% 2% 7%
South Africa

advise on heart treatment (41%)

Source: PwC survey

Sweden 37% 32% 31% 33% 9% 5% 8% 4% 1% 1% 1% 10% 22%

Turkey 39% 35% 38% 40% 32% 13% 13% 10% 11% 4% 1% 3% 8%

UAE 38% 31% 33% 30% 19% 11% 15% 11% 5% 2% 0% 11% 8%

• Administer
Norway a test33
that
% checks my
32%heartbeat’s
38% 39% 17% 9% 6% 3% 4% 0%
UK

All
34%

41%
33%

37%
29%

37%
1% 28%

32%
9%

17%
9%

11%
9%
8%

10%
4%

7%
3%

5%
1%

1%
19%
0%

1%
9%

10%
31%

20%

rhythm and make recommendations based on the 1st choice 2nd choice 3rd choice

results (37%) 44% 40% 46% 42% 19% 9% 9% 7% 1% 1% 0% 7% 12%

Qatar Source: PwC commissioned survey (2017)

• Provide customised
South Africa 53% advice for47
fitness
% and health
46% 43% 21% 11% 11% 9% 11% 2% 2% 2% 7%
based on my personal preferences and health Consistent with our Care Anywhere report in 2016, these findings Furthermore, it’s worth noting that a remarkably high
records (37%) 37% 32% 31% 33
suggest that 9the
% public is5most willing8to
% use AI and4%robotics for1% 1%
percentage 1%
of respondents 10a%majority of
in 22countries
Sweden % % %

monitoring and providing advice. But this survey has also shown would be willing to receive advice on treating
• Take and test a blood
Turkey 39% sample and
35% provide me
38%with 40% 32% 13% 13% 10%
they are willing to replace a human for these same services. In a
11% 4% 1% 3% 8%
cancer. And even though the UK and Germany had
the results (32%) world increasingly dominated
UAE 38% 31% 33% 30% 19% 11% by chronic
15% disease this
11% has a major5% a significant
2% number
0% of people11%unwilling to
8%use
implication for ambulatory or clinic based care. such technology for any type of health service or
UK 34% 33% 29% 28% 9% 9% 8% 4% 3% procedure
1% compared
0% to other9% countries, 31
there
% is
However, while every country surveyed agreed that these four still greater willingness than unwillingness; again,
All 41% 37% 37% 32
services
% 17the
were % ones they11%would be10 most
% willing 7to 5%
% receive, the 1% 1% 10% 20%
important to note when it comes to implementation.
priorities were slightly different from country to country.

1st choice 2nd choice 3rd choice

Source: PwC commissioned survey (2017)

What doctor?
Why AI and robotics will define New Health

Introduction Transforming Investment Findings Conclusion References About Contacts

The public is ready Will AI replace the consultation? Service preferences Will robots replace surgeons? The new imperatives for healthcare

Will robots replace surgeons in the operating theatre?

In the three decades since robots first began
Figure 9: Percentage willing/unwilling to have minor surgery
performing surgery, the exponential advances performed by a robot instead of a doctor
Minor, minimally-invasive surgery (e.g. cataract surgery or laser
in robotic technology are enhancing a surgeon’s eye surgery etc.)

ability to see, feel and do. Autonomous surgery Nigeria 25%

73%

performed by robots, replacing the surgeon, Turkey 28%

66%

is likely to further the effectiveness, safety, South Africa 35%

62%

consistency, and accessibility of surgical Qatar 38%

55%

55%
techniques. For example, experimental studies Saudi Arabia 32%
50%
have already shown autonomous robots to UAE 38%
47%
Netherlands
perform higher quality suturing than surgeons. 46%
46%
Norway 42%
43%
Are consumers ready? Germany

Sweden
47%
43%
47%
We asked our survey participants if they would Belgium
39%
53%
36%
be willing for a robot to perform a minor or major UK 49%

surgical procedure instead of a doctor if studies 0

Net: Willing
10 20 30
Net: Unwilling
40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Source: PwC survey

showed that they could do it better than a doctor

(e.g. more quickly, more accurately, with a faster
recovery time). Minor surgery
We defined a minor surgical procedure as a non- Nigeria, Turkey and South Africa were the most willing to
invasive or minimally-invasive surgery, such as undergo minor surgery performed by robots (73%, 66% and 62%
cataract surgery or laser eye surgery, and found that, respectively), with the UK the least willing (36%). In Belgium,
overall, close to half and up to 73% of all respondents the UK, Germany and Sweden the unwilling respondents
would be willing to undergo minor surgery outnumbered the willing, yet those countries still have over
performed by a robot instead of a doctor. one-third of the public still willing to undergo such a procedure.

Perhaps unsurprisingly, the situation changed dramatically when

it came to major surgery. We defined major surgery as invasive
surgery – such as replacement of a knee or hip joint, removal of a
tumour, or heart surgery – and found much higher unwillingness
for a robot to perform a major procedure instead of a doctor. Continued
What doctor?
Why AI and robotics will define New Health

Introduction Transforming Investment Findings Conclusion References About Contacts

The public is ready Will AI replace the consultation? Service preferences Will robots replace surgeons? The new imperatives for healthcare

Will robots replace surgeons in the operating theatre? Figure 9: Percentage willing/unwilling to have minor surgery
performed by a robot instead of a doctor
Minor, minimally-invasive surgery (e.g. cataract surgery or laser
eye surgery etc.)

In the three decades since robots first began

Figure 9: Percentage willing/unwilling to have minor surgery 73%
performing surgery, the exponential advances Nigeria
performed by a robot instead of a doctor
25%
Minor, minimally-invasive surgery (e.g. cataract surgery or laser
in robotic technology are enhancing a surgeon’s eye surgery etc.)

ability to see, feel and do. Autonomous surgery

66%
Turkey 28
73%
Nigeria 25 % %

performed by robots, replacing the surgeon, Turkey 28%

66%
62%
is likely to further the effectiveness, safety, South Africa South Africa 35% 62%
35%
consistency, and accessibility of surgical Qatar 38%
55%
55%
Qatar 38%55
techniques. For example, experimental studies
%
Saudi Arabia 32%
50%
have already shown autonomous robots to UAE 38% 55%
Saudi Arabia Netherlands 32 47%
%46%
perform higher quality suturing than surgeons. 46%
Norway 42% 50%
UAE 3843%
Are consumers ready? Germany 47%
43%
%

Netherlands
Sweden
47% 47%
We asked our survey participants if they would Belgium 46% 39%
53%
36%
be willing for a robot to perform a minor or major UK
46% 49%
Norway 42%
surgical procedure instead of a doctor if studies 0
Net: Willing
10 20 30
Net: Unwilling
40 50 60 70 80 90 100

showed that they could do it better than a doctor 43%

Source: PwC survey

Germany 47%
(e.g. more quickly, more accurately, with a faster
43%
recovery time). Minor surgery
Sweden 47%
We defined a minor surgical procedure as a non- Nigeria, 39%the most willing to
Turkey and South Africa were
Belgium 53%
invasive or minimally-invasive surgery, such as undergo minor surgery performed by robots (73%, 66% and 62%
36%
cataract surgery or laser eye surgery, and found that, UK with the UK the least willing
respectively), 49%(36%). In Belgium,
overall, close to half and up to 73% of all respondents the UK, Germany and Sweden the unwilling respondents
outnumbered the Net: Willing Net: Unwilling
would be willing to undergo minor surgery 0 willing,
10 20yet30 those40countries
50 60 still 70have
80 over
90 100
performed by a robot instead of a doctor. one-third of the
Source: PwC survey
public still willing to undergo such a procedure.

Perhaps unsurprisingly, the situation changed dramatically when

Introduction Transforming Investment Findings Conclusion References About Contacts

The public is ready Will AI replace the consultation? Service preferences Will robots replace surgeons? The new imperatives for healthcare

Will robots replace surgeons in the operating theatre?

Major surgery
Undergoing major surgery performed by a robot
Figure 10: Percentage willing/unwilling to have major surgery
performed by a robot instead of a doctor
Major, invasive surgery (e.g. replace a knee or hip joint, remove
a tumour, heart surgery)

35%
Nigeria
69%
29%
Turkey 34%
60%
Sweden
51% Willing

27%
South Africa 45%
45%
Qatar 45%

UK
44%
Saudi Arabia 41% Willing
44%
UAE 44%

60%
Netherlands
40%
53%

Turkey
35%
Sweden 55%
Norway
35%
51% Willing
32%

45%
Belgium 60%

Qatar
30%
Germany 59%
27%
UK 58% Willing
0 10 Willing
Net: 20 30 40Net:50Unwilling
60 70 80 90 100

69%
Source: PwC survey

Again, it is important not to focus too much on the

Even so, Nigeria, Turkey and South Africa were far more willing lower percentages in countries with the more Willing Nigeria
(69%, 60% and 51% respectively) than unwilling to undergo established health systems. It is still very interesting
major surgery performed by a robot. Again, the UK was the least that fully one-quarter of people in the UK, and almost
willing of all the countries surveyed (27%) and Belgium (60%), one-third in Germany would be willing to have major
Germany (59%), the UK (58%), Sweden (55%), the Netherlands surgery conducted by a robot in place of a human.
(53%) and Norway (51%) were all much more unwilling than That represents millions of operations a year.
willing to undergo major surgery performed by a robot.
These findings are telling and point towards a greater
– and in some countries almost complete – acceptance 51%
of AI and robots for delivering many different types of Willing South Africa
healthcare services, treatments and procedures.
What doctor?
Why AI and robotics will define New Health

Introduction Transforming Investment Findings Conclusion References About Contacts

The public is ready Will AI replace the consultation? Service preferences Will robots replace surgeons? The new imperatives for healthcare

Will robots replace surgeons in the operating theatre? Figure 10: Percentage willing/unwilling to have major surgery
performed by a robot instead of a doctor
Major, invasive surgery (e.g. replace a knee or hip joint, remove
a tumour, heart surgery)

Major surgery
Nigeria Undergoing major surgery performed 69% by a robot
29%
Figure 10: Percentage willing/unwilling to have major surgery 60%
performed by a robot instead of a doctor
Turkey 34%
Major, invasive surgery (e.g. replace a knee or hip joint, remove
a tumour, heart surgery)
51%
South Africa 45%
35
69%

%
Nigeria 29%
60% 45% Sweden
Qatar
Turkey 34%
51% 45% Willing

27
South Africa 45%
Qatar
45%
45% Saudi Arabia
44%
41% %
UK
44%
Saudi Arabia 41% Willing
44% 44%
UAE
UAE 44%
44%
60%
Netherlands
40%
53%
Sweden
35%
55% Netherlands
40% Turkey
Norway
35%
51%
53% Willing
32% 35%
Sweden
45
Belgium 60%
55%
Germany
30%

27%
59%
35%
% Qatar
Norway Willing
UK 58%
51%
0 10 Willing
Net: 20 30 40Net:50Unwilling
60 70 80 90 100
32%
Belgium 60%
69
Source: PwC survey

Again, it is important not to focus too much on the

30% %
Even so, Nigeria, Turkey and South Africa were far more willing Germany lower percentages in countries59 with
% the more Willing Nigeria
(69%, 60% and 51% respectively) than unwilling to undergo established health
27% systems. It is still very interesting
UK 58in
major surgery performed by a robot. Again, the UK was the least that fully one-quarter of people % the UK, and almost

willing of all the countries surveyed (27%) and Belgium (60%), one-third in Germany would be willing to have major
Germany (59%), the UK (58%), Sweden (55%), the Netherlands 0 10 Willing
surgery
Net: 20 30 40
conducted 50Unwilling
byNet:
a robot60 70 of
in place 80a human.
90 100
(53%) and Norway (51%) were all much more unwilling than That represents millions of operations a year.
willing to undergo major surgery performed by a robot. Source: PwC survey
These findings are telling and point towards a greater
– and in some countries almost complete – acceptance 51%
of AI and robots for delivering many different types of Willing South Africa
healthcare services, treatments and procedures.
What doctor?
Why AI and robotics will define New Health

Introduction Transforming Investment Findings Conclusion References About Contacts

The public is ready Will AI replace the consultation? Service preferences Will robots replace surgeons? The new imperatives for healthcare

The new imperatives for health

Why are consumers willing or unwilling to engage with new
technology for their healthcare? We asked our survey respondents The top advantages in order were:
to choose what they felt were the three biggest advantages and
disadvantages of using AI and robots for healthcare.
1 36% 2 33% 3 29% 4 29%
Advantages

Figure 11: Perceived advantages of using advanced computers or robots with AI for healthcare

Healthcare would be easier and quicker for more people to access 36%
Faster and more accurate diagnoses 33%
Will make better treatment recommendations 29%
3 3
Like having your own healthcare specialist, available at any time 29%
Fewer mistakes than doctors or healthcare professionals 21% Healthcare would be Advanced computers/ Advanced computers/ Like having your own
Can perform surgery and diagnostic tests much more accurately than humans 19% easier and quicker for robots with AI can make robots with AI will healthcare specialist,
None of these 5%
more people to access a diagnosis faster and make better treatment available at any time
more accurately recommendations (e.g. via a smartphone,
Don't know 14% tablet, computer etc.)
Not applicable – no advantages 19%
0 10 20 30 40

Source: PwC survey

It’s also of note that many respondents felt that there Though the percentages varied from country to
would be fewer mistakes (21%) and more accuracy country, these advantages in this order were the same
(19%) than with humans, although 19% overall felt across all countries.
that there would be no advantages, with respondents
from the UK far more likely (at 27%) to find none.

Continued
What doctor?
Why AI and robotics will define New Health

Introduction Transforming Investment Findings Conclusion References About Contacts

The public is ready Will AI replace the consultation? Service preferences Will robots replace surgeons? The new imperatives for healthcare

Figure 11: Perceived advantages of using advanced computers or robots with AI for healthcare

The new imperatives for health Healthcare would be easier and quicker for more people to access 36%

Why are consumers willing or unwilling to engage with new

Faster and more accurate diagnoses 33%
technology for their healthcare? We asked our survey respondents The top advantages in order were:
Will make better
to choose what they felt were the three biggest advantages and treatment recommendations 29%
disadvantages of using AI and robots for healthcare.
1
Like having your own healthcare specialist, available at any time 36% 2 33%29% 3 29% 4 29%
Advantages
Fewer mistakes than doctors or healthcare professionals 21%
Can perform surgery and diagnostic tests much more accurately than humans
Figure 11: Perceived advantages of using advanced computers or robots with AI for healthcare
19%
Healthcare would be easier and quicker for more people to access 36% None of these 5%
Faster and more accurate diagnoses 33%
Will make better treatment recommendations 29% Don't know 14% 3 3
Like having your own healthcare specialist, available at any time 29%
Fewer mistakes than doctors or healthcare professionals 21% Not applicable – no advantages
Healthcare would be 19 %
Advanced computers/ Advanced computers/ Like having your own
Can perform surgery and diagnostic tests much more accurately than humans 19% easier and quicker for robots with AI can make robots with AI will healthcare specialist,
more people to0 access 10 20 faster and
a diagnosis 30 40 better treatment
make available at any time
None of these 5%
more accurately recommendations (e.g. via a smartphone,
Source: PwC survey
Don't know 14% tablet, computer etc.)
Not applicable – no advantages 19%
0 10 20 30 40

Source: PwC survey

Continued
What doctor?
Why AI and robotics will define New Health

Introduction Transforming Investment Findings Conclusion References About Contacts

The public is ready Will AI replace the consultation? Service preferences Will robots replace surgeons? The new imperatives for healthcare

The new imperatives for health

Why are consumers willing or unwilling to engage with new
technology for their healthcare? We asked our survey respondents The top disadvantages in order were:
to choose what they felt were the three biggest advantages and
disadvantages of using AI and robots for healthcare. 1 47% 2 41% 3 40% 4 32%
Disadvantages
?
=

Figure 12: Perceived disadvantages of using advanced computers or robots with AI for healthcare

If something unexpected Advanced computers/ Only a doctor or human We don’t understand

People need the "human touch" when it comes to their healthcare 47% is found (e.g. during robots with artificial healthcare professional this kind of technology
If something unexpected is found (during surgery or in a test),
surgery or in a test), I intelligence are can make the right enough to know if it can
41%
I don't trust robots to make decisions on what to do
don’t trust robots with impersonal and people decisions for health benefit or be dangerous
Only a human healthcare professional can make the right decisions
(e.g. look beyond the data, use intuition, etc.) 40% artificial intelligence need the “human touch” treatments/ procedures in healthcare
We don't understand this kind of technology enough to know if it
can benefit or be dangerous in healthcare 32% to make decisions on when it comes to their (e.g. they look beyond the
what to do healthcare data and take into account
It's too complicated for people to access and use this kind of technology 17%
context and underlying,
I don't see how this kind of technology can do a better job than a human 17% complexities, are able to
None of these 3% use intuition, etc.)
Don't know 13%
It’s worth noting that 17% overall chose both ‘I don’t the exception of Saudi Arabia and Qatar, where
Not applicable - no disadvantages 9% see how this kind of technology can do a better respondents felt the lack of ‘human touch’ was the
Source: PwC survey job than a human’ and ‘It’s too complicated for biggest disadvantage.
people to access and use this kind of technology’ as
disadvantages, yet only 9% didn’t feel there would be Thus, for our survey participants, better access to and
any disadvantages. accuracy of healthcare services were the primary
motivators for willingness to use an AI-enabled or
As with the advantages, though the percentages varied robotic service, with lack of trust and the human
from country to country, these disadvantages in this element as the primary reasons for their reluctance.
Market reactions to order were the same across all countries, with
the survey
What doctor?
Why AI and robotics will define New Health

Introduction Transforming Investment Findings Conclusion References About Contacts

The public is ready Will AI replace the consultation? Service preferences Will robots replace surgeons? The new imperatives for healthcare
Figure 12: Perceived disadvantages of using advanced computers or robots with AI for healthcare

The new imperatives for health

People need the "human touch" when it comes to their healthcare 47%
If something unexpected is found (during surgery or in a test),
I don't trust robots to make decisions on what to do 41%
Only a humanwilling
Why are consumers healthcare professionaltocan
or unwilling make the
engage right
with newdecisions
(e.g. look beyond the data, use intuition, etc.)
technology for their healthcare? We asked our survey respondents The top disadvantages in order were:
40%
to choose what theyunderstand
We don't felt were this
thekind
three biggest advantages
of technology enough to knowand if it
32%
disadvantages of using AI andcan robots fororhealthcare.
benefit be dangerous in healthcare
1 47% 2 41% 3 40% 4 32%
Disadvantages
?17%
It's too complicated for people to access and use this kind of technology

=
I don't see how this kind of technology can do a better job than a human 17%
None of these 3%
Figure 12: Perceived disadvantages of using advanced computers or robots with AI for healthcare

If something unexpected Advanced computers/ Only a doctor or human We don’t understand

People need the "human touch" when it comes to their healthcare
Don't know
47%
13
is found (e.g. % during robots with artificial healthcare professional this kind of technology
If something unexpected is found (during surgery or in a test),
surgery or in a test), I intelligence are can make the right enough to know if it can
41%
don’t trust robots with impersonal and people decisions for health benefit or be dangerous
9
I don't trust robots to make decisions on what to do
Not applicable - no disadvantages
artificial%intelligence
Only a human healthcare professional can make the right decisions
(e.g. look beyond the data, use intuition, etc.) 40% need the “human touch” treatments/ procedures in healthcare
We don't understand this kind of technology enough to know if it
can benefit or be dangerous in healthcare 32% to make decisions on when it comes to their (e.g. they look beyond the
what to do healthcare data and take into account
It's too complicated for people to access and use this kind of technology 17%
Source: PwC survey context and underlying,
I don't see how this kind of technology can do a better job than a human 17% complexities, are able to
None of these 3% use intuition, etc.)
Don't know 13%
It’s worth noting that 17% overall chose both ‘I don’t the exception of Saudi Arabia and Qatar, where
Not applicable - no disadvantages 9% see how this kind of technology can do a better respondents felt the lack of ‘human touch’ was the
Source: PwC survey job than a human’ and ‘It’s too complicated for biggest disadvantage.
people to access and use this kind of technology’ as
disadvantages, yet only 9% didn’t feel there would be Thus, for our survey participants, better access to and
any disadvantages. accuracy of healthcare services were the primary
motivators for willingness to use an AI-enabled or
As with the advantages, though the percentages varied robotic service, with lack of trust and the human
from country to country, these disadvantages in this element as the primary reasons for their reluctance.
Market reactions to order were the same across all countries, with
the survey
What doctor?
Why AI and robotics will define New Health

Introduction Transforming Investment Findings Conclusion References About Contacts

The public is ready Will AI replace the consultation? Service preferences Will robots replace surgeons? The new imperatives for healthcare

The new imperatives for health

Figure 12: Perceived disadvantages of using advanced computers or robots with AI for healthcare
We went out to our clients in both the public and private sectors across EMEA with the results of
If something unexpected Advanced computers/ Only a doctor or human We don’t understand
the survey. There was some surprise that the general public is so willing
is to embrace
found (e.g. these new robots with artificial
during healthcare professional this kind of technology
47%
People need the "human touch" when it comes to their healthcare
technologies and the perception was that physicians may be more resistant
If something unexpected is found (during surgery or in a test),
surgery or than
in a the general
test), I public.
intelligence are can make the right enough to know if it can
41%
There is a very real fear that machines will take over many jobs, and don’t
I don't trust robots to make decisions on what to do
Only a human healthcare professional can make the right decisions
trustphysician
that the robots with role may impersonal
well and people decisions for health benefit or be dangerous
40% artificial intelligence
be the first to go. Yet there was wide agreement that AI and robotics are the future of healthcare. One
(e.g. look beyond the data, use intuition, etc.) need the “human touch” treatments/ procedures in healthcare
We don't understand this kind of technology enough to know if it
32% to make decisions on when it comes to their (e.g. they look beyond the
client commented, “Each new advance in technology has changed the
can benefit or be dangerous in healthcare
what patient/physician
to do relationship
healthcare data and take into account
17
and it’s important to remember that it is the health of the nation which is of utmost importance.”
It's too complicated for people to access and use this kind of technology
%
context and underlying,
The patient is ready; AI and robotics17 are
% able to achieve much wider access for much less cost. The
I don't see how this kind of technology can do a better job than a human complexities, are able to
biggest question was how we 3%‘bridge the gap between legislative and regulatory framework and
None of these use intuition, etc.)
innovation’. 13% Don't know
It’s worth noting that 17% overall chose both ‘I don’t the exception of Saudi Arabia and Qatar, where
Not applicable - no disadvantages 9%
see how this kind of technology can do a better respondents felt the lack of ‘human touch’ was the
PwC staff survey
Source: PwC survey job than a human’ and ‘It’s too complicated for biggest disadvantage.
We also went out to our PwC staff across the region and they were even
peoplemore willing
to access andthan
use the
this general
kind of technology’ as
public to embrace AI and robotics for all questions. The key messages that came from
disadvantages, our9%
yet only staff were
didn’t feel there would be Thus, for our survey participants, better access to and
that the ability to access and analyse the vast amounts of data meant there would be
any disadvantages. fewer mistakes accuracy of healthcare services were the primary
and more accurate diagnoses, although the perceived loss of the ‘human element’ of healthcare was motivators for willingness to use an AI-enabled or
of greatest concern. As with the advantages, though the percentages varied robotic service, with lack of trust and the human
from country to country, these disadvantages in this element as the primary reasons for their reluctance.
Market reactions to order were the same across all countries, with
the survey
What doctor?
Why AI and robotics will define New Health

Introduction Transforming Investment Findings Conclusion References About Contacts

Good health for everyone

Access, Accuracy, Trust, Accountability The public is ready to embrace this new world of 4. For the private sector developing AI and
healthcare, but a few things need to happen: robotics solutions: and those solutions need to solve
Artificial intelligence and robotic technologies have long the big issues of demand and resource that every
been seen as promising areas for healthcare. The explosion 1. For governments: create quality standards and a health system faces. In essence, by providing AI and
of healthcare data combined with the rise in demand from regulatory framework which are applicable to and robotic driven solutions, the private sector has the
ageing populations around the world, rising costs, and obligatory for the entire healthcare sector, as well as the opportunity to disrupt healthcare for the good.
a shortage of supply – both in the number of healthcare appropriate incentives for adopting new approaches.
professionals needed to treat and care for an increasing Linking regulations to facilities or humans, will 5. For decision-makers at healthcare institutions:
number of sick people and the availability and access to a naturally inhibit adoption. Also, AI and robotics should develop an evidence base, measure the success and
broader range of necessary services than ever before – has left be seen as making healthcare more accessible and the effectiveness of the new technology; phased
a monumental gap that only technology can fill. affordable. There is a risk that these technologies may implementation, prioritise and focus on what
become the provenance of the well off. consumers want and need.
Over the past few years the rapid progress of technology has
started to fulfil this promise and it’s just the beginning. As these 2. For healthcare professionals: understand how Innovation from AI and robotics lies at the core of our
technologies develop, faster and better diagnoses, and more AI and robotics have the potential to work for and ability to redefine how we deliver healthcare to our
effective treatments, will save more lives and cure more diseases, with them in a medical setting as well as throughout citizens. Digitally enabled care is no longer a nice-to-
and we will have more opportunities enabled by this technology the healthcare eco-system, and be open to change. have, but a fundamental imperative for governments
to live healthier lives. If clinicians will not be as good at monitoring, and business to reinvent how healthcare is accessed
diagnosis, decision making or surgery, then what and delivered. This is creating unprecedented
Whether we like it or not, AI and robotics are the future of is the unique role for the human, and how can they opportunities to transform what has been provision
healthcare. prepare for it? of healthcare that is traditionally focused on the
clinician, the hospital, their legacy infrastructure,
Access to quality, affordable healthcare, and good health 3. For patients and the general public: become and incentives to maintain the status quo. AI and
for everyone is the ultimate goal. The economic and social more accustomed to artificial intelligence and robots robotics are the next wave in this transformation.
advantages to be gained from integrating AI and robotics and discover its benefits for themselves. Although, we
seamlessly into our existing healthcare systems, and then create suspect just as they have already adopted AI in their
new models of healthcare based on these technologies, are everyday lives, health technologies will similarly be
enormous. Yet healthcare remains personal, and we mustn’t lose taken up with alacrity.
sight of the human element. This will mean redefining the various
roles of healthcare professionals, and ensuring that the necessary
new skills are understood and taught in or medical schools.
Continued
What doctor?
Why AI and robotics will define New Health

Introduction Transforming Investment Findings Conclusion References About Contacts

Good health for everyone

Our survey also suggests that we will need to • Those countries that are still on the path of
be aware of how we approach these wide-scale establishing widespread healthcare systems or
changes, remaining sensitive to the existing country- universal access have shown a high willingness to
specific systems: engage with advanced technologies to fill the gaps
in care delivery. But there is risk: AI and robotics
• Beyond the disinvestment required for countries
as the foundation for healthcare access, capacity
with entrenched healthcare systems the
and capability will either be transformational or
biggest challenge may well be the fundamental
doomed, depending upon the implementation.
shift in ingrained practices and behaviours by
Currently we see the potential but don’t yet
both clinicians and the public. But there is also
have the evidence that AI and robotics will
the opportunity for real disruption, especially
fulfill their promise. Building flexibility into
if access to AI and robotics becomes broadly
developing new systems will require constant
accessible at lower costs, leaving the public health
evaluation and assessment.
system as a safety net.
But the world has changed. The public is ready
• There is potentially the greatest opportunity for
and willing to adopt these technologies. We in
countries with established but still developing
healthcare must change with it. The transformative
healthcare systems, because there is not the
power of technology has the potential for those
same level of legacy infrastructure and process
of us in healthcare to help industry leaders make
as with entrenched systems. In addition, their
the fundamental, necessary shift from reactive
populations are younger and highly tech-savvy
acute episodic care delivery towards proactive
across demographics. But they risk copying the
continuing and enduring care for everyone. We have
best of the very established systems, and their
the potential to harness data, turn it into applied
population may begin to look elsewhere for their
knowledge and do it more cheaply and with greater
healthcare needs.
access, thus enabling a New Health era.

In other words, good health for everyone.

What doctor?
Why AI and robotics will define New Health

Introduction Transforming Investment Findings Conclusion References About Contacts

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Tackle Public Health Issues. https://insights.samsung.com/2016/09/22/ introducing-kaspar
applications-of-virtual-reality-help-government-tackle-public-health-issues/
Volpicelli, G. (2016). What’s next for virtual reality surgery?
Stone, A. (2016). Virtual Reality in Healthcare Improves Training. https://insights.samsung. http://www.wired.co.uk/article/wired-health-virtual-reality-surgery-shafi-ahmed
com/2015/12/15/virtual-reality-in-healthcare-improves-training/
Walsh, F. (2016). Robot operates inside eye in world first.
Teo, G. (2016). Healthcare is getting into VR – here’s why that matters. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-37246995
https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/healthcare-getting-vr-heres-why-matters-gavin-teo
Wired (2016). http://www.wired.co.uk/article/cancer-risk-ai-mammograms
The Economist (2016). http://learnmore.economist.com/story/57b1e9742e14e45322afd216
Xenex. www.xenex.com
The Economist (2017). How voice technology is transforming computing.
Zhang, S. (2016). Why An Autonomous Robot Won’t Replace Your Surgeon Anytime Soon
http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21713836-casting-magic-spell-it-lets-people-
http://www.wired.com/2016/05/robot-surgeon/
control-world-through-words-alone-how-voice
Zora Robotics. http://www.wired.co.uk/article/hp-re-inventors-health-hospitals-of-the-future
What doctor?
Why AI and robotics will define New Health

Introduction Transforming Investment Findings Conclusion References About Contacts

About the survey

This research was conducted in November 2016
by YouGov, the world’s premier qualitative and
quantitative research suppliers. 11,086 people
participated in an online survey. 18% 35 – 44
Who we surveyed:
• Nationally representative samples for Belgium,
17%
45 – 54
Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden,
Turkey and the UK;

48% Gender 52% 21%

• Urban representative samples for Nigeria, Qatar,
Saudi Arabia, South Africa, and the United Arab Female Male
25 – 34 Age groups
Emirates

28%
16%
18 – 24
55+
What doctor?
Why AI and robotics will define New Health

Introduction Transforming Investment Findings Conclusion References About Contacts

Contacts

Dean Arnold Dr Tim Wilson FRCGP FRCP MFPH

Europe, Middle East, Africa Leader, Health Industries Middle East Leader, Health Industries
E: [email protected] E: [email protected]

This publication has been prepared for general guidance on matters of interest only, and does not constitute professional advice. You should not act upon the information contained in this publication without
obtaining specific professional advice. No representation or warranty (express or implied) is given as to the accuracy or completeness of the information contained in this publication, and, to the extent permitted by
law, PwC does not accept or assume any liability, responsibility or duty of care for any consequences of you or anyone else acting, or refraining to act, in reliance on the information contained in this publication or
for any decision based on it.

PwC helps organisations and individuals create the value they’re looking for. We’re a network of firms in 157 countries with more than 195,000 people who are committed to delivering quality in assurance, tax and
advisory services. Tell us what matters to you and find out more by visiting us at www.pwc.com.

The Design Group 30193 (03/17)

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What Doctor Why Ai and Robotics Will Define New Health

Uploaded by

What Doctor Why Ai and Robotics Will Define New Health

Uploaded by

What doctor?

Why AI and robotics will

Introduction Transforming Investment Findings Conclusion References About Contacts

Introduction Transforming Investment Findings Conclusion References About Contacts

a database or some other type of data structure. Staying com/2015/02/18/big-unstructured-datas-contribution-to-healthcare/

and into the hands of the consumer. https://www.pwc.com/m1/en/publications/

Introduction Transforming Investment Findings Conclusion References About Contacts

No longer science fiction, AI and robotics

These applications and others (see Box-Out) all

Introduction Transforming Investment Findings Conclusion References About Contacts

No longer science fiction, AI and robotics

Introduction Transforming Investment Findings Conclusion References About Contacts

No longer science fiction, AI and robotics

of products and existing or emerging technology in side- 5

Introduction Transforming Investment Findings Conclusion References About Contacts

No longer science fiction, AI and robotics

of products and existing or emerging technology in side- 5

Introduction Transforming Investment Findings Conclusion References About Contacts

No longer science fiction, AI and robotics

Introduction Transforming Investment Findings Conclusion References About Contacts

No longer science fiction, AI and robotics

Introduction Transforming Investment Findings Conclusion References About Contacts

No longer science fiction, AI and robotics

Throughout this section of the report, we highlight a range 4

Introduction Transforming Investment Findings Conclusion References About Contacts

No longer science fiction, AI and robotics

Throughout this section of the report, we highlight a range 4

Introduction Transforming Investment Findings Conclusion References About Contacts

No longer science fiction, AI and robotics

Introduction Transforming Investment Findings Conclusion References About Contacts

No longer science fiction, AI and robotics

medication intake. TheGiraffapplication uses a communication

of products and existing or emerging technology in side- https://theringer.com/amp/p/2ffc86fe5dfa

Introduction Transforming Investment Findings Conclusion References About Contacts

No longer science fiction, AI and robotics

Throughout this section of the report, we highlight a range 4

Introduction Transforming Investment Findings Conclusion References About Contacts

No longer science fiction, AI and robotics

Throughout this section of the report, we highlight a range 4

Introduction Transforming Investment Findings Conclusion References About Contacts

No longer science fiction, AI and robotics

Training Keeping Drug research and discovery is one of the more

Introduction Transforming Investment Findings Conclusion References About Contacts

No longer science fiction, AI and robotics

Training Keeping Drugpartnership

Introduction Transforming Investment Findings Conclusion References About Contacts

No longer science fiction, AI and robotics

Introduction Transforming Investment Findings Conclusion References About Contacts

AI investment heats up Rise of the robots

Figure 1: Artificial Intelligence Market for Healthcare Applications,

Introduction Transforming Investment Findings Conclusion References About Contacts

AI investment heats up Rise of the robots

Figure 1: Artificial Intelligence Market for Healthcare Applications,

Introduction Transforming Investment Findings Conclusion References About Contacts

AI investment heats up Rise of the robots

CB Insights (Feb. 3, 2017). https://www.cbinsights.com/blog/

patient queries.’10 artificial-intelligence-startups-healthcare/

Introduction Transforming Investment Findings Conclusion References About Contacts

AI investments heats up Rise of the robots

Rise of the robots

The Japanese ‘care-bot’ market alone is estimated

Introduction Transforming Investment Findings Conclusion References About Contacts

AI investments heats up Rise of the robots

Rise of the robots

The Japanese ‘care-bot’ market alone is estimated

Introduction Transforming Investment Findings Conclusion References About Contacts

The public is ready

Introduction Transforming Investment Findings Conclusion References About Contacts

Will AI replace the consultation?

to mean there are not opportunities in every country

85% for AI and robotics to be adopted. In every country,

65% is willing to engage with AI and robotics for

that implementation is key – the introduction of AI

unwillingness to engage with AI and robots, with more Norway 39%

Source: PwC survey

Introduction Transforming Investment Findings Conclusion References About Contacts

of products and existing or emerging technology in side- 5

of products and existing or emerging technology in side- 5

Throughout this section of the report, we highlight a range 4

Throughout this section of the report, we highlight a range 4

Throughout this section of the report, we highlight a range 4

Throughout this section of the report, we highlight a range 4