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Cell Membrane and Simple Diffusion

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Cell Membrane and Simple Diffusion

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moha.ez111
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The cell membrane function

By Dr Manal Said
Physiology Assistant professor Ain Shams
university
ILOs
By the end of this lecture the student should be able to:
▪ Identify the functions of different components
of cell membrane
▪ Identify the difference between passive and
active transport
▪ Differentiate between different types of
passive transport across cell membrane
▪ Describe simple diffusion
▪ Describe ion channels
1.Structure and function of Cell Membrane components

● All cells are enveloped by a plasma membrane.


● The cell membrane is semi-permeable, allowing some substances to pass
through it, and excluding others. Its permeability is greatly varied because
it contains many regulated ion channels and transport proteins.
● Plasma membrane maintains a unique composition to the intracellular
fluid different from that of the extracellular fluid.
Figure 7-15 The Structure of the
Section 7-3 Cell Membrane
Cell Membrane

Outside
of cell
3
Carbohydrate
Proteins chains
Cell
membrane

Inside
of cell
(cytoplasm) Protein

1
Lipid bilayer
channel

2
Go The
to plasma membrane (cell membrane) is composed of lipids, proteins with a small amount
of carbohydrates
Section:
● The basic structure of the cell membrane is a lipid bilayer, embedded in which
large globular protein molecules.
A) Lipid in the cell membrane
➢ The major membrane lipids are
phospholipid molecules.
➢ There are few cholesterol
molecules present in between the
phospholipid bilayer.

Head (phosphate portion) polar Hydrophilic ( water loving)


Exposed to cell exterior extracellular fluid (ECF)
and to cell cytoplasm

Non-polar Tail hydrophobic (water hating)


two ends attracted to each other in the middle of the
membrane
The physiological functions of the Lipid
Bilayer:

1) It forms a fence around the cell.


2) It serves as a selective barrier to passage of
substances between the ICF & ECF.
3) The continuous movement of phospholipids
is responsible for the membrane fluidity.
This fluidity enables the cell to change its
shape. For example, muscle cells change
shape as they contract.
The cholesterol:

➢ Cholesterol controls membrane fluidity.


➢ It stabilizes the phospholipids position
without overpacking of the fatty acid chains
(a process that can reduce membrane
fluidity).
B) Cell membrane proteins

 Integral protein

 Peripheral protein
B-Cell membrane proteins
Peripheral protein Peripheral protein Integral protein
 Attached to the inside

or outside surface of Cell exterior


cell membrane
Integral protein
 Extend all the way

through the membrane

Cell interior
Functions of membrane proteins:

1-Transport across cell membrane:

Ion channel Carrier Pump


 Downhill:  Uphill:
➢ From high concentration  From Low concentration
to low concentration to high concentration
Functions of membrane proteins:

 2- Enzymes
Functions of membrane proteins:

3- Receptor:
Binds
neurotransmitters,
hormones
Functions of membrane proteins

4-Adhesion
molecules
Join (anchor)
cells together
C-Cell membrane carbohydrates
Carbohydrate molecules are short sugar chains on the outer-membrane forming:
glycolipids or - glycoproteins.
Functions of Membrane Carbohydrates:

1. Acts as self-identity markers that enable


cells to identify and interact with each other.
2. Act as receptors for certain hormones.
3. Act as antigen-like e.g. blood group markers.
4. Involved in the immune reactions.
2.TRANSPORT ACROSS THE CELL
MEMBRANE
Passive transport:
Active transport
➢ Solutes move From high concentration to low
➢ Solutes move against concentration
concentration (Downhill)
gradient from the Low concentration
➢ Need no energy
to the high concentration (Uphill)
➢ Needs ATP
1-Simple Diffusion definition
Definition
➢ It is a passive process
by which a substance
in solution expands to
fill all the available
volume.
➢ It is the random
molecular movement
of substances through
intermolecular spaces
in the membrane.
1) All molecules and ions are in a continuous random kinetic motion
at temperatures above absolute zero as a result of thermal (heat)
energy.
2) Each particle is moving in its own separate way.
3) The concentration depends on the amount of solute in a specific
amount of solution.
4) The greater the concentration, the greater the motion and the
collision.
Simple Diffusion
➢ The molecules move by
diffusion according to their
concentration gradient
➢ From High
concentration to
Low concentration
➢ Downhill transport
➢ -Passive
➢ -NO energy needed
Factors affecting diffusion

 Increase diffusion, Directly proportionate.


1- Concentration gradient:
How the body gets rid of excess CO2 produced
during exercise?
Factors affecting diffusion
 Increase diffusion, Directly proportionate.
2- Membrane surface area
3- Membrane permeability
4-Lipid solubility of the substance

Intestinal villi
 Decrease diffusion,
Inversely proportionate.
1- Thickness of the
membrane:
2-Molecular weight of
diffusing substances
Fick’s law of diffusion:
Simple diffusion through 2 ways:
A)Through lipid bilayer B) Through ion channels

Lipophilic substances as oxygen, carbon


dioxide, nitrogen Charged molecules

❖Water: small, high kinetic energy, pass easily penetrate like bullet
❖Water readily passes through channels of protein “pores” called
aquaporins
Explain why both Large uncharged water-soluble molecules
and charged molecules diffusion rate is very slow

• Large uncharged water-soluble molecules: e.g. glucose


& urea, due to their large molecular weight.
• Charged molecules (ions): due to
a) The formation of hydrated ions with water, which have large
size.
b) The interaction between their charges and the charges on
the cell membrane.
B- Simple diffusion through the protein ion channels:
(Ion channels)
● Watery pathways extending through
the integral protein molecule from
(ECF) to the (ICF).
● Cells vary in the number, kind, and
activity of their channels
● Ions move according to
electrochemical gradient
● Highly selective.

 The cause: specific arrangements


of chemical groups on the interior
surfaces of the channels.
●
Ion channels
Leakage Gated
channels
Ligand Voltage Mechanical
Leakage channels (always open)
➢Plasma membrane is 50 –
70 times more permeable to
K+ than Na+.
➢Cell membrane have more
potassium leakage channels
than sodium
➢More Potassium (positive
charged) leave the cell
➢Sodium (positive charged)
enter the cell
➢This creates negativity inside
the cell relative to ECF
 They have gates (Doors) that can change their
shape to open or to close the channel in response to
various signals.
How can I open
the door

Put the Key in the


lock

Ligand gated

Electric door

Voltage gated
Push door

Mechanical gated
Gated channels: A-Ligand-gated

Closed opened
B- Voltage gated channel
 Open or close due to
alterations in
membrane voltage:
 Soduim
 Potassuim
 Calcuim
C- Mechanosensitive channels
Open due to
mechanical stretch eg:
Calcuim channels in
uterus

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