PROBABILITY

1. Nine cards are numbered 2, 2, 2, 6, 6, 8, 9, 11 and 12. All the cards are well-shuffled and placed
face dove on a table.
(a) One of the nine cards is drawn at random.
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(i) Find the number whose probability of being chosen is .
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(ii) Find the probability of drawing a prime number.
(iii) Find the probability of drawing a number which is smaller than at least three of the other
numbers.
(b) A tenth card with a number p is added to the nine cards in (a) such that the probability of
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drawing a 1 number that is odd is . Given that p<12, find the largest possible value of p.
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2. A bag contains 25 balls of which x are black balls and the rest are white balls. After 5 black balls
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are removed from the bag, the probability of drawing a black ball from the bag is is decreased by .
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Calculate the value of x.

3. A sticker dispensing machine consists of 5𝑥 car stickers and 3𝑥 plane stickers. A sticker is
dispensed random from the machine.
(a) Write down the probability that the sticker is a plane sticker. The first sticker dispensed is a
plane sticker and a second sticker is next dispensed from the machine.
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(b) Given that the probability of the second sticker being a car sticker is , find the number of car
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stickers in the machine?

4. The diagram shows a circular dart- board which consists of three concentric circles. The
innermost circle A has a radius of 4cm, the circle B has a radius of 𝑥 𝑐𝑚 and the outermost circle C
has a radius of (𝑥 + 4)𝑐𝑚.
(i) Write an expression, in terms of it and x, for the area of circle B.
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(ii) If the probability that a dart lands within circle B but outside circle A is find the value of x.
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(iii) Hence, find the ratio of the radii of the 3 circles.

5. In a class of 32 students, 18 are boys and the rest are girls. The students are given a choice to opt
for an art elective or a computer programming elective. The number of students who chose to take
one of the two electives is shown in the table below.
Gender Nunber of students who chose the Art Number of students who chose the
elective Computer Programming elective
Girls 7 2

Boys 5 8

(a) One student is selected at random. Find the probability that the student
(i) is a girl,
(ii) is a boy who chose the Art elective,
(iii) chose the Computer Programming elective,
(iv) is a girl who did not choose the Art elective.
(b) A female student is selected at random. Find the probability that she did not choose the Art
elective or the Computer Programming elective.
6. A committee of 7 people is to be chosen at random from 18 volunteers.
(i) In how many different ways can the committee be chosen?
The 18 volunteers consist of 5 people from Gloucester, 6 from Hereford and 7 from Worcester. The
committee is to be chosen randomly. Find the probability that the committee will
(ii) consist of 2 people from Gloucester, 2 people from Hereford and 3 people from Worcester,
(iii) include exactly 5 people from Worcester,
(iv) include at least 2 people from each of the three cities.
7. An examination paper consists of two parts. Section A contains questions A1, A2, A3 and A4.
Section B contains questions B1, B2, B3, B4, B5, B6 and B7.
Candidates must choose three questions from section A and four questions from section B. The
order in which they choose the questions does not matter.
(i) In how many ways can the seven questions be chosen?
(ii) Assuming that all selections are equally likely, find the probability that a particular candidate
chooses question A1 but does not choose question B1.
(iii) Following a change of syllabus, the form of the examination remains the same except that
candidates who choose question A1 are not allowed to choose question B1. In how many ways can
the seven questions now be chosen?
8. Each of the 7 letters in the word DIVIDED is printed on a separate card. The cards are arranged
in a row.
(i) How many different arrangements of the letters are possible?
(ii) In how many of these arrangements are all three Ds together?
The 7 cards are now shuffled and 2 cards are selected at random, without replacement.
(iii) Find the probability that at least one of these 2 cards has D printed on it.
9. The digits 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 are arranged in random order, to form a five-digit number.
(i) How many different five-digit numbers can be formed?
(ii) Find the probability that the five-digit number is
(a) odd,
(b) less than 23 000.

10. (i) How many different teams of 7 people can be chosen, without regard to order, from a squad
of 15?
(ii) The squad consists of 6 forwards and 9 defenders. How many different teams containing 3
forwards and 4 defenders can be chosen?

11. (i) The letters A, B, C, D and E are arranged in a straight line.

(a) How many different arrangements are possible?
(b) In how many of these arrangements are the letters A and B next to each other?
(ii) From the letters A, B, C, D and E, two different letters are selected at random. Find the
probability that these two letters are A and B.

12. A class consists of 7 students from Ashville and 8 from Bewton. A committee of 5 students is
chosen at random from the class.
(i) Find the probability that 2 students from Ashville and 3 from Bewton are chosen.
(ii) In fact 2 students from Ashville and 3 from Bewton are chosen. In order to watch a video, all 5
committee members sit in a row. In how many different orders can they sit if no two students from
Bewton sit next to each other?

13. A test consists of 4 algebra questions, A, B, C and D, and 4 geometry questions, G, H, I and J.
The examiner plans to arrange all 8 questions in a random order, regardless of topic.
(i) (a) How many different arrangements are possible?
(b) Find the probability that no two Algebra questions are next to each other and no two
Geometry questions are next to each other.
Later, the examiner decides that the questions should be arranged in two sections, Algebra followed
by Geometry, with the questions in each section arranged in a random order.
(ii) (a) How many different arrangements are possible?
(b) Find the probability that questions A and H are next to each other.
(c) Find the probability that questions B and J are separated by more than four other
questions.

14. The five letters of the word NEVER are arranged in random order in a straight line.
(i) How many different orders of the letters are possible?
(ii) In how many of the possible orders are the two Es next to each other?
(iii) Find the probability that the first two letters in the order include exactly one letter E.

15. (i) The diagram shows 7 cards, each with a digit printed on it. The digits form a 7-digit number.

How many different 7-digit numbers can be formed using these cards?
(ii) The diagram below shows 5 white cards and 10 grey cards, each with a letter printed on it.

From these cards, 3 white cards and 4 grey cards are selected at random without regard to order.
(a) How many selections of seven cards are possible?
(b) Find the probability that the seven cards include exactly one card showing the letter A.

16. A bag contains 9 discs numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9.

(i) Andrea chooses 4 discs at random, without replacement, and places them in a row.
(a) How many different 4-digit numbers can be made?
(b) How many different odd 4-digit numbers can be made?
(ii) Andrea's 4 discs are put back in the bag. Martin then chooses 4 discs at random, without
replacement. Find the probability that
(a) the 4 digits include at least 3 odd digits,
(b) the 4 digits add up to 28.

17. (i) How many different 3-digit numbers can be formed using the digits 1, 2 and 3 when
 (a) no repetitions are allowed,
(b) any repetitions are allowed,
(c) each digit may be included at most twice?
(ii) How many different 4-digit numbers can be formed using the digits 1, 2 and 3 when each digit
may be included at most twice?

18. A group of 8 people, including Kathy, David and Harpreet, are planning a theatre trip.
(i) Four of the group are chosen at random, without regard to order, to carry the refreshments. Find
the probability that these 4 people include Kathy and David but not Harpreet.
(ii) The 8 people sit in a row. Kathy and David sit next to each other and Harpreet sits at the left-
hand end of the row. How many different arrangements of the 8 people are possible?
(iii) The 8 people stand in a line to queue for the exit. Kathy and David stand next to each other and
Harpreet stands next to them. How many different arrangements of the 8 people are possible?

19. (i) The seven digits 1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 are arranged in a random order in a line. Find the
probability that they form the number 1452 163.
(ii) Three of the seven digits 1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 are chosen at random, without regard to order.
(a) How many possible groups of three digits contain two Is?
(b) How many possible groups of three digits contain exactly one 1?
(c) How many possible groups of three digits can be formed altogether?