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Developing Arguments

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Developing Arguments

Uploaded by

zulqarnainawan441
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Developing arguments

Developing Arguments in Functional English

In the field of Functional English, developing arguments involves the skill of


developing persuasive( convincing) points of view on various topics, issues, or
subjects that are practical and relevant to everyday life. Here are some key
steps to effectively develop arguments in Functional English:

1. Identifying a Clear Position:

 Before constructing an argument, it is important to have a clear stance on


the topic. Decide whether you are in favour or against the respective ideas or
issues.Example: In a class, students are given the topic "Should homework be
abolished in schools?" Some students take the position that homework is
helpful for strengthen the learning process, while others students argue that it
causes undue stress. In this regard, having a clear point of view helps
students construct their arguments.

2. Gathering Evidence:

 Arguments become stronger when supported by evidence . It includes


Collecting facts, examples, statistics, or personal experiences that support
your viewpoint.
 Example: To support the argument against homework, a student might collect
evidence such as research studies showing negative impact of excessive
homework on student well-being, sleep, and family time.

3. Organizing Ideas:

 The logical Structuring of arguments are also very important . Start with an
introduction that introduces the topic and your position. Then, present main
points and supporting evidence. Finally, offer a conclusion that gives
summary of your argument.
 For Example: In argumentative essay, a student starts with an introduction
presenting the topic and their stance (e.g., "I believe homework should be
reduced"). Then, they organize the body of the essay with paragraphs
representing arguments and supporting evidence. Finally, they conclude the
essay.

4. Using Language Effectively:

 Choose words and phrases that are most suitable and persuasive. Use
language devices like questions, comparison , and emotional appeal (ethos,
pathos) to make your argument more attractive.Example: In a debate, a
student may use question: "Do we really want our children to spend their
evenings with homework stress?" This question engages the audience and
encourages them to think critically

5. Addressing Counterarguments:

It includes acceptance for opposing viewpoints and counterarguments. Address


these with valid evidence to strengthen your own position.
Example: When arguing against homework, students also accept that homework
helps in better learning. They can say that, "While homework can be helpful, it
should not come at the cost of a child's well-being. There are other ways to
reinforce learning without causing undue stress."

6. Providing Examples:

 Use real-life examples and scenarios to eloberate your points. It makes your
arguments relatable and more convincing.
 Example: To explain the negative impacts of excessive homework, a student
may share a personal story or a case study of a student who experienced
stress-related health issues due to excessive homework.

7. Practicing Critical Thinking:

 The other way to support the arguments is to think critically about the topic.
Consider the outcomes of your argument and its expected impacts on
others.Moreover, encourage students to raise valid questions.
 Example: During a classroom discussion on the topic of homework, students
are encouraged to critically analyze the pros and cons. They are encourage
to consider the implications of their arguments on students, parents, and
teachers.

8. Engaging in Discussions:

It is based on practice the argumentative skills through participating in group


discussions or debates. This provides an opportunity to refine your arguments
and respond to counterarguments
For example: Students engage in a debate where they take on different roles and
present arguments for and against homework. This practice allows them to
enhance their argumentation skills and respond to counterarguments

9. Peer Review and Feedback:

Seeking feedback from peers or instructors is also important in developing


arguments because Constructive criticism can helpin identifying areas for
futher improvements in writing.For instance, a classmate might suggest
adding more specific examples or clarifying a point in the argument.

10. Revising and Editing:


Review and revise arguments for clarity, coherence, and grammar.It ensures
that message is well-organized and easy to understand.
 Example: A student revises their essay by reorganizing paragraphs for better
flow, adding transitional phrases, and correcting grammar errors. The final

essay is well-structured, coherent, and easy to understand.


. Types of Arguments
Persuasive Arguments: Persuasive arguments aim to convince the
audience to accept a particular viewpoint to take action. These arguments
often use emotional appeals, logic, and evidence to support a position. For
example,persuasive essays, speeches, and marketing campaigns.
Explanatory Arguments: Explanatory arguments focus on providing a clear
and detailed explanation of a topic or concept. These arguments aim to
increase the audience's understanding about the topic without insisting them
to take a particular stance. For example,Scientific papers, educational
materials, and documentaries.

Debating Arguments: Debating arguments involve presenting and


defending a viewpoint in a formal debate setting. These arguments require
addressing counterarguments and using techniques to persuade the audience
and judges. Debates in academic, political, or competitive settings often use
debating arguments.

Analytical Arguments: Analytical arguments involve breaking down a


complex topic into its components to examine the relationships and
implications. These arguments often focus on the "how" and "why" of a
subject to reveal patterns, causes, or effects. For instance, research papers,
critical essays.
.
. Comparative Arguments: Comparative arguments involve comparing two
or more subjects, concepts, or ideas to highlight similarities, differences,
advantages, or disadvantages.For example, product reviews, academic
research, and political analyses
Evaluation Arguments: Evaluation arguments involve assessing the quality
or value of something, such as a product, service, policy, or idea. These
arguments often use criteria and evidence to support a judgment.For
instance, movie reviews, consumer reports, and performance assessments .
Cause-and-Effect Arguments: Cause-and-effect arguments focus on
demonstrating a causal relationship between specific factors and their
results. These arguments aim to explain why something happened and what
resulted from it. Scientific research, historical analyses, and policy discussions
often involve cause-and-effect arguments.
Narrative Arguments: Narrative arguments use storytelling techniques to
convey a message or make a point. These arguments often engage the
audience emotionally and aim to illustrate a broader theme or moral lesson.
E,g, Personal stories, case studies, and some speeches.

Ethical Arguments: Ethical arguments focus on issues of morality, values,


and ethics. They explore questions of right and wrong. The ethical dilemmas,
philosophical discussions, and debates on moral issues involve ethical
arguments.
The development of arguments as a skill is important because it help
individuals express their ideas clearly, convince the audience about their
viewpoints, and engage in meaningful discussions.

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