RESISTANCE – I

ASSIGNMENT – PART I

Fresh water Sea water

Density 1000 kg per m3 1025 kg per m3

Kinematic viscosity 1.139 x 10-6 m2 per sec 1.188 x 10-6 m2 per sec

Acceleration of gravity 9.81 m per sec2

Answers are given in [ ].

1. (a) A ship has a resistance of 300 kN at a speed of 16 k. What is its effective power?

(b) The effective power of a ship is 3500 kW at 17 k. What is its resistance?

[(a) 2469.12 kW, (b) 400.238 kN]

2. (a) A ship model has a total resistance of 40 N, a viscous resistance of 30 N and a frictional
resistance of 28 N. The resistance of an “equivalent” two-dimensional surface is 25 N.
Determine the pressure resistance, the wave resistance, the viscous pressure resistance
and the form resistance.

(b) The two-dimensional frictional resistance of a model is 30 N, the form resistance is 3 N,

the viscous pressure resistance is 2 N and the wave resistance is 10 N. Calculate the
viscous resistance, the pressure resistance, the frictional resistance and the total
resistance of the model.

[(a) 12 N, 10 N, 2 N, 3 N; (b) 35 N, 12 N, 33 N, 45 N]

3. (a) Show by dimensional analysis that if the total resistance of a ship (or model) of given
geometry depends only on the length and the speed of the ship, the density and the
viscosity of water, the acceleration of gravity and a suitably defined pressure, the
resistance coefficient is a function of the Reynolds number, the Froude number and the
Euler number.

(b) Show that making both the Reynolds number and the Froude number of the model
respectively equal to the Reynolds number and the Froude number of the ship would
require the model and the ship to be of the same size, ignoring the differences between
the densities and viscosities of fresh water and sea water.

(c) Show that if the pressure is taken to be hydrostatic pressure, making the Froude number
of the model equal to the Froude number of the ship also makes their Euler numbers
equal.

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 (d) Show that the Froude law implies that for geometrically similar ships, the wave
resistance coefficient is constant if the Froude number is constant.

4. The resistance of a ship of length 144 m is to be determined at a speed of 16 k from a

model test. At what speed should the model of length 4 m be tested? If at this speed the
model has a resistance of 10 N, of which 70 per cent is viscous resistance, determine the
resistance of the ship, assuming that the viscous resistance is 60 per cent of the total for
the ship.

[1.3725 m/s, 358.668 kN]

5. (a) A ship of length 144 m and wetted surface 4500 m 2 has a speed of 16 k. A model of
length 4 m is found to have a resistance of 14 N at the corresponding speed. Determine
the resistance of the ship using the Froude friction coefficients.

(b) Determine the resistance of the ship using the ITTC line, ,
with a roughness allowance .

(c) Determine the resistance of the ship using the ITTC line with a form factor
and a roughness allowance .

[(a) 454.163 kN, (b) 436.188 kN, (c) 406.683 kN]

6. The resistance of a model of length 5 m and wetted surface 5.375 m 2 at different speeds
is found to be as follows :

V m/s : 0.700 0.875 1.050 1.225 1.400 1.575

N: 5.40 8.15 11.52 15.64 20.73 27.13

Determine the form factor using Prohaska’s method where

is given by the ITTC line.

[1.095]

7. A ship of length 120 m and wetted surface 3100 m 2 has a hull roughness of 150
microns when new. Its effective power at a speed of 15 k is 2100 kW in this condition.
If the hull roughness increases at the rate of 25 microns per year, determine the effective
power at the end of one, two and three years of service. Assume that the roughness

allowance is given by .

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 [2143.5 kW, 2183.0 kW, 2219.4 kW]

8. In a ship of length 150 m, the distance between the first transverse crest of the bow wave
system and the first transverse trough of the stern wave system is found to be 125 m.
Show that 15.680 k is a “hollow” speed and make a sketch of the bow transverse waves
and the stern transverse waves on a profile of the ship. Determine all the hump and
hollow speeds above 10 k.

[Hump speeds: 10.6523 k, 11.5802 k, 12.8024 k, 14.5166 k, 17.1762 k, 22.1745 k,

38.4073 k; Hollow speeds: 10.2647 k, 11.0872 k, 12.1455 k, 13.5790 k, 15.6797 k,
19.2036 k, 27.1581 k]

9. The resistance of a model of length 4 m and wetted surface 3.44 m 2 at a speed of 1.4 m/s
is found to be 15.2 N without appendages and 16.7 N with appendages. Determine the
effective power of the ship of length 150 m at the corresponding speed with appendages,
assuming (a) that the appendage resistance is a fixed percentage of the total resistance of
smooth bare hull independent of Reynolds number, and (b) that the appendage resistance
is a fixed percentage of the viscous resistance of the smooth bare hull. Use the ITTC line
with a form factor of 1.15 and a roughness allowance of 0.0004.

[(a) 4630 kW, (b) 4579 kW]

10. A ship has transverse and longitudinal projected areas above water of 450 m 2 and
1000 m2 respectively. Of the 450 m2 transverse projected area, 100 m2 is that of the hull.
The ship is moving at a speed of 15 k. A wind of speed 30 k is blowing at an angle of
25o off the bow. Determine the air and wind resistance, assuming a drag coefficient of
1.28. Take the density of air as 1.225 kg/m3.

[152.465 kN]

11. (a) A ship of length 150 m, breadth 25 m and draught 10 m is moving at a speed of 17 k in
deep water when it goes into shallow water of depth 12.5 m. The midship section
coefficient of the ship is 0.980 and the block coefficient 0.625. Determine the squat of
the ship, using the empirical formulas of Barrass.

(b) A ship of length 120 m, wetted surface 3000 m 2 and midship section area 150 m 2 has a
resistance in deep water as follows :

V k : 8 9 10 11 12

PE kW : 264 385 547 766 1068

Determine the resistance of the ship as a function of speed in shallow water of depth
10 m using the method of O. Schlichting/Landweber. The viscous resistance in deep

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 water is given by the ITTC line with a form factor of 1.12 and a roughness allowance of
.
[(a) 1.441 m
(b) Vh k : 6.9432 7.8097 8.6705 9.5192 10.3429
PE kW: 229.13 333.96 473.50 659.93 911.53 ]

12. A ship of length 150 m and wetted surface 4800 m 2 is found to have an effective power
of 4500 kW at a speed of 16.75 k. A 4 m model of the ship has a resistance of 15 N at
the corresponding speed. Determine the correlation allowance if the viscous
resistance is calculated using the ITTC line without form factor or roughness allowance.

[0.3096]

13. A ship has a length of 150 m and a wetted surface of 5000 m 2. A 4 m model of the ship
has a resistance of 16.5 N at a speed of 1.4 m/s. The ship has bilge keels of wetted area
300 m2. The transverse projected area above water is 250 m 2. Determine the effective
power of the ship using the ITTC 1978 method, a form factor 1+k = 1.12 and a load
factor of 1.25.

[6465 kW]

14. (a) A ship of 10000 t displacement has an effective power of 2000 kW at a speed of 15 k.
Estimate the effective power of a ship of 12000 t displacement at a speed of 16 knots.

(b) The wave resistance coefficient based on the (hypothetical) data of a large number of
ships is given by the following equation :

where LCB is the distance of the longitudinal centre of buoyancy forward of amidships
divided by the length of the ship; the other parameters have their standard meanings.
The values of a, b, c, d and e are given in the following table as functions of the Froude
number :

a b c d e

0.100 0.005 0.010 -0.001 0.010 0.005

0.125 0.020 0.040 -0.008 0.030 0.008
0.150 0.100 0.080 -0.015 0.055 0.010
0.175 0.362 0.120 -0.028 0.070 0.012
0.200 0.582 0.160 -0.035 0.085 0.015
0.225 0.770 0.200 -0.050 0.100 0.020
0.250 0.930 0.240 -0.065 0.150 0.025

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 Determine the effective power as a function of speed of a ship of length 100 m, breadth
20 m, draught 8 m, block coefficient 0.675 and LCB 2 per cent of length abaft
amidships. The wetted surface is 3100 m 2. The viscous resistance is given by the ITTC
line with a roughness allowance of . The effect of appendages, aerodynamic
resistance and other factors may be taken as 15 per cent of the calculated resistance.

[(a) 2741 kW,

(b) k : 6.089 7.611 9.133 10.656 12.178 13.700 15.222
kW : 126.35 246.39 443.26 772.22 1251.66 1879.58 2766.96]

15. Write a brief note on the effect of hull form on resistance from a study of the relevant
chapter in “Principles of Naval Architecture”, Vol. II, 1988 edition.