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States of Matter.

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11 views7 pages

States of Matter.

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BFC Nazimabad
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Cambridge O-Level Chemistry

5070
Topic: States of Matter

Sub Topic: Solids ,Liquids and Gases

Prepared by: Miss Umm e Habiba


MSc.Chemistry
The Kinetic Particle Theory
 A substance can be a solid, a liquid, or a gas, and change from one state
to another.
 It has different characteristics in each state. (For example, solids do not
flow.)
 The differences are due to the way its particles are arranged, and move,
in each state. [Together, these ideas make up the kinetic particle theory.
(Kinetic means about motion.)]

State the distinguishing properties of Solids, Liquids and Gases


● The three states of matter are solid, liquid and gas
● Melting and freezing take place at the melting point
● Boiling and condensing take place at the boiling point

Solid Liquid Gas


===
They can be represented by the simple model above, particles are
represented by small solid spheres:
● solids- particles have a regular arrangement and are close together
● liquids- particles have a random arrangement and are close together
● gases- particles have a random arrangement and are spread apart

Describe the structure of solids, liquids and gases in terms of


particle separation arrangement and types of motion:
● Gas: particles have the most energy – shown by the diagram, as the particles
are the most spread apart, motion is more random and frequent
● Liquid: particles have more energy than those in a solid, but less than those
in a gas
● Solid has least energy – particles are not moving/are just vibrating
Describe changes of state in terms of melting, boiling, evaporation,
freezing, condensation and sublimation:
● Physical changes – therefore involves the forces between the particles of the
substances, instead of these changes of state being chemical changes
o Evaporation = happens at the surface, molecules have enough energy to
evaporate i.e. go from liquid to gas
o Freezing = liquid to solid o Melting = solid to liquid
o Boiling = happens throughout the liquid, liquid to gas
o Condensation = gas to liquid o Sublimation = solid to gas

Explain changes of state in terms of the kinetic theory:


● Kinetic theory can help to explain melting, boiling, freezing and condensing…
o The amount of energy needed to change state from solid to liquid and from
liquid to gas depends on the strength of the forces between the particles of
the substance.
o The nature of the particles involved depends on the type of bonding and the
structure of the substance.
o The stronger the forces between the particles the higher the melting point
and boiling point of the substance.
o The more kinetic energy (from increased temperature) particles have, the
more movement, which causes a change of state from (s) to (l) to (g)
[(s)=Solid, (l)=Liquid, (g)=Gas]
Heating curve in term of kinetic particle theory:
This graph is called a heating curve.
A heating curve shows how the temperature of a substance changes as you
heat it up .
As you can see from the graph:
Temperatures remain constant while water changes state .
These temperatures are its melting and boiling points.

Cooling curve in term of kinetic particle theory:


The graph below is a cooling curve for water.
A cooling curve shows how the temperature of a substance changes as you
cool it down.
As you can see, this curve is the mirror image of the heating curve. The
temperature remains constant at 100 °C and 0 °C, as the water changes state.
Effect of Temperature and Pressure on volume of a Gas:
What is gas pressure?
When you blow up a balloon, you fill it with air particles. As they move about,
they collide with the sides of the balloon, and exert pressure on it. This
pressure keeps the balloon inflated. In the same way, all gases exert pressure
on the walls of their containers.

When you change the temperature of a gas:


Look at the container of gas below. The piston can move freely up or down,
until the pressure is the same inside and outside the container

A B C

A: The pressure is the same inside and outside the container But if you heat
the gas, its particles will move faster; and collide with the walls ...
B: more often, and with more force. So the piston moves up, as shown h ere.
Now the gas takes up more space: its volume has increased.
C: But if you cool it, the particles slow down, and strike the walls less often,
with less force. The piston moves down. The gas volume decreases.

The same is true for all gases, at constant pressure: When you heat a gas, its
volume increases. When you cool a gas, its volume decreases.
When you change the pressure of a gas:

A B C
A: Suppose you push the piston. The gas pressure will rise, because the
particles are now in a smaller space.
B: Suppose you push the piston. The gas pressure will rise, because the
particles are now in a smaller space.
C: But if you now release the piston, it will move up again. So the pressure of
the gas falls again - and its volume increases.
The same is true for all gases, at constant temperature:
An increase in pressure means a decrease in volume, for a gas.
A decrease in pressure means an increase in volume, for a gas.
In fact, if you increase the pressure on a gas enough, you can push its particles
so close together that a gas turns into a liquid.

DIFFUSION
Describe and explain diffusion in term of Kinetic Particle Theory:
● Movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low
concentration
● For this to work, particles must be able to move
o Therefore, diffusion does not occur in solids, since the particles cannot move
from place to place (only vibrate)
o A smell does not travel very fast, because the particles collide with particles
of air, changing direction randomly when they collide, taking much longer to
travel from place to place.
An experiment to compare Rates of diffusion:
The particles in hydrogen chloride gas are twice as heavy as those in ammonia
gas. So which gas do you think will diffuse faster ? Let's see:
• Cotton wool soaked in ammonia solution is put into one end of a long tube
(at A below). It gives off ammonia gas.
• At the same time, cotton wool soaked in hydrochloric acid is put into the
other end of the tube. It gives off valid hydrogen chloride gas.
• Gases diffuse along the tube. White smoke forms where they meet:

The white smoke forms closer to Hydrochloric acid. So the ammonia particles
have travelled further than the hydrogen chloride particles - which means they
have travelled faster.
The lower the mass of its p articles, the faster a gas will diffuse.
Note that everything in the experiment above needs to be at the same
temperature (room temperature) for a valid test. That is because, as you know,
the temperature also affects how fast gas particles move.

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