CONFESSION: Block diagrams are made by me.

However most part of

answers has been written with the help of AI tools.
Question 01:

To analyze the key components of a system unit and their functions in a computing environment.

Instructions:

1. Define the system unit and its role in a computer system:

A system unit, is a fundamental part of a computer. It's a rectangular box or casing that contains important parts
like the motherboard, central processing unit (CPU), random access memory (RAM), and storage drives.
All the processes happen in the system unit as the all the working machine is inside system unit.
Create a block diagram labeling the components of a system
SYSTEM UNIT

External Ports Power Supply

Control Unit

Arithmetic &
Graphic Cards Logic Fan(cooling system)
Unit

2. Motherboard Memory(RAM
ROM,Hard Disk)
Block Diagram of a Raspberry Pi

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USB type 1 x indicator
C Transci COM 1
ever
DC- Rs232
1000 M Poe
modul
DC
Connector
Ethernet Transci
3.5mm 6 pin
ever
RS485
2X 1 x indicator
indicators COM 2

micro SD Audio Speaker

card slot PA

Stereo audio
RTC outut
Audio
Rasberry
CODE
pi 5
C

buzzer stereo audio

input
Power
Button
2 x 2 lane MIPI
2 x micro
HDMI

2 x USB
M2M key
3.0 connevtor

2 x USB
2.0

Block Diagram of PLC

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 Signal Conditioning Power Amplifiers

z Ethernet Serial Port Digital Digital

Field bus Inputs Outputs
Controller Controller
Controller

Parallel Bus

Analog Analog
Battery Real Time Clock Inputs Otputs

Signal Conditioning Power Amplifiers

Power Supply CPU

. Input/

Memory Output
Program Memory System Memory

Processor

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Question 02: To explore the architecture and functions of the Central Processing Unit (CPU) in data processing tasks.

Instructions:

1. Explain the function of the CPU in a computer system.

The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the primary component of a computer system responsible for executing
instructions and handling computations. It acts as the brain of the computer, directing the flow of data and
controlling the execution of instructions. CPU controls, manages and handles all the operations and functions of
computer.

2. Describe the stages of the machine cycle: fetch, decode, execute, and store.
Fetch Stage
The fetch stage retrieves an instruction from memory. The CPU fetches the instruction pointed to by the
program counter and stores it in the instruction register. This stage prepares the instruction for decoding.

Decode Stage
In the decode stage, the CPU interprets the instruction, determining the operation, source
operands and destination. The CPU generates control signals to manage data flow, arithmetic operations and
memory access.

Execute Stage
During the execute stage, the CPU performs the required operation, such as arithmetic, logical
or control operations. The CPU calculates the result, performing actions like addition, subtraction or data
movement.

Store Stage
The store stage stores the result in the specified register or memory location. Registers or memory
are updated with new values, completing the instruction execution. This final stage ensures data is properly
stored for future instructions.
Analyse the difference between single-core and multi-core processors, discussing their impact on processing
speed and efficiency.

Single-Core Processors Multi-Core Processors

1. Design: One processing unit handles all
instructions sequentially. 1. Design: Multiple processing units (cores)
2. handle instructions simultaneously
3. Processing: Executes instructions one at a 2. Processing: Executes multiple instructions
time. concurrently
3. Speed: Limited by clock speed (GHz). 3. Speed: Enhanced by parallel processing
. and increased clock speed.

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4. Efficiency: Optimized for single-threaded 4. Efficiency: Optimized for multi-threaded
applications applications and multitasking.

Impact on Processing Speed and Efficiency

1. Processing Speed: Multi-core processors significantly outperform single-core processors in multi-threaded

applications.
2. Efficiency: Multi-core designs efficiently distribute workload across cores, reducing bottlenecks.
3. Multitasking: Multi-core processors excel in multitasking environments.

3. Research a specific CPU architecture (e.g., x86, ARM) and provide a brief overview of its features and
applications.
Features
1. CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computing): x86 uses complex instructions, enabling efficient execution and
compact code.
2. Modular Design: The architecture allows for scalable performance, from low-power embedded systems to
high-performance servers.

Applications
1. Servers: Data centers, cloud computing and enterprise servers rely on x86.
2. Embedded Systems: x86-based microcontrollers are used in robotics, automation and IoT devices.

4. Define the numbers of CPU bits and Cores in the following Personal Computers Processors (Do Mention
the Specific Model number of each type)
a. Pentium-IV
1. CPU Bits: 32-bit (x86) and 64-bit (x86-64) versions
2. Cores: Single-core
3. Model Examples:
- Pentium 4 1.4 GHz (32-bit)
- Pentium 4 3.2 GHz (64-bit)

b. Core Duo
1. CPU Bits: 64-bit (x86-64)
2. Cores: Dual-core
3. Model Examples:

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 - Intel Core Duo T2300 (1.66 GHz)
- Intel Core Duo T2400 (1.83 GHz)

c. Core i7
1. CPU Bits: 64-bit (x86-64)
2. Cores: Quad-core (some models have 6, 8 or 10 cores)
3. Model Examples:
- Intel Core i7-950 (3.06 GHz, quad-core)
- Intel Core i7-11700K (3.7 GHz, 8 cores, 16 threads)

Question 03:

Convert the Following Decimal Numbers to Binary, Octal, Hexadecimal and ASCII

System Decimal Binary Octal Hexadecimal

Base 10 2 8 16
Digits 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 0,1 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F

Decimal Binary Octal Hexadecimal

0 00000000 0 0
3 00000011 3 3
5 00000101 5 5
7 00000111 7 7
9 00001001 11 9
12 00001100 14 C
15 00001111 17 F
16 00010000 20 10
20 00010100 24 14
200 11001000 310 C8
255 11111111 377 FF
256 100000000 400 100
512 1000000000 1000 200
1024 10000000000 2000 400

Question 04:

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Write Definition of ASCII and UNICODE and mention difference between them. Also, convert the Following
Decimal numbers to Hex, ASCII and UNICODE.

ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange)

ASCII is a character-encoding standard for electronic communication. It represents characters using 7-bit binary
numbers (0-127).

Unicode

Unicode is a universal character-encoding standard, providing a unique number for every character across
languages

Decimal Hex ASCII UNICODE

0 0 NUL U+0000
8 8 BS U+0008
10 A LF U+000A
32 20 SPACE U+0020
38 26 & U+0026
54 36 6 U+0036
68 41 D U+0044
65 44 A U+0041
127 7F DEL U+007F

Question 05:

Define Variables and following Data Types of the Python and Give examples;
In programming, a variable is a symbolic name associated with a value and whose associated value may be
changed. Variables allow you to store data in a program, making it possible to refer to that data by name rather
than by its actual value. Variables are data containers and their value can change during the execution of
program.

Categories Data Types Definition Example

Text Str Represents a sequence

of characters (strings). name = "Alice"

Numeric int Represents integer values age = 30

(whole numbers).
float Represents floating-point price = 19.99
numbers (decimals).
complex Represents complex complex_num = 2 +
numbers with real and 3j
imaginary parts.
Sequence list An ordered, mutable numbers = [1, 2, 3]
collection of items.
tuple An ordered, immutable coordinates = (10, 20)
collection of items.

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 range Represents a sequence of for i in range(5):
numbers, often used in
loops.
Boolean bool Represents a truth value: is_active = True
True or False
Binary Binary Immutable sequences of data = b"hello"
bytes.
Bytearray Mutable sequences of bytes. mutable_data =
bytearray(b"hello")
Memoryview A view of a bytes-like
object, allowing direct view =
access to the data. memoryview(bytes(5))

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