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22 views7 pages

Lecture 1

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Uploaded by

mariamahmedtalaat
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Advanced Physics (BA216) Dr.

Mahmoud Alabsy

Lecture 1
(Chapter 19)
Temperature

1. Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics


Two objects are in thermal contact with each other if energy can be exchanged
between them due to a temperature difference.

Thermal equilibrium is a situation in which two objects would not exchange energy
by heat or electromagnetic radiation if they were placed in thermal contact.

Let’s consider two objects A and B, which are not in thermal contact, and a third
object C, which is our thermometer. We wish to determine whether A and B are in
thermal equilibrium with each other. The thermometer (object C) is first placed in
thermal contact with object A until thermal equilibrium is reached as shown in
Figure a. From that moment on, the thermometer’s reading remains constant and we
record this reading. The thermometer is then removed from object A and placed in
thermal contact with object B as shown in Figure b. The reading is again recorded
after thermal equilibrium is reached. If the two readings are the same, we can
conclude that object A and object B are in thermal equilibrium with each other. If
they are placed in contact with each other as in Figure c, there is no exchange of
energy between them.

1
Advanced Physics (BA216) Dr. Mahmoud Alabsy

Zeroth law of thermodynamics (the law of equilibrium) states that: If objects A


and B are separately in thermal equilibrium with a third object C, then A and B are
in thermal equilibrium with each other.

Temperature is the property that determines whether an object is in thermal


equilibrium with other objects. Two objects in thermal equilibrium with each other
are at the same temperature. The SI unit of absolute temperature is the kelvin.

2. Thermometers and the Celsius Temperature Scale


Thermometers are devices used to measure the temperature of a system.

All thermometers are based on the principle that some physical property of a system
changes as the system’s temperature changes.

Some physical properties that change with temperature are:


(1) the volume of a liquid
(2) the dimensions of a solid
(3) the pressure of a gas at constant volume
(4) the volume of a gas at constant pressure
(5) the electric resistance of a conductor
(6) the color of an object.

2
Advanced Physics (BA216) Dr. Mahmoud Alabsy

A common thermometer in everyday use consists of a mass of liquid—usually


mercury or alcohol—that expands into a glass capillary tube when heated. In this
case, the physical property that changes is the volume of a liquid. Any temperature
change in the range of the thermometer can be defined as being proportional to the
change in length of the liquid column.

The thermometer can be calibrated by placing it in thermal contact with a natural


system that remains One such system is a mixture of water and ice in thermal
equilibrium at atmospheric pressure. On the Celsius temperature scale, this mixture
is defined to have a temperature of zero degrees Celsius, which is written as 0 oC;
this temperature is called the ice point of water. Another commonly used system is
a mixture of water and steam in thermal equilibrium at atmospheric pressure; its
temperature is defined as 100 oC, which is the steam point of water. Once the liquid
levels in the thermometer have been established at these two points, the length of the
liquid column between the two points is divided into 100 equal segments to create
the Celsius scale. Therefore, each segment denotes a change in temperature of one
Celsius degree.

The Celsius, Fahrenheit, and Kelvin Temperature Scales

9
𝑇𝐹 = 5 𝑇𝐶 + 32

𝑇𝐾 = 𝑇𝐶 + 273
5
∆𝑇𝐶 = ∆𝑇𝐾 = 9 ∆𝑇𝐹

3
Advanced Physics (BA216) Dr. Mahmoud Alabsy

3. The Constant-Volume Gas Thermometer and the Absolute


Temperature Scale

If we extend the straight lines in the Figure toward


negative temperatures, we find a remarkable result:
in every case, the pressure is zero when the
temperature is -273.15 oC.

It is used as the basis for the absolute temperature


scale, which sets -273.15 oC as its zero point. This
temperature is often referred to as absolute zero.

Problem (2)

On a day when the temperature reaches 50 oF, what is the temperature in


degrees Celsius and in Kelvin?

Solution

𝑇𝐹 = 50 ℉

𝑇𝐶 = ? , 𝑇𝐾 = ?
9
𝑇𝐹 = 5 𝑇𝐶 + 32

50 = 95 𝑇𝐶 + 32 𝑇𝐶 = 10 ℃

𝑇𝑘 = 𝑇𝐶 + 273
𝑇𝑘 = 10 + 273 𝑇𝐾 = 283 𝐾

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Advanced Physics (BA216) Dr. Mahmoud Alabsy

4. Thermal Expansion of Solids and Liquids


Thermal expansion, plays an important role in numerous engineering applications.
For example, thermal-expansion joints such as those shown in the Figure must be
included in buildings, concrete highways, railroad tracks, brick walls, and bridges to
compensate for dimensional changes that occur as the temperature changes.

When the temperature of an object is changed by an amount ΔT, its length changes
by an amount ΔL that is proportional to ΔT and to its initial length Li:

∆𝐿 = 𝛼 𝐿𝑖 ∆𝑇

(𝐿𝑓 − 𝐿𝑖 ) = 𝛼 𝐿𝑖 (𝑇𝑓 − 𝑇𝑖 )

where Lf is the final length, Ti and Tf are the initial and final temperatures,
respectively, and the proportionality constant α is the average coefficient of linear
expansion for a given material and has units of (oC)-1.

5
Advanced Physics (BA216) Dr. Mahmoud Alabsy

Because the linear dimensions of an object change with temperature, it follows that
surface area and volume change as well. The change in volume ΔV is proportional
to the initial volume Vi and to the change in temperature according to the
relationship

∆𝑉 = 𝛽 𝑉𝑖 ∆𝑇

(𝑉𝑓 − 𝑉𝑖 ) = 𝛽 𝑉𝑖 (𝑇𝑓 − 𝑇𝑖 )

where β is the average coefficient of volume expansion and is given by

𝛽 = 3𝛼

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Advanced Physics (BA216) Dr. Mahmoud Alabsy

Problem (6)

A segment of steel railroad track has a length of 30 m when the


temperature is 0 oC. What is its length when the temperature is 40 oC.
(linear expansion coefficient of steel equal 11 x 10-6 C-1)

Solution

𝐿𝑖 = 30 𝑚 and 𝑇𝑖 = 0 ℃

𝐿𝑓 = ? at 𝑇𝑓 = 40 ℃

𝛼 = 11 × 10−6 ℃−1

(𝐿𝑓 − 𝐿𝑖 ) = 𝛼 𝐿𝑖 (𝑇𝑓 − 𝑇𝑖 )

(𝐿𝑓 − 30) = (11 × 10−6 ) (30) (40 − 0)

𝐿𝑓 = 30.013 𝑚

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