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Lecture 4-Statistics-New

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47 views

Lecture 4-Statistics-New

Uploaded by

haneen zuhair
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Engineering Statistics Lecture: 4

Data Summary and display Time: 2 hrs


Measurement of Central Tendency
Comments About Quartile:
 For ungrouped data you need to Order the sample values from smallest to largest.
𝒊(𝒏+𝟏)
 If a quartile value calculated from ( 𝑸𝒊 = ) is an integer, then the sample value in
𝟒

that position is the quartile value. If not, then take the average of the sample values on either
side of this value.
 Example 1 :
In the article “Evaluation of Low-Temperature properties of HMA Mixtures” (P. Sebaaly,
A. Lake, and J. Epps, Journal of Transportation Engineering, 2002: 578–583), the following
values of fracture stress (in MPa ) were measured for a sample of 24 mixtures of hot-mixed
asphalt (HMA).
30 75 79 80 80 105 126 138 149 179 179 191
223 232 232 236 240 242 245 247 254 274 384 470
Find the first and third quartiles of the asphalt.
Solution

2) Percentile

In general, the 100pth percentile is a data value such that approximately 100p% of the
observations are at or below this value and approximately 100(1-p)% of them are above it.

𝒊(𝒏+𝟏)
 For ungrouped data the percentile calculated as: 𝑷𝒊 =
𝟏𝟎𝟎

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Example 2:

Calculate 20th and 75th Percentiles from the following data 10,50,30,20,10,20,70,30

Solution:

Same as quartile determination

 To find percentile for grouped data we can use the same formula for quartile except:
pi = l + (h/f) * (iN/100 – m)

Example 3

Calculate 64 th Percentile for the following grouped data:

Class Intervals Frequency Cumulative F


1-5 6
6-10 19
11-15 13
16-20 20
21-25 12
26-30 11
31-35 6
36-40 5
Total

Solution:

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Example 4 and H.W:

The data that follow represent the yield on 90 consecutive batches of ceramic substrate to
which a metal coating has been applied by a vapor-deposition process. Construct frequency
distribution and cumulative frequency table, then find median, quartiles (lower quartile, upper
quartile, interquartile) and 5th and 95th percentile.

Types of Frequency

✓ Numeric frequency( 𝑓)
✓ Relative Frequency (𝑓𝑟 )
✓ Percent Frequency (𝑓𝑝 )
✓ Cumulative Frequency (𝑓𝐶 )
✓ There is another Type called Cumulative relative frequency (𝑓𝐶𝑟 )

I. Numeric Frequency: 𝑓 → ∑ 𝑓𝑖 = 𝑛 𝑜𝑟 𝑁
𝑓
II. Relative Frequency: 𝑓𝑟 = → ∑ 𝑓𝑖 = 1
𝑛 𝑜𝑟 𝑁
Where: f= number of times the value occurs
n or N= number of observations in the data set

III. Percent Frequency: 𝑓𝑝 = 𝑓𝑟 × 100 → √𝑓𝑝 = 100

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IV. Cumulative Frequency ( we mentioned this in lecture 3): is another variant of a
frequency distribution. Here, instead of reporting how many data values fall in some class,
they report how many data values are contained in either that class and the previous classes.
The frequency is also expressed cumulatively of : f, fr, fp .

Example 5:

The data below shows the sequences of a dice rolls, from these data calculate the, no. of
classes, classes limits, classes boundaries, relative frequency and cumulative Frequency.

7,6,7,6,7,4,4,6,10,5,6,11,4,8,2,9,6,5,3,8,3,3,12,9,10,7,6,7,4,6

Solution:

Class limit Class boundaries frequency Relative Cumulative


frequency frequency

Note

The last determine before moving to represent frequency distribution graphically is


frequency densities.

Frequency densities represents the height of each rectangle in histogram or other graphical
representations. After determining frequencies and relative frequencies, calculate the height
of each rectangle using the formula: (frequency density= fr/ class width)

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Example 7 and H.W.:

Q1) For the following data determine, C, class limit, class boundaries, relative frequency and
cumulative Frequency.
11,13, 15, 15, 18, 20, 21, 22, 24, 24, 25, 25, 26,28, 29, 29,34

Q2) There are 10 employees in a particular division of a company. Their salaries have a mean
of $70,000, a median of $55,000. The largest number on the list is $100,000. By accident,
this number is changed to $1,000,000. 1) What is the value of the mean after the change? 2)
What is the value of the median after the change

Example 8:

Corrosion of reinforcing steel is a serious problem in concrete structures located in


environments affected by severe weather conditions. For this reason, researchers have
been investigating the use of reinforcing bars made of composite material. Consider the
following 48 observations on measured bond strength to calculate the class limit,
relative frequency and frequency densities.

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