SPSS Introduction

o SPSS stands for statistic package for social science, but the power and capability go beyond social
science students. This tutorial gives us a background understanding and deep knowledge of SPSS.
o SPSS develops as a programming language, and it is designed to provide statistical analysis. SPSS is
a complex and powerful application which have a graphical and syntactical interface. It is used to provide
dozens of functions for managing, analyzing, and presenting data. The statistical capability of SPSS
contains a range from simple percentages to complex analyses of the linear models, variances, and multiple
regressions. We can range our data from binary variables to logarithmic variables. It provides us an
extensive data management functions.
o we will learn how to write the SPSS program, enter data in SPSS, Data transformation, descriptive
statistics, independent sample t-test, creating tables and charts, and exploring several functions for
managing our data.
o In this course, we will see everything we need to know about SPSS. The first step of this course actually
shows us how to design a questionnaire that suits the SPSS program. After that, we will go a step further
into coding our data into SPSS.
o The important part of SPSS is how to choose the right statistical technique in SPSS. We break down the
process of choosing the right statistical technique in SPSS by creating a flow chart and a statistical decision
tree. Based on the type of question we have, based on the type of variable (Independent variable or
dependent variable), and based on the measurement level, we will be able to choose the right test in
SPSS. The treatment of data and the choice of the right statistical test depend upon the kind of measure we
have taken for the variable.

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Download and Install SPSS
In this section, we are going to download and install IBM SPSS software. This software is available for the free
trial from the IBM website for 14 days. So we can download the software and learn it. To download and install the
software, we will go to the Google and type 'ibm spss statistics downloads' and then press Enter. Now we will
get the following window:

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The first link will take us to the download page of IBM, which will give us access to the free trial version. Now we
will click on the Downloads and then click on Trials and demos as follows:

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After this, we will get the IBM SASS Statistics option. We can skip the above options and can directly go to this
step using the following link https://www.ibm.com/products/trials. Through this link, we will get the IBM SPSS
statistics option, as shown below:

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After this, we will click on the Try Free for 14 days option, and then we will get the following window:

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For downloading IBM SPSS software, we have to fill all the required information. After providing all the required
information, we will click on Proceed option, and then we will get the following window:

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Now depending on our operating system, we will download it. Now the downloading process is completed. So we
will learn how to install it.

Now we have a download file named SPSSStatisticsSub_Setup_x64. We will right-click on this file and click on
the run as administrator. Now IBM software is installing the file as follows:

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Now we have to accept the license agreement. If we want, we can read the terms and conditions.

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Click on the Continue option. Now the installation has finished. It will ask us to run SPSS, so we will click on launch
to start the software.

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Now it will ask us to enter the IBMid and password, which we provided while downloading. After this, we will get
the following window, which shows that it gives us access for 14 days. The dialog box is handy, but every time we
start the software, this dialog box will look a little bit annoying. So if we don't want to use the following screen or
don't want to see the screen again in the future, we just have to click on the checkbox, which shows that don't
show the dialog box in the future. But if we want to see the dialog box in the future, we will leave
it unchecked. Lastly, we will click on the close button.

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Now we are able to see the interface of SPSS software as follows:

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SPSS Version 26
Recently IBM announces version 26 of SPSS software. Let us have a quick walk through of what is new in the store
for us. We are currently running version 26 of SPSS software, and if we want to check, we can go to Help and
click on About. After this we will see the following image:

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Version 25 and 26 both the software have the same interface. There is no difference as such in their look and
feel. If we want to look at the enhancement, just go and type on Google SPSS 26 new features and visit the
following link:

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Now the above document is opened like this:

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This document offers detailed enhancement about every feature that has been added in version 26. If we read
it carefully, we will realize that all the enhancements that have been done in version 26 can be categorized
at three levels. The first level of enhancement has been done in the Analyze menu as given below:

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The second level of enhancements has been done in Procedure and Scripting Advancements, as shown
below:

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The third level of enhancement has been done in the format of Productivity.

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Now we will take a quick look at what they are. In the Analyze menu, if we are running version 26, we will see
certain new options. For instance, quantile regression is in version 26. If we go to Analyze menu then go
to Regression, then we can see the option of Quantile like this:

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In Procedure and Scripting Advancements, the major improvement has been done in the format of
Bayesian statistics enhancements. Here, we can see the options for one way ANOVA, one sample Binomial, and
one sample Poisson analyses. We can see all these options by visiting the Analyze menu, go to Bayesian
statistics, and then we can see all the options like this:

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Another important improvement we will see is the Improvement in the Reliability Analysis option. So if we
are using version 26, we can go to the Analysis option and then go to Scale. Now we will click on the
Reliability Analysis option and then click on Open Data File and choose a New Data Set.

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Now again click on Analyze option, then go to Scale and then go to the Reliability Analysis option. If we are
using a new version, we will see a box for Items and Ratings separately.

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Apart from this, we have the Statistics option on the right side of Items. When we click on Statistics, we will see
added enhancement for doing Interrater agreement analysis, which is not available in version 25.

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In the document, we have Scripting Level enhancements in version 26. We can go through this and read it.

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The last level of enhancements has been done at the Productivity level. In version 26, we will see enhancement
in the Production facility command as well as. If we are running the latest version of Amos, we will see certain
changes in the output. For instance, we will see the Chi-square statistics and some other details mentioned in
the following Path diagram, which were not available in the previous version.

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 Next Topic Statistics in SPSS

Statistics in SPSS
o In this section, we are going to learn fundamental or statistics. Statistics is a branch of mathematics that is used
for organization and interpretation of the numerical data. When it comes to the data organization, the kind of
statistics we used are known as descriptive statistics.
o So descriptive statistics is basically used to describe the situation or the event, or whatever the property that we
are measuring. For example, suppose we are discussing the marks obtained by the student in the examination, we
might be interested in the average marks scored by the student, or the spread or division of the marks. So mean,
median, standard deviation, percentile, etc. they all examples of descriptive statistics.
o We also use SPSS to calculate the descriptive statistics, but most often, we work with the interpretation of numerical
data, and we try to draw certain inferences based on the available data. So apart from interpretation, we should
use inference. The practical use of statistics is to draw inference from the numerical data.

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 o Now, when it comes to drawing inferences, we have to go by two approaches that depend upon the nature of our
data. So we can have two types of approaches here known as parametric statistics and non-parametric statistics.

o Parametric statistics refer to the kind of stats that is used to certain assumptions about the population parameters.
Parameters can be mean, standard, deviation, homogeneity of variance, randomness of the selection, and dependence
of samples. So if these assumptions are fulfilled, we use a kind of stat (statistics) known as a parametric stat.
o Our t-test, z score, regression, linear regression are examples of the parametric stat, but when these assumptions
are violated, we use a kind of stat known as a non-parametric stat. For example, mann whitney u test or most
popular chi square test. These are the test we use when our data fails to meet one of the four assumptions
recommended for the parametricity.
o In this section, we are going to learn about parametric and non-parametric tests. If we use SPSS most of the time, we will
face this problem whether to use a parametric test or non-parametric test.

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 o The first person to talk about the parametric or non-parametric test was Jacob Wolfowitz in 1942. He tried to draw a
distinction between those tests, which make assumptions about the nature of a variable in their population. If we
already know about the population and we develop a test basis on those assumptions and apply a test, in that case,
our result is more generalizable.
o Suppose we are studying an age variable. Suppose we want to find out some conclusions about the age. We are already
aware of how the age is distributed in the population or entire population or the Indian population or American
population. In that case, whatever test we are going to use will give us a more generalizable result.
o While other cases, when we are not aware of the features of variables that we are studying, especially in the population,
then we will not create a situation where the result would be generalizable. So that was the beauty of
the parametric test. That's why our researcher, supervisor, or general editor often nudges us to use parametric tests more
often as compared to non-parametric tests.
o The results of parametric tests are more generalizable as compare to non-parametric tests. In the Parametric test, we are sure
about the distribution or nature of variables in the population. So if we understand this, we can draw a certain
distinction between parametric and non-parametric tests.

Difference between Parametric and Non-Parametric Test

The following differences are not an exhaustive list of distinction between parametric and non- parametric tests,
but these are the most common distinction that one should keep in mind while choosing a suitable test.

S.NO. Parametric Test Non-Parametric Test

1 Normality of Distribution Non-normal Distribution

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2 Homogeneity of Variance Non-homogeneity of variance

3 Independence of Observations Dependence of observations

4 Randomness Non-random

5 Interval scale measurement Non-Internal Scale Measurement

1. Normality of distribution shows that they are normally distributed in the population.

Non-normal distribution specifies that we are not aware of the distribution of the population.

2. Homogeneity of variance specifies that different groups which we are using must have the same variance.

Play Video

A12 = A22 = ……= An2

Non-homogeneity of variance specifies that the parametric condition might be violated in a non-parametric test.

A12 ≠ A22 ≠ ……= An2

3. Independence of Observations specifies that observation of one candidate or subject in no way affect the observation
of other candidate or subject.

Dependence of observations specifies that observation of one candidate or subject affects the observation of other
candidates or subjects.

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4. Randomness specifies that the sample must be randomly drawn from the population.

Non-random specifies that we are not randomly drawn to our sample, and all the subjects which are part of our
study will not be randomly selected.

5. Interval scale measurement specifies that our data will be measured in an interval scale, and the quantity of
measurement between two intervals of a scale remains constant throughout the scale.

Non-Interval scale measurement specifies that the parametric condition might be violated in a non-parametric test.

SPSS Variables
In this section, we are going to learn how to conceptualize the variables and how to name them in SPSS. The data
entry in SPSS begins with understanding the variables like our variable name, how they are defined, and what label
we will use to measure them. It's very important that before we start entering our data, we have a
conceptualization of our search variable. In SPSS, we have two types of variables, i.e., independent
variables and dependent variables.

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Apart from them, we should also have like what are the variables, which are playing the role of mediating variables
or which are playing the role of moderating variables. The important thing is to conceptualize our variables.

Example 1:
Suppose we are taking a study where we want to see the effect of one variable over another or the relationship
between two variables. In an IT study, what exactly leads to good performance. We know that it's hard
work that leads to performance. But we also know that relationship is not at that simple. There might be many
other variables involved. We are supposed to explore this issue, and we want to just find out the variables that
influence the performance of a student.

Now in this study, performance is acting like a dependent variable. Because it is a performance that we want
to predict and that we want to estimate based on other variables like hard work. Apart from hard work, we might
believe that the age of the subject may also act as an influencer in this variable. The socioeconomic status of
the subject might also play a role in the performance of the student.

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To understand this, we are going to assume two students who are from a higher socioeconomic status. They
can access better resources that can help them in performing better. So, we should define all our variables first in
our research model, and then we will try to enter our data into SPSS. So, let's take certain variables, for
example, hard work is socioeconomic status. Now, if we look at these variables, we will find that there is a bit
of ambiguity the way they have been expressed.

For example: what do you mean by hard work, how to measure the hard work. If we have to be more precise,
then we have been mention we will measure the hard work in terms of the number of hours of study. It might
also affect the performance, but we are not expecting each to affect the performance directly. They might act like
a moderator or performance, but not the direct precursor of performance.

So, we want a model in which age and socioeconomic status act like moderators. Moderators are those
variables that moderate the relationship between independent variables, and dependent variables mean they
are significantly going to affect the relationship between these two variables. Apart from moderators, there might
be mediators as well as involved in the model, but we are not going to take mediators now.

Now we will take one more important variable that can affect the performance let's call it Intelligence.
So, Intelligence might also affect the performance. So, we are expecting a direct influence of Intelligence on
Performance. Intelligence is again a way toward how we are going to measure it. So, we can measure Intelligence
as IQ scores of the subject. This is how we will define our research model.

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Example 2:
Suppose we want to find out what exactly leads to stress. Stress can be caused by problems we can call it daily
hassles. Apart from it, stress can cause due to pathological behavior like smoking. Smoking is
an independent variable, while stress is a dependent variable. We want to control the effect of this variable
called Daily hassles because we know that daily hassles lead to stress. We want to understand that if daily hassles
are the same for everyone, what does the influence of smoking on stress is. In this case, we can consider daily
hassles as a control variable.

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Once we have conceptualized our model, we can start defining our variables. In example 1, the control variables
can be classroom conditions, temperature, or noise.

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SPSS Numeric Variable
In this section, we are going to enter all the variables one by one. So, the first variable we want to record is
our independent variable, i.e., hardwork. To type the name of a variable, we can simply click on the name and
start typing it and then press enter. Once we enter it, we will see that rest of the fields have been automatically
populated like this:

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Once we typed the name of a variable, space is automatically defined as a numeric variable in which numeric
stands for a number. By default, any variable is a numeric variable, but we can change it to other variable types.
But we know that it is going to measure in terms of the no of hours, so that is going to be a numeric variable. So,
we will let it as a numeric variable. To change the Type, width, and decimals of variable, go to the Numeric
Type and click on the three-dot, shown in the following image. We can also define the width and decimal places.
A Width is a number of digits that we are going to have. For example, we believe that the max number of hours
a student can study is 24, so we need 2 digits for width. The number of hours can be in decimal, so we will record
it in hours, minutes, and seconds, so we will set it as 1. So, our variable, name, width, and decimals have been
defined as follows:

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There are certain conventions of defining variables names in SPSS. We cannot have a space between the variable
names. If we write a space between variable names and press enter, we will get an error warning like this:

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We cannot begin a variable name by a number or a special character. If we write 1hardwork, we are going to
get an error warning like this:

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But if we want to write 1, we can write it as a hardwork1. If we want a space between the name, we can use
an underscore(_), but not space. We cannot have dolor($) in the beginning. If we write $hardwork, we will get
an error warning like this:

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We can have dolor in between the variable like hard$work. So, most of the restrictions apply at the beginning of
the variable names. Similarly, we cannot have a slash(/), comma(,), anywhere in between the variable name. If
we write har,dwork, or hard/work, it will give an error warning like this:

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So, these are the certain conventions while defining the variable name in SPSS. We should keep the variable name
short while defining the variable in SPSS. If we want to write a descriptor for the variable name, we can use
the label option. For example, for hardwork, we can write it as no of hours of study. We can write a full story in
the label, and that will be acted like a descriptor.

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Now we are going to add some research variables like Intelligence, Performance. Where Intelligence is
measured as an IQ score, and Performance is measured as a Marks obtained. Apart from them, we have
some demographic variables like Age, Gender, SES (socioeconomic status) like this:

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When we click on the data view option, we can see all the variables. The importance of writing the labels is that
when we put the mouse cursor on variable names, we can see the description of those variables. This
description helps us to understand our variable when we have a large data set. We can quickly place our cursor on
the variable name and understand what kind of variable it is.

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So that's how we can define our variable in SPSS.

Comma and Dot Variable in SPSS

In this section, we are going to learn about the comma variable and dot variable. Comma and dot are the two
variable types, which are a type of delimiters used in SPSS.

They are less often used because we don't understand them, or we don't want to specify all variables properly, but
it is good to know about them. Firstly we will define the delimiters. So delimiters are the notation or
the symbols, which are used to specify the boundary between digits. For example, suppose we want to write ten
thousand rupees, how we write it. We will write it as 10000, but at best, what we can do to make it more
readable or better. We can put a comma like 10,000. If we put a comma between 10,000, the comma is acting as
a delimiter. Generally, we put comma as a delimiter, and then for decimal values, we use a dot like 10,000.00.

So this is the one standard kind of notation we generally follow mostly in India or US, but in many other countries,
this convention is not followed in fact, it is reversed. If we are in Europe and want to write ten thousand euros,
we can write it like 10.000,00. Here dot acts as a delimiter.

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Now we are going on SPSS, and let's try to define comma and dot variable types. Suppose we will define one case
as a comma separator delimiter and other cases as a dot separator delimiter. Let's have two different types of
variables, like income and population. We will define income as a comma separator variable
and population as a dot separator delimiter. So, firstly we will define income as a comma separator delimiter. For
this, we will go to Numeric type of income variable then click on comma and then press ok like this:

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 Play Video

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When we click on the data view option, we will see nothing in the income field because our value is 15, which is
very small.

Suppose we are writing fifteen lakhs, and once we press enter, we will see comma as a delimiter
like 1,500,000. If we want to add decimals, we can also define it. For this, go to the decimal option and define it
upto 2 places. This dot separates our value after the decimal. Now the value of income will look like this:

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Now we will define the population as a dot separator variable. For this, we will go to Numeric type of
population variable then click on the dot and then press ok like this:

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Now we will enter the population of delhi city. Suppose the population of delhi is something random value
like 2344555556. After this, we will press enter. Since we have taken dot as a delimiter, so we are expecting the
digits to be separated or boundary to be created by using the dot variable. So after press enter, the value will look
like 2.344.555.556,00. So the boundary is created by the dot variable, and a comma separates the decimal
value.

But in India, we are not accustomed to such type of value because we generally use a comma as a delimiter.

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Scientific Notation in SPSS
In this section, we are going to learn the scientific notation variable type. Scientific notation variable types are
the variable types that are used generally by the physical scientist, i.e., a person working in the area of
chemistry or biology. We must have seen measuring the property in terms of 10-6 or 10-8 or 106 or 108, and that
kind of notation can be written in SPSS. For example, instead of writing one thousand (1000), we can write 103.

Now let's see how we do that. For this, we are going to take an income variable. We will go to Numeric type of
income variable then click on Scientific notation and then press ok like this:

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We will record the income of a subject as 106. That means we are having 000000 after 1. So if this income is in
thousands, we can say it's 1 million. So the following image shows that 1 million will be written
as 1.00E+006 in SPSS.

Now let's create another new variable to understand the negative value. We are creating hairwidth as a new
variable because hairwidth has a very small dimension. It can be measured in microns. For this,
type hairwidth and then press enter. Now a new variable hairwidth is created as follows:

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 Play Video

Suppose we are taking the first example as .001mm or unit. If we convert it into decimals, go to the decimal
option of hairwidth and increase the number of decimals. Let's make it upto 4. So there is a width, and we wanted
to write .001 that specifically 1/1000 unit.

Now instead of keeping it numeric variable, let's convert it into scientific notation. For this, go to Numeric
type of hairwidth variable then click on Scientific notation and then press ok like this:
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Now we need to change the number of decimals accordingly. In the following images, we will see that the new
width is 1.00E-003, that exactly means .001 or 1/1000.

So that's how we use scientific notation in SPSS.

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SPSS Date and Timestamps Variable
In this section, we will learn the Date variable type. Date variable type can be used when we want to enter our
data in the form of some timestamps or time series, or simply record the birth date of the subject. For
example, in our hardwork and performance study, suppose we want to record the birth date of the subject and
we want to see the impact on birth date variables. For this, we will change the Numeric to Date type like this:

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We can define a new variable, and that should be the date variable. So we will define it as Birthdate, and by
default, it is a Numeric variable. Let's convert it into a Date variable. Once we click on the Date, we will see many
options on the right-hand side, and we can notice it gives us a date format like dd-mmm-yyyy. In the format, the
first 2 digits define our date, the first 3 letters define the month, and 4 digits define the year.

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So it is prompting us to define date in the format of 12-Jun-1970 where 12 defines our date, Jun defines the
month, 1970 defines the year. This is the typical format we generally use, but if we want to use any other format,
we can select accordingly. So once we select, let's try to define date variable or entry for date variable. So let's
define as 10-Dec-1995. We put dash(-) because the dash was there in the format. If we don't put a dash, we make
an error warning. So we can correct accordingly.

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We can see our first date entry has been done in the above image, and it is 10-Dec-1995. Now let's enter our
second entry, which is 18-Oct-1993.

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So we have two entries now. Now let's try to change the date format into something else, and we can see all the
changes will be reflected in our data. We don't need to do the changes manually. We need just to select the right
format. So we can go for some other format as well. We select a more complex format like dd-mmm-yyyy
hh:mm:ss:ss, which means date, month, year, hours, minutes, seconds, milliseconds.

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When we choose this format and click on Data view option, the Birthdate will look like this:

This format is useful if we are working in hospitals where we are recording the birth of kids. We can record the
exact birth upto milliseconds, and that's going to be useful for us.

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 Next Topic Dollar & Custom Currency

SPSS Dollar and Custom Currency Variable Type

Dollar Variable
In this section, we are going to learn the Dollar variable type. We know that Dollar is an American Currency.
So it has been given a specific place in SPSS where we can define Dollar Currency. But we can also define other
Currency types like custom Currency. So there are various formats for Dollar Currency listed right beginning
from one Dollar to Dollar in decimals or millions or depending upon the amount of figure or maximum amount of
figure that we want to enter in SPSS. We can select an appropriate Dollar Currency type for us.

So we are going to select an Income variable. Suppose we measure Income into Dollars, so turn it
from Scientific to Dollar like this:

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In the following image, we can see a Dollar symbol before the Income variable.

Custom Currency Variable Type

In this section, we are going to learn about the Custom Currency option. A Custom Currency option is a
valuable option for customizing the Currency in the local format. As we saw above that, we can customize Dollar

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Currency. We can write the value directly into Dollar Currency in SPSS. But other Currency formats are not
available. So that SPSS gives us certain custom options that we can see in the following image:

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We can see many options like CCA, CCB, CCC, CCD, and CCE in the above image. We can use them
for customization. On the right-hand side, we can see a sample or preview offer Currency. Now, we will define the
Currency, and that is going to be our Indian rupee. For this, we will take the Income variable, then go to
the Edit menu, and then click on Options like this:

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Then we will see a Currency tab there, click on Currency, and again we can see all those currencies CCA, CCB,
CCC, etc. like this

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Why so many Currencies, because we can work with multiple currencies like rupee, Dollar, and other types of
currencies in a single data set. So we can customize more than one Currency. Again on the above image's right-
hand side, we can see the preview of whatever Currency we define. So let's select the Currency CCA, and
customize it for the Indian rupees symbol. So we type Prefix and Suffix for the Currency. Prefix appears before
our value, so we will type Rs for Indian rupees. We can also write suffix for Indian rupees that will follow the
value. But suffix is not recommended, because it will create confusion. So we can have a prefix, or we can have a
suffix.

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Again, we can define Negative values as well for our Currency. For example, if it is a bank account, the
account can also take a negative value. The person drops money more as compare to deposit. In this case, we
can go for a Negative value like this:

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We have the Decimal Separators like Periods and Comma. Periods are generally more common
in India and US, but in European countries, we will see the comma separator is more common. So we can
select our separator and click Ok.

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If we click on the Data View option, we can see our Income appears in the format of Rs. prefix.

To test, we can type and other value, and we will see again Rs. prefix without any entry

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 Next Topic Sting Variable

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SPSS String Variable
In this section, we are going to learn about String variables. String variables are the type of variables that are
used when we want to record any qualitative data or qualitative variables. For example, name of the subject,
or roll no of the subject.

Now we will take the example of the current study in which we study the effect of Hardwork or Performance.
Suppose at the end of the study, we want to record the feedback of the subject, which might come in the format
of statements. So for that, we can define a String variable. Remember, SPSS software is not doing qualitative
data analysis, but we can definitely store the qualitative data, and later, we can do some analysis by using
other software. So in our case, let's define a new variable called Name of subject and Feedback. So we will
create Feedback as the first variable.

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By default, it's Numeric, so we will convert it into the String variable because it is going to be in the statement of
format.

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Then we will create Name as the second variable and convert it into a String variable.

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Now the variables have been created. Since we have restricted Width to 8 so, we need to increase it. Let's keep it
more than a thousand. So we can write a full story if we want about the feeling of their subject. We will also
increase the Width of Name variable so that we can accommodate the longer name. If we don't increase the
width, the text will be truncated. Suppose we are writing I felt very good, but because of lower width it will be
truncated as "I felt v" like this:

Now we increase the width of Income as 1008, and click on the Data View option and enter a
dummy Feedback. Suppose the first subject says, "I felt very good. Thanks".
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Now we will write the Name as "John Smith".

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SPSS Value and Labels
In this section, we will learn the Values option. Values are used to indicate the Labels of variables. For
example, if we have Gender as a variable, Gender has male and female labels. If we have Income variable and
we are taking people belonging to lower socioeconomic status, middle and upper socioeconomic status, so
in that case, we are having three labels of the Income variable. Similarly, in liquor type of scales, we can have
upto 5 labels, 7 labels, or multiple labels from strongly agree to strongly disagree. The lists of variables are
given below:

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Now let's learn how to define labels and values by using the Value, Label option. Suppose we have the metric
variables or the scale variable that is Hardwork, Intelligence, and Performance, which are perfectly

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continuous variables. In our case, we are not going to have labels for them. If we measure Age in terms of
a number of years again, we will not have labels for them. For Gender, we are going to have labels because we
are measuring people belonging to the male and female categories. We can have two labels for the gender
variable. For this, we will click on the none value option of Gender variable like this:

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Now we will define Value: 1 for the Male, and we will Label it as Male and Value: 2 for Female, and we
will Label it as Female. If there is a third category, we can add it, and mark it as Others like this:

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If we want to change anything, we can click on that Label and change the label. For example, we can Fem for
the female and change it, but keep it as female. Similarly, we can do for Male and Others variable as well.

Play Video

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We can do the Spelling check as well by clicking on Spelling on the right-hand side.

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If we want to Remove any variable, we can remove it by selecting the label and then click on Remove option.

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Now we have taken three questions just to demonstrate how to use the values option in SPSS. In the case of a
liquor type option, these values are really important to define. So have taken three questions from the Oxford
Happiness Questionnaire, which is a Questionnaire to measure happiness in general life, and responses have
been scored from 1 to 6. Where 1 refers to strongly disagree and 6 refers to strongly agree.

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Now we will define these options by using the values option, so 1 for strongly disagree.

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Similarly, we are going to copy other descriptors and define them as values and labels.

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These are going to be typically useful when we used with the demographic variable and questionnaire
variables. So we have finished copying all the values from 1 to 6, and we have defined the question no 1.

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In a large questionnaire-based study, we might have upto 100 or 200 questions, so we need not type the
responses every time we just copy and paste them, and it works quickly.

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Columns and Alignment in SPSS
In the section, we are going to learn columns and alignment options. Column and alignment don't have any
statistical relevance. They are more often decorative, so they are less used and discussed in books of stats. But we
quickly learn them, what they are, and how to use them. The Column refers to column width. So in the following
image, we already have different column width for a different variable.

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If we create a new variable, we will have an 8 column width assign to it by default. So column width refers to
a number of digits or alphabet that can be allocated for a variable. For example, we create a new variable, and
name it as XYZ, and then press enter. Now in the following image, we can see by default it has been assigned the
column of 8 and alignment of Right.

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Now, if we click on the Data View, we will find that we don't have any value for XYZ. So we will add some values
like 23, 12, and 13.

We can see its width is 8. If we increase its width by using our mouse, we can see that its width has increased
substantially in the column option.

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 Play Video

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In the Variable View option, we can see its width is 36.

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If we want to reduce it again, we can turn it to 8 and press enter. Now we can go to the Data view option and can
see the width has gone down. In the case of population, we can have more width, but for variables that can be

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restricted to a lesser number of digits, we can have a smaller width for them. We can see in the following image,
the values of XYZ are aligned to their Right.

If we want to align them in the Center or Left, we can change their alignment. We can click on the Right option
of XYZ variable and select alignment Left like this.

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If we click on the Data view option, we can see that the variable has been aligned to Left.

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That's how we use the alignment and column width option. The column option is nothing but the extension of
width. So once we define our column, it means we are defining the width.

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Scale of Measurement in SPSS
In this section, we will learn about the measure option in SPSS. The measure is a property that is used to define
the label of measurement used in a variable. It's a very important property. The treatment of data and the
choice of the right statistical test depend upon the kind of measure we have taken for the variable. If we select
any variable, we can see three types of measure, as shown in the following diagram:

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So we have Nominal, Ordinal, and Scale type of measurement. These are the different types of measures, but all
in all, if we have to understand the measures, there are four types of measurement in social science research.
They are referred to as Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, and Ratio scales of measurement. So we will quickly try to
understand what they are and how we can use them for the SPSS. Measure and scale of measurement both are the
same things.

The Measure is used to measure something or something that refers to the property that we have focusing
upon. For example, if we are from an anthropology background, we must be interested in measuring blood
glucose levels. If we are from a psychology background, we must be interested in measuring
the motivation and personality of the individual. If we are from a management background, we must be
interested in the management process. These are different types of variables. For studying the variables, we
need to measure them. We need to exact quantify them. The ordinal, nominal, and scale measurements are
used for quantification.

Scale of Measurement
The Scale of measurement refers to the measurement scales that can be used for measuring
any socio or psychometric property or any variable that we are studying. All the scales of measurement can be
categorized into two parts. The first one is a Categorical scale of measurement, and the second one is
a Continuous scale.

Play Video

The Categorical scale is also known as Discrete scales. So we need a categorical scale to measure the
categorical variable. The categorical variable comes into two formats as Nominal variables
and Ordinal variables.

So, Nominal variables are those variables that come in the format of perfect categories or mutually
exclusive categories. It means if we are part of one category, we cannot be part of another category. For
example, the Gender variable has two labels male and female. So if we are part of one category, we are already

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excluded from other categories. So these categories are mutually exclusive. That's why in SPSS, this scale has
been shown through a Venn diagram with different colors like this:

In the above diagram, we can see a Venn diagram of a nominal scale with three different colors green, blue,
and red, indicating the mutual exclusiveness of the categories that we are defining.

If we look at the Ordinal variables in the following diagram, we can see three different colors again, but they
seem to be ranked order like bars.

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So Ordinal scale refers to the scale in which the variables can be categorized, but they can also be ranked
order. For example, the height of a student in the class can be measured in the meters. So, in this case, it will
be a continuous measure. But if we measure the height of a student in the class
as short height, medium height, and tall height, we can arrange short, medium, and tall
in ascending or descending order. So ordinal scales are basically those nominal scales that can be ranked
order. For example, the height of a student, socioeconomic status.

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There are two types of Continuous scales, which are Interval scale and Ratio scale. Interval scale refers to
the liquor type of scale which ask for the opinion on certain topic and responses vary from Strongly
disagree to Strongly agree, and in between, we can have other options. So we will define a value
of 0 to strongly disagree. We will also define 1 2, and 3 as undecided and 4 to strongly agree. It is known as
the interval scale because the idea is that the measurement between two points of the scale is the same
throughout the scale. So if the value between 0 to 1 is x, it means the value between 1 to 2, 2 to 3, 3 to 4 is
also x like this:

So, this is a scale that divides our entire measurement into an equal number of parts, which typically happens in
the liquor scale. So that is our interval scale. This scale superficially seems that it has a 0, but truly, it does not
have an absolute zero. For example, suppose we measure the attitude of individuals or intelligence of the
individual or personality treats of the individual. In that case, it is impossible for us to find the person who has
zero personality treats or 0 attitudes or 0 motivations. However, we are assigning a 0 value here. So whatever the
case may be, we are not going to have an individual who is 0 in terms of the trade that we measure, especially

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when they are the social trades like personality, attitude, motivation, and leadership. So the internal scale
has one limitation, i.e., the lack the absolute zero.

This thing is available in the case of a Ratio scale, which contains an absolute zero. So absolute zero is the point
where the movement among the ion stops, and we have the 0 temperature at that point. So absolute zero means
the property that we are measuring is absent. For example, if we measure blood glucose level, and if we say
that blood glucose level was 0, it means blood glucose was totally absent. Similarly, if we measure
the income and report income as zero, it means the person had no income. It means absolute zero is possible in
case of a ratio scale.

Now in SPSS, if we look at the processor, we will see nominal, ordinal, and scale variables.

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In SPSS, for all practical purposes, it combines the Interval and Ratio scale into one and called Scale variable.
We can see the meter scale kind of symbol for the scale variable, so it is showing that it's a quantitative
variable. However, the quantitative variables are either interval variables or ratio variables.

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types-of-data-file-in-spss

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 Exception is: org.apache.tiles.definition.NoSuchDefinitionException: exceptionoccured

Probably, your request is incorrect. Please check the request URL in the URL bar.

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HTML Tutorial

HTML tutorial or HTML 5 tutorial provides basic and advanced concepts of HTML. Our HTML tutorial is developed
for beginners and professionals. In our tutorial, every topic is given step-by-step so that you can learn it in a very
easy way. If you are new in learning HTML, then you can learn HTML from basic to a professional level and after
learning HTML with CSS and JavaScript you will be able to create your own interactive and dynamic website. But
Now We will focus on HTML only in this tutorial.

The major points of HTML are given below:

o HTML stands for HyperText Markup Language.

o HTML is used to create web pages and web applications.
o HTML is widely used language on the web.
o We can create a static website by HTML only.
o Technically, HTML is a Markup language rather than a programming language.

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 HTML Example with HTML Editor
In this tutorial, you will get a lot of HTML examples, at least one example for each topic with explanation. You can
also edit and run these examples, with our online HTML editor. Learning HTML is fun, and it's very easy to learn.

Pause

Unmute

Current Time 0:04

Duration 18:10

Loaded: 3.67%

Fullscreen

1. <!DOCTYPE>
2. <html>
3. <head>
4. <title>Web page title</title>
5. </head>
6. <body>

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7. <h1>Write Your First Heading</h1>
8. <p>Write Your First Paragraph.</p>
9. </body>
10.</html>

Test it Now

What is HTML
HTML is an acronym which stands for Hyper Text Markup Language which is used for creating web pages and
web applications. Let's see what is meant by Hypertext Markup Language, and Web page.

Hyper Text: HyperText simply means "Text within Text." A text has a link within it, is a hypertext. Whenever you
click on a link which brings you to a new webpage, you have clicked on a hypertext. HyperText is a way to link two
or more web pages (HTML documents) with each other.

Markup language: A markup language is a computer language that is used to apply layout and formatting
conventions to a text document. Markup language makes text more interactive and dynamic. It can turn text into
images, tables, links, etc.

Web Page: A web page is a document which is commonly written in HTML and translated by a web browser. A
web page can be identified by entering an URL. A Web page can be of the static or dynamic type. With the help
of HTML only, we can create static web pages.

Play Video

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 Hence, HTML is a markup language which is used for creating attractive web pages with the help of styling, and
which looks in a nice format on a web browser. An HTML document is made of many HTML tags and each HTML tag
contains different content.

Let's see a simple example of HTML.

1. <!DOCTYPE>
2. <html>
3. <head>
4. <title>Web page title</title>
5. </head>
6. <body>
7. <h1>Write Your First Heading</h1>
8. <p>Write Your First Paragraph.</p>
9. </body>
10.</html>
Test it Now

Description of HTML Example

<!DOCTYPE>: It defines the document type or it instruct the browser about the version of HTML.

<html > :This tag informs the browser that it is an HTML document. Text between html tag describes the web
document. It is a container for all other elements of HTML except <!DOCTYPE>

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<head>: It should be the first element inside the <html> element, which contains the metadata(information
about the document). It must be closed before the body tag opens.

<title>: As its name suggested, it is used to add title of that HTML page which appears at the top of the browser
window. It must be placed inside the head tag and should close immediately. (Optional)

<body> : Text between body tag describes the body content of the page that is visible to the end user. This tag
contains the main content of the HTML document.

<h1> : Text between <h1> tag describes the first level heading of the webpage.

Pause

Unmute

<p> : Text between <p> tag describes the paragraph of the webpage.

Brief History of HTML

In the late 1980's , a physicist, Tim Berners-Lee who was a contractor at CERN, proposed a system for CERN
researchers. In 1989, he wrote a memo proposing an internet based hypertext system.

Tim Berners-Lee is known as the father of HTML. The first available description of HTML was a document called
"HTML Tags" proposed by Tim in late 1991. The latest version of HTML is HTML5, which we will learn later in this
tutorial.

HTML Versions
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Since the time HTML was invented there are lots of HTML versions in market, the brief introduction about the HTML
version is given below:

HTML 1.0: The first version of HTML was 1.0, which was the barebones version of HTML language, and it was
released in1991.

HTML 2.0: This was the next version which was released in 1995, and it was standard language version for
website design. HTML 2.0 was able to support extra features such as form-based file upload, form elements such
as text box, option button, etc.

HTML 3.2: HTML 3.2 version was published by W3C in early 1997. This version was capable of creating tables and
providing support for extra options for form elements. It can also support a web page with complex mathematical
equations. It became an official standard for any browser till January 1997. Today it is practically supported by
most of the browsers.

HTML 4.01: HTML 4.01 version was released on December 1999, and it is a very stable version of HTML language.
This version is the current official standard, and it provides added support for stylesheets (CSS) and scripting
ability for various multimedia elements.

HTML5 : HTML5 is the newest version of HyperText Markup language. The first draft of this version was
announced in January 2008. There are two major organizations one is W3C (World Wide Web Consortium), and
another one is WHATWG( Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group) which are involved in the
development of HTML 5 version, and still, it is under development.

Features of HTML
1) It is a very easy and simple language. It can be easily understood and modified.

2) It is very easy to make an effective presentation with HTML because it has a lot of formatting tags.

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3) It is a markup language, so it provides a flexible way to design web pages along with the text.

4) It facilitates programmers to add a link on the web pages (by html anchor tag), so it enhances the interest of
browsing of the user.

5) It is platform-independent because it can be displayed on any platform like Windows, Linux, and Macintosh,
etc.

6) It facilitates the programmer to add Graphics, Videos, and Sound to the web pages which makes it more
attractive and interactive.

7) HTML is a case-insensitive language, which means we can use tags either in lower-case or upper-case.

NOTE: It is recommended to write all tags in lower-case for consistency, readability, etc.

HTML text Editors

o An HTML file is a text file, so to create an HTML file we can use any text editors.

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 o Text editors are the programs which allow editing in a written text, hence to create a web page we need to write our
code in some text editor.
o There are various types of text editors available which you can directly download, but for a beginner, the best text
editor is Notepad (Windows) or TextEdit (Mac).
o After learning the basics, you can easily use other professional text editors which are, Notepad++, Sublime Text,
Vim, etc.
o In our tutorial, we will use Notepad and sublime text editor. Following are some easy ways to create your first web
page with Notepad, and sublime text.

A. HTML code with Notepad. (Recommended for Beginners)

Notepad is a simple text editor and suitable for beginners to learn HTML. It is available in all versions of Windows,
from where you easily access it.

Step 1: Open Notepad (Windows)

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Step 2: Write code in HTML

Step 3: Save the HTML file with .htm or .html extension.

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 Play Video

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Step 4: Open the HTML page in your web browser.

To run the HTML page, you need to open the file location, where you have saved the file and then either double-
click on file or click on open with option

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B. HTML code with Sublime Text-editor.(Recommended after learning basics of HTML)
When you will learn the basics of HTML, then you can use some professional text editors, which will help you to
write an efficient and fast code. So to use Sublime Text editors, first it needs to download and install from internet.
You can easily download it from this https://www.sublimetext.com/download link and can install in your PC. When
installation of Sublime text editor done then you can follow the simple steps to use it:

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Step 1: Open Sublime Text editor(Windows 8):

To open Sublime Text editor go to Start screen ⤏ type Sublime Text⤏ Open it. To open a new page
press CTRL+N.

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Step 2: Save the page before writing any code.

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To save your page in Sublime Text press Ctrl+S or go to File option ⤏ save, to save a file use extension .htm
or .html. We recommend to save the file first then write the code because after saving the page sublime text editor
will give you suggestions to write code.

Step 3: Write the code in Sublime Text editor

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Step 4: Open the HTML page in your Browser

To execute or open this page in Web browser just right click by mouse on sublime text page and click on Open in
Browser.

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 Note: You can execute HTML file in any browser, but there are some tags which are not supported by Some Web browser.

Building blocks of HTML

An HTML document consist of its basic building blocks which are:

o Tags: An HTML tag surrounds the content and apply meaning to it. It is written between < and > brackets.
o Attribute: An attribute in HTML provides extra information about the element, and it is applied within the start tag. An
HTML attribute contains two fields: name & value.

Syntax
1. <tag name attribute_name= " attr_value"> content </ tag name>

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 o Elements: An HTML element is an individual component of an HTML file. In an HTML file, everything written within
tags are termed as HTML elements.

Example:
1. <!DOCTYPE html>
2. <html>

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3. <head>
4. <title>The basic building blocks of HTML</title>
5. </head>
6. <body>
7. <h2>The building blocks</h2>
8. <p>This is a paragraph tag</p>
9. <p style="color: red">The style is attribute of paragraph tag</p>
10. <span>The element contains tag, attribute and content</span>
11. </body>
12.</html>
Test it Now

Output:

The building blocks

This is a paragraph tag

The style is attribute of paragraph tag

The element contains tag, attribute and content

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HTML Tags
HTML tags are like keywords which defines that how web browser will format and display the content. With the
help of tags, a web browser can distinguish between an HTML content and a simple content. HTML tags contain
three main parts: opening tag, content and closing tag. But some HTML tags are unclosed tags.

When a web browser reads an HTML document, browser reads it from top to bottom and left to right. HTML tags
are used to create HTML documents and render their properties. Each HTML tags have different properties.

An HTML file must have some essential tags so that web browser can differentiate between a simple text and HTML
text. You can use as many tags you want as per your code requirement.

o All HTML tags must enclosed within < > these brackets.
o Every tag in HTML perform different tasks.
o If you have used an open tag <tag>, then you must use a close tag </tag> (except some tags)

Syntax
<tag> content </tag>

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HTML Tag Examples
Note: HTML Tags are always written in lowercase letters. The basic HTML tags are given below:

<p> Paragraph Tag </p>

<h2> Heading Tag </h2>

<b> Bold Tag </b>

<i> Italic Tag </i>

<u> Underline Tag</u>

Test it Now

Unclosed HTML Tags

Some HTML tags are not closed, for example br and hr.

<br> Tag: br stands for break line, it breaks the line of the code.

<hr> Tag: hr stands for Horizontal Rule. This tag is used to put a line across the webpage.

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HTML Meta Tags
DOCTYPE, title, link, meta and style

HTML Text Tags

<p>, <h1>, <h2>, <h3>, <h4>, <h5>, <h6>, <strong>, <em>, <abbr>, <acronym>, <address>, <bdo>,
<blockquote>, <cite>, <q>, <code>, <ins>, <del>, <dfn>, <kbd>, <pre>, <samp>, <var> and <br>

HTML Link Tags

<a> and <base>

HTML Image and Object Tags

<img>, <area>, <map>, <param> and <object>

HTML List Tags

<ul>, <ol>, <li>, <dl>, <dt> and <dd>

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HTML Table Tags
table, tr, td, th, tbody, thead, tfoot, col, colgroup and caption

HTML Form Tags

form, input, textarea, select, option, optgroup, button, label, fieldset and legend

HTML Scripting Tags

script and noscript

Note: We will see examples using these tags in later charters.

HTML Tags List

Following is the complete list of HTML tags with the description which are arranged alphabetically.

Note: Here represents newly added Elements in HTML5.

HTML Tags by Alphabets
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ

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 Tag name Description

<!-- --> This tag is used to apply comment in an HTML document.

<! This tag is used to specify the version of HTML

DOCTYPE>

<a> It is termed as anchor tag and it creates a hyperlink or link.

<abbr> It defines an abbreviation for a phrase or longer word.

<acronym> It defines acronym for a word. (Not supported in HTML5)

<address> It defines the author's contact information of the HTML article

<applet> It defines an embedded Java applet. (Not supported in HTML5)

<area> It defines the area of an image map.

<article> It defines the self-contained content.

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<aside> It defines content aside from main content. Mainly represented as sidebar.

<audio> It is used to embed sound content in HTML document.

<b> It is used to make a text bold.

<base> This tag defines the base URL for all relative URL within the document.

<basefont> This tag is used to set default font, size and color for all elements of
document. (Not supported in HTML5)

<bdi> This tag is used to provide isolation for that part of text which may be formatted
in different directions from its surrounding text.

<bdo> It is used to override the current text direction.

<big> This tag is used to make font size one level larger than its surrounding
content. (Not supported in HTML5)

<blockquote It is used to define a content which is taken from another source.

>

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<body> It is used to define the body section of an HTML document.

<br> It is used to apply single line break.

<button> It is used to represent a clickable button

<canvas> It is used to provide a graphics space within a web document.

<caption> It is used to define a caption for a table.

<center> It is used to align the content in center. (Not supported in HTML5)

<cite> It is used to define the title of the work, book, website, etc.

<code> It is used to display a part of programming code in an HTML document.

<col> It defines a column within a table which represent common properties of columns
and used with the <colgroup> element.

<colgroup> It is used to define group of columns in a table.

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D

<data> It is used to link the content with the machine-readable translation.

<datalist> It is used to provide a predefined list for input option.

<dd> It is used to provide definition/description of a term in description list.

<del> It defines a text which has been deleted from the document.

<details> It defines additional details which user can either view or hide.

<dfn> It is used to indicate a term which is defined within a sentence/phrase.

<dialog> It defines a dialog box or other interactive components.

<dir> It is used as container for directory list of files. (Not supported in HTML5)

<div> It defines a division or section within HTML document.

<dl> It is sued to define a description list.

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<dt> It is used to define a term in description list.

<em> It is used to emphasis the content applied within this element.

<embed> It is used as embedded container for external file/application/media, etc.

<fieldset> It is used to group related elements/labels within a web form.

<figcaption> It is used to add a caption or explanation for the <figure> element.

<figure> It is used to define the self-contained content, and s mostly refer as single unit.

<font> It defines the font, size, color, and face for the content. (Not supported in
HTML5)

<footer> It defines the footer section of a webpage.

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<form> It is used to define an HTML form.

<frame> It defines a particular area of webpage which can contain another HTML file. (Not
supported in HTML5)

<frameset> It defines group of Frames. (Not supported in HTML5)

<h1> to It defines headings for an HTML document from level 1 to level 6.

<h6>

<head> It defines the head section of an HTML document.

<header> It defines the header of a section or webpage.

<hr> It is used to apply thematic break between paragraph-level elements.

<html> It represents root of an HTML document.

<i> It is used to represent a text in some different voice.

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<iframe> It defines an inline frame which can embed other content.

<img> It is used to insert an image within an HTML document.

<input> It defines an input field within an HTML form.

<ins> It represent text that has been inserted within an HTML document.

<isindex> It is used to display search string for current document. (Not supported in
HTML5)

<kbd> It is used to define keyboard input.

<label> It defines a text label for the input field of form.

<legend> It defines a caption for content of <fieldset>

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<li> It is used to represent items in list.

<link> It represents a relationship between current document and an external resource.

<main> It represents the main content of an HTML document.

<map> It defines an image map with active areas.

<mark> It represents a highlighted text.

<marquee> It is used to insert the scrolling text or an image either horizontally or

vertically. (Not supported in HTML5)

<menu> It is used for creating a menu list of commands.

<meta> It defines metadata of an HTML document.

<meter> It defines scalar measurement with known range or fractional value.

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<nav> It represents section of page to represent navigation links.

<noframes> It provides alternate content to represent in browser which does not support the
<frame> elements. (Not supported in HTML5)

<noscript> It provides an alternative content if a script type is not supported in browser.

<object> It is used to embed an object in HTML file.

<ol> It defines an ordered list of items.

<optgroup> It is used to group the options of a drop-down list.

<option> It is used to define options or items in a drop-down list.

<output> It is used as container element which can show result of a calculation.

<p> It represents a paragraph in an HTML document.

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<param> It defines parameter for an <object> element

<picture> It defines more than one source element and one image element.

<pre> It defines preformatted text in an HTML document.

<progress> It defines the progress of a task within HTML document.

Q
<q> It defines short inline quotation.

<rp> It defines an alternative content if browser does not supports ruby annotations.

<rt> It defines explanations and pronunciations in ruby annotations.

<ruby> It is used to represent ruby annotations.

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<s> It render text which is no longer correct or relevant.

<samp> It is used to represent sample output of a computer program.

<script> It is used to declare the JavaScript within HTML document.

<section> It defines a generic section for a document.

<select> It represents a control which provides a menu of options.

<small> It is used to make text font one size smaller than document?s base font size.

<source>> It defines multiple media recourses for different media element such as
<picture>, <video>, and <audio> element.

<span> It is used for styling and grouping inline.

<strike> It is used to render strike through the text. (Not supported in HTML5)

<strong> It is used to define important text.

<style> It is used to contain style information for an HTML document.

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<sub> It defines a text which displays as a subscript text.

<summary> It defines summary which can be used with <details> tag.

<sup> It defines a text which represent as superscript text.

<svg> It is used as container of SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics).

<table> It is used to present data in tabular form or to create a table within HTML
document.

<tbody> It represents the body content of an HTML table and used along with <thead>
and <tfoot>.

<td> It is used to define cells of an HTML table which contains table data

<template> It is used to contain the client side content which will not display at time of page
load and may render later using JavaScript.

<textarea> It is used to define multiple line input, such as comment, feedback, and review,

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 etc.

<tfoot> It defines the footer content of an HTML table.

<th> It defines the head cell of an HTML table.

<thead> It defines the header of an HTML table. It is used along with <tbody> and <tfoot>
tags.

<time> It is used to define data/time within an HTML document.

<title> It defines the title or name of an HTML document.

<tr> It defines the row cells in an HTML table

<track> It is used to define text tracks for <audio> and <video> elements.

<tt> It is used to define teletype text. (Not supported in HTML5)

<u> It is used to render enclosed text with an underline.

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<ul> It defines unordered list of items.

<var> It defines variable name used in mathematical or programming context.

<video> It is used to embed a video content with an HTML document

<wbr> It defines a position within text where break line is possible.

Next Topic HTML Attributes

HTML Attribute
o HTML attributes are special words which provide additional information about the elements or attributes are the
modifier of the HTML element.
o Each element or tag can have attributes, which defines the behaviour of that element.
o Attributes should always be applied with start tag.
o The Attribute should always be applied with its name and value pair.

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 o The Attributes name and values are case sensitive, and it is recommended by W3C that it should be written in
Lowercase only.
o You can add multiple attributes in one HTML element, but need to give space between two attributes.

Syntax
1. <element attribute_name="value">content</element>

Example
1. <!DOCTYPE html>
2. <html>
3. <head>
4. </head>
5. <body>
6. <h1> This is Style attribute</h1>
7. <p style="height: 50px; color: blue">It will add style property in element</p>
8. <p style="color: red">It will change the color of content</p>
9. </body>
10.</html>
Test it Now

Output:

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 Explanation of above example:

1. <p style="height: 50px; color: blue">It will add style property in element</p>
Test it Now

In the above statement, we have used paragraph tags in which we have applied style attribute. This attribute is
used for applying CSS property on any HTML element. It provides height to paragraph element of 50px and turns it
colour to blue.

1. <p style="color: red">It will change the color of content</p>

In the above statement we have again used style attribute in paragraph tag, which turns its colour red.

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 Play Video

Note: There are some commonly used attributes are given below, and the complete list and explanation of all attributes are
given in HTML attributes List.

The title attribute in HTML

Description: The title attribute is used as text tooltip in most of the browsers. It display its text when user move
the cursor over a link or any text. You can use it with any text or link to show the description about that link or
text. In our example, we are taking this with paragraph tag and heading tag.

Example
With <h1> tag:

1. <h1 title="This is heading tag">Example of title attribute</h1>

Test it Now

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 With <p> tag:

1. <p title="This is paragraph tag">Move the cursor over the heading and paragraph, and you will see a description as a tooltip
</p>
Test it Now

Code:

1. <!DOCTYPE html>
2. <html>
3. <head>
4. </head>
5. <body>
6.
7. <h1 title="This is heading tag">Example of title attribute</h1>
8. <p title="This is paragraph tag">Move the cursor over the heading and paragraph, and you will see a description as a toolti
p</p>
9.
10.</body>
11.</html>
Test it Now

Output:

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 The href attribute in HTML
Description: The href attribute is the main attribute of <a> anchor tag. This attribute gives the link address which
is specified in that link. The href attribute provides the hyperlink, and if it is blank, then it will remain in
same page.

Example
With link address:

1. <a href="https://www.javatpoint.com/html-anchor">This is a link</a>

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Test it Now

HTML Elements

An HTML file is made of elements. These elements are responsible for creating web pages and define content in
that webpage. An element in HTML usually consist of a start tag <tag name>, close tag </tag name> and content
inserted between them. Technically, an element is a collection of start tag, attributes, end tag, content between
them.

Note: Some elements does not have end tag and content, these elements are termed as empty elements or self-
closing element or void elements.

Such as:

<p> Hello world!!! </p>

Example

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

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<head>

<title>WebPage</title>

</head>

<body>

<h1>This is my first web page</h1>

<h2> How it looks?</h2>

<p>It looks Nice!!!!!</p>

</body>

</html>

Test it Now HTML Elements

All the content written between body elements are visible on web page.

Void element: All the elements in HTML do not require to have start tag and end tag, some elements does not have
content and end tag such elements are known as Void elements or empty elements. These elements are also
called as unpaired tag.

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Some Void elements are <br> (represents a line break) , <hr>(represents a horizontal line), etc.

Play Video

Nested HTML Elements: HTML can be nested, which means an element can contain another element.

Block-level and Inline HTML elements

For the default display and styling purpose in HTML, all the elements are divided into two categories:

Block-level element

Inline element

Block-level element:

These are the elements, which structure main part of web page, by dividing a page into coherent blocks.

A block-level element always start with new line and takes the full width of web page, from left to right.

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These elements can contain block-level as well as inline elements.

Following are the block-level elements in HTML.

<address>, <article>, <aside>, <blockquote>, <canvas>, <dd>, <div>, <dl>, <dt>, <fieldset>, <figcaption>,
<figure>, <footer>, <form>, <h1>-<h6>, <header>, <hr>, <li>, <main>, <nav>, <noscript>, <ol>, <output>,
<p>, <pre>, <section>, <table>, <tfoot>, <ul> and <video>.

Note: All these elements are described in later chapters.

Example:

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

</head>

<body>

<div style="background-color: lightblue">This is first div</div>

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 <div style="background-color: lightgreen">This is second div</div>

<p style="background-color: pink">This is a block level element</p>

</body>

</html>

Test it Now

Output:

Block-level and Inline HTML elements

In the above example we have used

tag, which defines a section in a web page, and takes full width of page.

We have used style attribute which is used to styling the HTML content, and the background color are showing that
it's a block level element.

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Inline elements:

Inline elements are those elements, which differentiate the part of a given text and provide it a particular function.

These elements does not start with new line and take width as per requirement.

The Inline elements are mostly used with other elements.

<a>, <abbr>, <acronym>, <b>, <bdo>, <big>, <br>, <button>, <cite>, <code>, <dfn>, <em>, <i>, <img>,
<input>, <kbd>, <label>, <map>, <object>, <q>, <samp>, <script>, <select>, <small>, <span>, <strong>,
<sub>, <sup>, <textarea>, <time>, <tt>, <var>.

Example:

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

</head>

<body>

<a href="https://www.javatpoint.com/html-tutorial">Click on link</a>

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 <span style="background-color: lightblue">this is inline element</span>

<p>This will take width of text only</p>

</body>

</html>

Test it Now

Output:

Block-level and Inline HTML elements

Following is the list of the some main elements used in HTML:

Start tag Content End tag Description

<h1> ...... <h6> These are headings of HTML </h1>??..</h6> These elements are used to provide the headings
of page.

<p> This is the paragraph </p> This element is used to display a content in form of paragraph.

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<div> This is div section </div> This element is used to provide a section in web page.

<br> This element is used to provide a line break. ( void element)

<hr> This element is used to provide a horizontal line. (void element)

Next TopicHTML Formatting

← PrevNext →

HTML Formatting

HTML Formatting is a process of formatting text for better look and feel. HTML provides us ability to format text
without using CSS. There are many formatting tags in HTML. These tags are used to make text bold, italicized, or
underlined. There are almost 14 options available that how text appears in HTML and XHTML.

In HTML the formatting tags are divided into two categories:

Physical tag: These tags are used to provide the visual appearance to the text.

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Logical tag: These tags are used to add some logical or semantic value to the text.

NOTE: There are some physical and logical tags which may give same visual appearance, but they will be different
in semantics.

Here, we are going to learn 14 HTML formatting tags. Following is the list of HTML formatting text.

Element name Description

<b> This is a physical tag, which is used to bold the text written between it.

<strong> This is a logical tag, which tells the browser that the text is important.

<i> This is a physical tag which is used to make text italic.

<em> This is a logical tag which is used to display content in italic.

<mark> This tag is used to highlight text.

<u> This tag is used to underline text written between it.

<tt> This tag is used to appear a text in teletype. (not supported in HTML5)

<strike> This tag is used to draw a strikethrough on a section of text. (Not supported in HTML5)

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<sup> It displays the content slightly above the normal line.

<sub> It displays the content slightly below the normal line.

<del> This tag is used to display the deleted content.

<ins> This tag displays the content which is added

<big> This tag is used to increase the font size by one conventional unit.

<small> This tag is used to decrease the font size by one unit from base font size.

1) Bold Text

HTML<b> and <strong> formatting elements

Play Video

The HTML <b> element is a physical tag which display text in bold font, without any logical importance. If you
write anything within <b>............</b> element, is shown in bold letters.

See this example:

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<p> <b>Write Your First Paragraph in bold text.</b></p>

Test it Now

Output:

Write Your First Paragraph in bold text.

The HTML <strong> tag is a logical tag, which displays the content in bold font and informs the browser about its
logical importance. If you write anything between <strong>???????. </strong>, is shown important text.

See this example:

<p><strong>This is an important content</strong>, and this is normal content</p>

Test it Now

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Output:

This is an important content, and this is normal content

Example

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>

<head>

<title>formatting elements</title>

</head>

<body>

<h1>Explanation of formatting element</h1>

<p><strong>This is an important content</strong>, and this is normal content</p>

</body>

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</html>

Test it Now

2) Italic Text

HTML <i> and <em> formatting elements

The HTML <i> element is physical element, which display the enclosed content in italic font, without any added
importance. If you write anything within <i>............</i> element, is shown in italic letters.

See this example:

<p> <i>Write Your First Paragraph in italic text.</i></p>

Test it Now

Output:

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Write Your First Paragraph in italic text.

The HTML <em> tag is a logical element, which will display the enclosed content in italic font, with added
semantics importance.

See this example:

<p><em>This is an important content</em>, which displayed in italic font.</p>

Test it Now

Output:

This is an important content, which displayed in italic font.

<!DOCTYPE html>

233
<html>

<head>

<title>formatting elements</title>

</head>

<body>

<h1>Explanation of italic formatting element</h1>

<p><em>This is an important content</em>, which displayed in italic font.</p>

</body>

</html>

Test it Now

3) HTML Marked formatting

If you want to mark or highlight a text, you should write the content within <mark>.........</mark>.

234
See this example:

<h2> I want to put a <mark> Mark</mark> on your face</h2>

Test it Now

Output:

I want to put a Mark on your face

4) Underlined Text

If you write anything within <u>.........</u> element, is shown in underlined text.

See this example:

<p> <u>Write Your First Paragraph in underlined text.</u></p>

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Test it Now

Output:

Write Your First Paragraph in underlined text.

5) Strike Text

Anything written within <strike>.......................</strike> element is displayed with strikethrough. It is a thin line
which cross the statement.

See this example:

<p> <strike>Write Your First Paragraph with strikethrough</strike>.</p>

Test it Now

Output:

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Write Your First Paragraph with strikethrough.

6) Monospaced Font

If you want that each letter has the same width then you should write the content within <tt>.............</tt>
element.

Note: We know that most of the fonts are known as variable-width fonts because different letters have different
width. (for example: 'w' is wider than 'i'). Monospaced Font provides similar space among every letter.

See this example:

<p>Hello <tt>Write Your First Paragraph in monospaced font.</tt></p>

Test it Now

Output:

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Hello Write Your First Paragraph in monospaced font.

7) Superscript Text

If you put the content within ^{..............} element, is shown in superscript; means it is displayed half a
character's height above the other characters.

See this example:

<p>Hello ^{Write Your First Paragraph in superscript.}</p>

Test it Now

Output:

Hello Write Your First Paragraph in superscript.

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8) Subscript Text

If you put the content within _{..............} element, is shown in subscript ; means it is displayed half a
character's height below the other characters.

See this example:

<p>Hello _{Write Your First Paragraph in subscript.}</p>

Test it Now

Output:

Hello Write Your First Paragraph in subscript.

9) Deleted Text

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Anything that puts within <del>..........</del> is displayed as deleted text.

See this example:

<p>Hello <del>Delete your first paragraph.</del></p>

Test it Now

Output:

Hello

10) Inserted Text

Anything that puts within <ins>..........</ins> is displayed as inserted text.

See this example:

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<p> <del>Delete your first paragraph.</del><ins>Write another paragraph.</ins></p>

Test it Now

Output:

Delete your first paragraph.Write another paragraph.

11) Larger Text

If you want to put your font size larger than the rest of the text then put the content within <big>.........</big>. It
increase one font size larger than the previous one.

See this example:

<p>Hello <big>Write the paragraph in larger font.</big></p>

Test it Now

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Output:

Hello Write the paragraph in larger font.

12) Smaller Text

If you want to put your font size smaller than the rest of the text then put the content within
<small>.........</small>tag. It reduces one font size than the previous one.

See this example:

<p>Hello <small>Write the paragraph in smaller font.</small></p>

Test it Now

Output:

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Hello Write the paragraph in smaller font.

HTML Heading

A HTML heading or HTML h tag can be defined as a title or a subtitle which you want to display on the webpage.
When you place the text within the heading tags <h1>.........</h1>, it is displayed on the browser in the bold
format and size of the text depends on the number of heading.

There are six different HTML headings which are defined with the <h1> to <h6> tags, from highest level h1 (main
heading) to the least level h6 (least important heading).

h1 is the largest heading tag and h6 is the smallest one. So h1 is used for most important heading and h6 is used
for least important.

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Headings in HTML helps the search engine to understand and index the structure of web page.

Play Video

Note: The main keyword of the whole content of a webpage should be display by h1 heading tag.

See this example:

<h1>Heading no. 1</h1>

<h2>Heading no. 2</h2>

<h3>Heading no. 3</h3>

<h4>Heading no. 4</h4>

<h5>Heading no. 5</h5>

<h6>Heading no. 6</h6>

Test it Now

244
Output:

Heading no. 1

Heading no. 2

Heading no. 3

Heading no. 4

Heading no. 5

Heading no. 6

Heading elements (h1....h6) should be used for headings only. They should not be used just to make text bold or
big.

HTML headings can also be used with nested elements. Following are different codes to display the way to use
heading elements.

Example:

<!DOCTYPE html>

245
<html>

<head>

<title>Heading elements</title>

</head>

<body>

<h1>This is main heading of page. </h1>

<p>h1 is the most important heading, which is used to display the keyword of page </p>

<h2>This is first sub-heading</h2>

<p>h2 describes the first sub heading of page. </p>

<h3>This is Second sub-heading</h3>

<p>h3 describes the second sub heading of page.</p>

<p>We can use h1 to h6 tag to use the different sub-heading with their paragraphs if

required.

</p>

246
 </body>

</html>

Output:

HTML Heading

Supporting Browsers

Element chrome browser Chrome ie browser IE firefox browser Firefox opera browser Opera safari
browser Safari

<h1> to <h6> Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

247
Photoshop is an exceptional raster-based photo editing software used for graphical work. It is primarily used to
create, edit, and manipulate several graphical as well as digital artworks.

Photoshop is developed by Adobe Systems and provides support for Windows and Mac OS operating systems.

We can create images with layers and save them in a different image format such as jpg, png, gif, tiff, etc. The
default file format for Photoshop files is PSD. The PSD stands for Photoshop Document, which is a native file format
for Photoshop. It saves the works in actual position as it is in the Photoshop workspace. When we open a PSD file, it
will open the files with layers.

Photoshop is a premium adobe tool that comes with a 7 days trial period. It is a very popular tool among
photographers and graphic designers. It is such popular that the term photo editing is known as Photoshop. It
provides numerous editing tools and plugins that make it user-friendly and easy to use for editing.

Features of Photoshop

248
Over the years, Photoshop has become the leading photo editing software from a small editing tool. The beauty of
the Photoshop tool is its unmatched features. It offers several editing features, which are Photoshop exclusive
features. None other photo editing software is much capable than Photoshop.

249
Some key features of the Photoshop tool are as follows:

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Layers
Layers are one of the best features of Photoshop. Layers allow you to work like a separate piece of paper that you
can edit independently and later add to your work. The main advantage of using layers is we can edit a specific
component of our image or work without affecting the other components.

Photoshop provides an easy-to-manage Layer Palette with some extensive features to manage them, such as
opacity (Transparency), layer mask, blending modes, lock, etc. We can also manage our layer stack, such as keep
a particular layer up and down by just dragging.

Selection Tools
Photoshop selection tools are very handy to use that designers are additive to work with. Photoshop selection tools
are improved over the years; nowadays, it provides several advanced selection tools such as marquee tool,
magic wand tool, lasso tools, etc., to deal with objects.

The Magic Wand tool is very advanced. It automatically selects similar color pixels and controls the range of colors
through tolerance.

Lasso tools let us manually select the required objects. It provides a hands-free selection process to select the
required region of the image.

Marquee tool allows us to draw different types of selections easily.

Pen Tool
The Pen Tool is a very dominating tool of Photoshop. Nowadays, we cannot assume Photoshop without a pen tool.
Before the pen tool, the software was nothing but a just editing tool. But, the pen tools make it an advanced
designing software. However, the pen tool is not so easy as other tools. It takes time to set the hand on the pen
tool, but you can draw anything that you assume once you are familiar with it. It takes the design to the next level.

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The pen tool's basic task is to draw a path along with anchor points, but the creative stack of this tool is limitless. It
provides three types of anchor points to draw and reshape the shapes.

Shapes
It is an essential task for graphic designers to keep the original quality of the object. Photoshop's shape layer
feature allows us to keep the original quality of the object while manipulating it.

However, the shape layer's outlook is limited, but the capabilities of this layer are extremely good.

A Shape layer can be easily edited using the pen tool or a selection tool and will retain its original quality.

Slice Tool
The Slice tool is also a fascinating tool of Photoshop. It is a useful tool for web designers. We can easily slice any
images into different sections to provide an image a web look.

Retouching Tools
Photoshop provides several retouching tools to provide a new look to the images. It contains few retouching tools
such as the Stamp tool, Pattern Stamp tool, Spot Healing tool, Healing tool, Patch tool, and many more. Every tool
has its unique functionality. Adobe has developed its retouching tools over the years.

Smart Objects
Smart objects are also a very useful feature of Photoshop. They are a kind of layer that holds image data. The
smart object preserves the original data of an image by making it a non-destructive layer.

We can embed the content of an image into a new document. Also, we can create linked smart objects in reference
to another image.

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The key advantage of a smart object is that we can freely perform the non-destructive transform.

Adobe Creative Cloud

Adobe Create Cloud provides cloud storage to save your work to the cloud straight from your Photoshop. You can
easily access your images from any device using the creative cloud.

CSS from Layers

It is a handy feature for web designers. This feature allows us to generate the CSS code for specific design
elements. For example, if we have drawn a rounded corner rectangle on a layer, if we want the CSS code for this
rectangle, we can do so by right-clicking on that layer and select the Copy CSS option from the context menu. So it
makes it easy to create a web template from a Photoshop file.

Photoshop Versions
Photoshop was originally developed in 1998 by Thomas and John knoll. Since then, Photoshop has been updating
itself not only in raster-based graphics editing but also in digital arts. It releases almost every year a new version
with some enhancement and improvements.

Its naming scheme is based on the version numbers from 0.07 through version 0.87, which was the first
commercial version of Photoshop. In February 1990, all the way to version 7.0.1. It made several minor and major
releases before version 8.0 in October 2003.

Version 8.0 came with several notable features, including filters, color separation, virtual memory, paths, CMYK
colors, png support, adjustment, layers, tabbed palettes, and more.

Some popular releases of the Photoshop are as following:

o Photoshop CS (Version 8)- 2003

253
 o Photoshop CS2 (Version 9)- 2005
o Photoshop CS3 (Version 10)- 2007
o Photoshop CS4 (Version 11)- 2008
o Photoshop CS5 (Version 12)- 2010
o Photoshop CS6 (Version 13)- 2012
o Photoshop CC (Version 14)- 2013
o Photoshop CC 2014 (Version 15)- 2014
o Photoshop CC 2015 (Version 16 and Version 17)- 2015
o Photoshop CC 2017 (Version 18)- 2016
o Photoshop CC 2018 (Version 19)- 2017
o Photoshop CC 2019 (Version 20)- 2018
o Photoshop 2020 (Version 21)- 2019
o Photoshop 2021 (Version 22)- 2020

The latest version of Photoshop is 22.1.1.

Photoshop Workspace
The Photoshop workspace is its default user interface, also known as essentials. It contains several different
palettes. At the top of Photoshop's UI, we can see a menu bar, which holds several menu options such as:

o File
o Edit

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 o Image
o Layer
o Select
o Filter
o Analysis
o 3D
o View
o Window
o Help

These menus contain several options for creating and editing documents. In this tutorial, we are using the
Photoshop CS5 version. The functionality and features will be almost the same for other versions as well.

Also, we can see other windows such as tools, colors, swatches, styles, layers, channels, etc.

Below is the default view of Photoshop:

255
256
If you have lost the default workspace while exploring its features, you can switch it back to default by navigating
the Windows-> Workspace->Essentials menu.

Prerequisites
To learn Photoshop, all you need to have the skill to understand the tools and functionality. You should have a
working knowledge of the computer. Since it is an image manipulation tool, so you don't need to worry about the
prior knowledge of any technology. Just make sure you have properly installed it on your system.

Audience
This tutorial is for users who want to become a photo editor, graphics designer, and UI designer. It is designed to
help beginners and professionals both.

Problem
We assure you that you will not find any discrepancies or problems in this tutorial. But in case if you find any
mistake, you can inform us by posting it in the contact form.

Next Topic Download and Install Photoshop

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How to Download and Install Photoshop
Photoshop is a leading photo manipulation tool. It is the world's best imaging and graphic design software. Its core
features for a creative project are photo editing and compositing to digital painting, animation, and graphic design.

It's a premium adobe tool, so to use it, we have to purchase a plan. Adobe provides several plans as per the user's
need, including complete, photograph, and single app plan.

It offers a reasonable price for a different users like individuals, students and teachers, businesses, schools, and
universities. We can choose as per our needs.

However, Photoshop also provides a 7 days trial period, so you can try it before purchasing.

54.1M

981

Prime Ministers of India | List of Prime Minister of India (1947-2020)

Let's understand how to download and install it:

Download Photoshop
To download Photoshop on your system, follow the below steps:

Step1: To download Photoshop, follow this link. It will take you to the official download page of Photoshop.

258
If you want to purchase Photoshop, click on Buy now option. If you want to use the trial of Photoshop, select
the Free Trial option.

Step2: In this step, you have to select the required package. Select the Photoshop option and click on the Start
free trial option.

259
260
Step3: In this step, we are required to create or log in to our adobe account. Enter the details such as email id or
password to log in or signup.

261
Step4: now, we need to add payment details. If we have selected a trial option, it will not charge us any amount
until the trial period; after that, it will charge according to selected plans.

Step5: This step will take you to the Download page of the Photoshop elements. If you want to skip the step4
(Adding Payment details), you can follow this link. Scroll down this page and navigate to Adobe Photoshop
Elements and & Adobe Premium Elements.

Click on the Download Adobe Photoshop Elements to continue.

Step6: Now, Select your platform for which you want to download Photoshop. It is available for Windows and Mac
OS platforms.

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It will start downloading a zip file having the Photoshop download elements. Now, extract this file. Here, we will get
an application setup run this application to install Photoshop.

Install Photoshop
To install Photoshop on your system, run the downloaded application and follow the installation prompt. For the
Windows platform, follow the below steps:

Step1: Run the installer file

Now, run the installer application. It will prompt you to make changes in your hard drive, select Yes to continue.

Step2: Login to Adobe Account

This step is required to sign-in to the application. We can sign-in using Adobe, Google, Facebook, or Apple id.

263
It will send a security code to the entered id to verify your user id. Enter the password and click connect to
continue the process.

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Step3: Accept the Terms and Conditions

Accept the terms of use and click continue.

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The installation process will automatically be started in the installer window.

Step4: Select the Language and Installation Location

In this step, we have to select the language and installation location. Select your preferred language & location.
You can leave the location options to the default:

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Click continue. It will start downloading the file.

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Ensure that your system is connected to the internet during the installation process. It will take some time to
download and install the Photoshop elements (depending on your internet speed, usually 10 to 15 minutes).

Now, we have successfully installed Photoshop on our PC. It will create a desktop icon of Photoshop. It will open the
following window:

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Select from this window what you want to do with Photoshop. We have selected Photo Editor Option.

Step5: Activate Photoshop

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Now, it will ask you to activate or try Photoshop.

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Enter a Product Id or click on the Try this software option. When we select the try option, it will open the below
window to verify the trial period.

Click on the Start Free Trial option.

Step6: Finalize the Process

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Now, click Ok to finalize the process.

It will take some time to load the default settings and plug-ins.

Now, our Photoshop will be opened in Quick Mode. The default workspace of Photoshop looks as follows:

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For other graphical tasks, we can switch our workspace to the Expert mode. The Expert mode workspace looks as
follows:

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We can create our First document by clicking Ctrl+N keys.

Photoshop Workspace
The workspace is the user interface of Photoshop. It is a combination of the preset layouts for the various
elements. It will determine which of the tools panel will be displayed on your screen and how they will be arranged.

In Photoshop, we can customize our workspace to choose what panels will be displayed and organize Photoshop
toolbar. The custom menus and keyboard shortcuts are also part of the workspaces.

We can easily customize our Photoshop layout for specific tasks and match the way in which we would like to work.
Photoshop provides several panels such as brush, channels, layers, masks, etc. By default, it comes with several
workspaces such as 3D, Design, Motion, Painting, Graphics, Photography, etc.; we can find workspaces by
navigating to the Window-> Workspace menu.

It is not good to show all the panels in your workspace because Photoshop contains too many panels. It would be
better if we only place the panel that we need; otherwise, we should close it. For example, while editing photos,
you will need different panels for editing and retouching, and while performing graphic designing tasks, you will
need different panels. So we will only open only those panels that we need for our task. It will help us to pick the
task at hand and keep our screen free of clutter. Thus, it allows us to work more efficiently.

Play Video

In this section, we will understand the default workspace and how to reset the workspace to defaults. Further,
we will see how to customize the workspace in Photoshop.

Default Workspace in Photoshop

The default Photoshop workspace is called Essentials. If you have never customized your workspace, then you
must be using the essentials workspace. Generally, the essentials workspace is considered more useful and handy

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because it is a general-purpose workspace. In our tutorial, we will use the essentials workspace and will add some
extra panels when it will be needed.

The essentials workspace includes some more commonly used panels such as Layers, adjustments, Tools, Color,
and swatches panel.

For example, we have opened an image in our essentials workspace. You can notice different useful panels are
available by default.

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You can add another panel by navigating to the Windows menu. It contains several panels such as 3D, Actions,
Adjustments, Animations, Brush, etc.

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To get a panel to your workspace, click on it. It will be displayed in your workspace by a small window. For
example, we want to display the brush panel on our workspace, just click on it, and it will be displayed in our
workspace as follows:

If you want to close it, click on the arrow icon highlighted in the above image. It will be closed. Similarly, you can
display any required panels in your workspace.

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How to Reset Workspace?
There may be a chance while working with Photoshop, you may lose the default view of the essentials workspace,
and you want to get it back. You can easily reset your workspace any number of times by navigating to Window->
workspace -> Reset Essentials. It will reset our workspace to its default view.

Other Workspaces in Photoshop

The default workspace of Photoshop is essential, but it is not the only workspace available in Photoshop. Besides
the essentials, there are several other workspaces such as 3D, Design, Motion, Painting, and Photography are
available in Photoshop. To activate any of these workspaces, just select a workspace from the Window->
Workspace menu.

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We can also add a custom workspace to this list. The checkmark displayed at the essentials workspace shows
that it is currently activated.

The Photography workspace is good for editing and retouching photos. When we switch to the Photography
workspace, it will change the available panels and tools in our workspace and place useful panels and tools. In the
Photography workspace, several useful panels such as histogram and navigators, History and device preview,
actions, info, etc., are added to our workspace.

The Painting workspace is useful for digital painting tasks. Once we switch our workspace to painting, our
Photoshop user interface is changed. It will place panels that are useful for digital paintings. For example,
compared to the Photography workspace, the Histogram panel is replaced with the swatches panel. And,
the Libraries and adjustment panels have been replaced with the Brush Presets panel.

How to Customize Photoshop Workspace

We can easily customize the default layout of Photoshop. We can add new panels to our workspace and move the
existing panels to a different area. Let's understand how to customize the Photoshop workspace.

Adding a New Panel

To add a new panel in our workspace, we can select it from the Window menu. For example, if we want to add
a Style panel to our workspace, we can select it from the Window-> Style menu. By default, it will be opened with
the colors and swatches panel.

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When we select a new panel, it will be placed in a predefined location. But, we can move them to our specified
location. Let's understand how to position a panel.

Moving a Panel
To move an existing panel to any other location, just drag the panel window and drop it on your favorite location.
For example, if we want style panel on our image canvas or with layers windows, drag it and drop it on the area
where we want to add it.

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From the above image, we have placed our style panel on an image canvas. Similarly, we can place it in any other
location.

Closing a Panel
To close a panel is also a straightforward process, just like opening a panel. We can close a panel by clicking on the
close window icon if it is on our image canvas, and if it is on a tab group like layers, colors, swatches, then to close
it, right-click on the panel window and select the close option.

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It will instantly close it. We can choose other options from this menu like Close Tab Group, Minimize,
and Collapse to icons, etc., instead of closing it.

Photoshop Shortcut Keys

Photoshop supports several shortcut keys almost for all functions and tasks. Using the shortcut keys is a smart way
to work and saves lots of time and effort. A professional Photoshop user prefers shortcut keys more than the
navigation menu. If you find a tool in the menu, it will take much time to activate, but if you stroke a key, it will
instantly activate it; thus, using the shortcut keys will save time and effort and maintain workflow in Photoshop.

These Photoshop Shortcut keys are quite easy, so that you can use them according to your work. Sometimes, it is
complicated to work with Photoshop because you could not find a proper tool, but when you know the shortcut of
that tool, it becomes easy to activate that tool.

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Photoshop Shortcut Keys

There are several shortcut keys available almost for every task and features such as Layers, editing, document,
colors, effects, operations, and many more. Photoshop shortcut keys make the work user-friendly, fast and
effective.

Each shortcut key has assigned a specific command; when we stroke a key, it will be activated and can be used for
the assigned command. For example, if you want to open a document in your workspace, instead of navigating to
the File-> Open menu, you can just stroke the Ctrl+O keys. It has the same functionality as the open option of the
File menu.

Play Video

In this section, we will discuss all the Shortcut keys for Windows and Mac OS. All the shortcut keys will work the
same as the Windows; there are only a few stroke differences between Windows and Mac OS keys.

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Photoshop Shortcut Keys for Mac OS

We will discuss the shortcut keys for Windows, but they will work in Mac OS as well. We just have to make the
following substitution to use them in Mac:

Mac OS Windows

Command Ctrl

Option Alt

Delete Backspace

Control Right-Click

Let's explore Photoshop shortcut keys. We have included the following shortcut keys:

Most Frequently used Shortcut Keys

Search key

Function Keys

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Selection Tools

View Images Keys

Selection and Mask

Filter Gallery Keys

Liquify Filter keys

Vanishing Point Keys

Camera Raw Dialog Box keys

Curves Keys

Select and Move Objects Keys

Transform, Selection, and Selection Borders Keys

Editing Path Keys

Painting Shortcut Keys

Blending Modes Keys

Text manipulation keys

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Format Type Keys

Panels Keys

Most Frequently Used Photoshop Shortcut Keys

The following are some most frequently used shortcut keys in Photoshop:

Shortcut Key Task

Ctrl + T To perform free transform

Hold down ` (grave accent) To toggle between painting and erasing with the same brush.

[ To decrease the brush size.

] To increase the brush size.

{ To decrease the brush hardness.

} To increase the brush hardness.

Left Arrow (anti-clockwise),

Right Arrow (clockwise) To rotate the brush tip by 1 degree

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Shift + Left Arrow(anti-clockwise),

Shift + Right Arrow (clockwise) To rotate the brush tip by 15 degrees

D To activate the default foreground/background colors.

X To switch the Foreground/Background colors.

Alt-click layer To fit layer(s) to screen

Ctrl + J To create a new layer via copy

Shift + Ctrl + J To create a new layer via cut

Any selection tool + Shift-drag Add to a selection

Alt-click brush or swatch To delete brush or swatch

Control-click To toggle auto-select with the move tool

Ctrl + Alt + P To close all open documents (other than the current document)

Esc To cancel any modal dialog window.

Enter To select the first edit field of the toolbar

Tab To navigate between fields

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Tab + Shift To navigate between fields in the opposite direction

Alt To change the cancel to reset option

Search Key

Ctrl+F: This key combination is used to search across a Photoshop document. Further, it is also used to search help
and learn content and adobe stock assets.

Function Keys

Shortcut Key Task

F1 To start help

F2 To cut a selection

F3 To copy a selection

F4 To paste a cut/copied content

F5 To show/hide brush panel

F6 To show/hide the color panel

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F7 To show/hide layers panel

F8 To show/hide Info panel

F9 To show/hide actions panel

F12 To apply Revert operation

Shift + F5 Fill

Shift + F6 To activate feather selection

Shift + F7 To activate an inverse selection

Selection Tools

Shortcut Key Task

V To activate the Move tool

M To activate the Marquee tool

L To activate the Lasso tool

W To activate the Magic Wand tool

C To activate the Crop tool

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/Slice tool

I To activate the Eyedropper tool

J To activate Healing Brush tool/ Patch tool/ Red Eye tool.

B To activate the Brush tool

S To activate the Clone Stamp tool

Y To activate the History Brush tool

E To activate the Eraser tool

G To activate the Gradient tool

O To activate Dodge tool/Burn tool

P To activate the Pen tool

T To activate the Type tool

A To activate the Path Selection tool

U To activate Rectangle tools

H To activate the Hand tool

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R To activate Rotate View tool

Z To activate the Zoom tool

D To apply default Foreground/Background colors

X To switch Foreground/Background colors

Q To toggle between Standard/Quick Mask modes

J To activate the content-aware Move tool

C To activate the Perspective Crop tool

V To activate the Artboard tool

R To activate Rotate View tool

/ To Toggle Preserve Transparency

{ To decrease the hardness of the brush.

} To increase the hardness of the brush.

, To select the previous brush.

. To select the next brush.

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< To select the first brush.

> To select the last brush.

View Images Keys

In this list, we are discussing the shortcuts that do not appear in menu commands:

Shortcut Key Task

Shift + Ctrl + Tab Switch to the previous document

Q To Toggle between Standard and Quick Mask mode

Spacebar + F To Toggle forward (canvas color)

Spacebar + Shift + F To Toggle backward (canvas color)

Double-click Hand tool To fit an image into the window

Ctrl + 1 or double-click zoom tool To magnify 100%

Control + spacebar Switch to zoom in tool.

Alt + spacebar Switch to zoom out tool

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Spacebar-drag To scroll Image Canvas while dragging

Esc To cancel completely

Ctrl + Z To undo the last adjustment

Ctrl + A To Select All

Ctrl + D To Deselect All

Shift-Click To Select Multiple

Shift-drag To Move Multiples

H To Temporary Hide

Selection and Mask

Ctrl+Alt+R: This key combination is used to open the select and mask workspace.

X: It is used to toggle between the original image and selection preview.

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P: It is used to toggle between original selection and refined version.

Filter Gallery Keys

These keys will be very helpful while working with Photoshop:

Shortcut Key Task

Alt-click ( a filter) To apply a filter

Ctrl + Alt + F To reapply previously used filter

Ctrl + Z To undo/redo (single step)

Ctrl + Shift + Z To step forward (redo multiple steps)

Ctrl + Alt + Z To step backward (undo multiple steps)

Liquify Filter Keys

Shortcut Key Task

W To forward Warp tool

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C To twirl Clockwise tool

S To activate the Pucker tool

R Reconstruct tool

B Bloat Tool

M Mirror Tool

Alt To change the cancel to reset

Vanishing Point Keys

Shortcut Key Task

Ctrl + '+' To zoom in

Ctrl + '-' To zoom out

Ctrl + 0 To fit in the window

Ctrl + D To deselect all

Arrow keys To move a selection 1 px ( accordingly)

Shift + Arrow To move a selection 10 px

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Ctrl + Drag To fill a selection

Camera Raw Dialog Box Keys

Shortcut Key Task

Z To activate the Zoom tool

H To activate the Hand tool

I To activate the White Balance tool

S To activate the color sampler tool

C To activate crop tool

A To activate the straighten tool

B To activate spot removal tool

E To activate the red-eye removal tool

Ctrl + Alt + 1 To open basic panel

Ctrl + Alt + 2 To open tone curve panel

Ctrl + Alt + 3 To open the detail panel

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Ctrl + Alt + 4 To open the Greyscale panel

Ctrl + Alt + 5 To open split toning panel

Ctrl + Alt + 6 To open lens correction panel

Ctrl + Alt + 7 To open the camera calibration panel

Ctrl + Alt + 9 To open Presets Panel

P For toggle preview

F For full-screen mode

O To highlight clipping warning

Curves Keys

Shortcut Key Task

Ctrl + M To open the curves dialog box

+ To select the next point on the curve.

- To select the previous point on the curve

Ctrl + D To deselect a point

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Shift + click a point To select multiple points on the curve

Select a point + del To delete a point on the curve

Arrow keys To move a curve by 1 unit

Shift + Arrow To move a curve by 10 unit

Ctrl + click on the image To set a point to composite a curve

Alt + click a field To toggle grid

Select and Move Objects Keys

Shortcut Key Task

Marquee Tool + spacebar-drag (Except single column and single row) To reposition the marquee tool while
selecting

Selection Tool + Shift-drag For adding to a selection

Selection Tool + Alt-drag For subtracting from a selection

Selection Tool + Shift-Alt-drag (Except quick selection tool) For intersecting a selection

Alt-Drag To switch from magnetic lasso to lasso tool

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Alt-click To switch from magnetic lasso to polygon lasso tool

Move tool + Alt-drag a selection To move and copy a selection

Selection Tool + Arrow To move selected area by 1 pixel

Crop Tool + EnterTo accept a selection to crop

Crop Tool + Esc To cancel a selection to crop

Alt + Drag Guide To convert b/w guides (horizontal and vertical)

Transform, Selection, and Selection Borders Keys

Shortcut Key Task

Alt To transform from the center and rotate the object

Shift Force Constrain

Ctrl Distort

Enter To apply an action

Ctrl + .(Dot) or Esc To cancel

Ctrl + Alt + T To free transform with duplicate data

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Ctrl + Shift + Alt + T To retransform with duplicate data

Editing Path Keys

Shortcut Key Task

Direct Selection Tool + Shift-click To select multiple anchor points from a path

Direct Selection Tool + Alt-click To select the entire path

Pen or Path or Direct Selection Tool + Ctrl + Alt-drag To duplicate a path

Ctrl For switching from a selection tool (pen, path, add anchor or delete anchor) to a Direct selection

Magnetic pen tool- double click To close a path

Magnetic pen tool + Alt-double click To close a path with a straight line segment.

Painting Shortcut Keys

Shortcut Key Task

Painting tool + Shift + Alt + Right-Click & drag To select a foreground color from the color picker

Eyedropper tool + Alt-click To select a background color

Painting tool + Alt Select a foreground color from an image using the eyedropper tool.

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Eyedropper + Shift For the color sampler tool

Color sampler + Alt-click To deactivate the color sampler tool

Alt + Shift + Number To change mix setting in mixer brush

Number keys To change the wet setting in the mixer brush

Shift + + or - To cycle through blending modes

Ctrl + Alt + Backspace To fill from history

Blending Modes Keys

Shortcut Key Task

Shift + + or - To cycle through blending modes

Shift + Alt + N To activate normal mode

Shift + Alt + I To activate dissolve

Shift + Alt + K To darken an image

Shift + Alt + M To multiply an image

Shift + Alt + B To apply color burn

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Shift + Alt + A To apply linear burn

Shift + Alt + G To lighten an image

Shift + Alt + D To activate color dodge

Shift + Alt + W To activate linear dodge

Shift + Alt + O To display overlay

Shift + Alt + F To apply soft light

Shift + Alt + H To apply hard light

Shift + Alt + L To hard mix

Shift + Alt + U To activate Hue

Text Manipulation Keys

This list contains the shortcuts that are not available in menu options or tooltip:

Shortcut Key Task

Ctrl + Drag ( When a type layer is selected) To move type in the layer

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Shift + Arrow To select one character in the specific direction

Shift + Click To select from an insertion point to mouse click point

Shift + Click To select a new text layer when text tool is selected

Ctrl + H To hide a selection on selected type

Space-drag To move a text box while creating a text box

Format Type Keys

This list contains the shortcuts that are not available in menu options or tooltip:

Shortcut Key Task

Horizontal Type tool + Ctrl + Shift + L, C, or R To align item left, center or right

Vertical Type tool + Control + Shift + L, C, or R To align item top, center, or bottom

Ctrl + Shift + X To select scale 100% (Horizontal)

Ctrl + Shift + Alt + X To select scale 100% (Vertical)

Ctrl + Shift + J To justify paragraph, left aligns last line

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Ctrl To toggle between the Slice tool and slice selection tool.

Shift-drag To draw a square circle

Alt-drag To draw from the center outward

Spacebar-drag To reposition a slice while creating

Right-click slice To open a context-sensitive menu

Panel Keys

This list contains options that are not available in the menu option or tooltip:

Shortcut Key Task

Tab To display and hide all the panels

Shift + Tab To display and hide all the panels except the toolbox

Select a Tool + Enter To highlight the options bar

Shift + Up Arrow/Down Arrow To increase or decrease selected values by 10.

Ctrl + Double click an action To play an entire action

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Alt + click on an action Play entire action

Control-click the Play button To play a command

Shift-click the action/command To select contiguous items of the same kind

Double-click recorded command To display an options dialog box for the recorded command.

Next TopicLayers in Photoshop

Layers in Photoshop
Layers are one of the finest tools of Photoshop. They are like a separate sheet of paper arranged in a sequence to
create an exceptional image. We can see through transparent areas of the layers to layer down. We can also move
layers to set the image content. We can move a layer up or down to position an element on the image. Moving a
layer is a straightforward process, just like sliding a sheet of acetate in a stack. We can also specify the opacity of
the layer to make the layer's content partially transparent or completely transparent.

Using Layers, we can perform tasks like the composition of multiple images, adding text to an image, adding
shapes, and more. We can also apply a layer style to provide a special effect such as glow or drop shadow to a
layer. We can add or delete a layer at any moment while working. It is quite easy to manage Layers and work with
them.

The layer is an essential feature of Photoshop; we cannot assume to create something creative without using
Layers. By default, the Essentials workspace of Photoshop contains a layers panel, where all the layers can be seen
and managed. If it is not available, then it can be displayed by navigating the Window-> Layers menu or by
hitting the f7 key.

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In this section, we will discuss how to use and manage layers in images. Further, we will see how to add, remove,
or style layers in Photoshop.

Why Layers are necessary for work

As we have discussed, Layers are essential for creating a stylish image or any other graphical work. It is not easy
to work with every component of an image at once without affecting other parts of the image. In such cases, layers
provide us a flexible way to add or edit a specific part of the image and compose them in another image. Layers
provide an amazing way to control an image. It will take some time to be comfortable with the layers.

Layer Panel
By default, The Layer Panel is available in the essential workspace. But, in case if you have lost it, then it can be
reactivated using the f7 key in the keyboard. Using the layers panel, we will manage and adjust the layers.

Below is the snapshot of the layers panels.

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Components of the Layer Panel
In Photoshop Layers, there are several components. Let's understand all the components and different types of
Layers:

Thumbnail: A thumbnail is a small picture having the content of the layer. It can be seen on the layer.

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Layer Group: Layers can be grouped by placing them into a folder. A layer group is a folder that has multiple
layers.

Type Layer: The Type layer is a layer that can be edited, such as the text layer. It is similar to the Image layer.

Adjustment Layer: The adjustment Layer is a layer having some customizations such as colors or tone of all the
layers underneath it. It will only affect the layers underneath it and avoids other layers.

Layer Style: The Layer style is a layer that has some effects. We can click on the eye icon to turn the layer style
on or off. The layer style options can be seen by double-clicking on the layer.

Layer Mask: The Layer mask is an essential part of a layer for non-destructive editing. It is used to paint on the
mask to show and reveal the image components.

Smart Object: A smart object is a special layer or a container that holds multiple layers, vectors, video, raw files,
3D, etc., types of objects.

Background Layer
The background layer is a default layer in every image which is behind the image content. It is also known as
the invisible layer because, by default, it is locked; to work on it, we will need to unlock it. The background layer
is useful to make an image transparent or change the background of an image. While creating an image, we can
also choose a transparent background; it will add a transparent background layer.

Let's understand how to work on a background layer.

First, we need to open an image. To open an image, stroke the Ctrl+ O keys and select the image from your local
storage. It will open in our workspace.

Now, we can see the image is opened in a default layer.

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It is a hidden layer. We can double-click on the lock icon to extract it from the image.

We can name this layer; by default, it will be named as Layer 0. To extract it from the image, click ok. To confirm
the extraction, select a layer, drag the image, and move it to a different section. You will notice the image has two
layers: the background layer and the other image content layer. To move it, we have to select the move tool; we
can select it from the tools panel or by hitting the V key. Consider the below image:

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Now, it will be extracted from the image; we can fill any background color in it. First, we need to remove the
previous background by using the magic wand or magic eraser tool to change the background of the image.
Later, we will discuss these tools in a separate section in detail. Also, we will see how to change the background of
an image using layers and these tools.

Note: It is suggested that the background layer be kept locked until you need it; otherwise, it may affect the image during work.

Adding a new Layer

Photoshop is an advanced photo editor; usually, it will create a new layer when we choose a new tool and start
something drawing on it.

For example, if we select the text tool and add some text to the image, it will add that text in a new layer. Consider
the below image:

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We have added some text; Photoshop has automatically created a new layer and add that text on a new layer
named Layer 1. The main benefit of adding text in a new layer is that we can easily manage that text without
affecting the image content. We can edit and move the layer if needed.

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If we manually want to add a new layer, we can do so by clicking on the new layer icon given at the bottom of the
layer panel (Highlighted in the above image) or hitting the Ctrl + Shift + N keys. It will prompt for a new layer,
provide a layer name and click Ok to create. We can define the opacity, color, color modes of this layer. Later, in
other sections, we will discuss them in detail.

Now, we can add content such as text, images, colors, etc., to this layer.

Deleting a Layer
Deletion of a layer is a straightforward process like adding a new layer. To delete a layer, right-click on a layer and
select the delete option or navigate to the layer panel and look for the delete icon at the bottom of the panel.

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It will ask for the confirmation of deleting the layer; click Yes to continue.

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We can also hit the Delete key to delete with confirmation. It will not ask for confirmation. We can select multiple
layers by holding the shift key and clicking on the layer.

Anytime you want your layer back, you can undo operations using Ctrl + Alt + Z keys.

Managing Layer
Photoshop allows several manipulations over the layers. We can effectively manage our layer stack. We can
perform several operations such as move, transform, reorder, group, etc., on layers.

Reordering Layers

To move a layer up or down, click on the layer and drag it on up or down.

Display the Layer Panel

To display the Photoshop Layer Panel, navigate to the Window-> Layer menu or hit the f7 key.

Choose a Command from Layers Panel

We can see a triangle at the top-right corner of the layer panel. We can choose several commands such as New
Layer, Duplicate Layer, Layer group, convert to a smart object, and more from this menu.

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Change the Size of the Layer Thumbnail

To change the thumbnail size of the layer, choose the Panel option from the layer menu (triangle at the top-right
corner) and select the thumbnail size.

Change the Thumbnail Content

To change the thumbnail content, select the Panel options from the layers panel and select the entire document.
Now, select the layer bounds to specify the thumbnail content on the layer.

Duplicate Layers
We can duplicate a layer to perform several adjustments without affecting the original layer.

To duplicate a layer, right-click on the layer and select the duplicate layer option.

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It will ask for confirmation; click Yes to duplicate the layer.

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It will create a new copy of the layer having the same content.

Creating a Layer Group

A layer group is a collection of several layers. Groups are useful for organizing the project and keeps the layer's
panel uncluttered.

To create a layer group, we can perform any of the following operations:

1. Create a new layer group from the layers panel options and select the New Group It will create a new layer group,
now drag and drop layers in it.
2. Select all the layers that we want to group, open the layers panel options, and select the New Group from Layers It
will create a group and place all the selected layers in it.
3. Or, perform Alt-drag (Windows) or Option-drag (Mac OS) operations to the layers and move them into the folder icon
given at the layer panels' bottom. It will ask to create a new group, confirm the process.

To Ungroup Layers

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To ungroup layers, right-click on the layer group and select Ungroup Layers. It will ungroup all the layers from
the group and delete the group.

Link Layers
We can link two or more layers or groups. The linking of layers creates a relationship between them, and they will
keep the relationship until we unlink them. We can apply or move transformation to linked layers.

To link the layers or groups, select the layers or groups and click on the link icon given at the layer panel's bottom.

To unlink the layers or groups, select the layers or groups and again click on the link icon. It will unlink the layers.

We can temporarily disable the linked layers. To disable them, temporarily shift-click the link icon and do the same
to link them again.

Show and Hide Layers

To hide a layer, click on the eye icon available next to the desired layers. And to display the layer, click again on
this icon.

Next Topic Photoshop Layer Mask

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Photoshop Layer Mask
The layer mask is one of the most useful features of Photoshop. It provides the ability to hide and show the parts of
the layers by performing non-destructive editing. Non-destructive editing means we can edit the image without
affecting the original content. It helps designers to become more creative and efficient.

The Layer mask is like a transparent cover over an image. When we apply a layer mask to the layer, it covers the
original layer's content. If we apply any filter on the layer mask, it will not affect the layer's content, but it will
change the image's look. It is just like an extra transparent layer over the layer.

The layer mask is helpful in joining multiple images into one or removing an object from the image. It doesn't look
very easy to use a layer mask, but it is easy to use, just like a black and white filter.

In this section, we will discuss how to use layer masks, how they work, and when we need to apply them.

Play Video

Before understanding layer masks, make sure you have some basic understanding of the layers in Photoshop.

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Let's discuss the type of masks:

Types of Masks
We can create the following two types of masks in Photoshop:

Layer Masks: These masks are resolution-dependent masks which means they can be edited using the painting
or selection tools.

Vector Masks: These masks are resolution-independent masks which means they can be created using a pen or
shape tool.

All these masks provide non-destructive editing, which means we can edit the mask without losing the image's
original pixel data. The layer masks are displayed on the layer with an additional thumbnail next to the layer
thumbnail.

For the layer masks, the thumbnail is displayed as a greyscale channel at the layer. For the vector masks, the
thumbnail is shown as a path of the content on the layer.

If you want to add a layer mask over the background layer, convert the background layer into a regular layer by
navigating to layer -> New-> Layer from the background menu.

We can edit a layer mask to add or remove an object from an image. It is like a greyscale image; the hidden area is
painted in black, and the visible area is painted in white.

Let's understand how to add a layer mask:

How to Add Layer Masks

First, open an image using Ctrl + O keys and make sure no selection tool is activated. If there is any tool selected,
deselect it using Ctrl + D keys.

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Now, follow the below steps to add a layer mask:

Step1: Select a Layer or Layer Group

Now, select a layer over which you want to apply the layer mask. If you want to apply to the background layer,
unlock it by double-clicking on the layer.

Step2: Click on the Layer Mask Button

The Layer mask button is available at the bottom of the Layers panel. Click on it to apply the layer mask.

We can also do the same by navigating to Layers-> Layer Masks -> Reveal All menu.

Step3: Verification

If the layer mask is successfully applied to the layer, the layer mask thumbnail can be seen next to the layer
thumbnail.

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How to use Layer Mask
Let's understand how to perform non-destructive editing using a Layer mask.

The Layer mask offers flexible control over image transparency. It is one of the basic and finest tools of Photoshop.

As we can see in the above image, the layer mask thumbnail is white, which means nothing is changed, and every
pixel of the image is visible. A layer mask is nothing but a type of layer which exists in a parallel space of the layer.

To perform the editing over the image, apply the layer mask and select it by clicking on the layer mask thumbnail.
Now, what we edit will be performed over the layer mask, not on the image.

For example, we have selected the magic wand tool to remove the background of the image. The magic wand tool
magically selects all the similar pixels. To select the magic wand tool, press the w key.

Now, select the background of the image by holding the shift key and dragging it over the image canvas. Press the
Delete key to delete the selected region of the image.

Consider the below image:

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From the above image, we have removed the image background. But it is not actually removed from our image;
instead, it is applied as a filter over the layer mask. If you see the layer mask thumbnail, the picture is clearly
displayed here:

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We can see at the layer mask thumbnail that the deleted pixels are black, which means they are hidden, and the
visible part of the image is white.

Thus, we can perform the non-destructive editing using a layer mask. Similarly, we can apply a layer mask on
every layer and layer group. We can edit photos without affecting them. We can merge several photos with a layer
mask's help, which is one of the most demanding tasks for graphics designers.

Here, we have discussed what the layer masks are and how to use them. The layer mask is just like an extra layer
over the layer which exists in the parallel space. They are like a greyscale image in which black color hides the part
of the image, and white colors make the image content visible.

Smart Object in Photoshop

Smart objects in Photoshop are layers that contain the image data. A smart object preserves the image's original
content and allows non-destructive editing to the layer.

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Photoshop allows us to embed the image's content into our Photoshop document. We can also create a linked
smart object whose content is a reference from any other image source. The benefit of creating an object as a
smart object is that we will not lose the quality of image content while performing operations in it.

There are different ways to create a smart object in Photoshop. We will discuss some easiest and popular ways to
create an object as a smart object and vice-versa.

Let's discuss the benefits of smart objects:

Play Video

Benefits of using Smart Objects

The following are some useful benefits of using smart objects:

o We can perform the non-destructive transform such as scale, rotate, skew, distort, etc. or warp layer without losing
original image data or its content. If we do not use a smart object, then it may lose the image quality during
transformation.
o It allows working with vector data; we can work on vector artwork from an illustrator in Photoshop precisely by making
it a smart object. Otherwise, it would be rasterized in Photoshop.
o It allows non-destructive filtering means we can edit applied filters to smart objects at any time.
o Editing one smart object will automatically update all of its linked instances.
o We can also apply a layer mask that is either linked or unlinked to a smart object.
o We can also try several different designs with low-resolution placeholder images that can be replaced later with the
final images.

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Note: We can't perform operations that alter the pixel data, such as painting, cloning, dodging, or burning direct to a smart
object layer. To do so, first, we need to convert it into the regular layer.

By converting the smart object layer into a regular layer, we can alter the image's pixel data. It is recommended to
clone the layer and edit the duplicate layer to keep the original data.

Let's understand how to create smart objects:

Convert a Layer into Smart Object

There are multiple ways to convert an object into a smart object. Let's understand the few methods by converting
a layer into a smart object.

To understand the smart object, open an image by pressing the Ctrl + O keys:

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From the above image, we can see the image is open with the background layer.

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Now, we will convert this layer into a smart object. There are different methods to do so. Let's understand them:

Method1: Using the Layer Menu

To convert a layer object into a smart object, navigate to the Layer menu and select the Smart Objects->
Convert to Smart Object option.

It will make the layer object a smart object. We can notice the below icon over the layer's thumbnail, which
indicates that the layer contains smart objects.

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Method2: Using the Layers Panel Options

Another way of doing the same is by using the layers panel option. To explore the layer panel options, click on the
triangle icon given at the top right corner of the layers panel window. Here, we can see the convert to smart
object option. To convert a layer into a smart object, open the layers panel options and select the Convert to
Smart Object option. Consider the below image:

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It will convert the layer into a smart object. We can notice the smart object icon over the layer's thumbnail.

Method 3: Using the Layer Itself

To convert a layer into a smart object using the layer itself, right-click on the layer and select the convert to smart
object option. It will convert the layer into a smart object.

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We can notice the smart object icon over the layer's thumbnail.

Method 4: By right-clicking on the Image canvas

We can also convert an object into a smart object by right-clicking on the image canvas. But, we must have
selected any selection tool; otherwise, it will not display the option to convert the object.

So, first, select any selection tool and right-click on the image canvas, and select the Convert to Smart Object
option:

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It will instantly convert the object into a smart object. We can notice the smart object icon over the layer's
thumbnail.

Open an Image as Smart Object

We have discussed how to convert a layer into a smart object. But what about if you want to open an image as a
smart object? Photoshop allows us to do so. We can open an image from the file system as a smart object. We
would not need to convert that image into a smart object.

To open an image as a smart object, navigate to the File menu and select the Open As Smart Object option:

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It will open your computer's file system. Now, navigate the directory and select the image that you want to open as
a smart object.

The image will open in a separate document as a smart object. We can notice the smart object icon over the
layer's thumbnail at the bottom-right corner.

Open Raw Files as Smart Object

A camera raw image file format is different from the standard image formats such as Jpg, Png, etc. A raw file
contains minimally processed data from the image sensor of an image scanner or digital camera. Photoshop allows
us to open a raw image file as a smart object.

The main advantage of opening a raw file as a smart object is that we can embed a copy of the raw file into the
Photoshop file and edit it as much as we needed.

To open a raw file as a smart object, navigate the File menu, select the Open option, or press the Ctrl + O keys. It
will open the image into the Camera Raw plugin.

Now, we can open this image in Photoshop by using the Open Image option given at the bottom-right corner:

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Thus, we can open a raw image in Photoshop. If you want to open it as a smart object, hold the Shift key, it will
convert the Open Image button to the Open Object button. Select the Open Object button to open it as a smart
object.

Now, we can perform editing on the raw image just like a standard image file.

Next Topic Layer Effects and Styles in Photoshop

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Layer Effects and Styles in Photoshop
In the previous section, we have discussed the Layers in Photoshop. We can style our layers and apply several
effects to make our work attractive. We can apply different types of the effects such as shadows, glows, and bevels
that will completely change the appearance of the image's content in a non-destructive way. Non-destructive
means it will not affect the original image content.

The layer effects will be linked with the layer content. When we edit or move the layer's content, the same applied
effect will be work on the modified content. For example, if we add a drop shadow to the text and then add new
text or edit the text, the shadow will be automatically applied to the updated content.

In this section, we will discuss the layer styles and effects. We have included:

o How to Apply Layer Effects and Styles in Photoshop

o Display/Hide Layer Effects & Styles
o Copy Layer Styles
o Remove a Layer Effect & Style
o Layer Style Options

A layer style is one or more than one effect applied to a layer or layer group. Photoshop also provides some preset
styles, or we can create a customized style using the layer style option. The layer effects icon ( Fx) is available at
the right of the layer name in the panel. We can expand the layer style by clicking on it and can view or edit it by
applying or removing effects. We can apply several effects on a single-layer style.

Play Video

The layer style will be displayed as follows:

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We can click on the layer style icon (fx) given right on the layer. It will show and hide the layer style. When we save
a custom style, it will be saved in preset styles and displayed in the Style panel. We can apply this style to a layer
or layer group with just a single click.

Let's understand how to apply effects and style to a layer:

How to Apply Layer Effects and Styles in Photoshop

Applying a layer effect is a straightforward process. Follow the below steps to apply a layer effect:

Step 1: Open or Create a Document

To apply a layer style, we need a document having layers. If you open an image, you can add different layers such
as text, images, styles, etc., to it. To open an image, stroke the Ctrl + O keys, and to create an image, stroke the
Ctrl + N keys.

Step 2: Add Layers

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When we select a new tool and start drawing something on our image, it will automatically start drawing in a new
layer. But, we can specifically create a new layer by stroking the Ctrl + Shift + N keys and start drawing something
on it.

Step 3: Add Content to Style

For example, we are adding the text on our image to style it by selecting the text tool.

Step 4: Add Effects

Now add effects to the created layer. To add effects, select the layer and navigate to the Layer-> Layer Style
menu. There are several effects such as Drop Shadow, Inner Shadow, Outer Glow, Inner Glow, Bevels & Emboss,
Gradient Overlay, Pattern Overlay, etc., available to apply. We can choose any of them.

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We can also apply effects by clicking on the layer style icon available at the layer. In case it is not displayed, open
it by double-clicking in the layer (Just next to layer name). Don't double click on the layer name; it will open the
renaming the layer option. It will open the style options as follows:

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We can also apply the effects from the above window. Both the ways of applying effects are the same. They will
give the same result. Hence we can apply any of the available effects to our layer's content.

Consider the below image:

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In the above image, we have applied different effects such as Drop Shadow, Inner Glow, Color Overlay to our text
layer. Similarly, we can add style to any layer.

Display/Hide Layer Effects & Styles

Just like layers, we can display or hide layer effects and styles too. To hide layer style, click on the layer style icon
(fx) and to hide a specific effect, just click on the eye icon available on the layer effect.

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This will hide the applied style and effect on the layer. Remember hiding the layer style will not change the
appearance of the image; instead, it will hide the applied effects options. If you want to hide the complete applied
style, click on the eye icon available on the effects.

Alternatively, we can do the same by navigating to the Layer > Layer Style > Hide All Effects or Show All
Effects menu.

Copy Layer Styles

We can copy-paste the layer styles to a layer. It is an easy way to apply the same style to other layers or layer
groups.

To copy a layer style, right-click on the layer and select the copy layer style option.

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Similarly, we can paste the Layer Style by right-clicking on the layer on which we want to apply the same style.

Alternatively, we can copy-paste the layer style by navigating to the Layer > Layer Style > Copy Layer
Style and Layer > Layer Style > Paste Layer Style menu.

Copy Layer Style by Dragging

We can also copy the layer style to another layer by dragging. To copy a layer style by dragging, press the Alt-drag
shortcut key (Option-drag for Mac) and drop it to the desired layer. It will create a duplicate layer having the same
style. If you want to just apply a single effect, then apply it to the individual effect.

Remove a Layer Effect & Style

To remove a layer effect, drag the layer effect to the delete icon given at the bottom-right of the layer panel. It will
instantly remove the selected effect. However, we can undo that by using the Ctrl + Alt + Z keys.

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To remove an entire style from a layer, drag the layer style icon (fx) to the delete icon given at the bottom-right of
the layer panel. Alternatively, we can also do the same by navigating to the Layer > Layer Style > Clear Layer
Style menu.

Layer Style Options

Photoshop provides several layer style options to style the content of the layer. For example, we can apply an
effect and set its orientation such as angle, size, altitude, etc.

Let's see some useful layer style options:

Altitude: It is used to set the height of the light source in the Bevel and Emboss effect. The value 0 is equivalent
to the ground level, and the value 90 is straight above the layer.

Angle: The Angle value specify the lighting angle for the applied effect to the layer. We can also drag in the
document to adjust the angle of an effect such as drop shadow, inner shadow, pattern overlay, or satin effect.

Anti-alias: The anti-alias is used to blend the edge pixels of a contour or gloss contour. Generally, it is used on
small shadows with complex contours.

Blend Mode: The blending mode specifies the layer style blending with the underlying layers. These layers may or
may not include the active layer. For example, the inner shadow filter blends with the currently active layer
because the effect is applied on top of the active layer, but the drop shadow filter blends with the below layer of
the active layer. It is recommended to leave the blend mode as default because, in most cases, it will produce the
best result.

Choke: The choke option is used to shrink the boundaries of the matte of inner glow or shadow prior to blurring.

Color: The color options lets choose the colors from a wide range for shadow, glow, or highlight. To choose a color,
click on the color box and select it.

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Contour: The counter option is also a very useful style option. It is used for the following purposes:

o The contour option allows us to create rings of transparency with solid color glows.
o It also allows making the variations in the gradient color and opacity's repetition.
o The counter option can also be used for sculpting the ridges, valleys, and bumps in the bevelling and embossing.
o It also allows us to specify the fade.

Distance: The distance option defines the offset distance for a shadow or satin effect. We can also adjust the
offset option by dragging in the document window.

Depth: The depth option defines the depth of the bevel and pattern.

Use Global Light: The global light option allows us to set the one master lighting angle, which is then available in
all the layer effects that have shading.

Gloss Contour: This option is used to create a glossy, metallic appearance. Gloss Contour is applied after shading
a bevel or emboss.

Gradient: The gradient option is used to apply the gradient effect. To apply the gradient filter, click on the
Gradient options to open the gradient options.

Highlight or Shadow mode: The highlight or shadow effect is used to highlight or apply a shadow on the layer.

Jitter: It is used to vary the applications of the color and opacity of a gradient.

Noise: The noise option is used to specify the number of random elements in the glow or shadow opacity.

Opacity: The opacity option is used to set the opacity of the layer effect. The opacity defines the transparency of
an object or color. To set the opacity, enter the value or drag the slider.

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Position: The position option is used to define the stroke effect as outside, inside, or center.

Range: The range option is used to specify the range of the glow.

Size: The size option specifies the radius and size of the blur or the size of the shadow.

Besides the above options, there are several other options available that are used to style the layer.

Next Topic Shapes in Photoshop

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Shapes in Photoshop
Photoshop allows us to draw vector shapes with ease. We can also convert them into raster or pixel-based shapes.
It facilitates with different shape tools like rectangle tool, rounded rectangle tool, ellipse tool, polygon tool, and line
tool.

We can create shapes using the shape tools and customize them by filling the color, stroking the selection, and
adding other effects. By adding effects, we can customize the appearance of the stroke and shape. We can also
edit the shapes by customizing them. Photoshop allows us to easily customize the shape layer.

Most people think Photoshop is only a raster-based image editor when it comes to the vector-based task; they
think that it will be done by using Adobe Illustrator. But, this is not true; we can do several vector-based tasks
using Photoshop.

In this section, we will discuss the Photoshop shapes tools and how to use them; further, we will draw some shapes
using these tools.

Play Video

Photoshop Shape Tools

Photoshop supports five shape tools, which are as follows:

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It also provides an additional option in shape tools, the custom shape tool, which is used to create custom
shapes.

As these tool names suggest, they create the shapes accordingly. For example, when we select the rectangle tool
and draw any art on our image canvas, it will start drawing in the shape of a rectangle.

Let's discuss these tools in detail:

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Rectangle Tool
First, create a new blank diagram to draw different shapes. To create a new blank diagram, press the Ctrl +
N keys or select the New Option from the file menu.

When we select a rectangle tool and start drawing something on the image canvas, it will draw the art in a
rectangular shape. To draw a shape, pick from a start point and drag it to the endpoint.

The Red color is set to the default background color, so the red color will automatically fill the shape.

Rounded Rectangle Tool

The Rounded Rectangle Tool is used to draw a rounded rectangle. Basically, it is a rectangle having rounded
corners.

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We can set the radius of the rectangle from the upper menu to make the edges more rounded. It is mostly used to
create a button in web designing.

Ellipse Tool
The ellipse tool is used to create an elliptical shape or circle. We can easily create a circle or ellipse using the
ellipse tool. To create a circle, pick a center point and draw a circle or ellipse by dragging the cursor.

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Polygon Tool
The polygon tool is used to create a polygon shape. We can set the sides of the polygon as much as we needed in
the polygon chain.

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To set the slides of the polygon, enter the number of sides in the sides field in the top toolbar.

Line Tool
The Line tool is used to draw a line. To draw a line, pick a starting point and drag the mouse cursor to an endpoint.
To draw a horizontal or vertical line, hold the shift key while stretching the line.

How to Draw a Shape in Photoshop

Shapes are essential for any artwork. Photoshop allows several tools to draw a shape flexibly; all we need to select
a proper tool to draw a shape.

Follow the below steps to draw a shape in Photoshop:

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 1. Select a Shape Tool
2. Set Shape Tool Options
3. Draw Shape
4. Edit Shape Properties

Shape Tool Options

The Shape tool options bar can be found at the top of the image canvas:

The following options can be found in the options bar:

o Mode: The mode option sets a mode such as Shape, Path, and Pixels for the activated Shape tool.
o Fill: The fill option lets fill a color to shape.
o Stroke: It strokes the shape by defining the color, width, and type of your shape stroke.
o W&H: This option is used to specify the width and height of the shape manually.
o Path operations: The path operation defines the way your shapes interact with other shapes.
o Path alignment: The path alignment option specifies the alignment and distributes shape components.
o Path arrangement: The path arrangement option specifies the stacking order of shape.
o Additional shape and path options: The additional shape and path option tool is displayed as a gear icon. It allows
us to set the additional shape and path options such as the width and color of the on-screen display path.

Useful Keys & Techniques for Drawing a Shape

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Some keys are very useful while drawing a shape. These keys let us draw a shape properly. Let's discuss them:

Shift key: The Shift key is a very useful key while drawing a shape. It has several different uses; for example, to
draw a straight line, hold the shift key. Basically, it maintains the width to height ratio.

The following are some uses of the shift key:

o To draw horizontal or vertical lines.

o To create a square using the rectangle tool. Hold the Shift Key while drawing a rectangle; it will create a square.
o To create a circle using the ellipse tool (Hold the Shift key while drawing an ellipse).
o To create a proportional polygon using the polygon tool (Hold the Shift Key).
o While drawing a custom shape, holding the shift key ensures that the shape retains the width to height ratio.

Alt (Windows) key or Option (Mac) key: The Alt/Option key is used to create an object-centered at the selected
point. If we don't select the Alt/Option key, the object will be created in the dragging direction.

Shift and Option/Alt key: By pressing the Shift and Alt/ Option keys together is used to create a proportionally
constrained object centered on the point at which you click.

Click the shape tool: After selecting a shape tool, if we just click on the image canvas instead of dragging it, it
will open a small dialog box that allows us to specify the precise dimension of the shape. Click Ok to create the
shape; it will create the shape in the lower right of the selected point.

Spacebar: By holding the spacebar, we can position our space. All we need is to press the spacebar while
dragging the shape. It will work while dragging to the bottom. Continue to hold the button until you position your
shape. Once it is done, leave the spacebar key.

Options bar: The options bar is the menu available just at the top of the work area. When we select a tool, the
options bar will be dynamically changed. It will display the options that you will require for the selected shape tool.

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For example, if we select the rounded rectangle tool, we can find several options such as color, radius, etc., in the
options bar.

Similarly, the Polygon tool offers the option to define the number of slides for a polygon shape. And the line tool
provides the option to define the thickness of the line. Also, there is an arrowhead option to add to the line.

Change the layer content: We can customize the shape by changing the layer's content. Select the shape layer
in the layer panel, and apply the layers style and effects. We can also edit or remove the effects. Further, we can
stroke or fill the shape.

Edit the vector path: The Direct selection tool allows us to change the course of the path. Thus, we can
customize the appearance of the shape.

Create work paths or pixel-filled shapes: The options bar provides an option to create few other shapes and
work paths or add pixel in the currently active shape. The temporary paths are useful for making the selections or
masks.

Fill and Stroke the Shape

To fill or stroke a shape, follow the below steps:

o Select the shape layer from the layers panel

o Follow one of the following methods to fill or stroke the shape:
o Select the shape you want to fill with a color and navigate to the Options bar, select the color and style, and
apply that.
o Alternatively, you can also do the same by navigating to the Properties panel and select the fill or stroke type
option.

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 o We can also select choose a fill or stroke option from the pop-up menu. There are three options available: Solid
Color, Gradient, or Pattern.

Solid Color: The Solid color option fills the solid colors. It fills the shape with the current foreground color. We can
also use the color picker or color preset options to select a different color.

Gradient: The Gradient option allows us to fill the gradient colors. The gradient colors are the mixture of the
colors. When we choose this option, it will display a gradient editor dialog, set the gradient from this dialog box.
We can also set the following additional gradient options:

o We can specify the gradient angle at which the gradient will be applied.
o The orientation of the gradient.
o The shape of the gradient.
o The size of the gradient.

Pattern: This option allows us to choose the pattern from a pop-up menu and apply the additional options, such
as:

o The angle at which we want to apply the pattern

o Size of the pattern using the scale option. We can enter a value of the size or drag the slider.

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How to Remove Background of an Image Using Photoshop
The background is the entire canvas of an image. It is behind the main object, which may be a person, place, or
any object. When it comes to photo editing, removing the background is one of the most demanding and
challenging tasks.

Photoshop provides several tools that automatically select the main object of the image by estimating their color
pixels. We can extract this from the background or remove the background.

Removing the background is a straightforward process. We can perform this task using different tools.

In this section, we will discuss some quick and efficient techniques to remove the background from the image.

Play Video

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Before removing the background, ensure the following points, which will help you choose the best way to extract
the main object from the image clearly.

The subject should be clearly extracted from the background: Sometimes, our subject does not clearly
extract from the background due to similar color pixels in the main object and background. In such a case, we
should choose a tool wisely. For example, we need to extract an image of a person wearing a green coat standing
in front of a tree. In this case, the Photoshop AI tool might be confused to differentiate between the subject and
background.

Subject Edges should be sharp: In few cases, the edges of the subject are not clearly sharp. So it may be
complicated to precisely extract the main subject from the background. For example, an image of a man with curly
hair. In such a case, it will be hard to Photoshop AI tools to precisely select the hairs.

The background should not have unclear borders: In few cases, the image background object may have
unclear borders such as water, fire, sky, etc. It is also hard for Photoshop AI tools to select similar color pixels at
once in such cases.

So it is recommended to choose a tool according to your specifications. Here, we are going to discuss different
ways to remove the image background in Photoshop.

Let's discuss effective ways to remove the background of an image:

Remove Background of an Image using Magic Wand Tool

The magic wand tool is one of the oldest tools to select similar color pixels effectively. As its name suggests, it
magically selects all the similar color pixels of an image. Unlike other tools, it selects pixels according to tone and
color. Comparatively, other tools are based on the shape or object edges. But sometimes, it becomes complicated
to control that which pixels the tool selects. Overall it is the easiest way to remove the background using the magic
wand tool. So if it clearly selects the objects, then it is good to use the magic wand tool.

Follow the below steps to extract the background from the image using the magic wand tool:

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Step1: Open an Image

The first step is to open an image. To open an image, press the Ctrl + O keys and select the image from the file
menu.

Step2: Extract the Background Layer

Now, the next step is to extract the background layer by double-clicking on it.

It will ask you to create a new layer, provide the name of the layer, and hit enter to extract the background layer.

Now, the background layer is extracted from the objects.

Step3: Select the Magic Wand Tool

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Now, select the magic wand tool to select the object to be extracted from the background. To select the magic
wand tool, press the W key or select it from the toolbar given at the left of the screen.

Now, start selecting the main object by pressing the Shift-drag key. It is recommended to zoom the image to
precisely select similar color pixels.

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We have selected the main subject; we can do different things either we can make an invert selection and delete it
by pressing the Delete key, or we can cut or copy this selection and paste it to a new layer. We will paste it into a
new layer.

Step4: Copy the selection to a new layer

Now, cut or copy this selection from here and paste it to a new layer. To create a new layer, press the Ctrl + Shift
+ N keys.

Now, paste the selection on it. The magic wand may select some region of the image that we don't want to include
in our main object. So again, on this layer, we can reuse the magic wand tool.

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Here, we have precisely extracted the background from the image. Now, we can add a new background or fill the
background color to it.

Remove Background of an Image Using Magic Eraser Tool

The magic eraser tool selects similar color pixels and deletes them. If we are working on a locked layer, it will
change the image's background color; otherwise, it deletes the pixels and makes them transparent.

Let's understand how to remove the background using the magic eraser tool:

Follow the below steps:

Step1: Open an Image

To open an image, press the Ctrl + O keys and select the image from the file explorer.

Step2: Extract the Background Layer

To extract the background of the image, double click on the image layer and extract the background into a new
layer.

Step3: Select the Magic Eraser Tool

The Magic eraser tool can be selected by pressing the E key. We can also select it from the toolbox available at
the left of the workspace. It will instantly activate the magic eraser tool. Now, we can easily remove the pixel using
this tool.

Step4: Paint over the unwanted part of the image

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The magic eraser works like a brush tool. The only difference is that it will remove the pixels instead of painting
that. However, if our layer is locked, then it will paint the pixels with the active background color. So if you want to
remove the pixels, make sure to unlock the layer (Step2).

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Now, we can remove the background using the magic eraser tool. It is recommended to zoom the image while
removing the pixels. Also, keep the brush size minimum while painting around the main object. You can adjust the
brush size by clicking on the brush size icon from the topbar given just above the work area.

Remove Background of an Image using Quick Selection Tool

An object selection tool is an excellent tool for selecting a similar region in the image. It is useful for selecting the
specific object in an image, such as car, people, furniture, clothes, and more. We can select the object by creating
a rectangular region around the object.

It automatically selects the object inside the specified region. It works better on well-defined objects having regions
without contrast.

The Object selection tool can be activated using the following two ways:

o From the tools panel given at the left to the workspace.

o From the select and mask option in the tool panel given at the top menu

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Let's understand how to remove the background using the quick selection tool:

Follow the below steps to remove the background using the quick selection tool:

Step1: Open the Image

Step2: Extract Background Layer from the Image

Step3: Select the Quick Selection Tool

To select the quick selection tool, press the W key or select it from the tools panel given at the left to the
workspace. Both the magic wand tool and quick selection tool belongs to the same category.

Step4: Select the Background

Select the background using the shift-drag. It will automatically select the regions having similar color pixels.

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Now, it will select the specified region. It is recommended to zoom the image to precisely select the background.

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Step5: Delete Background

Press the Delete key to remove the selected region from the image. It will remove the background from the image.

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Here, we have removed the background of the image using the quick selection tool. Now, we can add a new
background to this image by using an image or filling background color to it.

Conclusion:

We have discussed three different tools to remove the background from an image using Photoshop. Apart from
these tools, we can choose other selection tools to do so entirely depending on your need. People also use the pen
tool to precisely select the main object. The pen tool is one of the finest tools to make a proper selection. However,
it will take some time to be perfect in the pen tool. But, once you get familiar with the pen tool, it will be pretty
useful than any other tool.

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 SPSS Introduction
o SPSS stands for statistic package for social science, but the power and capability go beyond social
science students. This tutorial gives us a background understanding and deep knowledge of SPSS
o SPSS develops as a programming language, and it is designed to provide statistical analysis
a complex and powerful application which have a graphical and syntactical interface. It is used to provide
dozens of functions for managing, analyzing, and presenting data. The statistical capability
contains a range from simple percentages to complex analyses of the linear models, variances, and multiple
regressions. We can range our data from binary variables to logarithmic variables. It provides us an
extensive data management functions.
o we will learn how to write the SPSS program, enter data in SPSS, Data transformation, descriptive
statistics, independent sample t-test, creating tables and charts, and exploring several functions for
managing our data.
o In this course, we will see everything we need to know about SPSS. The first step of this course actually
shows us how to design a questionnaire that suits the SPSS program. After that, we will go a step further
into coding our data into SPSS.
o The important part of SPSS is how to choose the right statistical technique in SPSS. We break down the
process of choosing the right statistical technique in SPSS by creating a flow chart and a statistical decision
tree. Based on the type of question we have, based on the type of variable (Independent variable or
dependent variable), and based on the measurement level, we will be able to choose the right test
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 By Ruben Geert van den Berg under Basics
SPSS means “Statistical Package for the Social Sciences” and was first launched in 1968. Since SPSS was acquired by IBM in
2009, it's officially known as IBM SPSS Statistics but most users still just refer to it as “SPSS”.

SPSS - Quick Overview Main Features

SPSS is software for editing and analyzing all sorts of data. These data may come from basically any source: scientific research,
a customer database, Google Analytics or even the server log files of a website. SPSS can open all file formats that are commonly
used for structured data such as
 spreadsheets from MS Excel or OpenOffice;

 plain text files (.txt or .csv);

 relational (SQL) databases;

 Stata and SAS.

Let's now have a quick look at what SPSS looks and feels like.

SPSS Data View

After opening data, SPSS displays them in a spreadsheet-like fashion as shown in the screenshot below from freelancers.sav.

This sheet -called data view- always displays our data values. For instance, our first record seems to contain a male respondent
from 1979 and so on. A more detailed explanation on the exact meaning of our variables and data values is found in a second
sheet shown below.

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SPSS Variable View

An SPSS data file always has a second sheet called variable view. It shows the metadata associated with the data. Metadata is
information about the meaning of variables and data values. This is generally known as the “codebook” but in SPSS it's called the
dictionary.
For non SPSS users, the look and feel of SPSS’ Data Editor window probably come closest to an Excel workbook containing two
different but strongly related sheets.

Data Analysis
Right, so SPSS can open all sorts of data and display them -and their metadata- in two sheets in its Data Editor window. So how to
analyze your data in SPSS? Well, one option is using SPSS’ elaborate menu options.
For instance, if our data contain a variable holding respondents’ incomes over 2010, we can compute the average income by
navigating to Descriptive Statistics as shown below.

Doing so opens a dialog box in which we select one or many variables and one or several statistics we'd like to inspect.

SPSS Output Window

After clicking Ok, a new window opens up: SPSS’ output viewer window. It holds a nice table with all statistics on all variables we
chose. The screenshot below shows what it looks like.

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As we see, the Output Viewer window has a different layout and structure than the Data Editor window we saw earlier. Creating
output in SPSS does not change our data in any way; unlike Excel, SPSS uses different windows for data and research outcomes
based on those data.

For non SPSS users, the look and feel of SPSS’ Output Viewer window probably comes closest to a Powerpoint slide holding items
such as blocks of text, tables and charts.

SPSS Reporting
SPSS Output items, typically tables and charts, are easily copy-pasted into other programs. For instance, many SPSS users use a
word processor such as MS Word, OpenOffice or GoogleDocs for reporting. Tables are usually copied in rich text format, which
means they'll retain their styling such as fonts and borders. The screenshot below illustrates the result.

SPSS Syntax Editor Window

The output table we showed was created by running Descriptive Statistics from SPSS’ menu. Now, SPSS has a second option for
running this (or any other) command: we can open a third window, known as the syntax editor window. Here we can type and run
SPSS code known as SPSS syntax. For instance, runningdescriptives income_2010.has the exact same result as running
this command from SPSS’ menu like we did earlier.

Besides typing commands into the Syntax Editor window, most of them can also be pasted into it by clicking through SPSS’ menu
options. Like so, SPSS users unfamiliar with syntax can still use it. But why use syntax if SPSS has such a nice menu?
The basic point is that syntax can be saved, corrected, rerun and shared between projects or users. Your syntax makes your
SPSS work replicable. If anybody raises any doubts regarding your outcomes, you can show exactly what you did and -if needed-

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 correct and rerun it in seconds.

For non SPSS users, the look and feel of SPSS’ Syntax Editor window probably come closest to Notepad: a single window
basically just containing plain text.

SPSS - Overview Main Features

Now that we have a basic idea of how SPSS works, let's take a look at what it can do. Following a typical project workflow, SPSS is
great for
 Opening data files, either in SPSS’ own file format or many others;
 editing data such as computing sums and means over columns or rows of data. SPSS has outstanding options for more complex operations as
well.
 creating tables and charts containing frequency counts or summary statistics over (groups of) cases and variables.
 running inferential statistics such as ANOVA, regression and factor analysis.
 saving data and output in a wide variety of file formats.

We'll now take a closer look at each one of these features.

Opening Data Files

SPSS has its own data file format. Other file formats it easily deals with include MS Excel, plain text files, SQL, Stata and SAS.

Web analytics data -often downloaded as Excel files- can easily be opened and further analyzed in SPSS

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Editing Data
In real world research, raw data usually need some editing before they can be properly analyzed. Typical examples are creating
means or sums as new variables, restructuring data or detecting and removing unlikely observations. SPSS performs such tasks -
and more complex ones- with amazing efficiency.
For getting things done fast, SPSS contains many numeric functions, string functions, date functions and other handy routines.

Tables and Charts

All basic tables and charts can be created easily and fast in SPSS. Typical examples are demonstrated under data analysis. A real
weakness of SPSS is that its charts tend to be ugly and often have a clumsy layout. A great way to overcome this problem is
developing and applying SPSS chart templates. Doing so, however, requires a fair amount of effort and expertise.

SPSS clustered bar chart with chart template a

Pplie

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Photoshop is an exceptional raster-based photo editing software used for graphical work. It is primarily used to
create, edit, and manipulate several graphical as well as digital artworks.

Photoshop is developed by Adobe Systems and provides support for Windows and Mac OS operating systems.

We can create images with layers and save them in a different image format such as jpg, png, gif, tiff, etc. The
default file format for Photoshop files is PSD. The PSD stands for Photoshop Document, which is a native file format
for Photoshop. It saves the works in actual position as it is in the Photoshop workspace. When we open a PSD file, it
will open the files with layers.

Photoshop is a premium adobe tool that comes with a 7 days trial period. It is a very popular tool among
photographers and graphic designers. It is such popular that the term photo editing is known as Photoshop. It
provides numerous editing tools and plugins that make it user-friendly and easy to use for editing.

Features of Photoshop
Over the years, Photoshop has become the leading photo editing software from a small editing tool. The beauty of
the Photoshop tool is its unmatched features. It offers several editing features, which are Photoshop exclusive
features. None other photo editing software is much capable than Photoshop.

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Some key features of the Photoshop tool are as follows:

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Layers
Layers are one of the best features of Photoshop. Layers allow you to work like a separate piece of paper that you
can edit independently and later add to your work. The main advantage of using layers is we can edit a specific
component of our image or work without affecting the other components.

Photoshop provides an easy-to-manage Layer Palette with some extensive features to manage them, such as
opacity (Transparency), layer mask, blending modes, lock, etc. We can also manage our layer stack, such as keep
a particular layer up and down by just dragging.

Selection Tools
Photoshop selection tools are very handy to use that designers are additive to work with. Photoshop selection tools
are improved over the years; nowadays, it provides several advanced selection tools such as marquee tool,
magic wand tool, lasso tools, etc., to deal with objects.

The Magic Wand tool is very advanced. It automatically selects similar color pixels and controls the range of colors
through tolerance.

Lasso tools let us manually select the required objects. It provides a hands-free selection process to select the
required region of the image.

Marquee tool allows us to draw different types of selections easily.

Pen Tool
The Pen Tool is a very dominating tool of Photoshop. Nowadays, we cannot assume Photoshop without a pen tool.
Before the pen tool, the software was nothing but a just editing tool. But, the pen tools make it an advanced
designing software. However, the pen tool is not so easy as other tools. It takes time to set the hand on the pen
tool, but you can draw anything that you assume once you are familiar with it. It takes the design to the next level.

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The pen tool's basic task is to draw a path along with anchor points, but the creative stack of this tool is limitless. It
provides three types of anchor points to draw and reshape the shapes.

Shapes
It is an essential task for graphic designers to keep the original quality of the object. Photoshop's shape layer
feature allows us to keep the original quality of the object while manipulating it.

However, the shape layer's outlook is limited, but the capabilities of this layer are extremely good.

A Shape layer can be easily edited using the pen tool or a selection tool and will retain its original quality.

Slice Tool
The Slice tool is also a fascinating tool of Photoshop. It is a useful tool for web designers. We can easily slice any
images into different sections to provide an image a web look.

Retouching Tools
Photoshop provides several retouching tools to provide a new look to the images. It contains few retouching tools
such as the Stamp tool, Pattern Stamp tool, Spot Healing tool, Healing tool, Patch tool, and many more. Every tool
has its unique functionality. Adobe has developed its retouching tools over the years.

Smart Objects
Smart objects are also a very useful feature of Photoshop. They are a kind of layer that holds image data. The
smart object preserves the original data of an image by making it a non-destructive layer.

We can embed the content of an image into a new document. Also, we can create linked smart objects in reference
to another image.

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The key advantage of a smart object is that we can freely perform the non-destructive transform.

Adobe Creative Cloud

Adobe Create Cloud provides cloud storage to save your work to the cloud straight from your Photoshop. You can
easily access your images from any device using the creative cloud.

CSS from Layers

It is a handy feature for web designers. This feature allows us to generate the CSS code for specific design
elements. For example, if we have drawn a rounded corner rectangle on a layer, if we want the CSS code for this
rectangle, we can do so by right-clicking on that layer and select the Copy CSS option from the context menu. So it
makes it easy to create a web template from a Photoshop file.

Photoshop Versions
Photoshop was originally developed in 1998 by Thomas and John knoll. Since then, Photoshop has been updating
itself not only in raster-based graphics editing but also in digital arts. It releases almost every year a new version
with some enhancement and improvements.

Its naming scheme is based on the version numbers from 0.07 through version 0.87, which was the first
commercial version of Photoshop. In February 1990, all the way to version 7.0.1. It made several minor and major
releases before version 8.0 in October 2003.

Version 8.0 came with several notable features, including filters, color separation, virtual memory, paths, CMYK
colors, png support, adjustment, layers, tabbed palettes, and more.

Some popular releases of the Photoshop are as following:

o Photoshop CS (Version 8)- 2003

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 o Photoshop CS2 (Version 9)- 2005
o Photoshop CS3 (Version 10)- 2007
o Photoshop CS4 (Version 11)- 2008
o Photoshop CS5 (Version 12)- 2010
o Photoshop CS6 (Version 13)- 2012
o Photoshop CC (Version 14)- 2013
o Photoshop CC 2014 (Version 15)- 2014
o Photoshop CC 2015 (Version 16 and Version 17)- 2015
o Photoshop CC 2017 (Version 18)- 2016
o Photoshop CC 2018 (Version 19)- 2017
o Photoshop CC 2019 (Version 20)- 2018
o Photoshop 2020 (Version 21)- 2019
o Photoshop 2021 (Version 22)- 2020

The latest version of Photoshop is 22.1.1.

Photoshop Workspace
The Photoshop workspace is its default user interface, also known as essentials. It contains several different
palettes. At the top of Photoshop's UI, we can see a menu bar, which holds several menu options such as:

o File
o Edit

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 o Image
o Layer
o Select
o Filter
o Analysis
o 3D
o View
o Window
o Help

These menus contain several options for creating and editing documents. In this tutorial, we are using the
Photoshop CS5 version. The functionality and features will be almost the same for other versions as well.

Also, we can see other windows such as tools, colors, swatches, styles, layers, channels, etc.

Below is the default view of Photoshop:

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If you have lost the default workspace while exploring its features, you can switch it back to default by navigating
the Windows-> Workspace->Essentials menu.

Prerequisites
To learn Photoshop, all you need to have the skill to understand the tools and functionality. You should have a
working knowledge of the computer. Since it is an image manipulation tool, so you don't need to worry about the
prior knowledge of any technology. Just make sure you have properly installed it on your system.

Audience
This tutorial is for users who want to become a photo editor, graphics designer, and UI designer. It is designed to
help beginners and professionals both.

Problem
We assure you that you will not find any discrepancies or problems in this tutorial. But in case if you find any
mistake, you can inform us by posting it in the contact form

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How to Download and Install Photoshop
Photoshop is a leading photo manipulation tool. It is the world's best imaging and graphic design software. Its core
features for a creative project are photo editing and compositing to digital painting, animation, and graphic design.

It's a premium adobe tool, so to use it, we have to purchase a plan. Adobe provides several plans as per the user's
need, including complete, photograph, and single app plan.

It offers a reasonable price for a different users like individuals, students and teachers, businesses, schools, and
universities. We can choose as per our needs.

However, Photoshop also provides a 7 days trial period, so you can try it before purchasing.

Play Video

Let's understand how to download and install it:

Download Photoshop
To download Photoshop on your system, follow the below steps:

Step1: To download Photoshop, follow this link. It will take you to the official download page of Photoshop.

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If you want to purchase Photoshop, click on Buy now option. If you want to use the trial of Photoshop, select
the Free Trial option.

Step2: In this step, you have to select the required package. Select the Photoshop option and click on the Start
free trial option.

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Step3: In this step, we are required to create or log in to our adobe account. Enter the details such as email id or
password to log in or signup.

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Step4: now, we need to add payment details. If we have selected a trial option, it will not charge us any amount
until the trial period; after that, it will charge according to selected plans.

Step5: This step will take you to the Download page of the Photoshop elements. If you want to skip the step4
(Adding Payment details), you can follow this link. Scroll down this page and navigate to Adobe Photoshop
Elements and & Adobe Premium Elements.

Click on the Download Adobe Photoshop Elements to continue.

Step6: Now, Select your platform for which you want to download Photoshop. It is available for Windows and Mac
OS platforms.

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It will start downloading a zip file having the Photoshop download elements. Now, extract this file. Here, we will get
an application setup run this application to install Photoshop.

Install Photoshop
To install Photoshop on your system, run the downloaded application and follow the installation prompt. For the
Windows platform, follow the below steps:

Step1: Run the installer file

Now, run the installer application. It will prompt you to make changes in your hard drive, select Yes to continue.

Step2: Login to Adobe Account

This step is required to sign-in to the application. We can sign-in using Adobe, Google, Facebook, or Apple id.

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It will send a security code to the entered id to verify your user id. Enter the password and click connect to
continue the process.

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Step3: Accept the Terms and Conditions

Accept the terms of use and click continue.

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The installation process will automatically be started in the installer window.

Step4: Select the Language and Installation Location

In this step, we have to select the language and installation location. Select your preferred language & location.
You can leave the location options to the default:

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Click continue. It will start downloading the file.

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Ensure that your system is connected to the internet during the installation process. It will take some time to
download and install the Photoshop elements (depending on your internet speed, usually 10 to 15 minutes).

Now, we have successfully installed Photoshop on our PC. It will create a desktop icon of Photoshop. It will open the
following window:

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Select from this window what you want to do with Photoshop. We have selected Photo Editor Option.

Step5: Activate Photoshop

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Now, it will ask you to activate or try Photoshop.

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Enter a Product Id or click on the Try this software option. When we select the try option, it will open the below
window to verify the trial period.

Click on the Start Free Trial option.

Step6: Finalize the Process

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Now, click Ok to finalize the process.

It will take some time to load the default settings and plug-ins.

Now, our Photoshop will be opened in Quick Mode. The default workspace of Photoshop looks as follows:

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For other graphical tasks, we can switch our workspace to the Expert mode. The Expert mode workspace looks as
follows:

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We can create our First document by clicking Ctrl+N keys.

In this section, we will understand the default workspace and how to reset the workspace to defaults. Further,
we will see how to customize the workspace in Photoshop.

Default Workspace in Photoshop

The default Photoshop workspace is called Essentials. If you have never customized your workspace, then you
must be using the essentials workspace. Generally, the essentials workspace is considered more useful and handy
because it is a general-purpose workspace. In our tutorial, we will use the essentials workspace and will add some
extra panels when it will be needed.

The essentials workspace includes some more commonly used panels such as Layers, adjustments, Tools, Color,
and swatches panel.

For example, we have opened an image in our essentials workspace. You can notice different useful panels are
available by default.

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You can add another panel by navigating to the Windows menu. It contains several panels such as 3D, Actions,
Adjustments, Animations, Brush, etc.

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To get a panel to your workspace, click on it. It will be displayed in your workspace by a small window. For
example, we want to display the brush panel on our workspace, just click on it, and it will be displayed in our
workspace as follows:

If you want to close it, click on the arrow icon highlighted in the above image. It will be closed. Similarly, you can
display any required panels in your workspace.

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How to Reset Workspace?
There may be a chance while working with Photoshop, you may lose the default view of the essentials workspace,
and you want to get it back. You can easily reset your workspace any number of times by navigating to Window->
workspace -> Reset Essentials. It will reset our workspace to its default view.

Other Workspaces in Photoshop

The default workspace of Photoshop is essential, but it is not the only workspace available in Photoshop. Besides
the essentials, there are several other workspaces such as 3D, Design, Motion, Painting, and Photography are
available in Photoshop. To activate any of these workspaces, just select a workspace from the Window->
Workspace menu.

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We can also add a custom workspace to this list. The checkmark displayed at the essentials workspace shows
that it is currently activated.

The Photography workspace is good for editing and retouching photos. When we switch to the Photography
workspace, it will change the available panels and tools in our workspace and place useful panels and tools. In the
Photography workspace, several useful panels such as histogram and navigators, History and device preview,
actions, info, etc., are added to our workspace.

The Painting workspace is useful for digital painting tasks. Once we switch our workspace to painting, our
Photoshop user interface is changed. It will place panels that are useful for digital paintings. For example,
compared to the Photography workspace, the Histogram panel is replaced with the swatches panel. And,
the Libraries and adjustment panels have been replaced with the Brush Presets panel.

How to Customize Photoshop Workspace

We can easily customize the default layout of Photoshop. We can add new panels to our workspace and move the
existing panels to a different area. Let's understand how to customize the Photoshop workspace.

Adding a New Panel

To add a new panel in our workspace, we can select it from the Window menu. For example, if we want to add
a Style panel to our workspace, we can select it from the Window-> Style menu. By default, it will be opened with
the colors and swatches panel.

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When we select a new panel, it will be placed in a predefined location. But, we can move them to our specified
location. Let's understand how to position a panel.

Moving a Panel
To move an existing panel to any other location, just drag the panel window and drop it on your favorite location.
For example, if we want style panel on our image canvas or with layers windows, drag it and drop it on the area
where we want to add it.

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From the above image, we have placed our style panel on an image canvas. Similarly, we can place it in any other
location.

Closing a Panel
To close a panel is also a straightforward process, just like opening a panel. We can close a panel by clicking on the
close window icon if it is on our image canvas, and if it is on a tab group like layers, colors, swatches, then to close
it, right-click on the panel window and select the close option.

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It will instantly close it. We can choose other options from this menu like Close Tab Group, Minimize,
and Collapse to icons, etc., instead of closing it.

Photoshop Shortcut Keys

Photoshop supports several shortcut keys almost for all functions and tasks. Using the shortcut keys is a smart way
to work and saves lots of time and effort. A professional Photoshop user prefers shortcut keys more than the
navigation menu. If you find a tool in the menu, it will take much time to activate, but if you stroke a key, it will
instantly activate it; thus, using the shortcut keys will save time and effort and maintain workflow in Photoshop.

These Photoshop Shortcut keys are quite easy, so that you can use them according to your work. Sometimes, it is
complicated to work with Photoshop because you could not find a proper tool, but when you know the shortcut of
that tool, it becomes easy to activate that tool.

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There are several shortcut keys available almost for every task and features such as Layers, editing, document,
colors, effects, operations, and many more. Photoshop shortcut keys make the work user-friendly, fast and
effective.

Each shortcut key has assigned a specific command; when we stroke a key, it will be activated and can be used for
the assigned command. For example, if you want to open a document in your workspace, instead of navigating to

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the File-> Open menu, you can just stroke the Ctrl+O keys. It has the same functionality as the open option of
the File menu.

Play Video

In this section, we will discuss all the Shortcut keys for Windows and Mac OS. All the shortcut keys will work the
same as the Windows; there are only a few stroke differences between Windows and Mac OS keys.

Photoshop Shortcut Keys for Mac OS

We will discuss the shortcut keys for Windows, but they will work in Mac OS as well. We just have to make the
following substitution to use them in Mac:

Mac OS Windows

Command Ctrl

Option Alt

Delete Backspace

Control Right-Click

Let's explore Photoshop shortcut keys. We have included the following shortcut keys:

o Most Frequently used Shortcut Keys

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 o Search key
o Function Keys
o Selection Tools
o View Images Keys
o Selection and Mask
o Filter Gallery Keys
o Liquify Filter keys
o Vanishing Point Keys
o Camera Raw Dialog Box keys
o Curves Keys
o Select and Move Objects Keys
o Transform, Selection, and Selection Borders Keys
o Editing Path Keys
o Painting Shortcut Keys
o Blending Modes Keys
o Text manipulation keys
o Format Type Keys
o Panels Keys

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Most Frequently Used Photoshop Shortcut Keys
The following are some most frequently used shortcut keys in Photoshop:

Shortcut Key Task

Ctrl + T To perform free transform

Hold down ` (grave accent) To toggle between painting and erasing with the same brush.

[ To decrease the brush size.

] To increase the brush size.

{ To decrease the brush hardness.

} To increase the brush hardness.

Left Arrow (anti-clockwise), To rotate the brush tip by 1 degree

Right Arrow (clockwise)

Shift + Left Arrow (anti-clockwise),

Shift + Right Arrow (clockwise) To rotate the brush tip by 15 degrees

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D To activate the default foreground/background colors.

X To switch the Foreground/Background colors.

Alt-click layer To fit layer(s) to screen

Ctrl + J To create a new layer via copy

Shift + Ctrl + J To create a new layer via cut

Any selection tool + Shift-drag Add to a selection

Alt-click brush or swatch To delete brush or swatch

Control-click To toggle auto-select with the move tool

Ctrl + Alt + P To close all open documents (other than the current document)

Esc To cancel any modal dialog window.

Enter To select the first edit field of the toolbar

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Tab To navigate between fields

Tab + Shift To navigate between fields in the opposite direction

Alt To change the cancel to reset option

Search Key
Ctrl+F: This key combination is used to search across a Photoshop document. Further, it is also used to search
help and learn content and adobe stock assets.

Function Keys

Shortcut Key Task

F1 To start help

F2 To cut a selection

F3 To copy a selection

F4 To paste a cut/copied content

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F5 To show/hide brush panel

F6 To show/hide the color panel

F7 To show/hide layers panel

F8 To show/hide Info panel

F9 To show/hide actions panel

F12 To apply Revert operation

Shift + F5 Fill

Shift + F6 To activate feather selection

Shift + F7 To activate an inverse selection

Selection Tools

Shortcut Key Task

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V To activate the Move tool

M To activate the Marquee tool

L To activate the Lasso tool

W To activate the Magic Wand tool

C To activate the Crop tool

/Slice tool

I To activate the Eyedropper tool

J To activate Healing Brush tool/ Patch tool/ Red Eye tool.

B To activate the Brush tool

S To activate the Clone Stamp tool

Y To activate the History Brush tool

E To activate the Eraser tool

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G To activate the Gradient tool

O To activate Dodge tool/Burn tool

P To activate the Pen tool

T To activate the Type tool

A To activate the Path Selection tool

U To activate Rectangle tools

H To activate the Hand tool

R To activate Rotate View tool

Z To activate the Zoom tool

D To apply default Foreground/Background colors

X To switch Foreground/Background colors

Q To toggle between Standard/Quick Mask modes

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J To activate the content-aware Move tool

C To activate the Perspective Crop tool

V To activate the Artboard tool

R To activate Rotate View tool

/ To Toggle Preserve Transparency

{ To decrease the hardness of the brush.

} To increase the hardness of the brush.

, To select the previous brush.

. To select the next brush.

< To select the first brush.

> To select the last brush.

View Images Keys

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In this list, we are discussing the shortcuts that do not appear in menu commands:

Shortcut Key Task

Shift + Ctrl + Tab Switch to the previous document

Q To Toggle between Standard and Quick Mask mode

Spacebar + F To Toggle forward (canvas color)

Spacebar + Shift + F To Toggle backward (canvas color)

Double-click Hand tool To fit an image into the window

Ctrl + 1 or double-click zoom tool To magnify 100%

Control + spacebar Switch to zoom in tool.

Alt + spacebar Switch to zoom out tool

Spacebar-drag To scroll Image Canvas while dragging

Esc To cancel completely

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Ctrl + Z To undo the last adjustment

Ctrl + A To Select All

Ctrl + D To Deselect All

Shift-Click To Select Multiple

Shift-drag To Move Multiples

H To Temporary Hide

Selection and Mask

Ctrl+Alt+R: This key combination is used to open the select and mask workspace.

X: It is used to toggle between the original image and selection preview.

P: It is used to toggle between original selection and refined version.

Filter Gallery Keys

These keys will be very helpful while working with Photoshop:

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 Shortcut Key Task

Alt-click ( a filter) To apply a filter

Ctrl + Alt + F To reapply previously used filter

Ctrl + Z To undo/redo (single step)

Ctrl + Shift + Z To step forward (redo multiple steps)

Ctrl + Alt + Z To step backward (undo multiple steps)

Liquify Filter Keys

Shortcut Key Task

W To forward Warp tool

C To twirl Clockwise tool

S To activate the Pucker tool

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R Reconstruct tool

B Bloat Tool

M Mirror Tool

Alt To change the cancel to reset

Vanishing Point Keys

Shortcut Key Task

Ctrl + '+' To zoom in

Ctrl + '-' To zoom out

Ctrl + 0 To fit in the window

Ctrl + D To deselect all

Arrow keys To move a selection 1 px ( accordingly)

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Shift + Arrow To move a selection 10 px

Ctrl + Drag To fill a selection

Camera Raw Dialog Box Keys

Shortcut Key Task

Z To activate the Zoom tool

H To activate the Hand tool

I To activate the White Balance tool

S To activate the color sampler tool

C To activate crop tool

A To activate the straighten tool

B To activate spot removal tool

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E To activate the red-eye removal tool

Ctrl + Alt + 1 To open basic panel

Ctrl + Alt + 2 To open tone curve panel

Ctrl + Alt + 3 To open the detail panel

Ctrl + Alt + 4 To open the Greyscale panel

Ctrl + Alt + 5 To open split toning panel

Ctrl + Alt + 6 To open lens correction panel

Ctrl + Alt + 7 To open the camera calibration panel

Ctrl + Alt + 9 To open Presets Panel

P For toggle preview

F For full-screen mode

O To highlight clipping warning

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Curves Keys

Shortcut Key Task

Ctrl + M To open the curves dialog box

+ To select the next point on the curve.

- To select the previous point on the curve

Ctrl + D To deselect a point

Shift + click a point To select multiple points on the curve

Select a point + del To delete a point on the curve

Arrow keys To move a curve by 1 unit

Shift + Arrow To move a curve by 10 unit

Ctrl + click on the image To set a point to composite a curve

Alt + click a field To toggle grid

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Select and Move Objects Keys

Shortcut Key Task

Marquee Tool + spacebar-drag (Except single column To reposition the marquee tool while
and single row) selecting

Selection Tool + Shift-drag For adding to a selection

Selection Tool + Alt-drag For subtracting from a selection

Selection Tool + Shift-Alt-drag (Except quick selection For intersecting a selection

tool)

Alt-Drag To switch from magnetic lasso to lasso

tool

Alt-click To switch from magnetic lasso to

polygon lasso tool

Move tool + Alt-drag a selection To move and copy a selection

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Selection Tool + Arrow To move selected area by 1 pixel

Crop Tool + Enter To accept a selection to crop

Crop Tool + Esc To cancel a selection to crop

Alt + Drag Guide To convert b/w guides (horizontal and

vertical)

Transform, Selection, and Selection Borders Keys

Shortcut Key Task

Alt To transform from the center and rotate the object

Shift Force Constrain

Ctrl Distort

Enter To apply an action

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Ctrl + .(Dot) or Esc To cancel

Ctrl + Alt + T To free transform with duplicate data

Ctrl + Shift + Alt + T To retransform with duplicate data

Editing Path Keys

Shortcut Key Task

Direct Selection Tool + Shift-click To select multiple anchor points from a path

Direct Selection Tool + Alt-click To select the entire path

Pen or Path or Direct Selection To duplicate a path

Tool + Ctrl + Alt-drag

Ctrl For switching from a selection tool (pen, path, add anchor or
delete anchor) to a Direct selection

Magnetic pen tool- double click To close a path

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Magnetic pen tool + Alt-double To close a path with a straight line segment.
click

Painting Shortcut Keys

Shortcut Key Task

Painting tool + Shift + Alt + Right-Click To select a foreground color from the color picker
& drag

Eyedropper tool + Alt-click To select a background color

Painting tool + Alt Select a foreground color from an image using the
eyedropper tool.

Eyedropper + Shift For the color sampler tool

Color sampler + Alt-click To deactivate the color sampler tool

Alt + Shift + Number To change mix setting in mixer brush

Number keys To change the wet setting in the mixer brush

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Shift + + or - To cycle through blending modes

Ctrl + Alt + Backspace To fill from history

Blending Modes Keys

Shortcut Key Task

Shift + + or - To cycle through blending modes

Shift + Alt + N To activate normal mode

Shift + Alt + I To activate dissolve

Shift + Alt + K To darken an image

Shift + Alt + M To multiply an image

Shift + Alt + B To apply color burn

Shift + Alt + A To apply linear burn

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Shift + Alt + G To lighten an image

Shift + Alt + D To activate color dodge

Shift + Alt + W To activate linear dodge

Shift + Alt + O To display overlay

Shift + Alt + F To apply soft light

Shift + Alt + H To apply hard light

Shift + Alt + L To hard mix

Shift + Alt + U To activate Hue

Text Manipulation Keys

This list contains the shortcuts that are not available in menu options or tooltip:

Shortcut Key Task

Ctrl + Drag ( When a type layer is To move type in the layer

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selected)

Shift + Arrow To select one character in the specific direction

Shift + Click To select from an insertion point to mouse click point

Shift + Click To select a new text layer when text tool is selected

Ctrl + H To hide a selection on selected type

Space-drag To move a text box while creating a text box

Format Type Keys

This list contains the shortcuts that are not available in menu options or tooltip:

Shortcut Key Task

Horizontal Type tool + Ctrl + Shift + L, C, To align item left, center or right
or R

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Vertical Type tool + Control + Shift + L, C, To align item top, center, or bottom
or R

Ctrl + Shift + X To select scale 100% (Horizontal)

Ctrl + Shift + Alt + X To select scale 100% (Vertical)

Ctrl + Shift + J To justify paragraph, left aligns last line

Ctrl To toggle between the Slice tool and slice selection

tool.

Shift-drag To draw a square circle

Alt-drag To draw from the center outward

Spacebar-drag To reposition a slice while creating

Right-click slice To open a context-sensitive menu

Panel Keys
This list contains options that are not available in the menu option or tooltip:

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 Shortcut Key Task

Tab To display and hide all the panels

Shift + Tab To display and hide all the panels except the toolbox

Select a Tool + Enter To highlight the options bar

Shift + Up Arrow/Down Arrow To increase or decrease selected values by 10.

Ctrl + Double click an action To play an entire action

Alt + click on an action Play entire action

Control-click the Play button To play a command

Shift-click the action/command To select contiguous items of the same kind

Double-click recorded command To display an options dialog box for the recorded command.

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Layers in Photoshop
Layers are one of the finest tools of Photoshop. They are like a separate sheet of paper arranged in a sequence to
create an exceptional image. We can see through transparent areas of the layers to layer down. We can also move
layers to set the image content. We can move a layer up or down to position an element on the image. Moving a
layer is a straightforward process, just like sliding a sheet of acetate in a stack. We can also specify the opacity of
the layer to make the layer's content partially transparent or completely transparent.

Using Layers, we can perform tasks like the composition of multiple images, adding text to an image, adding
shapes, and more. We can also apply a layer style to provide a special effect such as glow or drop shadow to a
layer. We can add or delete a layer at any moment while working. It is quite easy to manage Layers and work with
them.

The layer is an essential feature of Photoshop; we cannot assume to create something creative without using
Layers. By default, the Essentials workspace of Photoshop contains a layers panel, where all the layers can be seen
and managed. If it is not available, then it can be displayed by navigating the Window-> Layers menu or by
hitting the f7 key.

In this section, we will discuss how to use and manage layers in images. Further, we will see how to add, remove,
or style layers in Photoshop.

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 Play Video

Why Layers are necessary for work

As we have discussed, Layers are essential for creating a stylish image or any other graphical work. It is not easy
to work with every component of an image at once without affecting other parts of the image. In such cases, layers
provide us a flexible way to add or edit a specific part of the image and compose them in another image. Layers
provide an amazing way to control an image. It will take some time to be comfortable with the layers.

Layer Panel
By default, The Layer Panel is available in the essential workspace. But, in case if you have lost it, then it can be
reactivated using the f7 key in the keyboard. Using the layers panel, we will manage and adjust the layers.

Below is the snapshot of the layers panels.

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Components of the Layer Panel
In Photoshop Layers, there are several components. Let's understand all the components and different types of
Layers:

Thumbnail: A thumbnail is a small picture having the content of the layer. It can be seen on the layer.

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Layer Group: Layers can be grouped by placing them into a folder. A layer group is a folder that has multiple
layers.

Type Layer: The Type layer is a layer that can be edited, such as the text layer. It is similar to the Image layer.

Adjustment Layer: The adjustment Layer is a layer having some customizations such as colors or tone of all the
layers underneath it. It will only affect the layers underneath it and avoids other layers.

Layer Style: The Layer style is a layer that has some effects. We can click on the eye icon to turn the layer style
on or off. The layer style options can be seen by double-clicking on the layer.

Layer Mask: The Layer mask is an essential part of a layer for non-destructive editing. It is used to paint on the
mask to show and reveal the image components.

Smart Object: A smart object is a special layer or a container that holds multiple layers, vectors, video, raw files,
3D, etc., types of objects.

Background Layer
The background layer is a default layer in every image which is behind the image content. It is also known as
the invisible layer because, by default, it is locked; to work on it, we will need to unlock it. The background layer
is useful to make an image transparent or change the background of an image. While creating an image, we can
also choose a transparent background; it will add a transparent background layer.

Let's understand how to work on a background layer.

First, we need to open an image. To open an image, stroke the Ctrl+ O keys and select the image from your local
storage. It will open in our workspace.

Now, we can see the image is opened in a default layer.

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It is a hidden layer. We can double-click on the lock icon to extract it from the image.

We can name this layer; by default, it will be named as Layer 0. To extract it from the image, click ok. To confirm
the extraction, select a layer, drag the image, and move it to a different section. You will notice the image has two
layers: the background layer and the other image content layer. To move it, we have to select the move tool; we
can select it from the tools panel or by hitting the V key. Consider the below image:

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Now, it will be extracted from the image; we can fill any background color in it. First, we need to remove the
previous background by using the magic wand or magic eraser tool to change the background of the image.
Later, we will discuss these tools in a separate section in detail. Also, we will see how to change the background of
an image using layers and these tools.

Note: It is suggested that the background layer be kept locked until you need it; otherwise, it may affect the image during work.

Adding a new Layer

Photoshop is an advanced photo editor; usually, it will create a new layer when we choose a new tool and start
something drawing on it.

For example, if we select the text tool and add some text to the image, it will add that text in a new layer. Consider
the below image:

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We have added some text; Photoshop has automatically created a new layer and add that text on a new layer
named Layer 1. The main benefit of adding text in a new layer is that we can easily manage that text without
affecting the image content. We can edit and move the layer if needed.

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If we manually want to add a new layer, we can do so by clicking on the new layer icon given at the bottom of the
layer panel (Highlighted in the above image) or hitting the Ctrl + Shift + N keys. It will prompt for a new layer,
provide a layer name and click Ok to create. We can define the opacity, color, color modes of this layer. Later, in
other sections, we will discuss them in detail.

Now, we can add content such as text, images, colors, etc., to this layer.

Deleting a Layer
Deletion of a layer is a straightforward process like adding a new layer. To delete a layer, right-click on a layer and
select the delete option or navigate to the layer panel and look for the delete icon at the bottom of the panel.

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It will ask for the confirmation of deleting the layer; click Yes to continue.

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We can also hit the Delete key to delete with confirmation. It will not ask for confirmation. We can select multiple
layers by holding the shift key and clicking on the layer.

Anytime you want your layer back, you can undo operations using Ctrl + Alt + Z keys.

Managing Layer
Photoshop allows several manipulations over the layers. We can effectively manage our layer stack. We can
perform several operations such as move, transform, reorder, group, etc., on layers.

Reordering Layers

To move a layer up or down, click on the layer and drag it on up or down.

Display the Layer Panel

To display the Photoshop Layer Panel, navigate to the Window-> Layer menu or hit the f7 key.

Choose a Command from Layers Panel

We can see a triangle at the top-right corner of the layer panel. We can choose several commands such as New
Layer, Duplicate Layer, Layer group, convert to a smart object, and more from this menu.

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Change the Size of the Layer Thumbnail

To change the thumbnail size of the layer, choose the Panel option from the layer menu (triangle at the top-right
corner) and select the thumbnail size.

Change the Thumbnail Content

To change the thumbnail content, select the Panel options from the layers panel and select the entire document.
Now, select the layer bounds to specify the thumbnail content on the layer.

Duplicate Layers
We can duplicate a layer to perform several adjustments without affecting the original layer.

To duplicate a layer, right-click on the layer and select the duplicate layer option.

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It will ask for confirmation; click Yes to duplicate the layer.

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It will create a new copy of the layer having the same content.

Creating a Layer Group

A layer group is a collection of several layers. Groups are useful for organizing the project and keeps the layer's
panel uncluttered.

To create a layer group, we can perform any of the following operations:

1. Create a new layer group from the layers panel options and select the New Group It will create a new layer group,
now drag and drop layers in it.
2. Select all the layers that we want to group, open the layers panel options, and select the New Group from Layers It
will create a group and place all the selected layers in it.
3. Or, perform Alt-drag (Windows) or Option-drag (Mac OS) operations to the layers and move them into the folder icon
given at the layer panels' bottom. It will ask to create a new group, confirm the process.

To Ungroup Layers

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To ungroup layers, right-click on the layer group and select Ungroup Layers. It will ungroup all the layers from
the group and delete the group.

Link Layers
We can link two or more layers or groups. The linking of layers creates a relationship between them, and they will
keep the relationship until we unlink them. We can apply or move transformation to linked layers.

To link the layers or groups, select the layers or groups and click on the link icon given at the layer panel's bottom.

To unlink the layers or groups, select the layers or groups and again click on the link icon. It will unlink the layers.

We can temporarily disable the linked layers. To disable them, temporarily shift-click the link icon and do the same
to link them again.

Show and Hide Layers

To hide a layer, click on the eye icon available next to the desired layers. And to display the layer, click again on
this icon.

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