NSONGWEPRI

MARY
SCHOOL
PRI
MARYSI
XSCI
ENCE
LESSONNOTES
FORTERM TWO2018

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]Pagei
 TOPI
CSTOBECOVERED

Cl assi
ficati
onofplant
s
Keepi ngcat tl
e
Resour cesinourenvi
ronment
 Respiratorysyst
em
THEME : THEWORDOFLIVI
NGTHINGS
TOPIC : CLASSI
FICATI
ONOFPLANTS
WEEK 1
LESSON 1: PLANTS.

 Apl antisamul t
icell
ularor
ganism thatmakesit
sownf ood.
 Plantsar et
hepr imarysourcesoffoodtobothanimalsandpeopl
e
Classif
icati
onofpl ants
Classif
icati
on ofpl antsi st he groupi
ng ofpl ant
s accordi
ng t
ot hei
r
commonchar act
eristics.
Plantsareclassif
iedi ntotwo;
 Floweringplants
 Non- f
loweri
ngpl ants.

Pl
ant
s

Fl
ower
ingPl
ant
s Non-
fl
ower
ingpl
ant
s

Monocot
yledonous Di
cot
yledonous Al
gae Mosses
Fer
ns

Mai
ze Wheat Beans Peas Li
ver
wor
ts Coni
fer
s
Sor
ghum G.
nuts Mangoes

FLOWERINGPLANTS
Fl
oweri
ngplant
sareplantsthatbearfl
owers.
Fl
oweri
ngplant
saresub-divi
dedintotwo;-
 Monocotyl
edonousplants:Thesearetheplant
sthathav
eseedswi
th
onecotyl
edononlye.gmaize,sorghum,wheat,
mill
et,
barl
eyet
c

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i
 Character
isticsofmonocot yl
edonouspl ants.
 Theyhav eonecot yl
edoni naseed.
 Theirleaveshav eparall
el veins.
 Theyhav ef i
br ousrootsy stem
 Theyunder gohy pogeal germi nation
Dicotyl
edonous pl ants:These ar e pl antst hathave seeds wi t
ht wo
cotyl
edonse. gbeans, soy abeans, cowpeas, groundnut
setc
Characteri
sti
csofdi cotyledonouspl ant s.
 Theyhav eseedswi tht wocot yl
edons
 Theirl
eaveshav enet workv enati
on
 Theyhav etapr ootsy stem.
 Theyunder goepi geal germinati
on
Learner’
sactivi
ty
1.Inonesent encest at ewhaty ouunder standbyt heter
m classif
icat
ion
ofplants
2.Namet het wogr oupsofpl ants
3.Apartfrom rootsy stem, i
dentifyanyot hersy st
em ofafl
oweringplant
4.Wr i
teonewayunderwhi chrootsar eusef ulto;
a)People
b)Plants
5.Givetwodi ff
erencesbet weencer ealsandl egumes

LESSON 2 : PARTSOFAFLOWERI
NGPLANT

Shootsy
stem

Rootsy
stem

 Floweri
ngplant shav ebothrootsy stem andshootsy st
em
 Therootsystem ist hepar tt
hatgr owsint hesoil
 Ther ootsy
st em invol v
esmai nr oot,l
ateralroots,r
oothair
sandt he
rootcap.
 Theshootsy stem ist hepartthatgrowsabov et heground.I
tconsi
sts
of:l
eaves,f
ruits,stem, buds,brancheset c.

WEEK : 3
LESSON1 : NON-
FLOWERINGPLANTS
Non-f
lower
ingpl
ant
sarepl
ant
sthatdonotbearf
lower
s.
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Page
Non-fl
ower ingpl antsar esubdi videdi ntot hreenamel y;
 Spor epr oducing.
 Coni ferouspl ants.
 Spor epr oducingpl antsar enon- fl
ower ingpl antsthatrepr oduceby
meansofspor es.
 A spor ei sasi nglecel lt hatcandev elopi ntoanew pl antunder
fav or
abl econdi t
ions.
Exampl esofspor epr oduci ngpl ant si nclude;l i
verworts,li
chens,mosses
andferns.
 Fer nsar et hemostadv ancedgr oupofspor epr oducingpl antswi
th
properl eav es,stemsandr oot s.
 Mossesar esmal lgreencushi on-li
keandgr ow commonl yonhouse
roof ,
v erandas, t
reet r
unks, andi ndampsoi ls.
 Liverwor tshav el eaflikestruct uresandcommonl ygrowi nwetmoi st
places.
Il
l
ustrationsshowi ngdi fferentexampl esofspor epr oducingplants.
Fernplant Mosspl ant Li
verwortplant

Not e:
Allspor epr oduci ngpl ant
shav echlor ophy l
landt herefor
eabl etomake
theirownf ood.
Coni fer
ouspl antsar enon- fl
ower i
ngpl antst hatreproducebymeansof
seedspr otect edinhar dstructurescalledcones.
Coni fer
shav er oots,stemsandsmal lneedl eshapedl eaves
Exampl esofconi ferousplantsinclude
 Pi nes  Podot ree  Firtree
 Cedart ree  Cy pr
ess  Gi nko
Economi cimpor tanceofconi fers
 Somear eplantedi ncompoundst opr ovideshadeandal soactas
wi ndbr eaks.
 Someconi fersar eplantedar oundt hecompoundsandf armstoact
asl ivefences.
 Theyar easour ceofsof twoodf ormaki ngmat chst i
cks,softwood
penci lsetc
Lear ner’sact i
v i
ty.
1.I nonesent enceshowt hemeani ngofnon- f
loweringplants
2.Ment i
ont het womai ngr oupsofnonf l
ower ingplants
3.Coni ferscannotbearf l
ower s.Howdot heyr eproduce?
4.St at etwoway si nwhichconi fer
ouspl antscanbeusef ultopeopl
e

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LESSON 5: PLANTPROPAGATI ON
 Pr opagat i
oni sawaypl ant saregr own.
Typesofpr opagat i
on
Ther ear et wot y pesofpr opagat i
on:
Seedpr opagat ion/ sexual pr opagat ion
Veget ativepr opagat ion/ asexual pr opagat i
on
Seedpr opagat ioni sawayofobt ainingnew pl antsbyusi ngseeds.
Theseedsdev el opi ntoy oungpl ant scal l
edseedl i
ngs.Someseeds
aredi r
ect lypl ant edi nt hemai ngar den.
Otherseeds dev elop i nto seedl i
ngs t hatcannotwi t
hstand harsh
weat hercondi tionssuchasst rongwi nd, andsunshi ne.
Suchpl antsar ef irstr ai
sedi nanur serybedaf terwhi chhealthy
seedl i
ngsar et ransf erredt othemai ngar den.
Exampl esofpl ant spr opagat edusi ngseedsi nclude:Beans,mai ze,
tomat oes, cowpeas, av ocado, mangoeset c
Veget ativepr opagat ion
Thisi st hewayofobt ainingnew pl antsusi ngot herpar tsofapl ant
besidest heseeds.
Itcanal sobecal l
edasexual propagat i
on.
Ther ear et wot y pesofv eget ati
vepr opagat i
on,namel y:
 Nat ur al veget ativepr opagation.
 Ar ti
ficial veget ativepr opagat i
on.
Met hodsofnat ural veget at ivepropagat i
oni nclude;
 Spor ef ormat i
on
 Sucker s
 St em t uber s
 Leav es
 Bul bs
 Rhi zomesandcor ms.
Met hodsofar ti
f i
ci al veget ativepropagat ioninclude:
 St em cut tings
 Buddi ng
 Gr afting
 Lay er i
ng
 Mar cott i
ng
Stem cut tings
Thesear eshor tpi ecesofst emswi tht woormor enodesand axi ll
ary
buds.
Exampl esofpl ant spr opagat edbyt heuseofst em cut tings incl
ude;
 Rose
 Hi biscuspl ant s
 Cassav a
 Sugar canes

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  Sweetpotat
oes
I
ll
ustr
ati
onshowingacassav
aandsugar
canest
em cut
ti
ng

Bulbs
Abulbisashortundergroundstem andswollenfl
eshyl
eaves.
Foodinabulbisstoredinthefl
eshyleavesthataswoll
en.
Bulbshaveadvent
iti
ousrootswhichdevelopfrom t
heshor
tstem.
 Onions
 Garli
c
 Spiderl
il
y.
I
ll
ustr
ati
onshowingt hebulbofanonion

Functionsoft hepar t
soft hebulb
Foli
agel eaves
Manuf acturef oodf ort heplant
Fl
eshyl eaves
Storemanuf act ur
edf ood
Stem
Holdst heleav esandl ateralbudst ogether
Scaleleaves
Protectthef leshyleav es( i
nternalparts)
Advent i
ti
ousr oots
Absorbwat erandmi ner alsalt
sf r
om t heground
Sucker s
Asuckeri salater albranchwi that er
minalbudgr
owi
ngf
rom t
hebase
oftheunder groundst em ofacer tainplant
.
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Pl
ant
spr
opagatedusingsucker
sincl
ude:
 bananaplants
 pineappl
es
 Sisalpl
ants.
Dr
awastr
uctureshowingasuckerofabananapl
ant
.

 Pl
antspropagat
edusi
ngst
em t
uber
sincl
ude;
Ir
ishpotat
oes
Whiteyam.

Ast
ruct
ureshowi
ngpar
tsofst
em t
uber
.

Rhi
zomes
Rhizomesar eswollenhori
zontalundergr
oundstemswi t
hstoredfood.
Exampl esincl
ude,gingercanali
l
y ,zoy
siagrass,couchgrass,speargr
ass
andt ur
mer i
c.
Il
l
ustrationofagingerrhi
zome

Corms
Acormi sashortverti
calundergr
oundstem swoll
enwit
hst
oredf
ood.
I
thasscaleleaves,budsandadv ent
it
iousroot
s.
Examplesofplantspropagatedbyusingcormsincl
ude:
-
Cocoy ams
-
Gladi
olus
-
Crocus
I
ll
ustr
ationofacor m

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BUDDI NG
Buddingi samethodofpropagat
ionwhereabudofonepl
anti
smadet
o
growonanot herpl
antoft
hesamespecies.
Exampl esofpl
antspr
opagat
edbybuddingincl
ude:
Lemon
Oranges
Avocado
Tangerines

I
ll
ust
rat
ionshowi
ngbuddi
ng

Graft
ing
Thisisamet hodofpr opagati
onwhereashootofonepl
anti
smadet
o
growonanot herplantofthesamespeci
es.
Examplesofpl antspr
opagatedbygr
afti
ngi
ncl
ude:
Lemon
Oranges
Avocado
Il
l
ustrat
ionshowi nggraf
ti
ng

Marcott
ing
Thisisamet hodofpr opagati
onwhereari
ngi
scutt hr
ought
hebarkofa
healt
hybranchandt hencov er
edwit
hsoili
naplast
icbagtoal
lowgrowt
h
ofadventi
ti
ousroots.
I
ll
ustrat
ionshowingmar cott
ing

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Layer
ing
Thisisamet hodofpropagati
onwhereabr anchf
rom t
hematureplanti
s
bentintothesoilusi
ngpegsunt iladventi
ti
ousr
ootsdev
elopsfrom it
s
nodes.
Examplesofplant
spropagatedusi
nglay
ering:
 Or anges
 Lemons
 Tanger i
nes

I
ll
ust
rat
ionofl
ayer
ing

Learners’acti
vit
y
1.Statewhaty ouunder standbyt het er
m plantpropagat
ion
2.Givet womet hodsofpl antpropagat i
on
3.Statehowt hef ollowingplantscanbepr opagated;
a)Sweetpot atoes
b)Sisal
4.Give t wo adv ant ages of v egetati
ve pr opagati
on ov
er seed
propagation.
5.Nameanyonecr opr ai
sedi nanur serybed
Economi cimpor tanceofpl ant
s
-natur
alforestsaret ouristatt
racti
ons
-somepl antsareasour ceoft i
mber .
-somepl antsareusedasher balmedi ci
ne.
-Somepl antsprovidef oodt oanimals.
-Plant
shel pincont r
olli
ngsoi ler
osion.
-pl
antsar ewindbr eaksi ngardensandi nourcompound.
-somepl antsprovidemat eri
alsformaki ngcrafts.
-somepl antsaregr ownasasour ceofincome
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-pl
ant
sprovi
deoxy gent
oanimalsduri
ngphotosynthesi
s.
LESSON 5: FRUI TSANDSEEDS
Afrui
tisadevel
opedovarycont
aini
ngseeds.Ithastwoscar
s
Aseedisaferti
l
izeddevel
opedovul
e.Ithasonescar.

STRUCTUREOFAFRUI
T

SEEDANDFRUI TDI SPERSAL

Dispersalist hescat teri
ngofaseedorf ruitfrom themot herpl anttoother
area.
Insomepl antsonl yseedsar edi sper sedwhi l
eot herplantsit
’sthef r
uit
s.
Importanceofseedandf r
uitdisper sal
 Dispersal enabl espl antst ocol onizenewar eas
 Dispersalr educescompet it
ion f orl ightand t henut rientsamong
plants.
 Dispersal i
ncr easest hechanceoft hepl antsurvi
val.
 Reducesov er crowdnessofpl ant s.
Agentsofseedandf ruitdispersal
Therear ebasi cal lyfouragent sorf actor sr esponsibl
ef orseeddi spersal
andthesear e;-
 Ani mals,wi nd,r unning wat erand sel fmechani sm orexpl osive
mechani sm
Typesormechani smsofseeddi sper sal are;
 Wi nddi sper sal
 Ani mal disper sal
 Wat erdi sper sal
 Explosi vemechani sm.
ANI MALDI SPERSAL
Char acter i
st icsofseedsdi sper sedbyani mals
 Theyar eheav yandhav ej uicymesocar ps
 Somehav ehook- likestruct urest oenabl ethem attachthemsel veson
theani mal s’ bodiese. gblackj ack
 Somehav ehar dseedcoat st opr ot ectt hem fr
om thedi gesti
vejui
ces
e.gguav as
 Manyoft hef ruitshav eat t
ract ivecol ourswhent heyar er i
pee. g
mangoes, or anges,
tomat oeset c
 Manyoft hef ruitseat enbyani mal shav esweetandj ui
cyf l
esh.
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Exampl
esofseedsdi sper
sedbyani
malsar
e;
 Mangof rui
t
 Guavaf r
uit
 Jackfrui
ts
 Avocadof r
uitet
c.
Il
l
ustrati
onshowingstr
uct
ureofbl
ackj
ackseed

I
ll
ustr
ati
on showi
ng adapt
ati
ons of a j
uicy f
rui
t such as
pawpaw\or
ange

WINDDI SPERSAL
Char
acter
isti
csofseedsdispersedbywi nd
 Manyar esmallandli
ghttobeeasi l
ycar
riedbywind.
 Somehav ewing-l
ikestr
ucturesforfl
oat
inginai
re.gj
acarandaseeds
 Somehav eparachutehairst
ruct
uree.gdandeli
onseeds,
tridax.
Il
l
ustrat
ionofwinddispersedseeds

SELFDI SPERSAL
Seeds dispersed by selfmechanisms spli
tt hei
rpods when ri
pe and
di
spersetheirseeds.
Theseinclude;cast
oroil,peas,mahogany
,cassavaandbeans,
acaci
apods.
I
ll
ustr
ationshowi ngselfdisper
sedseeds

WATERDI SPERSAL
Seedsdi spersedbyr unningwat erar
eofplantsthatgrowonwaterornear
ri
verbanks.
Exampl esinclude;
Waterlili
esandcoconutf r ui
ts.
Characteri
sticsofseedsdi spersedbywater
- Theyar elightwhichenabl est
hem t
ofloatonwat er
.
- Theyhav eat ightcoatwhi chprev
entst hem fr
om ger
minati
ngand
rotti
ng.

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Lear
ner
’sact i
vi
ty.
1.Writeonewor dtomeant hescatteri
ngofseedsf rom onemot
her
pl
antt ootherareas
2.Writeanytwomet hodsofseeddispersal
3.Gi
v etwoway si
nwhi chseeddispersalcanbeuseful
topl
ants
4.Li
stt wodiff
erencesbetweenwi ndandani mal
disper
sedseeds
5.Drawt hestruct
ureofatridax

THEME SCIENCE I
N HUMAN ACTI
VITI
ES AND HUMAN
OCCUPATION
TOPIC : KEEPINGCATTLE
LESSON6 : I
MPORTANCEOFKEEPINGCATTLE
 Keepi ngcat t
lereferstot heactofrearingbulls,
cows, cal
ves,
buff
alos
andhei f
ers.
 Ani malhusbandr yr eferst ot he actofr ear
ing farm ani
mals or
livestock.
Termsusedi ncattl
ekeepi ng
1.cattle:i
sacol lecti
venamef orcow,bull
,heifer
s,calvesetc.
2.Bull: i
samat uremal ecattle.
3.Cow: i
samat urefemal ecat tl
e.
4.Heifer:isay oungf emalecat t
le.
5.Bullock: i
say oungmal ecat tl
e
6.steer :i
scastratedbull.
Adrawnst ructureshowi ngtheext ernal
featuresofacowandabul l.
Cow Bull

Reasonswhypeopl
ekeepcat
tl
e
 Togetbeef
 Togetmilk
 Sourceofi
ncomewhensold

I
mportanceofkeepi ngcatt
le.
 Cattle pr
ovide peopl
e wit
h mil
kand meatwhi ch ar
e sour
ces of
protei
ns.
 Wast emat eri
als(dung)fr
om catt
lear
eusedasnat uralmanur
et o
i
mpr ovesoilfert
il
it
y
 Hornsar eusedt omakeenamelit
emsli
kepl
atesandcups.
 Hoov esareusedt omakeglue
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Page
  Hidesf r
om cattl
ear eusedinmakingl eatherproducts.
 Cowdungcanbeusedi nbuil
dinglocalhousesandmaki ngbiogas
 Keepingcat t
leisasour ceofemployment .
 Oxenar eusedf orploughingandtr
anspor t
 Usedf orcultur
alpracti
cese.gpayingdowr y
Lear
ner
’sact i
vi
ty.
1.Wr i
teonesent encetoshowt hemeani ngoft hefoll
owingt er
ms;
a)Keepingcat t
le
b)Animal husbandry
2.Stateoner easonwhymanyUgandanhav etakenupcat tlekeepi
ngas
abusiness
3.Whati stheimpor t
anceofhor nsandhi destoani ndust
rial
ist

WEEK : 4
LESSON 1 : TYPESOFCATTLE
At ypeofcat tleisacl assofcat t
lekeptf oraspecif
icpur
pose.Speci
fi
c
purposemaybe;
 Formi l
kpr oduction
 Formeat( beef)product i
on
 Forbot hmi l
kandmeatpr oduction
 Ani mal sf orprovisionofl abour
typesofcat tlear e:
Therearebasi call
yfourt ypesofcat t
lenamel y;
 Dai rycat tl
ef ormi l
kpr oduct i
on
 Beefcat t l
eforbeef( meat )pr oducti
on
 Dual -pur posecat tl
ef ort hebot hmi l
kandmeat .
 Wor k-t
y pecat tl
e/dr aughtcat tl
e.
DAIRYCATTLE
Thesear ecat t
lekeptf ormi l
kproduction.
Characteri
sticsofdai r
ycat tle.
 Theyhav eat hinbodyt hatcar r
iesli
tt
lemeat
 Theyhav eawi deandwel l sethindli
mbs
 Theyhav ebigudder swi thf ourmedi um teat
sandproducealotof
milk.
 Theyhav et ri
angularbodyshape
 Usual l
ydoci l
e/humbl e.

Adr
awni
l
lust
rat
ionshowi
ngbodyshapeofdai
rycat
tl
e.

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Page
Exampl
esofdai
rycat
tl
eincl
ude.

Fr
iesi
an,
ayr
shi
re,
Guer
nsey
,jer
sey
,Jamai
canhopeandbr
ownswi
sscat
tl
e.

Lesson2 : BEEFCATTLE
Beefcatt
learecattlekeptformeat(beef)producti
on.
Examplesofcat t
lekeptformeatproduct i
onincl
ude;
 Aber deenangus( weighs720-900kgs)
 Heref ord(weighabout1000kgs)
 Char ol
ais(creamyincolour)
 Shor thorn,
 Galloway( i
t’
ssmal landlonghairedblack)
 Amer i
canbeefmast er
 Boran

Char
acteri
sti
csofbeefcat tl
e;
 Theyhav eabr oadr ect
angul
arbodyshape
 Theymat urequi cklyandgivepl
ent
yorhighquant
it
yofmeat
 Theyarev erystubbor nwit
hnohorns
 Theyhav ethickmuscl es.
Anil
l
ustrat
ionshowi ngt hebodyshapeofbeefcat
tl
e.

Dualpurposecatt
le
 Thesear egroupsofcatt
lekeptf
orbothmi l
kandmeatproducti
on
Examplesincl
ude
 Sahiwal(it
sbrown–r edincol
ourandlargeinsi
ze)
 Redpol l(
hasamedi um sizewi
thnohorns)
 Mi l
kingshorthorn(
don’tgrowveryfastli
keother
sbutproducehar
d
meat)

Lear
ner’
sactiv
ity
1.Whatdoy ouunderst
andbythetermt y
peofcatt
le?
2.Listanytwotypesofcattl
e
3.Identi
fyt
het y
peofcat t
lewit
har ect
angul
arbodyshape
4.Givetwoexampl esofdair
ybreedsofcatt
le

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Page
 5.Namet hecommonestexot icdairybr eedofcat tl
er ear ediny our
l
ocal i
ty
LESSON 3: BREEDSOFCATTLE
Abr eedofcat tleisaf ami lyofcat tl
ehav i
ngspeci fi
ccharacter
istics.
Speci ficchar acteristicsmayi nclude;
 Col ourofcat tl
e
 Si zeoft heani mal s
 Pr oduct i
v i
tyoft heani mals.
 or igin
Breedsofcat t
leinclude;
 Local breedsofcat tle( i
ndi genous)
 Exot icbr eedsofcat tle
 Cr ossbr eeds
Localbr eedsori ndigenouscat tl
ear ebr eedsofcat tl
ethathav eliv
edi n
EastAf ricaf oral ongt ime.Theyar ealsocal ledt henati
vebr eedskeptf or
bothmi lkandmeatpr oduct i
on.
Exampl esi nclude;
 EastAf ricanzebu
 Bor ancat tl
e.
 Nsagal aorsangacat tl
e
 Ankol ecat t
le
Char acter i
sticsofl ocal breedsofcat tl
e.
 Theyar er esistantt ot r
opi caldiseases
 Theyhav etheabi litytowal klongdi stances
 Theypr oducegoodnat urallyfl
avouredpr oducts
 Theycansur viveonpoorpast ureandt ropicalweathercondi ti
ons.
Disadv ant agesofl ocalbr eedsofcat t
le
 Theypr oducel essmeatandmi lk
 Theyhav easl owgr owt hr ate
Exoticbr eedsofcat tle
 Thesear egr oupsofcat t
lebr eedsimpor tedi ntoEastAfrica.
 Theyar eei therdairy ,beefordual -purposecat tle

Characteri
sti
csofexot icbreedsofcat t
le.
 Theygrowqui ckly.
 Theyarenotr esistanttodiseases.
 Theyneedal otofat tenti
onorcar e.
 Theyproducehi ghquant it
iesofmi l
kandbeef
 Theirproductsarenotassweetasf ort
helocalbr
eedsofcat
tl
e
Note:
Crossbr eedsareobt ainedaftermat i
ngal ocalbr
eedwithanexoti
cbreed
(hybri
d).
Thisisthebestwayofi mpr ovi
ngupont hepoorlocal
breedsofcat
tl
e.
Learner’
sactivi
ty.

15|
Page
 1.Gi
vethedi f
ferencebetweenabreedofcattl
eandat y
peofcattl
e
2.Ment
ionanyt wobr eedsofcatt
lecommonl ykeptinUganda
3.I
dent
ifyabr eedofcat t
leyouwoul
dprefertokeepiny ourl
ocal
it
y
4.Gi
vear easonf oryouransweri
n(3)above
5.Ci
teoutthebestwayofi mprov
ingonourlocalbreedsofcatt
le
ADOCUMENTARYABOUTTHETYPES&BREEDSOFCATTLE

LESSON 4 : BREEDI NGI NCATTLE

Breedingi st heactofmai ntainingori mpr ovingthedesi redcharacter
isti
cs
i
ncat t
le.
Desi r
edchar act eri
st i
cmayi nclude;
 Si zeoft heani mal .
 Resi st ancet odi seases.
 Ani mal ’sski ncol our
 Pr oduct ivityoft heani mals
Ty pesofbr eedi ng
Ther ear ebasi callyf i
vet ypesofbr eedingnamel y;
 Li nebr eedi ng
I nbr eedi ng
 Cr oss- br eedi ng
 Outbr eedi ng
 Upgr adi ng
Linebr eedi ng:i st heactofmat ingcl oselyrelatedanimal ssuchascousi ns.
Thi stypemayr esul tintopoorpr oduct i
oninani mals
Inbreeding: ist heactofmat i
ngcl oselyrelatedani mal ssuchasabr other
andasi ster
Thi smet hodi fnotpr oper l
ypr acti
ced,i tmayal sopr oducepoorqual i
ty
animal s.
Outbr eedi ng:i st hepr acticeofmat i
ng di stantl
yrelatedanimalssuchas
animal sf rom di ff
er enther ds.
Thi s met hod hel ps t or estor et he qual i
ties in cat t
lethatmay be
disappear ingf rom af lock.
Crossbr eedi ng: i st hepr acticeofmat ingal ocalbr eedwithanexot i
c
breedofcat tle.
Aftercr ossbr eedi ng, acr oss-br eedi sobtainedorahy br i
d.
Cross- breedi nghel pst oi mpr oveani malswi thpoorqual iti
es
Upgr ading:t hi sist heactofi mpr ov i
ngupont hequal i
tiesofonebr eed.
Thi sisdonebymat i
ngbr eedsofsuper i
orqual i
ti
essev eralt
imest oobtain
goodbr eedsi nt heher d.
Lear
ner’
sactiv
ity
1.Inonesent enceshow themeani ngofbreedi
ngasusedincat
tl
e
keeping
2.Listdowntwot ypesofbr
eedingi
ncatt
le
3.Statewhyi nbreedi
ngisdiscour
agedinthemanagementofcat
tl
e

16|
Page
 br
eeding
4.Howcanal ocal
far
meri
mproveonhisl
ocal
breedsofcat
tl
e
5.Br
ief
lydescri
behowahybr
idi
sobtai
ned
ADOCUMENTARYABOUTBREEDI NGI NCATTLE

LESSON 5 : REPRODUCTIONI NCATTLE

 Reproductionist heabil
it
ytoincreaseinthenumberofaspeci esof
li
vi
ngt hi
ngs
 Cows under go sexualrepr
oduction which i
nvol
ves production of
gamet esandt henmat i
ng.
 A gamet ei sar eproduct
ivecell
.Inani mal
st hemalegamet esar e
call
edsper ms.Whi lethefemalegamet esarecall
edov a(plur
al )and
anov um (singul
ar)

LESSON 6: HEATPERI OD
HeatPer iod
Thisisthet imewhenacowi sinneedofabul lf
ormating.
Mat i
ngt akespl aceonl ywhenacowi sonheat.
Signsofacowonheat
I tbecomesr est
less
I tmount sothercat t
le
I tstandswhi leothersarelyingdown
I turinatesf r
equent l
y
I tput sit
st ai
l onthesidet oenabl eitsvul
vatobeseen
 Ther eisamucusdi schargef rom thevulva
I tsv ul
vaswel l
sandchangesi tscol our
 Ther eisadr opi nitsmi l
kpr oduction
 Thecowmakesal otofnoi se( Bell
owsf r
equent
ly)

INSEMI NATION( SERVICE)

Insemi nati
onorser viceist heactofdeposi
ti
ngspermsint
othefemal
e
reproductiveorganoft hecow.
Fori nseminati
ont otakepl ace,t
hecow oraheif
ershoul
dbeonheati
.e.
aftershowi ngsigns

Typesofinsemi nati
on
 Nat ural i
nsemi nati
on
 Artifi
cialinsemi nati
on
Natur
alinsemi nat i
oni nv
olvestheuseofabul lt
omountthecowonheati
n
or
dertodeposi tthesper msint
ot hevulva.
Advant
agesi nclude;
 Nat ural i
nsemi nati
onsavest i
me
I tdoesnotneedat rai
nedinseminatori
nordert
ocarr
yitout
.
Di
sadvantages
17|
Page
  Mor espermsar ewastedononecow.
I t
’sv er
yexpensivetobuyandmai ntai
nabul l
 Strongerbull
cancausei nj
urytoweakcows
 Oncet hebulldi
es,spermsarealsolost.
Art
if
ici
alinseminat
ion
I
stheactofi ntr
oducingspermsinthev agi
naofacowbyusi ngacat
het
er
ori
nsemi nati
ongun.
Semenusedi sgotfrom heal
thybull
swithdesiredchar
act
eri
sti
cs.

Adv antages
I tr educest hecostofkeepi ngmanybul lsont hef ar m.
I t’scheapert obuysement hanbuy i
ngandmai ntai ni
ngabul l
.
I tpr ev ent si nj
uryt osmal lcowsandhei fersbybi ggerorheav ybulls.
I thel pst ocont rol i
nbreedingandunwant edpr egnanci esincattl
e
I tpr omot essel ect i
vebr eedi ng.
Disadv ant ages;
I t’sdi fficultandexpensi vet omai ntai
npr operstor ageofsper ms.
I tcan’ tbeappl iedt oani mal swhosesi gnsofheatcan’ tbeeasi l
y
i
dent if
ied.
I tr equi resat rainedexper i
encedi nseminat or
 Ani mal sar edeni edchancet oenjoysex.
Learner ’
sact ivity
1.Br ieflyexpl ainthet ermi nsemi nat
ion
2.Gi vet woway sinwhi chnat urali
nseminat i
oncanbedanger oust oa
l
ivest ockf armer
3.Howdoesar ti
fi
ci alinsemi nat i
oncontrolunwant edpr egnanciesona
f
ar m.
Identifyt hreesi gnsofacowonheat
Fertil
i
zat ion
Thisist heuni onofamal eandf emal egamet et oform azy gote.Thistakes
placeint heov iductorf all
opiant ube.

GESTATION
Gest
ati
onistheperi
odofpr
egnancy.I
tlast
s9months.
Acowwhi chhasshownupsignsofpr
egnancyi
scall
edani
n- fcow.
cal

Signsofpregnancy
 Theudderi ncr
easesinsi zeandfi
l
ledupwithmil
k.
 Thereismucusdi schargearoundthecer
vix
 Theut erusenlargesinsizebetween2-3months
Learner
’sact iv
ity.
1.Brief
lyexplainthefoll
owi ngter
ms
a)Steami ngup b)Dryi
ngoff c)Cal
vi
ng
2.Howi scol ostr
um impor t
anttoacalf
.
18|
Page
 3.Whydoy outhi
nkacow shoul
dbesepar
atedf
rom t
heher
dbef
ore
cal
vi
ng?
4.Li
stdownanytwosi
gnsofacowonheat

LESSON 1 : STEAMI NGUP

Steami
ngupistheactoff eedi
nganincalf
-cowonf
eedsr
ichi
npr
otei
ns.
Advant
agesofsteami ngup.
Itenabl
esthef oetustogrowwel l
Ithel
pstoincreaset heperi
odoflact
ati
on.
Ital
sopreparest hecowf orcal
vi
ng.

CALVING
Calvi
ngi stheactofproducingcal
vesbyacow.
Signsofcal vi
ngincows
 Dischargeofaf l
uidfr
om thevul
va
 Rest l
essness
 Lossofappet it
e
 Labourpai ns
I solat
ion
LACTATI ON
Lactat
ionper i
odi saperi
odwhenacowpr oducesmi
l
kaf
tergi
vi
ngbi
rt
h.

Col
ostrum
Col
ost
rum i st
hefir
stmi l
kpr oducedbyacowaf
tercal
vi
ng.
I
mportanceofcolostr
ums
 Opent hedi
gestivetractofacalf
 Pr ov
ideacalfwit
habal anceddi
et
 Boost st
heimmuni tyofacow

WEEK : 5
LESSON3: OTHER PRACTI
CES CARRI
ED OUT ON CATTLE
FARMS
Cast r
ation
Cast r
ationi sther emovaloft heessent i
almalesexorganscalledt
estes.
Themai nai m ofcastrat
ionist omaket hebullunabl
etofer
ti
lizeacow.
Met hodsofcast r
ation
 Opencast rati
onmet hod.
 Cl osedcast r
at i
onmet hod
 Useoft helooporel astratormethod.
Inacl osedcast r
ationmet hod,ani nstrumentcall
edaburdizzoisusedto
crusht het ubesleadingtothescr otum.
Wecanal sousear ubberringt osealthesperm duct
sandt husdest
royi
ng

19|
Page
t
heepi
didy
mis

Adr
awnst
ruct
ureshowi
ngabur
dizzo

Not e:
Whent hej awsoft hebur di
zz oar ecl osed, thesper maticcordsar ecrushed
dest roy i
ngt hesper mat icner ves.
Adv ant agesofcast rat ion:
 Cast ratedbul lsgr owf ast erandf atten
 Cast ratedbul lsar ecal m, humbl eandeasyt ohandl e
 Cast rationhel pst opr ev enti nbreedi ng(unwant edpregnanci esinthe
herds)
 Cast rational sohel pst opr ev entdi seasesonaf arm
Disadv antagesofcast ration
 Ani mal sar edeni edchancet oenj oysex.
 Ther ei slossofbl oodf rom t heani mal l
eadingt oanaemi a.
 Thewoundsmaybecomesept i
candt heani mal maydiei fnottreat
ed
well.
 Theani mal feel spai n
Not e:
Theuseoft her ingpr event sbl oodf rom f l
owingi ntothet esti
st hatwill
causet hem t oshr iv el andf allof f.
Inanopencast ration,t hescr otum i scutopenusi ngar azorbladeora
shar pkni feandt het est esar er emov ed.
Lear ner ’
sact i
v i
ty.
1.Br i
eflyexpl aint het erm cast rati
on
2.Gi vet wor easonswhyl i
v est ockf armer scastratefarm animals
3.Ci t
eoutanyt womet hodsofcast ratinganimal s
4.Whydoy out hi nkbul l
swhi char enotcast r
at edusuallygetSTDs?

LESSON 2 : DEWORMI NG.

Dewormingistheactofgiv
ingdrugst
oanimal
stokil
li
nter
nal
worms.
Dewormingisdoneintwoway s:
 Drenchingistheactofgiv
ingli
qui
dmedici
netoanimal
sthrought
he
mout h.I
tcanbedonebyusi ngadr
enchi
nggun.
 Dozing.Istheactofgivi
ngsoli
dmedici
netoanimalsi
nordertoki
ll
int
ernalworms.
Impor
tanceofdewor mi
ng
20|
Page
  Dewor mingki l
lsinternal parasit
esl iketapewormsetc.
DEHORNI NG
isther emov alofhor nbudsf rom thecal ftopreventgr
owthofhorns.
Dehorningshoul dbedonewhent hecalfi sabout2-3months.
Methodsofdehor ning
 Byuseofchemi cal(donebet ween3- 14days)
 Byuseofahoti ron(bet ween7- 30day s)
 Useofspoondehor ner s.(between1- 2mont h)
Advantagesofdehor ning
I tmakest heani mal easyt ohandle
I tincreasest hespacei nkr aals,mi l
kingshadesandinv ehi
cl
esduri
ng
transportati
on.
 Manyani mal scanbekepti nasmal lspace
I treducest her i
skofi nj uryamongcows.
Learner’sactivi
ty
1.Gi v eadifferencebet weendr enchinganddozi ng
2.St at eareasonwhyl i
v estockf armer sshoulddewormt hei
rani
mals
3.St at etheimpor tanceofdehor ningf rom ani
mals

LESSON 4 : MI LKI NGI NCATTLE

Milking.Ist hemet hodofobt ainingmi lkfrom thecow’ sudder .
 Mi lkisgotbysqueezi ngt het eat sofcow
 Mi lkissecr etedf rom t hemammar yglandsofaf emal eanimal.
 Mi lk cont ains ov er85% wat erand 15% pr ot ei
ns f at
s,calcium,
phosphor ous
Typesofmi lking
 Handmi lking
 Machi nemi lking
Handmi lking:i st heactofsqueezi ngt heteatsofacowusi nghands.
Thismet hodcanbeusedt o1- 3ani mal s.
Machi nemi lkingi st heactofusi ngamachi net osqueezet heteatsofcow.
Machi nemi lkingi st hebestf ormor ethanf i
v eanimals.
Not e:
Acowcanhol dupormi l
ki fit’sdi sturbed.
Disadv antagesofmachi nemi lking
 Needsat rai nedper sont ooper atemachi ne.
 Themachi nesar eexpensi vet obuy .
 Theuddermaybei njuredi ncaseofamachi nef ault.
Way sofobt aini ngcl eanmi lk.
 Pr epar et hemi l
kingpl acecl eanandf r
eef rom dust .
 Washal l themi lkingcont ainerscl ean.
 Washt het eat soft hecow wi thwar m wat ert ost imulatemilklet
down.

21|
Page
  Tiet hehindl egsofthecow andgi v
et hecow somefeedst
okeep
busyandr elaxed.
 Af t
ermilking,fi
lt
erthemi l
kanduseast r
ipcuptodet
ectmasti
ti
sin
mi l
k.
 Putt hemilkincleancontainer
sandcov er.
Note:
Alact
omet eri
susedt odetectthepresenceofwat eri
nmil
kandseparat
es
fat
sf rom mil
k.
Str
uctureofalactomet er
.

Adr
awnst
ruct
ureshowi
ngast
ri
pcup.

 Bef oreactualmi l
kingi sdone,t heper sonmilki
ngshouldsmearmil
k
jel
lyorcr eam tothet eatstopr ev entthem f
rom cracki
ng.
 Acow hav i
ngmast i
tisshoul dbemi l
kedlastandi t
smi l
kshoul
dbe
pour edast reatmentgoeson.
Lear
ner’
sact iv
ity
1.Ident i
fyt
het ypeofmi l
kingcommonl yusediny ourl
ocali
ty
2.Stat ehowt hef ol
l
owi ngequi pment sareusefultoali
vestockf
armer
a)ASt r
ipcup
b)Al actomet er
3.Listdownt hreeway sofobt ainingcl eanmil
k

LESSON5:PRESERVATI ONOFMI LKANDMI LKPRODUCTS

Milkpr
oducts
Thefoll
owingar
et heproductsgotfrom wellprocessedmi l
k.
Mi
lkproducts Howi t
’smade Usage
Cheese Made f rom f r
esh mi l
k,-i
ti seat enwi thbread
skimmedmi lkorcr eam. ormeat .
It is made sour by - i
t i s a sour ce of
fermenti
ng and t hen calci
um and
processed, salt
ed and phosphor ous
fl
avoured. -i
ti sasour ceoffats
andpr oteins
Freshmil
k Boili
ngandr ef
ri
gerating Dr unk and added t o
dishes
Skimmedmi lk Separati
ng f ats f rom Forfryingf oods
22|
Page
 mil
k
Yoghur
t f
ermenti
ng mi l
k af t
er Usedtobemi xedi
nto
r
emovingfats ri
ceandot
herf
oods
Ghee Madebychurningmil
k Forf
ryi
ngf
oods
I
cecream Made by mi xi
ng li
quid
mil
k, cr
eam, powder ed
mil
k,sugar,f l
avor and
f
oodcolour.Themi x
ture
i
sthenfr
ozen
Whey
Thi
sist
heli
qui
dpartlef
taf
tersourmil
khasfor
medcur
d
I
tcanbeusedassaucetoaccompanyfood

Casei
n
Thi
sisthepar
tthatr
emai
nsaf
terbut
terhasbeenr
emovedfr
om t
hemi
l
k.
Casei
ncanbeusedasarawmateri
alformaki
ngshi
nypaper

Pr
eserv
ationofmil
k
 Milkshoul
dbepr
otect
edf
rom cont
ami
nat
ionbybact
eri
aforf
utur
e
use.

Thiscanbedoneby ;
 Past eur izati
on
 St er i
li
zat ion
 Ref ri
ger ation
 Boi li
ngandqui ckcov eri
ng
Sterili
zat i
oni nv olveskilli
ngbact eri
ai nmi l
kwi thmaxi mum boi
l
ingfoll
owed
bycov eringitoncool i
ng.
Past eurizationi nvolvesst rongheat i
ngandseal i
ngmi lkbef
oregermsenter.
Thismet hodwasdi scov eredbyLoui sPast eur.
Not e:
 Boi li
ngi snotpr eferabl emet hodbecausesomemi lkislostduri
ng
ev apor ation.
Reasonswhyf armer sshoul dkeepmi lkrecords.
 Toknowt heamountofmi l
kpr oducedperacowatacer t
ainperi
odof
time.
I tenabl esaf armert osel ectani malswi thlessproduct
ivi
tyrat
efor
treatment .
Lear ner’sact ivity
1.St at ewhaty ouunder standbyt het erm milkpreser
vati
on.
2.Gi v etwoway sofpr eser vingmi lk.
3.St at ehowy oghur tismadef rom mi lk.
4.St at ethei mpor t
anceoft hef oll
owi ngmi l
kproductstopeople
a)Cr eam
23|
Page
 b)Ghee
c)Butt
er
5.Giv
et wor
easonsf
orpr
eser
vingmi
l
k.

LESSON6 : CATTLEPARASI TES

Apar asiteisanor gani sm t hatdependsonanot herorgani
sm forfoodand
shelterwithoutki lli
ngi t.
Cattl
epar asitesar edi vi
dedi nt
ot wo;
 External parasi t
es( ecto-parasites)
I nternal parasi tes( endo-parasites)
Externalparasi tes( ectopar asi
tes)
Thesear epar asitest hatl iveout sidet hebodyoft heanimal.Theysuck
bloodf r
om t heani mal .
Exampl esincl ude:
Ticks,li
ce,mi tes, tsetsef li
es, f
leaset c.
Tickssuckbl oodf rom t heani malsandspr eadt
ickbornedi
seasessuchas;
 Eastcoastf ev er
 Redwat er
 Hear twat er.
 Anapl asmosi s
Tsetsef l
iesspr eadger mst hatcauseNaganaort ry
panosomiasist
ocattl
e.

I
nternal(
endo)parasi
tes
Theseareparasi
testhatli
vei
nsi
dethebodyoft
heanimal
sandmai
nlyi
n
thei
ntesti
nes.
Theysuckbloodandfeedonthedi
gest
edani
mal’
sfood.
Theyaremainlyworms.

Exampl
esi nclude;
 Hookwor msf eedonbl ood
 Tapewor msf eedondi gest edf ood
 Li
v erflukesli
v einthebi leductorl iver
.
Waysofcont roll
ingcat tl
epar asites
 Spr ay
ingt heani malsusi ngacar i
cides
 Practicingrotationalgrazingt oav oidtickbornedi
seases
 Dippingcat tl
ei ntochemi cal s
 De- wormingcat t
letokillintestinalwor ms
Lear
ner
’sact ivi
ty
1.Whatdoy ouunder standbyt het erm parasi
tes?
2.Namet het wot ypesofpar asites
3.Howdopar asitesgainent r
yi ntotheani mal
’sbody?
4.Givet woexampl esofext ernalcattleparasi
tes
5.Briefl
yexpl ai
nt woway sofcont r
olli
ngparasit
esonaf ar
m

24|
Page
 WEEK : 6
LESSON 1 : CATTLEDISEASES
Catt
ledi
seasesar eclassi
fi
edint
othreegr
oupsaccor
dingt
othecausat
ive
agent
si.
e.
 Bacter
ialdiseases
 Vir
aldiseases
 Prot
ozoandi seases

Causesofsi cknessincat tle

 Lackofessent i
alnut rientsintheirfeeds
 Unhy gienicconditi
onsl i
kedirtyfeedingtr
oughs.
 Ov ercrowdingofani mals
 Phy sicalinj
uri
esandi nfecti
onscausedbymi cro-
organi
sms
Si
gnsofasi ckanimal i
ncl ude;
 Ani mal sappearsgl oomyandr estless
 Bodyt emperaturemaybehi ghorl ow
I tmaypassoutur inewi thstrangecol our
s
 Diffi
cul t
yinbreathingorev encoughi ng
 Diarrheaorscour ingmayoccur
Nameofdisease How i t’s spr ead and Si gnsandsympt oms Prev
enti
on
caused cont
rol and
tr
eatment
Bacteri
aldi
seases
Anthrax  Highfever
 CausedbyBact er
ia  Loss ofappet i
te Bury deepl
y
 Spreads t hr
ough tograze. deadanimal s
bodycont actsand  Suddendeath Burnt he dead
contaminated  Blood st
ained animals
feeds dung Vaccinate
animals ev er
y
year
Separate
i
nfected
animals
Mast
it
is  Causedbybact er
ia  Milk wi th blood Earl
yt reatment
 Spreads t hr
ough stainsorpus by usi
ng
body contactwith  Swol l
en and anti
bioti
cs
aninfect
edanimal painfult sand Useast
eat ri
pcup
udder . regul
arly
 Acow r efusesto
be mi l
ked and
suckled
Pneumoni
a  Causedbybact
eri
a  Diff
icult Use well
 Spreads f
rom breathing, venti
l
ated dr y

25|
Page
 cont
ami
nated air coughing, andcl eanpens.
and di
rty li
vi
ng  Nasaldischar
ge Treatt heani mal
pens  Lossofappetit
e at t he ear l
y
 Highfever stage of t he
disease
Tuber
cul
osi
s  Breathi
ng i n ai r  Coughi
ng Kill infected
with t uber
culosi
s  Lossofweight animal s
bacteri
al  Lossofappeti
te Separ ate
 Spreads t hrough i
nf ected
milk of i nfect
ed animal s f rom
cows healthones
Hav e proper
sanitation
Ear l
yt reatment
using
ant i
biotics
Vir
aldi
seases
Foot and mout
h  Spreads t hrough  Swollent sand Separ
eat at
e si ck
di
sease shari
ng feeding l
ameness ani mal s
contai
ners  Bli
stersont opof Vacci nat e af t
er
 Through body hooves and ev ery6mont hs
contact
s wi
th mout h(muzzle) Appl icationofa
i
nfectedanimal s  Loss ofappet i
te quar antine.
tograze Quar ant i
ne i s
 Hightemper ature the r est ri
cted
 Reductioni nmi k mov
l ement of
production ani mal s and
their pr oducts
from onepl ace
to anot herdue
to disease
out break

Ri
nder
pest  Spread thr
ough  Soars i n t he Separate sick
body contactwith mouth animals
aninfect
edanimal  Sunkeney es Regular
 Nasaldi
scharge vaccinati
on
 Tearsfr
om eyes Slaughter the
 Hightemperatur
e i
nf ect
edones
 Diar
rhea with
bl
oodstains

26|
Page
  Protozoandisease
Nagana  Spr eads t hrough  Lossofweight Spread t
he
(
try
panosomiasi
s) the bit
es of  Anemia tsetse f
li
es
i
nf ected t
setse  Lossofappeti
te using
fl
ies  Highf
ever i
nsectici
des

Eastcoastf
ever  Through bit
es of  Nasaldi
scharge Dippi
ng and
inf
ectedt
icks  Diar
rhea spray
ing
(
brownearti
ck)  Lossofappeti
te animals wi th
 Hightemperat
ure acari
cides t o
 Weakness contr
ol t
icks

Hear
twat
er  Through bit
es of  Animal s walki n Dipping and
inf
ectedt
icks cir
cles. spraying
(
brownearti
ck)  Animal s place animal s wi th
their heads on acar i
cides t o
objects cont r
ol t
icks
 When t he animalTr eat earl
y
fal
ls, legs keep cases with
paddlinginair tetr
acy cli
ne
antibioti
cs and
sulphadilimi
dine
Redwat
er Spreadthrought
ickbi
tes  Highf ever Vacci nate
(red t icks Spr eads  Reddishur nedue r
i egularly.
through ti
ck bi
tes (
red todamagedl i
ver. Dip and spr ay
ti
ck)  Animal l
ickssoil wi th the
acar i
cidestokil
l
ti
cks.

Lear
ner’
sacti
vit
y
1.Giveadiff
erencebet weenvir
alandbacteri
aldi
seases
2.Pointoutanyonecauseofsi cknessincatt
le
3.Ident
if
ythei nfecti
onofcat t
lethatat
tacks
a)Udderandt eats
b)Respir
atorysy stem oftheanimal
4.Givetwoway sofcont r
oll
ingcattl
edi
seases

LESSON2:
PRACTICESTHAT HARM CATTLEI
N THEFI
ELD,
TRANSI
T AND I
N THE
ABATTOIR:
i. Inthefi
eld:
 Beati
ngthem
 Overcr
owdingt
hem
27|
Page
  Exposi ngt hem t ohar shenv i
ronment alconditi
onse.gtoomuch
r
ain, sunshi ne.
I nappr opr i
at efeeding
 Fight i
ngamongstt hemsel ves
i
i. I ntransit:
 Ov er cr owdi ngt hem ont rucks
 St arv ingt hem
I nappr opr i
at eloadingandof floadi
ngt hem
 Tr anspor ti
ngt hem f orl onghour swithoutrest
i
i
i. I ntheabat toi r
 St arv ingt hem
 Put ti
ngt hem i ndi r
typl aces
 Beat ingt hem
I
MPORTANCESOFPROPERHANDLI NGOFFARM ANI MALS
i
)iti
mpr ovest hequal ityofmeat
i
i)i
timprov est hequal ityoft heski ns
LESSON3:
GRAZI NG/ FEEDI NGI NCATTLE
Methodsofgr azi ng
Therearet hreemai nmet hodsofgr azingcat t
lenamel y;
 Rotational gr azing
 Zerogr azi ng
 Herdingorf reer angesy stem
Rotati
onal grazing
Thisisthet ypeofgr azingi nwhi chani mal sgrazeononepor ti
onofpast
ure
atatime.Thi scanbedoneusi ngt hef ollowingsy stems;
 Paddocki ng
 Stri
pgr azi ng
 Tethering

Paddocking
Thisiswhenaf ar
merfeedshisanimalsonabi
gpast
urelanddi
vi
dedinto
paddocks.
Cattl
earef edongrassinapaddockandwhent hegrassisnolonger
enoughtheyaremovedtoanotherpaddock.
Anill
ustr
ati
onofpaddockgrazi
ng

Adv
antagesofpaddockgr
azing
 Paddockshel
ptoavoidover
grazi
ng
28|
Page
  Paddocki ngcont r
olspest sanddi seases
 Paddocki ngenabl est heani mal st ohav egr assall t
het i
me.
I tl essenst helabourusedt olookaf t
ert heani malsaf tersett
ingup
paddocks.
 Paddockshel ptocont rolthespr eadofdi seases
 Thedungandur i
neoft heani mal sar eev enlydistr
ibuted.
Thisallowsf ornewgr asstogr owwel linallpaddocks.
Disadvant agesofPaddocki ng
 Themat eri
alsneededar eexpensi ve
 Ani mal shav enochoi ceoft het ypeofpl antst oeat
I tr equi resabi gpor t
ionofl and
 Thebar bedwi rescant eart heski noftheani mal s
Stri
pgr azi ng
Thisiswher esmal lsect i
onscal ledst ri
psar ecr eatedusi ngt emporar
y
el
ectri
cwi rest or estr
ictmov ement sofani mals.
Animalsgr azei ngazet t
edar ea.
Advantages
 Past urei sev enlyused
 Di seasesandv ect or
sar econt r
olled
 Labouri sr educedont hef arm
Disadvant ages
I t’
sexpensi vetost artandmai ntain
I tr equi resf ewani mal st obekept
Tetheri
ng
Thisinv olv est yingtheani malonat reeorapegusi ngar opet ograzeina
l
imitedar ea
Thisist hemostcommonmet hodusedi nEastAf r
ica.
Ast r
uct ureshowi ngt etheringmet hod

Adv
antagesoftet
heri
ngmethod.
It’
scheapandappropri
atetomai
ntai
n
 Nofencingi
srequi
red
 Pastur
echosenbythefar
merisal
wayst
hebest

Di
sadvantages
Itcanonl yworkbestforfewanimals
 Animal f
eedingi
sonlyli
mi t
edtoareasaroundthepeg.
Itr equi
resthefar
mert okeeptransfer
ri
ngt heani
malswhenpast
ure

29|
Page
 isov er.
Lear ner ’
sact i
v i
ty
1.Onesent ence, showt hemeani ngoft hephr aser otati
onalgrazing
2.Gi vet woadv antagesofr otationalgr azing
3.I dent ifyanyt womet hodsofr otat
ional gr
azing
4.Br i
ef lyexpl ainhowst ripgr azingcanbeadi sadv ant
agetoal ivest
ock
farmer
5.Gi vet woadv antagesofpaddockgr azingt oaf ar
mer
LESSON3 : HERDI NG
Her ding( freer angegr azi ng)
Thisi sasy stem wher eani mal sar el eftf r
eet ogr azeondi ff
erenttypesof
past ureasmoni toredbyaher dsman.
Thissy stem i smai nlypr acticedbyNor madi cpast orali
sts
Adv ant ages
 Ani mal sareabl etodosomeexer ci sesast heygr aze
I tdoesnotr equireanyf encing
 Theani mal sgr azeondi fferentpast uresoft heirchoice
Disadv antages
 Ani mal sneedaher dsmant ol ookaf t
ert hem al ltheti
me
 Ani mal scaneasi lyst rayanddest royf armer ’
scr ops
I nbr eedi ngi sdiffi
cul ttocont rol
ZEROGRAZI NG
Zerogr azing
Thisi sasy st em wher eani mal sar ekeptunderaspeci alstructureand
wat erorf eedsar epr ovided.
Smal lcubi clesar emadef orani mal stor estandf eed.
Ani ll
ust rationofazer ogr azinguni t

Advantagesofzerogr azing
I t’
seasyt ocoll
ectmanur e( Farm Yar
dManur e)
 Ani malsareeasyt ocontrolandmoni t
or
 Feedsar enotwast edsinceani malsaregivenonlywhatisenough.
 Ani malsarepr ot ectedfrom badweat herlikesunshineandheav y
r
ains
Di
sadvantagesofzero- grazing
I t’
sv er
yexpensiv et ostar
tandmai nt
ain
 Thef armergetsov erworked
 Ther ei
seasyspr eadofdi seasesandpest s
I tinvol
vesofeitherbuy i
ngf eedsorgrowingfoddercrops
 Muchl abourisrequi redtof eedandmoni tortheani
mals

30|
Page
Lear
ner
’sacti
vit
y
1.Explai
nthefol
l
owi ngter
ms;
a)Herding
b)Zerograzi
ng
2.Outl
ineanythr
eeadv ant
agesofherdi
ng
3.Howcanzer ograzingbeadisadv
antaget
oaf
armer
?

LESSON4 : HOUSI NGOFCATTLE

Likeanyot herani mal s,cat tl
eneedgoodhousi ng.Theyshoul dbeprovided
withshel terf ort hef ollowi ngr easons;
 To pr ot ectt hem f rom bad weat herl ike heav yr ai
n and strong
sunshi ne.
 Topr ot ectcat t
lef rom t hieves
 Topr ot ectcat t
lef rom at t
acksbywi l
dani mal s
 Tomai nt aint heirheal t
handeaset heirfeedi ng
Qual i
tiesorchar act erist i
csofagoodhouseofcat tle
Thehousef orcat tleiscal l
edaby re/kr aal .
Ithast hef ollowi ngchar acteristi
cs;
 Wel l vent il
at edf orf reeai rcir
culation.
 Hasast rongf l
oormadeofconcr etef oreasycl eaning.
 Hasasl ant ingt oenabl eur i
nedr ainout .
Mat erialsusedt obui ldcat tlehousesi nclude
Wood, concr et e,met al s,br i
cks, pl
astics, stoneset c
FENCI NG
Af encei sabar rierofl if
eordeadmat er i
alsdi vi
dedi nareasofl and
Ther ear et wot ypesoff encesnamel y;
 Pl ant edf ences
 Const ruct edf ences
Planted( nat ural)f encesar emadebypl antingcer tai
nt ypesofplantsalong
mar ginsofagi venpi eceofl and.
Const ruct ed( artificial)f ences,ar ef enceswer epeopl e-
mademat eri
alsare
usedt ocr eat eabar r
ieral ongapar t
icularpi eceofl and.
Themat erialsusedwhenconst ructi
ngar ti
fici
al fencesi nclude;
 Tr eatedpol es
 Bubbl edwi r es
 Br i
cks
 Wi renet s
 Chai nl inks, et c
Thi sty peoff encei st hemostpopul arone.
Impor tanceoff enci ng
 Nat ur al fencesar ewi ndbr eakst huscont rollingsoilerosi
on
 Nat ur al fencescanmai ntainsoil f
er ti
li
tybyaddi nghumust osoil
 Fenci ngcont rolst hespr eadofpest sanddi seasest oanimals
I talsopr ev ent sani malsf rom dest roy i
ngpeopl e’scrops
31|
Page
 I tall
owspr operuseofpasture.
 makescul l
ingeasy
Lear
ner’
sactivi
ty
1.Givetwor easonsforhousingcattle
2.Whatnamei sgi
ventothehousef orcattl
e
3.Listanytwoqual i
ti
esofagoodhousef orcat
tl
e
4.Whatdoy ouunderstandbythet erm“ fence”?
5.Identi
fyanyt woreasonsforfencingf arm ani
mals

LESSON 5: STARTI NGALI VESTOCKFARM

Livest
ockr efer
stotheanimalskeptonaf ar
m.Thesemayi ncl
ude;
 Poultry  Pigsand
 Goat s  Cattl
e
 Sheep
Livest
ockf armingi
sthereari
ngoffarm animal
s.
It
’simportanttopeoplei
nt hefol
l
owingway s;
I t’
sasour ceofi
ncomewhenani malsandthei
rproduct
saresol
d
I t’
sasour ceoff
ood
I tprovi
desemploymentoppor t
unit
iestopeople

Requi r
ement sf orstar t
ingal iv
estockf arm.
Land:t hisisapl aceonwhi cht hefarmi sst art
ed.Itmaybeobt ainedinthe
foll
owi ngway s;
 Bybuy ing
 Thr oughi nheritance
 Fr om donat ion
Capi t
al ,thisist hemoneyusedt obuyt hingsneededt ostartafarm.Some
ofthet hingst hemoneymaybeusedf orinclude;
 Buy ingl andi fitistobebought
 Const r
uct ingani mal houses, stores, offi
ceandst at
ionery.
 Pr epar at i
onofpast ur
e
 Br ingingwat eront hef arm
 Pay ingwor kersandexper t
sf ort het reatmentanv acci
nati
onoft he
farm ani mal sbef or
et hefarm st artspr oducing.
 Buy ingdr ugs,acar i
cidesandnecessar yequipmentsf ort
hefarm.
Labour ,thi si ncludespeopl ewhodoact i
v i
ti
esonaf arm bothskill
edand
unski l
l
edwor ker s.
Mar ket,inl ivest ockf arming,mar ketingr eferst othedemandf orcatt
leor
thei
rpr oduct s.
Demandf orcat tlepr oductsmeanst hedesi r
eandabi li
tyt opayf orthe
product s.
Ther efore,i t’
si mpor tantt oknow whet herpeopl earer eadyt obuyt he
product sf rom t hef arm.

32|
Page
Thet ypeofliv
estock,t
hef armerneedst oidenti
fywhi chani mal
sheorshe
wishest okeep.
Learner’
sactivi
ty
1.Giveadiffer
encebetweenl i
vestockandl i
vestockf arming
2.Todayi n Uganda,manypeopl e pref
erlivestock farming t
o crop
growing.Givetworeasonsforthis.
3.Identi
fyanytwoway sofobtaininglandforstarti
ngal ivest
ockfarm.
4.Listanyt woactivi
ti
esdonebyski l
ledandnon- skil
ledworkerona
farm.
5.Givetwoway sinwhi chcapitalcanbeusedi nst arti
ngalivest
ock
farm

THEME : THEENVI RONMENT

TOPIC : RESOURCESI NTHEENVIRONMENT
LESSON4 : DESCRIPTI
ONOFRESOURCES
Resour
ces
 Ar esour
cei
sanythi
ngthatcansat
isf
ypeopl
e’
sneeds.

Typesofr
esources
 Renewableresources/inexhaust
ibl
eresour
ces
 Non-renewableresources/exhaust
ibl
eresources
Renewabl
er esour
cesar eresourcesthatcanber eplacednat
ural
l
ywhen
usedup.

Renewabler esourcesinclude;
 Wat er  Ani mals  Soil
 Plant  Ai r  Sunshine
Import
anceofpl antsasr esources.
 Somepl antsareeat enasfood.
 Plantspr ovidewoodf ueltopeoplewhendr ied
 Somepl antsareusedasher balmedicinetocureanimaldi
seases.
 Plantspr oviderawmat eri
alsforfurni
tureandcraft
s
 Plantshel pinther aincyclethroughtranspi
rati
on.
Non-r
enewabl er esources.Thesear er esourcesthatcannotber epl
aced
natur
all
ywhenusedup.
Theseresour cescanbeexhaust edi ncaset heyarenotproperlyhandled
andpreserved.
Examplesinclude;
 Rocks  Sand
 Pet r
oleum  Natural
gas
 Mi nerals
 ClaySoi l

33|
Page
Wayspeopleuseani mal
sasar esour
ce
 Animalsproducts( meatandmi l
k)aregoodsourcesofprotei
nsto
peopl
e’sdiets.
 Animals provi
de laboursuch as pul
li
ng car
ts,pl
oughi
ng and f
or
tr
ansport
.
 Animalwast escanbeusedtomakebi ogas.

Exampl
esofsuchani
mal
sincl
ude;
 Horses,  oxen.
 Camels,  Donkeys.

Lear
ner’
sactiv
ity
1.Diff
erent
iatebetweenrenewableandnonrenewableresources
2.Givetwoexampl esofrenewableresour
cesi
ny ourenvironment
3.Wr i
teonesent encet o expl
ainwhycopperi sr egardedasanon
renewableresource.
4.Statonewayi nwhi cht
hefoll
owingcanbeusedasar esource.
a)Wat er
b)Soil

LESSON 5: NONLI VI NGTHI NGSASRESOURCES

Non-li
vingcomponent sint heenv ir
onmentar eusedbypeopl eforacertain
purpose.
Thesei ncl
ude: air,water
, soil
,sunandmi ner
als.
 Wat erisar enewabl er esourcebecausei tcanber epl
acednat urall
y
throught her ai
ncy cle.
 Ai risal soar enewabl er esourcebecauseitcan’tgetexhaustedint he
env i
ronment .
 Ai risami xtur
eofgasessuchas,oxy gen,carbondioxide,ni
trogen,
argon, krypton,neonet c.
 Wi ndisai rinmot ioncausedduet odi f
ferenceint emperatureof
places.

Waysairi
susedasar esourceint
heenv i
ronment.
 Airfr
om theenvi
ronmentisbreat
hedinbypeopleandanimals
 Oxygenfrom theatmospherehelpsintheprocessesofger
minat
ion,
burni
ngandr ust
ing.
 Carbondioxi
degasi salsousedasapr eser
vati
vegasforti
nnedor
cannedfoods.

34|
Page
  Carbondioxidei susedi nfi
reextinguishers.
Wayswaterisusedasar esource.
 Fastflowingwat erhelpsi nturningt urbinesusedi ngenerat
ionof
hydro-
electri
cpower .
 Waterserv esasahabi tatforaquat i
clif
el ikef
ish,amphi
bian,mari
ne
mammal setc)
 Water hel ps i n pl ant processes such as ger mi
nation and
photosynthesis.
 Wateri s used as a r aw mat erialini ndustri
es and f
orcool i
ng
machines.
 Waterisusedf ordomest i
cactivi
ties.

LESSON6 : NONLI VINGTHI NGSASRESOURCES

Mineralsi ntheenv ironment
 Mi neralsar er esour cesdugf rom under gr
ound
 Mi neralswer ef ormedf rom t her emai nsofani mal sandpl antsthat
li
v edmanyy ear sagoaf terthei rdeat handdecomposi ti
on.
 Mi neralsar enon- renewabl er esour cesi ntheenv ironment
Exampl esi nclude;
Oil
,clay, chalk,copper ,gol d,pet r
oleum, uranium, coal,rocks,ti
net c
 Mi neralsf r
om whi ch met alsar e made ar e gotf rom or eswhi ch
cont ainsmor et hanonemet al.
 Coalandoi lar eusedt opr ovidef ueli nmanyway s.Coalcanal sobe
bur nttopr oducet her mal elect r
ici
ty .
 Cr udeoi li stakent or efiner yt oobt ainpur eoi lbyapr ocesscalled
fract i
onal distil
lation.
Productsobt ainedf rom pet roleum.
 Pet rol  Ker osene
 Diesel
 Engi neOi l -
Jet f uel
Arocki smadeupofmanymi ner alst i
ght l
ypackedt ofor m asolid.
Fossil
sar eremai nsofpl antsandani mal st hathadl i
vedmanyy earsago.
Theirremai nsi nclude; bones, teet h, r
oot s,stemsorl eav es.
Fossil
sar emai nlyf oundi nst onequar r
ies
Usesofr ocks
 Rockcont ainsmi ner als
 Rocksdescr ibet heear th’shi story
 Rocksar eusedasr awmat erialsforconst ructi
onwor k

Lear
ner’
sact i
vi
ty
1.Wr i
teanyonewayi
nwhi
cheachofthef
oll
owi
ngcanbeusedasa
resource;
a)Wat er c)Soil
b)Sun d)Air

35|
Page
 2.Howcanr ocksbeusefult
opeopl
e?(Gi
veoneway
)
3.Bri
efl
yexplaint
hetermfossi
l
s
WEEK : 8
LESSON 1 : ALLOYS
All
oys
Anall
oyi
sami xtureoftwoormoremetal
s

Examplesofal
loy
si ncl
ude;
 Brass  Solder
 Bronze  Dentistamal
gam
I
mportanceofmakingalloys
 Alloy
smaket hemet alhar
der
 Alloy
slowerthemel t
ingpoint
sofmet
als.
 Alloy
smaket hetearorwearofmetal
sdif
fi
cult
At abl
eshowinganal
l
oy,
howi t
’smadeanditsuse.
Al
l
oy Combinati
on Importance
Brass Copperandzi
nc Decorati
ng t
he
ornaments
Making wi res, tubi
ng
casesofbullets
Bronze Copperandti
n Decorati
ngmet als
Makingcoins
Solder Leasandti
n Fil
li
ng dentalcav i
tyin
theteet
h
Manganesest eel Ir
onandmanganese Making gar den gates
etc.

Note:
Fuel
saremat er
ialsthatcanbur nt ogiveoutheatandl
ight
.
Examplesoff uelsinclude;charcoal,
coaloil
s,fi
rewood(petr
oleum)
Learner
’sactivi
ty
1.Brieflyexplai
nt heterm all
oy
2.Giv etwoexampl esofalloys
3.Stat ethenimpor tanceoft hefoll
owingall
oys;
a)Brass
b)Manganesest eel
4.Poi ntoutanyt wousesofal loysinoursoci
ety

LESSON2 : CONSERVATIONOFRESOURCES
Conserv
ationi
st hepr
otect
ionoftheresourcesi
nt heenv
ironmentfr
om
exhaust
ion.
Conserv
ationi
nvolv
escari
ngfort
heresourcestoavoidt
heexhausti
onfor
36|
Page
futureuse.
Manusesr esourcesf rom t heenv i
ronmentt oobtai
nusef ulenergy.
Plantsf r
om theenv ir
onmentpr ov
idefibr essuchassi sal
,jute,cot
tonand
l
inen.
Af ibreisanymat erialf r
om pl ant
sorani malsthati smadeupoft hreads
andcanbeusedasar esour ce.
Exampl esofplantf ibres
Sisal,cott
onwool ,bananaf ibres,r
affi
a, hemp, j
uteetc
Exampl esofarti
ficial fi
bres
Ny l
on, r
ayon
Exampl esofanimal fibres
Sil
k, mohair,
wool ,fur,spi derwebset c
 Ani malspr
ov ideener gyforpulli
ngcar tsandpl oughinge.goxen
 Ani malsAl
sopr ov idet ransporte.g.donkey s,
hor sesandcamel s.
 Weneedt oconser vepl ants,ani
mal s,mineral
s, water,soil
,wil
dli
feetc.
 Wi l
dli
feref
er st oani malsandpl ant sintheentireenv i
ronmentout si
de
ourhomes.

Waysofconser vingresourcesint heenv i

ronment .
 Useofmoder nfarmingpr acti
cessuchast erracing, i
ntercroppinget
c.
 Enf orci
ngl awsagai nstbushbur ni
ngandswampdr ainage.
 Gazet ti
ngandpr otecti
ngswamps, nati
onal parksandf or
ests.
 Pract i
cingagr o-f
orestry
, r
eafforestati
onandaf forestation.
 Useofot heral t
ernati
vest owoodf uelsuchasuseofsol arelect
ri
ci
ty.
 Discour agingpoachi ng
 Useof5Rsi nwast emanagementi .eReject,Ret urn,Reuse,Recy cl
e,
Reduce.
Lear
ner
’sact i
vi
ty
1.Whatdoy ouunder standbyt het er
m conser vationofr esources?
2.Givet wo way s of conser vi
ng t he following r esources in our
env ir
onment
a)Wildl if
e
b)Soil
c)Miner als
3.Brieflyexplainthetermf ibre
4.Givet woexampl esofpl antfibr
es

THEME : THEHUMANBODY
TOPIC : RESPIRATORYSYSTEM
LESSON6 : ORGANSOFTHERESPI RATORYSYSTEM
Therespir
ator
ysyst
em:
Thi
sisagroupoforgansinwhi
chgaseousexchanget
akespl
ace
Respi
rat
ionistheprocessbywhichthebodyusesf oodandoxy
gent
o

37|
Page
rel
easeenergy.
Bi-
productsofr
espirat
ion
Heat ,
carbondioxi
deandwat erv
apour.
Respir
ati
ontakesplaceinthebodycel
l
s.

Or
gans/majorpar
tsoftherespi
rat
orysy
stem.
 Nose  Lungs
 Tr
acheaOrWi ndPipe  Diaphr
agm
 Br
onchus

Adr
awnst
ruct
ureshowi
ngt
her
espi
rat
orysy
stem.

Functi
onsoft hepar ts
Thenose:
Thenosei susedf orsmel li
ngandbr eat hing
I tcont ainsmucusandt inyhair( cil
ia)usedt ofi
lt
erair
 Ciliatrapsdustt hatenterswit hai r
 Mucushel pst omoi stenandwar m air.
Asairent ersintot henose, i
tismoi stened, war medandf iltered.
Thewi ndpi pe/ t
rachea
Thetracheai sat ube.I tdirectsairtoandf r
om t helungs.
I t’
smadeupofsof tbonescal ledcar t
il
aget okeepitopenal ltheti
me
I talsocont ainshai randmucusf ortrappingdustandger ms
Theepi glotti
s:
 Closest o pr eventt hef ood f rom ent eri
ng intot hewi nd pi
peon
swal lowing.
Thelungs:
 Thi sistheor ganwher egaseousexchanget akesplacei nthebody .
I thasgotai rsacs( alveoli
)wi thanetwor kofbloodcapi ll
ari
esto
absor boxy genandpassoutcar bondi oxide.
Ribcage:
 Pr otectthel ungsandhear tagai nstext ernalharm.
I t’
sal socov eredwi thapl eur alf l
uidtopr eventfr
ictionbet weenthe
thor axandl ungst ot heribs.

38|
Page
 I nt
ercostalmuscleshol dstheribstogether.
Note:
Gaseousexchanget akespl aceattheairsacs.
Learner’
sactivit
y
1.St atetheimpor t
anceofr espir
ationtothebody
2.Gi vear easonwhyi t’
snotadv i
sabletobr eat
hethroughthemout
h
3.Howar eci l
iausefultopeopledur i
ngbreathi
ng?
4.St atet he importance oft he foll
owing organs ofthe r
espi
rat
ory
system;
a)Nose
b)Ri bcage
c)Epi glot
tis

WEEK : 7
LESSON 1: BREATHI NG
Breat
hi ngi st heactoft akingi nandsendi ngoutofai r
.
Breat
hi ngi nv olvesexchangeofgasesi nanor ganism
Breat
hi ngst artsfr om t akingi nai rthrought henoset ot helungs.
Typesofbr eat hing:
Therear et wot ypesnamel y ;
I nspi ration( inhal ati
on)and
 Expi rat i
on( exhal ati
on)
Breat
hi ngi n/i nspi r
at i
on/i nhal at i
on.
I
nspirationi st heactofdr awi ngi nairintot helungst hrought henose.
Theairwebr eathei ncont ai nsmor eoxy gent hancar bondi oxide.
Webr eat hei nt oi ncr easeoxy gensuppl yint hebody
Oxygeni sused byt hebodyt o burnf ood and pr oduceener gydur i
ng
respi
ration
Respirationi st heoxi dat i
onoff oodt opr oduceener gyi nthebodycel l
s
Eventsdur i
ngi nhal ation/br eat hingi n.
 The di aphr agm mov es downwar ds.( Diaphr agm cont racts and
flattens)
 Ri bsmov eupwar dsandoutwar ds.
 Lungsexpand
 Thechesti ncr easesi nv olume
 Ai risdr awni nt ot hel ungs.
Expir
at i
on/br eathi ngout/exhal ati
on
Thisist heactoft aki ngoutofai rfrom theLungst hrought henose.
 Webr eat heoutt oreducecar bondi oxideint hebody .
 Ai rwebr eatheoutcont ainsmor ecar bondi oxidet hanoxy gen
 Dur ingbr eat hingout ,weal sol oseexcessheatandv apourf r
om the
39|
Page
 body
.
Ev
entsdur
ingexpirat
ion/breathi
ngout/exhalat
ion
 Thediaphr
agm mov esupwar dst
oitsdomedshape.
 Theri
bsmov edownwar dsandinwards
 Thel
ungsr educeinsi
ze

Note:
 Car bon dioxi
dedi ssolved intheblood plasma di ff
usesf rom the
capi l
lari
esint
ot healv
eol i
andexhaledout.
 Abr uptcoughi ng is caused when an exter nalmatt erent ersthe
tracheaorwi ndpipe
Learner’sact i
vi
ty
1.Di fferenti
atebetweenbr eathi
ngandrespir
ation
2.St atewhathappenst ot hefol
lowi
ngpartsdur i
ngbr eat
hi ngin
a)Di aphr agm
b)Lungs
c)I ntercostal
smuscl es
3.Bywhatpr ocessdoescar bondioxi
demov ef rom capil
lariestolungs?

LESSON 2: ADAPTATI ONOFTHEAI RSACSTOTHEI RWORK

Gaseousexchangeint heal
v eol
us
Gaseousexchanget akespl
acei nthealv
eoli(airsacs)foundi
nthelungs.
Whenbl oodreachesthealveoli
,carbondioxi
dei slostandoxygenisadded
toblood.
Oxygeni saddedtobl oodandcar bondi oxi
dei slostbyapr ocesscall
ed
dif
fusion.
Anill
ustrat
ionshowinggaseousexchangeatt healveol
i.

Not
e:
 Al
veol
iar
epl
ural
whi
l
eal
veol
usi
ssi
ngul
ar.

Howar eairsacssui
tableforgaseousexchange
 Theyar ethi
nwal l
edtoallowgaseousdiff
usi
onthr
ough.
 Theyar esurr
oundedbyanet workofbl
oodcapi
ll
ari
es.
 Theyar emanyi nnumbert opr ovi
deal ar
gesurfacear eat
oease
gaseousexchange.
Summar yofthecomposi t
ionofinhal
edandexhaledai
r
Gas I
nhaledai
r Exhaledai
r
Oxygen 21% 16%
40|
Page
 Carbondioxide 0.03% 4%
Nit
rogen 78% 78%
Watervapour Less Mor e
Raregases 0.97% 0.97%
Note:
 Aswebr eatheout ,morecarbondioxi
dei
sexpell
edbecausesomei s
addedf rom thebodycells.
 Ni t
rogeni sleftunchangedbecauseiti
snotnecessar
yi nthebody.
 Webr eat heoutlessoxy genbecausemostofitisusedbyt hebody
duri
ngr espir
ationprocess.

Lear
ner’
sactiv
ity
.
1.Statetwoway si nwhi chairsacsar eadaptedf orexchangeof
gases.
2.Studythetablebelowandanswert hequestionsthatfol
lows;
Component I
nhaledair Exhal edair
Oxygen 21% 16%
Nit
rogen 78% 78%
Carbondioxide 0.03% 4%
Br
iefl
yexplai
nwhy ;
a)Exhaledaircontainsli
tt
leoxy
gen
b)Concentrati
onofni tr
ogenremai nedunchanged
c)Exhaledaircont ainsmorecarbondi oxi
de
3.Whydoest hemi rr
orbecomecl oudyy oubreatheoutcloselyt
oit?

LESSON3 : DISEASESOFTHERESPI RATORYSYSTEM.

Respirat
orydiseasesaredi seasest hataffectpeople’srespir
atoryorgans
i
.e.thelungs,t
rachea,nostri
ls,andbronchioles.
 Some r espir
atory diseases are communi cable diseases spread
throughcontaminatedairwhileothersar enon-communi cablecaused
bysmoki ng.
 Somer espir
atorydiseasesareher editaryspr
eadf r
om par entstothe
babies.

Di
seasesoft herespi
ratorysy st
em.
Diseases Signsandsy mptoms Prev
enti
on/control
Lungcancer  Chestpai n Avoi
dsmoki ngtobacco
(causedby  Highf ever Seekmedicaltr
eatment
smoking)  Coughi ng
Infl
uenza(fl
u)  Diff
icultyi
nbreat
hing Dr
inkal
otoff
lui
ds
(causedbyv i
rus)  Const antcoughingand
sneezing
Pneumoni a  Diff
icultyi
nbreat
hing Wearwar
m cl
othesdur
ing
41|
Page
causedbyei t
her  Coughing coldweather
.
bacteri
aorv i
rus  Fever Treatusi
nganti
biot
ics.
Bronchit
is  Dif
ficul
tyi
nbreathi
ng Avoidsmoking
(causedby  Chroniccoughi
ng
bacteri
a)
Tuberculosi
s.  Coughingforal
ongti
me I
solatet heinf ectedones
(causedby  Thickmucusspi
tti
ngwit
h I
mmuni seusi ngchi ldren
bacteri
a) spottedbl
ood BCG
 Chestpain Vaccine
Avoiddr inki
ngunboi led
milk.
Whoopi ngcough  Blockednose Dri
nkf luidsrichi n
(causedby  Coughi ngspasm vi
tami ns
bacteri
a)  Diff
icultyinbreat
hing I mmuni sechi l
dren
 Runni ngnose wi t
hDPTv accine.
 Whoopi ngsoundwhen  Av oidov ercr owded
coughi ng andpoor l
yv entilated
houses/ places.
Asthma  Diff
icultyinbreat
hing  Gof ormedi cal
(al
l
ergi
es)  Bodyweaknessdur i
ngcol
d attent i
on
weat her.  Keepawayf rom
 Mucusf low sour cesofal lergies
e.g.col dpol lengr ains.
Diphther
ia  Soret hroat I mmuni set hei nfant s
(causedby usingDPTv accine
bacteri
a)  Swol l
enneck  Gof ormedi cal
treatmenti nt i
me.

Learner’sact i
vi
ty.
1.Ident i
fyanyt wodiseasesoft herespi
rat
orytract
2.Descr ibeanyt woway sofkeepi ngtherespir
atorysyst
em inaheal
thy
workingcondi t
ion.
3.Dr awt hestructureoftherespir
atorsyst
em andnamet hepar
ts;
a)Tr achea
b)Lef tbronchus
c)Diaphr agm
d)Lung
WATCHI NG DOWN LOADED I NFORMATI ON ON HOW LUNGS/ALVEOLI
WORK( PRACTI CAL)
Disordersoft herespirator
ysystem
-Choking
-Suffocation
-I
nflammat i
onoft hetissuewithi
nthenoseandt helungs

42|
Page
-
Nasal
congest
ion

Howt okeept her espiratorysy stem i

naheal
thywor
kingcondi
ti
on
Havingabal anceddi et
Havingregularphy sicalexercise
Goingforregul armedi calcheckup
Avoidbreathingt hr ought hemout h
Earl
ytreatmentofr espirator
ydi seases
Avoidli
vinginpl aceswi thal otofsmokeanddust.
Dri
nkingplentyofwat er
Avoidsmokingci gar ett
es
I
mmuni
zat
ionofdi
seasessuchasdi
pht
her
ia,
tuber
cul
osi
set
c.

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