MECH352 Heat Transfer I Fall 2015

Final practice Problems María José Grasso

1–56 An aluminum pan whose thermal conductivity is 337 W/m·K has a flat bottom
with diameter 15 cm and thickness 0.4 cm. Heat is transferred steadily to boiling
water in the pan through its bottom at a rate of 1400 W. If the inner surface of the
bottom of the pan is at 105°C, determine the temperature of the outer surface of
the bottom of the pan.

1
1–74 A transistor with a height of 0.4 cm and a diameter of 0.6 cm is mounted on a
circuit board. The transistor is cooled by air flowing over it with an average heat
transfer coefficient of 30 W/m2·K. If the air temperature is 55°C and the transistor
case temperature is not to exceed 70°C, determine the amount of power this
transistor can dissipate safely. Disregard any heat transfer from the transistor base.

2
1–85 Consider a person whose exposed surface area is 1.7 m2, emissivity is 0.5,
and surface temperature is 32°C. Determine the rate of heat loss from that person
by radiation in a large room having walls at a temperature of (a) 300 K and (b) 280
K. Answers: (a) 26.7 W, (b) 121 W

3
1–59 One way of measuring the thermal conductivity of a material is to sandwich an
electric thermofoil heater between two identical rectangular samples of the material
and to heavily insulate the four outer edges, as shown in the figure. Thermocouples
attached to the inner and outer surfaces of the samples record the temperatures.

During an experiment, two 0.5-cm thick samples 10 cm x 10 cm in size are used.

When steady operation is reached, the heater is observed to draw 25 W of electric
power, and the temperature of each sample is observed to drop from 82°C at the
inner surface to 74°C at the outer surface. Determine the thermal conductivity of
the material at the average temperature.

4
1–99 Consider a person standing in a room at 18°C. Determine the total rate of heat
transfer from this person if the exposed surface area and the skin temperature of
the person are 1.7 m2 and 32°C, respectively, and the convection heat transfer
coefficient is 5 W/m2·K. Take the emissivity of the skin and the clothes to be 0.9,
and assume the temperature of the inner surfaces of the room to be the same as
the air temperature.

5
1–100 The inner and outer surfaces of a 25-cm-thick wall in summer are at 27°C
and 44°C, respectively. The outer surface of the wall exchanges heat by radiation
with surrounding surfaces at 40°C, and convection with ambient air also at 40°C
with a convection heat transfer coefficient of 8 W/m2·K. Solar radiation is incident
on the surface at a rate of 150 W/m2. If both the emissivity and the solar
absorptivity of the outer surface are 0.8, determine the effective thermal
conductivity of the wall.

6
1–102 An 800-W iron is left on the iron board with its base exposed to the air at
20°C. The convection heat transfer coefficient between the base surface and the
surrounding air is 35 W/m2·K. If the base has an emissivity of 0.6 and a surface area
of 0.02 m2, determine the temperature of the base of the iron. Answer: 601°C

7
1–130 The heat generated in the circuitry on the surface of a silicon chip (k=130
W/m·K) is conducted to the ceramic substrate to which it is attached. The chip is 6
mm 3 6 mm in size and 0.5 mm thick and dissipates 5 W of power. Disregarding any
heat transfer through the 0.5-mm high side surfaces, determine the temperature
difference between the front and back surfaces of the chip in steady operation.

8
2–42 Consider a steel pan used to boil water on top of an electric range. The bottom
section of the pan is L= 0.3 cm thick and has a diameter of D= 20 cm. The electric
heating unit on the range top consumes 1250 W of power during cooking, and 85
percent of the heat generated in the heating element is transferred uniformly to the
pan. Heat transfer from the top surface of the bottom section to the water is by
convection with a heat transfer coefficient of h. Assuming constant thermal
conductivity and one-dimensional heat transfer, express the mathematical
formulation (the differential equation and the boundary conditions) of this heat
conduction problem during steady operation. Do not solve.

9
2–57 Consider a large plane wall of thickness L= 0.3 m, thermal conductivity k=2.5
W/m·K, and surface area A=12 m2. The left side of the wall at x=0 is subjected to a
net heat flux of q=700 W/m2 while the temperature at that surface is measured to
be T1= 80°C. Assuming constant thermal conductivity and no heat generation in
the wall,
(a) express the differential equation and the boundary conditions for steady one-
dimensional heat conduction through the wall,
(b) obtain a relation for the variation of temperature in the wall by solving the
differential equation
(c) evaluate the temperature of the right surface of the wall at x=L. Answer: (c)
24°C

10
2–83 Consider a large 5-cm-thick brass plate (k=111 W/m·K) in which heat is
generated uniformly at a rate of 2x10 5 W/m3. One side of the plate is insulated while
the other side is exposed to an environment at 25°C with a heat transfer coefficient
of 44 W/m2·K. Explain where in the plate the highest and the lowest temperatures
will occur, and determine their values.

11
2–88 Consider a large plane wall of thickness L=0.05 m. The wall surface at x=0 is
insulated, while the surface at x=L is maintained at a temperature of 30°C. The
thermal conductivity of the wall is k=30 W/m·K, and heat is generated in the wall at
a rate of egen =e0 e-0.5x/L W/m3 where e0= 8 x106 W/m3. Assuming steady one-
dimensional heat transfer,
(a) express the differential equation and the boundary conditions for heat
conduction through the wall, (b) obtain a relation for the variation of temperature in
the wall by solving the differential equation, and
(c) determine the temperature of the insulated surface of the wall. Answer: (c)
314°C

12
2–112 Consider a plane wall of thickness L whose thermal conductivity varies in a
specified temperature range as k(T)=k0(1+βT2) where k0 and β are two specified
constants. The wall surface at x=0 is maintained at a constant temperature of T 1,
while the surface at x=L is maintained at T 2. Assuming steady one-dimensional heat
transfer, obtain a relation for the heat transfer rate through the wall.

13
2–74 A spherical container of inner radius r 1=2 m, outer radius r2=2.1 m, and
thermal conductivity k=30 W/m·K is filled with iced water at 0°C. The container is
gaining heat by convection from the surrounding air at T=25°C with a heat transfer
coefficient of h=18 W/m2·K. Assuming the inner surface temperature of the
container to be 0°C,
(a) express the differential equation and the boundary conditions for steady one-
dimensional heat conduction through the container,
(b) obtain a relation for the variation of temperature in the container by solving the
differential equation, and
(c) evaluate the rate of heat gain to the iced water.

14
3–25 Consider a 1.2-m-high and 2-m-wide double-pane window consisting of two 3-
mm-thick layers of glass (k=0.78 W/m·K) separated by a 12-mm-wide stagnant air
space (k=0.026 W/m·K). Determine the steady rate of heat transfer through this
double-pane window and the temperature of its inner surface for a day during which
the room is maintained at 24°C while the temperature of the outdoors is 25°C. Take
the convection heat transfer coefficients on the inner and outer surfaces of the
window to be h1=10 W/m2·K and h2=25 W/m2·K, and disregard any heat transfer by
radiation. Answers: 114 W, 19.2°C

15
3–30 A transparent film is to be bonded onto the top surface of a solid plate inside a
heated chamber. For the bond to cure properly, a temperature of 70°C is to be
maintained at the bond, between the film and the solid plate. The transparent film
has a thickness of 1 mm and thermal conductivity of 0.05 W/m·K, while the solid
plate is 13 mm thick and has a thermal conductivity of 1.2 W/m·K. Inside the heated
chamber, the convection heat transfer coefficient is 70 W/m2·K. If the bottom
surface of the solid plate is maintained at 52°C, determine the temperature inside
the heated chamber and the surface temperature of the transparent film. Assume
thermal contact resistance is negligible.

16
3–51 A 1-mm-thick copper plate (k 5 386 W/m·K) is sandwiched between two 5-mm-
thick epoxy boards (k=0.26 W/m·K) that are 15 cm x 20 cm in size. If the thermal
contact conductanceon both sides of the copper plate is estimated to be 6000
W/m·K, determine the error involved in the total thermal resistance of the plate if
the thermal contact conductances are ignored.

17
3–71 Consider a 5-m-high, 8-m-long, and 0.22-m-thick wall whose representative
cross section is as given in the figure. The thermal conductivities of various
materials used, in W/m·K, are kA=kF=2, kB=8, kC=20, kD=15, and kE=35. The left and
right surfaces of the wall are maintained at uniform temperatures of 300°C and
100°C, respectively. Assuming heat transfer through the wall to be one-
dimensional, determine
(a) the rate of heat transfer through the wall;
(b) the temperature at the point where the sections B, D, and E meet; and
(c) the temperature drop across the section F. Disregard anycontact resistances at
the interfaces.

18
3–76. Steam at 280°C flows in a stainless steel pipe (k = 15 WmK) whose inner and
outer diameters are 5cm and 5.5 cm, respectively. The pipe is covered with 3-cm-
thick glass wool insulation (k = 0.038 WmK). Heat is lost to the surroundings at 5°C
by natural convection and radiation, with a combined natural convection and
radiation heat transfer coefficient of 22W lmzK, Taking the heat transfer coefficient
inside the pipe to be 80 Wm2K, determine the rate of heat loss from the steam per
unit length of the pipe. Also determine the temperature drops across the pipe shell
and the insulation.

19
3–78 A 50-m-long section of a steam pipe whose outer diameter is 10 cm passes
through an open space at 15°C. The average temperature of the outer surface of
the pipe is measured to be 150°C. If the combined heat transfer coefficient on the
outer surface of the pipe is 20 W/m2·K, determine
(a) the rate of heat loss from the steam pipe;
(b) the annual cost of this energy lost if steam is generated in a natural gas furnace
that has an efficiency of 75 percent and the price of natural gas is $0.52/therm (1
therm=105,500 kJ);
(c) the thickness of fiberglass insulation (k=0.035 W/m·K) needed in order to save
90 percent of the heat lost. Assume the pipe temperature to remain constant at
150°C.

20
3–119 A 4-mm-diameter and 10-cm-long aluminum fin (k=237 W/m·K) is attached to
a surface. If the heat transfer coefficient is 12 W/m2·K, determine the percent error
in the rate of heat transfer from the fin when the infinitely long fin assumption is
used instead of the adiabatic fin tip assumption.

21
3–130 A hot surface at 100°C is to be cooled by attaching 3-cm-long, 0.25-cm-
diameter aluminum pin fins (k=237 W/m·K) to it, with a center-to-center distance of
0.6 cm. The temperature of the surrounding medium is 30°C, and the heat transfer
coefficient on the surfaces is 35 W/m2·K. Determine the rate of heat transfer from
the surface for a 1-m x 1-m section of the plate. Also determine the overall
effectiveness of the fins.

22
3–122E Consider a stainless steel spoon (k=8.7 Btu/h·ft·°F) partially immersed in
boiling water at 200°F in a kitchen at 75°F. The handle of the spoon has a cross
section of 0.08 in x 0.5 in, and extends 7 in in the air from the free surface of the
water. If the heat transfer coefficient at the exposed surfaces of the spoon handle is
3 Btu/h·ft2·°F, determine the temperature difference across the exposed surface of
the spoon handle. State your assumptions. Answer: 124.6°F

23
3–126 Two 3-m-long and 0.4-cm-thick cast iron (k=52 W/m·K) steam pipes of outer
diameter 10 cm are connected to each other through two 1-cm-thick flanges of
outer diameter 20 cm. The steam flows inside the pipe at an average temperature
of 200°C with a heat transfer coefficient of 180 W/m2·K. The outer surface of the
pipe is exposed to an ambient at 12°C, with a heat transfer coefficient of 25
W/m2·K.

(a) Disregarding the flanges, determine the average outer surface temperature of
the pipe.
(b) Using this temperature for the base of the flange and treating the flanges as the
fins, determine the fin efficiency and the rate of heat transfer from the flanges.
(c) What length of pipe is the flange section equivalent to for heat transfer
purposes?

24
4–27 The temperature of a gas stream is to be measured by a thermocouple whose
junction can be approximated as a 1.2-mm-diameter sphere. The properties of the
junction are k=35 W/m·K, ρ=8500 kg/m3, and cp=320 J/kg·K, and the heat transfer
coefficient between the junction and the gas is h=90 W/m2·K. Determine how long
it will take for the thermocouple to read 99 percent of the initial temperature
difference. Answer: 27.8 s

25
4–34 Carbon steel balls (ρ=7833 kg/m3, k=54 W/m·K, cp=0.465 kJ/kg·°C, and
α=1.474x10-6 m2/s) 8 mm in diameter are annealed by heating them first to 900°C
in a furnace and then allowing them to cool slowly to 100°C in ambient air at 35°C.
If the average heat transfer coefficient is 75 W/m2·K, determine how long the
annealing process will take. If 2500 balls are to be annealed per hour, determine
the total rate of heat transfer from the balls to the ambient air.

26
4–68 An ordinary egg can be approximated as a 5.5-cm diameter sphere whose
properties are roughly k=0.6 W/m·K and α=0.14x10-6 m2/s. The egg is initially at a
uniform temperature of 8°C and is dropped into boiling water at 97°C. Taking the
convection heat transfer coefficient to be h=1400 W/m2·K, determine how long it
will take for the center of the egg to reach 70°C. Solve this problem using analytical
one-term approximation method (not the Heisler charts).

27
4–50 In a production facility, 3-cm-thick large brass plates (k=110 W/m·K, ρ=8530
kg/m3, cp=380 J/kg·K, and α=33.9x10-6 m2/s) that are initially at a uniform
temperature of 25°C are heated by passing them through an oven maintained at
700°C. The plates remain in the oven for a period of 10 min. Taking the convection
heat transfer coefficient to be h=80 W/m2·K, determine the surface temperature of
the plates when they come out of the oven. Solve this problem using analytical one-
term approximation method (not the Heisler charts). Can this problem be solved
using lumped system analysis? Justify your answer.

28
4–62 A 2-cm-diameter plastic rod has a thermocouple inserted to measure
temperature at the center of the rod. The plastic rod (ρ=1190 kg/m3, cp=1465
J/kg·K, and k=0.19 W/m·K) was initially heated to a uniform temperature of 70°C,
and allowed to be cooled in ambient air temperature of 25°C. After 1388 s of
cooling, the thermocouple measured the temperature at the center of the rod to be
30°C. Determine the convection heat transfer coefficient for this process. Solve this
problem using analytical one-term approximation method (not the Heisler charts).

29
4–113 A short brass cylinder (ρ=8530 kg/m3, cp=389 kJ/kg·K, k=110 W/m·K, and
α=3.39 3 1025 m2/s) of diameter 8 cm and height 15 cm is initially at a uniform
temperature of 150°C. The cylinder is now placed in atmospheric air at 20°C, where
heat transfer takes place by convection with a heat transfer coefficient of 40
W/m2·K. Calculate (a) the center temperature of the cylinder; (b) the center
temperature of the top surface of the cylinder; and (c) the total heat transfer from
the cylinder 15 min after the start of the cooling.

30
5–11 Consider steady one-dimensional heat conduction in a plane wall with variable
heat generation and constant thermal conductivity. The nodal network of the
medium consists of nodes 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 with a uniform nodal spacing of Δx. Using
the finite difference form of the first derivative (not the energy balance approach),
obtain the finite difference formulation of the boundary nodes for the case of
uniform heat flux q0 at the left boundary (node 0) and convection at the right
boundary (node 4) with a convection coefficient of h and an ambient temperature of
T.

31
5–22 Consider steady one-dimensional heat conduction in a composite plane wall
consisting of two layers A and B in perfect contact at the interface. The wall involves
no heat generation. The nodal network of the medium consists of nodes 0, 1(at the
interface), and 2 with a uniform nodal spacing of Δx. Using the energy balance
approach, obtain the finite difference formulation of this problem for the case of
insulation at the left boundary (node 0) and radiation at the right boundary (node 2)
with an emissivity of e and surrounding temperature of Tsurr.

32
5–47 Consider an aluminum alloy fin (k=180 W/m·K) of triangular cross section
whose length is L=5 cm, base thickness is b 5 1 cm, and width w in the direction
normal to the plane of paper is very large. The base of the fin is maintained at a
temperature of T0=180°C. The fin is losing heat by convection to the ambient air at
T=25°C with a heat transfer coefficient of h=25 W/m2·K and by radiation to the
surrounding surfaces at an average temperature of Tsurr=290 K. Using the finite
difference method with six equally spaced nodes along the fin in the x-direction,
determine (a) the temperatures at the nodes and (b) the rate of heat transfer from
the fin for w=1 m. Take the emissivity of the fin surface to be 0.9 and assume
steady one-dimensional heat transfer in the fin. Answers: (a) 177.0°C, 174.1°C,
171.2°C, 168.4°C, 165.5°C;(b) 537 W

33
5–65 Consider steady two-dimensional heat transfer in a long solid body whose
cross section is given in Fig. P5–65. The temperatures at the selected nodes and the
thermal conditions on the boundaries are as shown. The thermal conductivity of the
body is k=180 W/m·K, and heat is generated in the body uniformly at a rate of
e=107 W/m3. Using the finite difference method with a mesh size of Δx=Δy=10 cm,
determine

(a) the temperatures at nodes 1, 2, 3, and 4 and

(b) the rate of heat loss from the top surface through a 1-m-long section of the
body.

34
5–80 Consider steady two-dimensional heat transfer in an L-shaped solid body
whose cross section is given in the figure. The thermal conductivity of the body is
k=45 W/m·K, and heat is generated in the body at a rate of e=5x10 6 W/m3. The
right surface of the body is insulated, and the bottom surface is maintained at a
uniform temperature of 120°C. The entire top surface is subjected to convection
with ambient air at T=30°C with a heat transfer coefficient of h=55 W/m2·K, and
the left surface is subjected to heat flux at a uniform rate of q L= 8000 W/m2. The
nodal network of the problem consists of 13 equally spaced nodes with Δx=Δy=1.5
cm. Five of the nodes are at the bottom surface and thus their temperatures are
known.
(a) Obtain the finite difference equations at the remaining eight nodes and
(b) determine the nodal temperatures by solving those equations.

35
5-115 Consider a long solid bar (k = 28 WlmK and a = 12 x 10 -6 m2/il of square
cross section that is initially at a uniform temperature of 20"C. The cross section of
the bar is 20 cm x 20 cm in size, and heat is generated in it uniformly at a rate of e
= 8 x 105 Wm3. All four sides of the bar are subjected to convection to the ambient
air at T = 30"C with a heat transfer coefficient of h = 45 W/m2K. Using the explicit
finite difference method with a mesh size of Δx = Δy = 10 cm, determine the
centerline temperature of the bar (a) after 10 min and (b) after steady conditions
are established.

36
7–35 Consider a hot automotive engine, which can be approximated as a 0.5-m-
high, 0.40-m-wide, and 0.8-m-long rectangular block. The bottom surface of the
block is at a temperature of 1008C and has an emissivity of 0.95. The ambient air is
at 208C, and the road surface is at 258C. Determine the rate of heat transfer from
the bottom surface of the engine block by convection and radiation as the car
travels at a velocity of 80 km/h. Assume the flow to be turbulent over the entire
surface because of the constant agitation of the engine block.

37
7–65 A long 8-cm-diameter steam pipe whose external surface temperature is 90°C
passes through some open area that is not protected against the winds. Determine
the rate of heat loss from the pipe per unit of its length when the air is at 1 atm
pressure and 7°C and the wind is blowing across the pipe at a velocity of 50 km/h.

38
7–87 An average person generates heat at a rate of 84 W while resting. Assuming
one-quarter of this heat is lost from the head and disregarding radiation, determine
the average surface temperature of the head when it is not covered and is
subjected to winds at 10°C and 25 km/h. The head can be approximated as a 30-
cm-diameter sphere. Assume a surface temperature of 15°C for evaluation of ms. Is
this a good assumption? Answer: 13.28C

39
8–24 Cooling water available at 10°C is used to condense steam at 30°C in the
condenser of a power plant at a rate of 0.15 kg/s by circulating the cooling water
through a bank of 5-m-long 1.2-cm-internal-diameter thin copper tubes. Water
enters the tubes at a mean velocity of 4 m/s and leaves at a temperature of 24°C.
The tubes are nearly isothermal at 30°C. Determine the average heat transfer
coefficient between the water, the tubes, and the number of tubes needed to
achieve the indicated heat transfer rate in the condenser.

40
8–64 Consider the flow of oil at 10°C in a 40-cm-diameter pipeline at an average
velocity of 0.5 m/s. A 1500-m-long section of the pipeline passes through icy waters
of a lake at 0°C. Measurements indicate that the surface temperature of the pipe is
very nearly 0°C. Disregarding the thermal resistance of the pipe material,
determine (a) the temperature of the oil when the pipe leaves the lake, (b) the rate
of heat transfer from the oil, and (c) the pumping power required to overcome the
pressure losses and to maintain the flow of oil in the pipe.

41
9–51 A 300-W cylindrical resistance heater is 0.75 m long and 0.5 cm in diameter.
The resistance wire is placed horizontally in a fluid at 20°C. Determine the outer
surface temperature of the resistance wire in steady operation if the fluid is (a) air
and (b) water. Ignore any heat transfer by radiation. Use properties at 500°C for air
and 40°C for water.

42
9–52 Thick fluids such as asphalt and waxes and the pipes in which they flow are
often heated in order to reduce the viscosity of the fluids and thus to reduce the
pumping costs. Consider the flow of such a fluid through a 100-m-long pipe of outer
diameter 30 cm in calm ambient air at 0°C. The pipe is heated electrically, and a
thermostat keeps the outer surface temperature of the pipe constant at 25°C. The
emissivity of the outer surface of the pipe is 0.8, and the effective sky temperature
is 230°C. Determine the power rating of the electric resistance heater, in kW, that
needs to be used. Also, determine the cost of electricity associated with heating the
pipe during a 10-h period under the above conditions if the price of electricity is
$0.09/kWh. Answers: 29.1 kW, $26.2

43
13–21 Determine the view factor F12 between the rectangular surfaces shown in Fig.
P13–21.

44
13–60 Two very large parallel plates are maintained at uniform temperatures of
T1=600 K and T2=400 K and have emissivities ɛ 1=0.5 and ɛ2=0.9, respectively.
Determine the net rate of radiation heat transfer between the two surfaces per unit
area of the plates.

45
13–78 Consider a circular grill whose diameter is 0.3 m. The bottom of the grill is
covered with hot coal bricks at 950 K, while the wire mesh on top of the grill is
covered with steaks initially at 5°C. The distance between the coal bricks and the
steaks is 0.20 m. Treating both the steaks and the coal bricks as blackbodies,
determine the initial rate of radiation heat transfer from the coal bricks to the
steaks. Also, determine the initial rate of radiation heat transfer to the steaks if the
side opening of the grill is covered by aluminum foil, which can be approximated as
a reradiating surface. Answers: 928 W, 2085 W

46
13–84 A thin aluminum sheet with an emissivity of 0.15 on both sides is placed
between two very large parallel plates, which are maintained at uniform
temperatures T1= 900 K and T2=650 K and have emissivities ɛ1 =0.5 and ɛ2 =0.8,
respectively. Determine the net rate of radiation heat transfer between the two
plates per unit surface area of the plates and compare the result with that without
the shield.

47
13–88 Two coaxial cylinders of diameters D 1=0.10 m and D2=0.50 m and
emissivities ɛ1=0.7 and ɛ2=0.4 are maintained at uniform temperatures of T 1=750 K
and T2=500 K, respectively. Now a coaxial radiation shield of diameter D 3=0.20 m
and emissivity ɛ3=0.2 is placed between the two cylinders. Determine the net rate
of radiation heat transfer between the two cylinders per unit length of the cylinders
and compare the result with that without the shield.

48