Module 2
Module 2
Introduction
This module gives students an insight on how an organization uses data, manages data and
transforms it into useful information. This module also covers the different data models used in
organizing and managing data and an overview of database management system.
Learning Objectives
2. Identify the different Data Model and discuss how to use them.
Data management is the practice of collecting, keeping, and using data securely, efficiently, and
cost-effectively. The goal of data management is to help people, organizations, and connected things
optimize the use of data within the bounds of policy and regulation so that they can make decisions and
take actions that maximize the benefit to the organization. As organizations increasingly rely on
intangible assets to create value, a strong data management strategy is more important than ever.
In an organization, managing digital data entails a wide range of tasks, policies, procedures, and
practices. The work of data management encompasses a wide range of issues, including how to
Archive and destroy data in accordance with retention schedules and compliance requirements
A formal data management strategy addresses the activity of users and administrators, the
capabilities of data management technologies, the demands of regulatory requirements, and the needs
of the organization to obtain value from its data.
A Database model defines the logical design and structure of a database and defines how data will be
stored, accessed and updated in a database management system.
The Importance of Data Models
Data model
- A tool for facilitating communication between the designer, the application programmer,
and the end user.
An appropriate data model serves as the foundation for good database design.
1.
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Hierarchical Model
This database model organizes data into a tree-like-structure, with a single root, to which all the other
data is linked. The hierarchy starts from the Root data, and expands like a tree, adding child nodes to
the parent nodes. In this model, a child node will only have a single parent node. This model efficiently
describes many real-world relationships like index of a book, recipes etc.
In hierarchical model, data is organized into tree-like structure with one one-to-many relationship
between two different types of data, for example, one department can have many courses, many
professors and of course many students.
E-R Models are defined to represent the relationships into pictorial form to make it easier for different
stakeholders to understand.
This model is good to design a database, which can then be turned into tables in relational model.
Components of ER Diagram
Entities, attributes, relationships, and so on are the components of an ER Diagram, and there are
defined symbols and shapes to represent each of them.
Entity
Weak Entity
ER Diagram: Entity
Image source: https://www.studytonight.com/dbms/er-
An Entity can be any object, place, person, or class.
diagram.php
Rectangles are used to represent entities in the ER
Diagram. Consider the following entities to be entities in an Organization: employee, manager,
department, product, and numerous others.
ER Diagram: Attribute
1. Binary Relationship
2. Recursive Relationship
3. Ternary Relationship
A binary relationship is one that exists between two entities. This is further subdivided into
three categories.
According to the example, a student can only enroll in one course, and a course can only have
one student. This is not typically seen in real-life relationships.
4. Relational Model
Image source: https://www.studytonight.com/dbms/er-
Data is organized in two-dimensional tables in this diagram.php
model, and the relationship is maintained by storing a
common field. E.F Codd introduced this model in 1970, and it has since become the most widely used
database model, if not the only database model used globally.
Tables are the basic data structure in the relational model. All information pertaining to a specific type is
stored in the table's rows.
Hammer and McLeod created this semantic data model (SDM) in 1981. Data and their
relationships were modeled in a single structure known as an object. This model serves as the
foundation for the object-oriented data model (OODM).
OODM is used as the foundation for the object-oriented database management system
(OODBMS). Objects, like entities in a relational model, are described by their factual content. Unlike the
entity in the relational model, it includes information about relationships between facts within an object
as well as relationships with other objects. Following OODM development, an object could also contain
operations. The object is transformed into a fundamental building block for autonomous structures.
Inheritance is the ability of an object within a class hierarchy to inherit the attributes and
methods of classes above it
Advantages
Database integrity
Disadvantages
Database Management System (DBMS) refers to the technology solution used to optimize and manage
the storage and retrieval of data from databases. DBMS offers a systematic approach to manage
databases via an interface for users as well as workloads accessing the databases via apps. The
management responsibilities for DBMS encompass information within the databases, the processes
applied to databases (such as access and modification), and the database’s logic structure. DBMS also
facilitates additional administrative operations such as change management, disaster recovery,
compliance, and performance monitoring, among others.
Functions of DBMS
DBMS performs several important functions that guarantee the integrity and consistency of the data in
the database. The most important functions of Database Management System are
4. Security Management,