ROAD CONSTRUCTION METHODS given in writing or confirmed in writing.

These instructions will be made part of the

PART 2
official project file.
Preparatory Work Preliminary Preparations
o Before beginning work on any
1. Preconstruction Conference
contract, the Project Engineer
➢ A preconstruction conference between
should make certain that all of the
the Contractor’s representative on the
following items applicable to the
project and the Project Engineer and his
contract are on site:
staff is required.
a. Complete contract drawings,
➢ A discussion of the project,
including any revisions that
specifications, unusual conditions,
have been authorized
Contractor’s plan and schedule of
b. Cross-sections
operation, and other pertinent items is
c. Standard Specifications,
conducive to better job understanding.
Supplemental Specifications,
➢ An understanding should be reached as
and Invitation for Bids
to how, and with whom the Project
d. Reference Materials
Engineer’s representatives will
e. Right-of-Way plans, options,
communicate within the Contractor’s
entry agreements, entry
organization during inspection of the
rights obtained under the
work.
immediate possession law,
➢ If utility adjustments or removals are
and a record of properties
involved in the project, the utility
under condemnation
representatives must attend the part of
f. Plans for adjustments to, or
the conference that would involve that
relocations of, any utilities
phase of the work.
that may be affected
➢ At this meeting, the site for the project
g. Notice to Proceed
field office should be determined, as well
h. Material test equipment
as sites for storage of material and
i. Material test reports and
equipment.
approved sources of supply
➢ All such facilities must be approved by
j. Sketchbook, report forms,
the Administration.
office supplies and field
➢ Any controversy between the Contractor
books
and the Project Engineer that cannot be
k. Surveying notes and
resolved at the field level, in accordance
equipment
with the controlling Contract Documents
l. Pertinent correspondence
and established policies, should be
2. As-Stake Survey
referred to the District Engineer in
➢ Determines the actual position of the
written form.
road structure based on the plans
➢ All important instructions from the Project
➢ Helps in determining what necessary
Engineer to the Contractor must be either
deviation should be undertaken
 ➢ Plans that govern an infrastructure necessary to protect any passing traffic
project: from accident.
a. Original Plans a. Detour
b. As-Stake Plans o Becomes necessary to divert
o Shall be a new set of plans traffic from any existing
depicting the actual field roadway whenever the
condition and requirements construction operations block the
derived from the “As-Stake” flow of traffic.
survey. o Are to be planned and
c. As-Built Plans maintained so that they will have
o Also known as record drawings sufficient durability to remain in
and red-line drawings good condition and carry the
o Documents that allow a compare required traffic at any weather
and contrast between the condition for the entire period that
designed versus final the detour is required.
specifications, and provide a b. Access Roads
detailed blueprint of the building o A road by which a job is
and the land around it as actually connected to the highway
constructed in the end. system and is generally used in
3. Temporary Facilities and Equipment connection with borrow pits.
➢ Client’s Side (Facilities for the Engineer) o Are also built for each isolated
a. Office, Quarters and Laboratory for piece of job it services
the Engineer
Maintenance of Traffic
b. Vehicle for the Engineer
c. Assistance to the Engineer 1. The Contract normally, will include a TCP
d. Progress photographs developed by the Contractor
➢ Contractor’s Side 2. When implemented, this plan assures the
a. Office safety of motorists, pedestrians, and
b. Equipment Yard construction workers during the highway
c. Fabrication Area/Shop construction project
d. Workmen’s Quarters 3. It must be submitted to the District Engineer at
e. Storage/Warehouse least 20 days before starting any work that will
4. Access and Detour Roads affect vehicular or pedestrian traffic who must
➢ In planning the construction work, care approve the Contractor’s TCP in writing before
must be taken to see that alternative it can be implemented
routes or temporary deviations are 4. The Contractor shall assign to the project an
provided for traffic using the route. employee experienced in all aspects of traffic
➢ Access to properties along the road control that will serve as Traffic Manager (TM)
must be maintained at all times and the whose name and emergency home telephone
works must be barricaded where number must be submitted to the Project
Engineer for approval 10 days before starting
 any work on the project and they should be o The Tree Replacement
displayed in plain view in the field office Program ensures that planting of
window one hundred (100)
5. Significant changes to the TCP, as required by seedlings/saplings/propagules
field conditions, will be submitted by either the as replacement for every tree
TM or the Project Engineer or both to the cut within or along the RROW of
District Engineer for approval before they are all DPWH-administered
put into practice infrastructure projects
6. The Inspector is responsible to monitor the c. Disposal of Debris
Contractor’s surveillance and maintenance of 2. Removal of Existing Obstructions
traffic control devices and safety through the ➢ Prior to actual construction work,
work area obstructions are removed in order not to
7. The lump sum price for the item, Maintenance hamper the work
of Traffic, covers the cost of providing for safe ➢ Typical Obstructions are:
passage of traffic over temporary construction a. Existing Pavements
as well as through the area of the construction b. Existing Drainage Structures
work or around it on detour roads c. Underground Waterline
d. Electrical Post and Lines
Road Base Preparation
e. Cable and Telephone Lines
1. Clearing and Grubbing f. Residential Houses and Buildings
➢ It means removing and disposing all g. Fences
surface objects including vegetation,
Formation of the Subgrade
trees and other protruding objects not
designated to remain along the roadway 1. The subgrade is the upper layer of the
➢ It is necessary as a preliminary move in natural soil which may be the undisturbed
shaping the ground prior to the start of local materials or soil excavated elsewhere
any excavation or placing of placed as fill
embankment as any growth makes earth 2. In forming the road subgrade, excess suitable
difficult to handle and its decay will cause material located along the upper part of the
future settlement of fill designed road profile is excavated and taken
a. Equipment and Labor Requirement as fill to low lying areas along the road
b. Removal of Trees traverse
o The harvesting, gathering, and 3. Roads in rolling hills are often engineered to
transport of naturally-growing balance the cuts and fills so that all the
trees without the necessary material cut out in high spots is just enough to
permit shall be grounds for filing build up all the low spots
of appropriate charges for 4. If the material is not enough, borrow materials
violation of Section 77 of PD 705, are quarried and taken along as fill in order to
as amended, and other laws, obtain the design elevation of the subgrade
rules, and regulations along the road project
5. The two components in forming the subgrade 5. Cut
therefore are: ➢ It is the average depth needed in
a. Roadway Excavation excavating the natural found at a specific
b. Embankment Fill location along the road traverse to satisfy
the designed grade
6. Excavation
➢ Removing earth from its original position
in a cut and transporting it to a fill or to
waste deposit
7. Compaction
➢ The pressing of soil particles to expel
air from the mass and filling the voids to
make the material more dense
➢ The factors influencing amount of
compaction obtainable are material
gradation, soil shape, moisture content,
and amount of compactive effort
8. Soil Stabilization
➢ A tool for economic road building,
material conservation, investment
protection, and roadway upgrading
Earthwork Terminology 9. Selected Borrow
1. Embankment ➢ Suitable native material obtained from
➢ It is the earth fill below the pavement roadway cuts or borrow areas or other
necessary to raise the road above flood similar material used for subbase,
levels roadbed material, shoulder surfacing
2. Borrow slope cover or other specific purposes
➢ Suitable materials from sources outside 10. Leveling Course
the roadway prism, used for ➢ The layer of material placed on an
embankments existing surface to eliminate
3. Slope irregularities prior to placing an
➢ It is the angle of constructed soil plane overlaying course
usually expressed in proportion of length
and depth
4. Fill
➢ It is the average depth of embankment
material needed to be placed on top of
natural ground at any designated location
along the roadway to satisfy the designed
grade
Two Components in Forming the Subgrade bring the road to a desired grade or to
elevate it above flood level
1. Roadway Excavation
➢ The most desirable fill is a mixture of two
➢ It is the process of loosening and
or more simple type and varying
removing earth from its original position
portion of clay, silt, sand, gravel, and
and transporting same for fill or to a waste
stones.
deposit
➢ Sand and gravel are most desirable as
➢ Excavation operation should be
embankment fill when mixed with enough
conducted so that the material outside
clay or silt to bind them together
the limits of slope will not be disturbed
a. Common Excavation – involves Soil Laying Process
excavation of common materials
1. Quarrying and Hauling
used as embankment fill which
➢ Fill may be obtained by quarrying with
results from excavation along the
bulldozer from borrow pits opened just to
road traverse
obtain the fill and loading/hauling same
b. Unsuitable Excavation – it is the
using a loader and dump trucks
removal and disposal of saturated
2. Spreading of Embankment
or unsaturated mixtures of soils and
➢ A stable embankment is attained by
organic matter not suitable for
spreading the materials into a thin layer
foundation materials
then compacted at moisture content close
c. Rock Excavation – consists of
to optimum
igneous, sedimentary, and
3. Compaction
metamorphic rocks which cannot be
➢ Compaction trial of not less than 500
excavated without blasting or the use
sq.m. is done to determine the actual
of rippers
capability of the compaction equipment
d. Unclassified Excavation –
and the compatibility of the material to be
excavation and disposal of materials
used
regardless of its nature which were
➢ The number of passes for the compaction
not classified and included in the bill
equipment to attain the specified degree
of quantities under other pay items
of compaction is recorded for use as
e. Surplus Excavation – are suitable
reference in the subsequent layering
materials excavated along the road
works using the same material and
traverse which are disposed as
compaction equipment
excess in the formation of
4. FDT
embankment subgrade
➢ FDT is Field Density Test which is
2. Embankment Fill
conducted on site in order to determine if
➢ Are suitable materials which can be
the required compaction specification
common or rock which are brought and
has been attained to a specific layer
compacted together to a specified
degree to form a stable embankment to
5. Blue Tops deformation of the pavement under traffic
➢ These are painted sticks placed along loading
the side of the road traverse as guide and ❖ The base course reduces the vertical
reference in the elevation of the different compressive stress induced by traffic in the
layering subbase course and the subgrade
Stabilizing Layers What other purpose of putting these layers below
the surface course?
1. Aggregate Subbase Course
2. Aggregate Base Course ❖ It serves for draining purposes
What is the difference between the two stabilizing
layers?
1. Material Requirement
a. Grading
b. CBR
c. Plastic Limit
d. Liquid Limit
2. Balance of Mechanics and Economy
Stockpile Along the Roadway Side
❖ What certain field condition dictates that
materials are first stockpiled along the
roadside before it is spread and compacted?
Spreading
❖ The subbase/base materials shall be
spread to the required thickness for
compaction
❖ If the required thickness is 150mm or less,
the material may be spread and compacted
in one layer
Compaction
❖ Each layer shall be compacted to the full
width
❖ Required degree of compaction is 100%
As Stabilizers….
❖ The subbase course is a structural layer
which accepts greater compressive stress
than the subgrade and thus reduces the
ROAD CONSTRUCTION METHODS 1. Portland Cement Concrete Pavement
(PCCP)
PART 3
➢ Being the uppermost component of the
Concrete Pavements roadway, it should provide long lasting,
smooth, clean surface and should
In Asphalt Pavements
spread the load sufficiently so that the
❖ The base and subbase courses serves to base material can support them
provide structural capacity to bituminous ➢ It protects the base against damage by
concrete slabs traffic and weather
❖ They carry the load and distribute it to the a. PCCP Terminology
soil under the layer of asphalt concrete ➢ Workability – concrete ability to
be placed in a prepared form
In PCC Pavements
without honeycomb; the ease
❖ The subbase and base courses spreads with which concrete can be
the load over the foundation moved and placed in forms
❖ The base course prevents pavement without segregation
pumping and provides drainage for PCCP ➢ Consistency – measure of
slabs fluidity of concrete; degree of
wetness of concrete
➢ Water-cement Ration –
describes the compressive
strength of concrete mix
➢ Admixture – are substances
other than aggregates water and
Portland cement that can be
added to concrete to improve its
properties and fulfill other special
purposes
➢ Curing Agent – is the treatment
or protection applied to concrete
during hardening period to
protect against early shrinkage
due to lose of moisture or abrupt
changes in temperature
 friction, thereby controlling
cracking. If not installed, random
cracking would occur on the
surface of the pavement. These
are chiefly defined by their
spacing and their method of load
transfer. As per I.R.C., the
maximum spacing of these
joints is 4.5 m in plain cement
b. Types of Joint in PCCP
concrete slabs
➢ Longitudinal Joint – if the lanes
are concreted separately, a
longitudinal construction joints in
the form of a key and keyway is
used. Deformed steel tie bars of
specified length, size and
spacing are placed
perpendicular to this joint. The
spacing between longitudinal
joints is dictated by the
pavement thickness
➢ Expansion Joint – provide
space for the expansion of the
pavement, thereby preventing
➢ Construction Joint (Cold Joint)
the development of
– is constructed when there is an
compressive stresses which
interruption of more than 30
can cause the pavement to
minutes in the concreting
buckle. These are usually from 19
operation which is placed not
to 25 mm wide and extend the
within 1.50 m of an expansion
full depth of the slab. The joint
joint or contraction joint.
space is filled with expansion
Deformed Bars are used.
joint fillers. Dowel bars are
normally used in expansion
joints, and their diameter,
spacing, and length would
generally be similar to that
indicated for contraction joints.
➢ Contraction Joint (Weakened-
plane Joint) – are provided to
relieve the tensile stresses due
to temperature, moisture, and
 that it runs parallel to the surface
or centerline of the pavement

c. Types of Re-Bar Used in PCCP

Joints
➢ Dowels – these are load
transfer devices in joints to ➢ REMEMBER: Joint between new
transfer wheel loads from one and existing pavements,
slab to another and thus, prevent dowels are used. Joint between
excessive deflection at the new pavements, tie bars are
ends of the slabs. These are used
plain round steel bars generally d. Methodology in PCCP
coated with a thin file of bitumen Construction
to protect them against corrosion ➢ Setting of Forms – should be
and to facilitate sliding in made of steel of an approved
concrete. Their installation section and depth equal to the
midway in the slab should be thickness of pavement. The
carried out accurately so as to base of the forms should be of
have the dowels run parallel to sufficient width to provide
the surface of the pavement necessary stability in all
and the center line of the road. directions. It should be installed
firmly in contact with
foundation with no deviation
from true lines by more than one
cm. The alignment and grade
elevations of forms should be
checked prior to placing of
concrete
➢ Batching of Concrete – for large
jobs, a Concrete Batching Plant is
necessary to provide a smooth
➢ Tie Bars – these are deformed flow of continues supply and
bars used in construction and transport of materials to the
longitudinal joints together with work. Periodic calibration of the
keys to tie two slabs together. plant is needed to ensure that
Like the dowels, its installation only the approved concrete
must be midway in the slab so mix is used for the project
➢ Concrete Pouring – concrete ➢ Concrete Curing – is necessary
unloaded from truck mixers in a for the hydration to take place
movable chute for proper so that concrete may harden
distribution into the prepared properly and prevent abrupt
forms. Workers are not allowed to loss of moisture during the
walk on the freshly mixed curing period
concrete with boots or shoes 1. Earth or Straw may be
coated with earth or foreign spread over the surface of
substances. Placing should be the pavement and kept
continuous and necessary constantly wet during the
hand spreading should be done curing period
using shovels not rakes
➢ Use of Concrete Vibrator –
concrete should be thoroughly
consolidated along the faces
of all forms by means of
vibrators inserted into concrete.
Vibrators are not allowed to be
operated longer than 15 2. Burlap or Cotton Mats are
seconds in any single location spread over the surface.
➢ Screeding – a screeder is used The mats are sprinkled and
to grade concrete in such kept constantly wet
manner as to prevent
segregation. The screed is
moved forward on top of the
forms with combined longitudinal
and transversal shearing motion 3. Waterproof Paper or
➢ Concrete Finishing – in Polytelene Sheets may be
floating, after the concrete has placed over the slab to
been struck off and retain the moisture
consolidated it is further
smoothened by means of a
longitudinal float. Any excess
water or soupy material is wasted
over the side forms on each pass.
In brooming, it is executed by
producing a uniform
appearance of corrugations 4. Curing Compound – the
produced in the surface not more most popular method which
than 1.5 mm in depth involves the spray
application of light-colored
 fluid to the entire area of the ➢ Sealing of Joints – should be
wet concrete. The fluid forms undertaken after the curing
a film over the pavement that period and before the pavement
prevents moisture loss is opened to traffic. Each joint
should be clean and dry when the
seal is applied. Spilling of seal on
the surface of the pavement is not
allowed
2. Asphalt Concrete Pavement
➢ It is also called flexible pavement
implying its ability to absorb stresses
➢ Removal of Forms and
imposed by traffic and weather without
Concrete Cutting – forms for
cracking
concrete shall remain in place
➢ It is made of mineral aggregate mixed
undisturbed within 24 hours
with asphalt laid at a high temperature of
after pouring. Crowbars are used
about 275 to 300 degree Fahrenheit
in removing forms pulling out of
➢ The thickness of a compacted asphalt
nails and pins but cares should
concrete pavement varies from 0.05
be exercised not to break the
meter for lightly traveled road to 0.15
pavement edges. Concrete
meter or more for roads where traffic is
sawing is done within 24 hours
considered heavy
after concrete pouring water
➢ Asphalt Overlay for PCCP
using cooled diamond edge saw
blade
➢ Pavement Protection – (a)
against rain – to protect newly
poured concrete pavements
against rain it is required to have
available at all times materials for
protection or covering materials
such as burlap or cotton mats,
curing paper or plastic sheeting
materials. (b) against traffic – to ➢ Asphalt Concrete Pavement
protect concrete pavement at its Construction Methodology – the
early age, it should be protected methodology of constructing a multi-
from passing traffic. This includes layered asphalt concrete pavement
the posting of watchman to direct includes the following: application of
traffic and the posting and prime coat, application of binding
maintenance of warning signs, course, application of tack coat and
lights, pavement bridges, and the application of wearing course
crossovers, etc.
 c. Binder Course – it is a bituminous
layer below the surface or wearing
course. The mix is designed
primarily for stability as it is not
exposed to weather and traffic. Its
aggregates are almost always
larger than that of the wearing
course
d. Wearing Course – it is the climax of
the whole operation. The only part
apparent to the who use the highway.
It should be smooth yet skid
resistant, quiet, in contact with
tires, cohesive and durable
enough to resist traffic stresses
and sufficiently impermeable to
water and air to resist weathering
➢ Spreading of Asphaltic Material
a. Prime Coat – is an application of thin
bituminous material to a porous
base before putting on a surface
course. It serves to stabilize the
base and bind it to the paving
material. It also serves to plug the
capillary voids in the pavement in
order to stop the upward movement ➢ Manual Spreading
of moisture and to improve
adhesion between the base and the
surface course
b. Tack Coat – it ensure the adhesion
of the surface course to the binder
course. Before applying tack coat, the
surface must be swept or flushed.
The rate of application of either the
rapid curing cutback or the emulsified
asphalt is within the range of 0.2 to
0.7 liter per sq.m. The tack coat is
sprayed in advance on the surface
course to permit it to dry into a
tacky condition
 ➢ Breakdown Rolling Culvert
1. Culvert Excavation
a. A backhoe is suitable for this type of work
especially if it is a pipe culvert or a
segmental type box culvert as it can be
utilized for drainage excavation as well as
in the lifting of each culvert segment
during installation
b. When excavating is done by hand
method, lines should be strung to limit the
boundaries of the excavation and at least
➢ Finishing Compaction
one string set parallel to the grade line to
assist in maintaining the lines and
grades
c. The trench or streambed must be shaped
to fit the bottom of the culvert
d. If the structure is to be installed in a
trench, the trench should be kept as
➢ Completed Asphalt Pavement
narrow as possible but sufficiently
wide to permit tamping under the
haunches
➢ When installing the structure in a natural
streambed, the base should be as
uniform and stable as possible for the
entire length of the structure
➢ When the excavated grade line for the
structure crosses both soft and hard
Drainage Structures
spots, the foundation should be made
❖ These are installed beneath or alongside uniform
the roadway for collecting, transporting and ➢ The excavated area is then backfilled
disposing surface water originating in or near with compacted earth to provide
the road right-of-way cushion for the culvert pipe
❖ A well located, properly bedded, accurately 2. Foundation Fill
assembled and carefully backfilled drainage ➢ Its normal thickness of 20 cm may be
structure will function properly and efficiently spread manually using rakes and shovel
for a long period of time until the whole foundation bed is covered,
as required
➢ For box culverts, the layers are of
uniform flat thickness
 ➢ For circular pipes, the bedding is 6. Installation of Rebars
shaped so that the bottom of the pipe
will be in contact throughout its full
length
➢ Compaction can be done with hand or
mechanical equipment carefully done to
ensure a thoroughly tamped
foundation fill
3. R.C. Box Culvert Construction Phases
a. Culvert Base
b. Side and Inner Walls
c. Culvert Slab 7. Concreting/Screeding
4. Installation of Side Walls

8. Finishing
5. Installation of Forms
9. Installation of RC Box Culvert easy compaction of material done
using hand tampers to ensure a
thoroughly tampered backfill
➢ After backfilling, pipe culverts are
protecting by providing extra fill as
cover before any heavy equipment is
permitted to cross during the
construction of the roadway to
protect the job from possible
damage by excessive loads
10. R.C. Pipe Culvert Slope Protection/Retaining Structures
a. Installation of RC Pipes
❖ These are constructed along the side of the
➢ Pipes are installed in the original
road as protection from erosion or if there
streambed with their grades and flow
are space constrictions
line conforming to the natural channel
❖ Erosion of Side Slope
or canal
➢ Laying begins at downstream end
of the culvert line to use gravity in
properly installing the pipes
➢ Grove ends are placed such that the
pipe ends fit at its nearest ends
➢ Lower segment of each pipe should
be in contact with the shape of the
bedding throughout its full length
b. Collaring of RC Pipes
➢ Mortar proportion is 1:2 with
enough water to obtain the desired ❖ Some of the Types of Slope Protection
consistency Structures:
➢ The collar is to form a continuous 1. Grouted Riprap
bead around the outside of the
pipe
➢ The inside of pipe is finished smooth
c. Backfilling
➢ Backfill are place and compacted in
layers not exceeding 15cm on both
sides up to an elevation of 30cm
above the top of the culvert a. Excavation of Foundation – a
➢ Spreading may be done manually backhoe is an ideal equipment to
using rakes and shovels at a thin use in the excavation of foundation for
layer which is most ideal to produce grouted riprap
b. Use of Batterboards as Guide – 2. Stone Masonry (specifications)
good workmanship requires a ➢ Boulders – thickness of not less
reliable reference to guide the work than 150 mm, and widths of not less
up to completion. The unevenness of than one and one-half times their
the embankment slopes is then respective thickness, and lengths of
trimmed using shovels and rakes. not less than one and one-half
The high areas are removed and times their respective widths
patched and compacted to low areas ➢ Mortar – composed of one part of
until a flat surface is attained Portland Cement and two parts of
c. Laying of Boulders and Grout – fine aggregate by volume and
boulders and grout are placed later sufficient water to make the mortar
by layer alternately. Each stone is such consistency that it can be
laid with its longest axis handled easily and spread with a
perpendicular to the slope in close trowel
contact with the adjacent stone. The a. Excavating Stone Masonry
riprap is thoroughly rammed into Foundation – the foundation bed
place and the finished stone are laid where the masonry is to be placed
to an even tight surface. Spaces should be firm and normal to the
between stones are filled with cement face of the wall. The bed that will
mortar sufficient enough to fill receive the stone should be clean
completely all the voids and moistened before the mortar is
d. Finishing Work – cement grout is spread
placed starting from the bottom to b. Use of Batterboards Essential to
the top of the surface and then Produce Good Workmanship – as
swept with a stiff broom. After in grouted riprap, batter boards are
grouting, the surface is cured for a necessary to keep the lines and
period of at least 3 days from the grades of the finished stone
date of installation masonry structure in accordance
e. Measurement of Thickness to the lines and grades of the plans
f. What is the importance of weep c. Laying of Boulders and Grout –
holes in slope protection/retaining large stones are used in the corners.
structure? – weep holes are Bunching of small stones of the
opening provided to permit same size is not allowed. Stones
draining of water in filter layer or soil are laid with their longest face
layer from behind the structure. If no horizontal in full beds of mortar. Joints
or insufficient weep holes are are flushed with mortar. The exposed
installed, this will cause face of the individual stone should be
oversaturation of the embankment parallel to the face of the wall in
and the subsequent failure of the road which stones are set. The stones
structure are handled carefully so as no to ajar
or displace the stones already set
 d. Finishing Work – immediately after c. The lids are then stretched over
laying and while the mortar is still the stone fill and laced down
fresh, all face should be thoroughly d. Corners are secured first to
cleaned of mortar stains and make sure the lid can be laced
should be kept clean until the work down without overstretching the
is completed. mesh
3. Gabions e. The lids are then laced down
securely
4. Reinforced Concrete

➢ Wire mesh in varying thickness and Miscellaneous Structures/Works

width which is filled with boulders in
1. Curb and Gutter Defined
placed to form a slope protection
structure
➢ Boulders should be hard and
durable rock pieces that will not
deteriorate when submerged in water
or exposed to severe weather
conditions
➢ Boulder size should be uniformly
➢ Curb is the raised rim of concrete which
graded generally ranging from 10 to
forms the edge of the sidewalk while the
20 cm
gutter is the horizontal paved portion
➢ Filled gabions should have a
slightly inclined
minimum density of 1400 kg/m3
➢ Both forms the road surface drainage
and voids distributed evenly
system used to collect surface run-off
➢ Installation Procedure
water
a. Only simple tools are needed to
2. Concrete Sidewalk Defined
assemble this wire basket such
as long nosed fencing pliers
and crowbars
b. Before closing of lids, gabions
mattress should be overfilled
by about 25 mm to allow for
settlement ➢ It is for use of pedestrians
 ➢ It provides safety also to motorists as a b. Post Installation – spacing of posts
good clearance so that the roadway can should be done with accuracy and
be fully utilized care. Holes are pre-drilled
➢ It must be wide enough and skid depending on the kind of soil or
resistant presence of rock or boulders.
➢ Types of Sidewalk Appropriate drilling equipment of
a. Concrete Paved hand tools should be adequate to
b. Asphalt Paved handle any condition encountered.
3. Guardrails c. Beam Assembly – assembly begins
at the end farthest from
approaching traffic placing one
panel of the rail at a time on the posts.
Without putting the nut on the long
bolt on the post until the next panel is
in place, the two corrugation crests is
placed always towards traffic. Then
➢ They are installed to mark the limit of the short splice bolts are inserted and
safe travel and warn of danger beyond the nuts left loose. Tightening of all
➢ It is used to restrain and guide out-of- bolts is done during the final
control vehicle in a manner that will aligning process. The end piece is
cause the least damage and not create installed just like any other panel and
undue hazard to other vehicles always with the end flared back. The
➢ Material Requirements lap at all posts should be such that a
a. Standard beam type are either vehicle does not strike the end of the
galvanized or aluminum metal. For curved installation, flex-
b. Post may be concrete, steel, or beam guardrail may be obtained shop
aluminum curved to any desired radius 6
➢ Installation Specifications meters or greater
a. Location Lay-out – the proper d. Backfilling of Drilled/Dug Holes –
location of guardrail is as shown in the backfilling of dug or drilled holes
plans. But most often, its location is should not be completed until the rail
left to the discretion of the is in place and lined up. Backfill
Engineer. In general, the rail should should consist of dry earth or
be located near the shoulder line to granular material well tampered.
give a maximum width of roadway Posts need not to be set in concrete
and shoulder. However, the distance unless unusually soft materials
from the back of the post line to the require it.
slope should be less than 0.6 meter
in order to give adequate support
against overturning
Concrete Parapet Wall b. Regulatory Sign
❖ An economical alternative road protection

c. Informatory Sign

Completed Parapet

Specifications
o Sign assembly/fabrication
o Surface preparation of sign blanks
o Application of reflectorized sheeting
o Installation

4. Road Signs Defined

➢ These are traffic signs installed along
the roadway for the following
purposes:
a. For traffic safety
b. To remind particular traffic rules
c. To inform drivers how to use the
roadway
➢ Types of Road Signs
a. Warning Sign