CHAPTER Morphology of flowering plants

5
Morphology and modifications; Tissues; Anatomy and functions of
different parts of flowering plants: Root, stem, leaf, inflorescence- cymose and
racemose, flower, fruit and seed (To be dealt along with the relevant practical of
the Practical Syllabus).

 Morphology is the study of external forms of organisms.

 Angiosperms are characterized by presence of roots, stems, leaves, flowers and fruits.

 A flowering plant has 2 main parts: Root system (underground part) and Shoot system (portion
above the ground).

THE ROOT

 It is the underground part formed from radicle of embryo.

 Root systems are 3 types:

Tap root system: It consists of primary roots (tap root) and its branches (lateral roots such as
secondary roots, tertiary roots). Seen in dicotyledons. Primary root is the elongated from radicle.

E.g. Mustard plant.

Fibrous root system: In monocotyledons, primary root is short lived and is replaced by a large
number of roots. These roots originate from the base of the stem to form fibrous root system.

E.g. Wheat.
Adventitious root system: Roots that arise from parts of the plant other than radicle.

E.g. Grass, Monstera and banyan tree.

Regions of the Root

 Root cap: It is the covering at the apex of root. It protects the tender apex of the root.

 Region of meristematic activity: Seen above the root cap. Here, the cells are very small, thin-walled
and with dense protoplasm. They divide repeatedly.

 Region of elongation: The region just above the meristematic region. Here, the cells undergo rapid
elongation and enlargement. Responsible for the growth of the root in length.

 Region of maturation: The region proximal to elongation zone. Here, the cells differentiate and
mature.

 Root hairs: These are very fine, delicate, thread-like structures formed from epidermal cells in region
behind region of elongation. They absorb water and minerals from the soil.
Modifications of Root
In some plants, roots are modified to perform functions other than absorption and conduction. E.g.
 Swollen roots for food storage: E.g. Tap roots of carrot, turnips and adventitious roots of sweet
potato.
 Prop roots: Hanging structures that support banyan tree.
 Stilt roots: The supporting roots coming out of the lower nodes of the stem. E.g. maize & sugarcane.
 Pneumatophores: The roots that come out of the ground and grow vertically upwards to get oxygen
for respiration. E.g. Rhizophora growing in swampy areas.
Functions of root:
 Absorption of water and minerals from the soil.
 Provide a proper anchorage to the plant parts.
 Storage of reserve food material.
 Synthesis of plant growth regulators.
THE STEM
 It is the ascending part of the axis that develops from the plumule of the embryo of a germinating
seed.
 It bears branches, leaves, flowers, fruits, buds terminal or axillary, nodes and internodes.
 Nodes are the regions of the stem where leaves are born. Internodes are the portions between two
nodes.
 Young stem is generally green and later often become woody and dark brown.
Functions of stem:
 Spreading out branches bearing leaves, flowers and fruits.
 It conducts water, minerals and photosynthates.
 Some stems help in food storage, support, protection and vegetative propagation.
Modifications of Stem
 For food storage: E.g. underground stems of potato, ginger, turmeric, zaminkand, Colocasia etc.
They also act as organs of perenation to tide over conditions unfavourable for growth.
 Stem tendrils: Slender and spirally coiled structures developed from axillary buds. They help plants
to climb. E.g. Gourds (cucumber, pumpkins, watermelon and grapevines.
 Thorns: Woody, straight and pointed structures developed from axillary buds. They protect plants
from browsing animals. E.g. Citrus, Bougainvillea.
 Phylloclade: It is a green, flattened or fleshy cylindrical stem containing chlorophyll for
photosynthesis. Found in some plants of arid regions. E.g. Opuntia flattended stem, Euphorbia
cylindrical stem.
 Stolon: It is a slender lateral branch that arises from the base of the main axis and after growing
aerially for some time arch downwards to touch the ground. E.g. plants like mint & jasmine.
 Offset: It is a lateral branch with short internodes and each node bearing a rosette of leaves and a
tuft of roots. E.g. aquatic plants like Pistia and Eichhornia.
 Sucker: It is the lateral branches that originate from the basal underground portion of the main
stem. It grows horizontally beneath the soil and come out obliquely upward giving rise to leafy
shoots. E.g. Banana, Pineapple and Chrysanthemum.
Underground stems of some plants
e.g. grass and strawberry spread to new niches and w hen older parts die new plants are formed.
 THE LEAF
 It is a lateral, flattened structure borne on the stem.
 It develops at the node and bears a bud in its axil.
 The axillary bud later develops into a branch.
 Leaves originate from shoot apical meristems and are arranged in an acropetal order.
 They are important vegetative organs for photosynthesis.
 A typical leaf has 3 main parts:
Leaf base: The leaf is attached to the stem by the leaf base and may bear two lateral small leaf like structures
called stipules. In monocotyledons, the leaf base expands into a sheath covering the stem partially
or wholly. In some leguminous plants the leaf base may become swollen, which is called pulvinus.
Petiole: It helps to hold the leaf blade to light. Long thin flexible petioles allow leaf blades to flutter in
wind, thereby cooling the leaf and bringing fresh air to leaf surface.
Lamina leaf blade): It is the green expanded part of the leaf with veins and veinlets. There is a middle
prominent vein called the midrib. Veins provide rigidity to lamina and act as channels of transport
for water, minerals and food materials.
Venation
 It is the arrangement of veins and veinlets in leaf lamina.
 It is 2 types:
Reticulate venation: Here, the veinlets form a network. It is seen in dicotyledons.
Parallel venation: Here, the veins run parallel to each other within a lamina. It is seen in
monocotyledons.
Types of Leaves
 Simple leaf: Here, leaf lamina is entire or when incised, the incisions do not touch the midrib.
 Compound leaf: Here, the incisions of the lamina reach up to the midrib breaking it into a number
of leaflets.
A bud is present in the axil of petiole in both simple and compound leaves, but not in the axil of
leaflets of the compound leaf.
The compound leaves are 2 types.
Pinnately compound leaf: In this, a number of leaflets are present on a common axis, the rachis,
which represents the midrib of the leaf. E.g. neem.
Palmately compound leaf: In this, leaflets are attached at a common point at the tip of petiole). E.g.
silk cotton.
Phyllotaxy
It is the pattern of arrangement of leaves on the stem or branch. It is 3 types:
 Alternate: In this, a single leaf arises at each node in alternate manner. E.g. China rose, mustard &
sun flower.
 Opposite: In this, a pair of leaves arise at each node and lie opposite to each other. E.g. Calotropis
and guava.
 Whorled: In this, more than two leaves arise at a node and form a whorl. E.g. Alstonia.
Modifications of Leaves
 Leaves are modified to perform functions other than photosynthesis.
Tendrils: For climbing. E.g. peas.
Spines: For defense. E.g. cacti.
Fleshy leaves: To store food. E.g. onion and garlic.
 In some plants such as Australian acacia, the leaves are small and short-lived. The petioles in these
plants expand, become green and synthesise food.
 Leaves of some insectivorous plants (e.g. pitcher plant, Venus-fly trap are also modified leaves.
THE INFLORESCENCE
 It the arrangement of cluster of flowers on the floral axis.
 A flower is a modified shoot wherein the shoot apical meristem changes to floral meristem.
 Internodes do not elongate and the axis gets condensed.
 The apex produces different kinds of floral appendages laterally at successive nodes instead of
leaves.
 When a shoot tip transforms into a flower, it is solitary.
 Inflorescences are 2 types based on whether the apex gets converted into a flower or continues to grow.
Racemose: In this, the main axis continues to grow. Flowers are borne laterally in an acropetal
succession.
Cymose: In this, the main axis terminates in a flower, hence is limited in growth. The flowers are
borne in a basipetal order.
THE FLOWER
 It is the reproductive unit in the angiosperms. It is meant for sexual reproduction.
 A flower has a stalk (pedicel. Its swollen end is called thalamus (receptacle .
 Reduced leaf found at the base of the pedicel is called bracts. Flowers with bracts are called bracteate
and those without bracts, ebracteate.
 A typical flower has 4 kinds of whorls arranged successively on thalamus. These are calyx, corolla,
androecium & gynoecium.
 Calyx & corolla are accessory organs, while androecium and gynoecium are reproductive organs.
 In some flowers like lily, the calyx and corolla are not distinct and are termed as perianth.
 When a flower has both androecium and gynoecium, it is bisexual. A flower having either only
androecium or only gynoecium is unisexual.
Based on symmetry, flowers are 3 types:
 Actinomorphic radial symmetry: Here, a flower can be divided into 2 equal radial halves in any
radial plane passing through the centre. E.g. mustard, datura, chilli.
 Zygomorphic bilateral symmetry: Here, a flower can be divided into two similar halves only in
one particular vertical plane. E.g. pea, gulmohur, bean, Cassia.
 Asymmetric irregular: Here, a flower cannot be divided into two similar halves by any vertical
plane passing through the centre. E.g. canna.
Based on number of floral appendages, flowers are classified as follows:
 Trimerous: Floral appendages are multiple of 3.
 Tetramerous: Floral appendages are multiple of 4.
 Pentamerous: Floral appendages are multiple of 5.
Based on the position of calyx, corolla and androecium in respect of the ovary on thalamus, the
flowers are 3 types:
 Hypogynous: Here, gynoecium occupies the highest position while other parts are situated below
it. The ovary is superior. E.g., mustard, China rose & brinjal.
 Perigynous: Here, gynoecium is situated in the centre and other parts of the flower are located on
the rim of the thalamus almost at the same level. The ovary is half inferior. E.g. plum, rose, peach.
 Epigynous: Here, the margin of thalamus grows upward enclosing the ovary completely and getting
fused with it. Other parts of flower arise above the ovary. The ovary is inferior. E.g. Guava, cucumber,
ray florets of sunflower.
 Parts of a Flower
Calyx
 It is the outermost whorl of flower. It is made of sepals.
 Generally, sepals are green, leaf like and protect the flower in the bud stage.
 The calyx may be gamosepalous sepals united or polysepalous sepals free.
Corolla
 It is the whorl inner to calyx. It is composed of petals.
 Petals are brightly coloured. It helps to attract insects for pollination.
 Corolla may be gamopetalous petals united or polypetalous petals free.
 The shape and colour of corolla vary greatly in plants. Corolla may be tubular, bell-shaped, funnel
shaped or wheel-shaped.
 The mode of arrangement of sepals and petals in floral bud is called aestivation.
Types of aestivation:
 Valvate: Here, sepals or petals in a whorl just touch one another at the margin, without overlapping.
E.g. Calotropis.
 Twisted: Here, one margin of the appendage overlaps that of the next one and so on. E.g. China
rose, lady’s finger and cotton.
 Imbricate: Here, the margins of sepals or petals overlap one another but not in any particular direction.
E.g. Cassia and gulmohur.
 Vexillary papilionaceous: In pea & bean flowers, there are five petals; the largest standard overlaps
the two lateral petals wings) which in turn overlap the two smallest anterior petals keel. This type
of aestivation is known as vexillary.
Androecium
 It is composed of stamens.
 Each stamen which represents the male reproductive organ consists of a stalk filament and an
anther.
 Each anther is usually bilobed and each lobe has two chambers, the pollen-sacs.
 The pollen grains are produced in pollen-sacs.
 A sterile stamen is called staminode.
 Stamens may be united with other whorls like petals, sepals etc. When stamens are attached to
petals, they are epipetalous. E.g. brinjal. When stamens are attached to perianth they are epiphyllous.
E.g. lily.
 If the stamens in a flower are free it is called polyandrous. If they are united it is called synandrous.
It is many types:
Monoadelphous: Stamens are united into one bunch or one bundle. E.g. China rose.
Diadelphous: Stamens are united into two bundles. E.g. pea.
Polyadelphous: Stamens are united into more than two bundles. E.g. citrus.
 There may be a variation in the length of filaments within a flower. E.g. Salvia and mustard.
Gynoecium Pistil
It is the female reproductive part of the flower and is made up of one or more carpels.
A carpel has three parts:
 Stigma: It is usually at the tip of the style and is the receptive surface for pollen grains.
 Style: An elongated tube that connects ovary to stigma.
 Ovary: It is the enlarged basal part, on which the style lies. Each ovary bears one or more ovules
attached to a flattened, cushion-like placenta.
Polycarpellary pistils (pistil with many carpels) are 2 types:
 Apocarpous: Carpels are free. E.g. lotus and rose.
 Syncarpous: Carpels are fused. E.g. mustard and tomato.
Placentation: It is the arrangement of ovules on the placenta within the ovary. It is many types:
 Marginal: Here, the placenta forms a ridge along the ventral suture of the ovary and the ovules are
borne on this ridge forming two rows. E.g. pea.
 Axile: Here, the placenta is axial and the ovules are attached to it in a multilocular ovary.
E.g. China rose, tomato and lemon.
 Parietal: Here, the ovules develop on the inner wall of the ovary or on peripheral part. Ovary is one-
chambered but it becomes two-chambered due to the formation of the false septum.
E.g. mustard and Argemone.
 Basal: Here, placenta develops at the base of ovary and a single ovule is attached to it.
E.g. sunflower, marigold.
 Free central: Here, ovules are borne on central axis and septa are absent. E.g. Dianthus and Primrose.
After fertilisation, the ovules develop into seeds and the ovary matures into a fruit.
THE FRUIT
 It is a ripened ovary developed after fertilisation.
 It is a characteristic feature of the flowering plants.
 If a fruit is formed without fertilisation of the ovary, it is called a parthenocarpic fruit.
 In mango & coconut, the fruit is known as a drupe. They are one seeded and develop from
monocarpellary superior ovaries.
 A fruit consists of
Pericarp (fruit wall: It may be dry or fleshy. When pericarp is thick and fleshy, it is differentiated
into outer epicarp, middle mesocarp and inner endocarp.
 In mango, the pericarp is well differentiated into thin epicarp, fleshy edible mesocarp and stony
hard endocarp.
 In coconut, the mesocarp is fibrous.
THE SEED
 It is the mature ovule developed after fertilisation.
 A seed is made up of a seed coat and an embryo.
 Embryo is made up of a radicle, an embryonal axis and one e.g. wheat, maize or two cotyledons
e.g. gram & pea.
Structure of a Dicotyledonous Seed
 The outermost covering of a seed is the seed coat.
 Seed coat has 2 layers: outer testa and inner tegmen.
 The hilum is a scar on the seed coat through which the developing seeds were attached to the fruit.
 Above the hilum is a small pore called the micropyle.
 Within the seed coat is the embryo, consisting of an embryonal axis and two cotyledons.
 The cotyledons are often fleshy and full of reserve food materials. At the two ends of the embryonal
axis are present the radicle and the plumule.
 In some seeds such as castor the endosperm formed as a result of double fertilisation, is a food
storing tissue.
 In plants such as bean, gram and pea, the seeds are non-endospermous endosperm is not seen in
mature seeds .
Structure of Monocotyledonous Seed
 Generally, monocot seeds are endospermic but some are non-endospermic (e.g. orchids.
 In cereals such as maize, the seed coat is membranous and generally fused with the fruit wall.
 The endosperm is bulky and stores food.
 The outer covering of endosperm separates the embryo by a proteinous layer called aleurone layer.
 The embryo is small and situated in a groove at one end of the endosperm. It consists of one large
and shield shaped cotyledon known as scutellum and a short axis with a plumule and a radicle.
 The plumule is protected in a sheath called coleoptile and radicle is protected in a sheath called
coleorhiza.
SEMI-TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION OF A TYPICAL FLOWERING PLANT
 The plant is described beginning with its habit, vegetative characters and then floral characters.
 After describing various parts of plant, a floral diagram and a floral formula are presented.
 Floral formula is represented by some symbols. They are
Br bracteates) K calyx) C corolla)
P perianth A androecium G Gynoecium
superior ovary inferior ovary
male) female) bisexual
actinomorphic % (zygomorphic
 Fusion is indicated by enclosing the figure within bracket and adhesion by a line drawn above the
symbols of the floral parts.
 A floral diagram provides information about the number of parts of a flower, their arrangement and
the relation they have with one another.

 The position of the mother axis with respect to the flower is represented by a dot on the top of the
floral diagram. Calyx, corolla, androecium and gynoecium are drawn in successive whorls, calyx
being the outermost and the gynoecium being in the centre.
 Floral formula also shows cohesion and adhesion within parts of whorls and in between whorls.
SOME IMPORTANT FAMILIES
Fabaceae
This family was earlier called Papilonoideae, a subfamily of family Leguminosae. It is distributed
all over the world.
Vegetative Characters:
 Trees, shrubs, herbs; root with root nodules  Stem: erect or climber
 Leaves: alternate, pinnately compound or simple; leaf base, pulvinate; stipulate; venation reticulate.
Floral characters:
 Inflorescence: racemose  Flower: bisexual, zygomorphic
 Calyx: sepals five, gamosepalous; imbricate aestivation
 Corolla: petals five, polypetalous, papilionaceous, consisting of a posterior standard, two lateral
wings, two anterior ones forming a keel enclosing stamens and pistil, vexillary aestivation
 Androecium: ten, diadelphous, anther dithecous
 Gynoecium: ovary superior, mono carpellary, unilocular with many ovules, style single.
 Fruit: legume; seed: one to many, non-endospermic
 Floral Formula:
Economic importance: Many plants are sources of
 Pulses: E.g. gram, arhar, sem, moong, soyabean  Edible oil: E.g. soyabean, groundnut
 Dye: E.g. Indigofera  Fibres: E.g. sun hemp
 Fodder: E.g. Sesbania, Trifolium  Ornamentals: E.g. lupin, sweet pea
 Medicine: E.g. muliathi
Solanaceae Potato family
It is a large family. It is widely distributed in tropics, subtropics and even temperate zones.
Vegetative Characters
 Plants mostly, herbs, shrubs and small trees.
 Stem: herbaceous rarely woody, aerial; erect, cylindrical, branched, solid or hollow, hairy or glabrous,
underground stem in potato (Solanum tuberosum.
 Leaves: alternate, simple, rarely pinnately compound, exstipulate; venation reticulate.
Floral Characters
 Inflorescence: Solitary, axillary or cymose as in Solanum
 Flower: bisexual, actinomorphic
 Calyx: sepals five, united, persistent, valvate aestivation
 Corolla: petals five, united; valvate aestivation Androecium: stamens five, epipetalous
 Gynoecium: bicarpellary, syncarpous; ovary superior, bilocular, placenta swollen with many ovules
 Fruits: berry or capsule Seeds: many, endospermous
 Floral Formula:
Economic Importance: Many plants are source of
 Food: E.g. tomato, brinjal, potato  Spice: E.g. chilli
 Medicine: E.g. belladonna, ashwagandha Fumigatory: E.g. tobacco
 Ornamentals: E.g. petunia
Lilaceae Lily family
A characteristic representative of monocotyledonous plants. It is distributed worldwide.
Vegetative characters:
 Perennial herbs with underground bulbs/corms/ rhizomes
 Leaves mostly basal, alternate, linear, exstipulate with parallel venation
Floral characters
 Inflorescence: solitary / cymose; often umbellate clusters
 Flower: bisexual; actinomorphic
 Perianth tepal six 3+3), often united into tube; valvate aestivation
 Androcium: stamen six, (3+3)
 Gynoecium: tricarpellary, syncarpous, ovary superior, trilocular with many ovules; axile placentation
 Fruit: capsule, rarely berry  Seed: endospermous
 Floral Formula:
Economic Importance: Many plants are sources of
 Ornamentals: E.g. tulip, Gloriosa  Medicine: E.g. Aloe
 Vegetables: E.g. Asparagus
 Colchicines: E.g. Colchicum autumnale
 PRACTICE SET

1. Sweet potato is a modified (NEET-2018) A: (2) The stamens may be united into one bundle
(1) Tap root (2) Adventitious root (monoadelphous), or two bundles (diadelphous)
(3) Stem (4) Rhizome or into more than two bundles (polyadelphous).
A: (2) Sweet potato is a modified adventitious root 7. Free – central placentation is found in
for storage of food (NEET II - 2016)
 Rhizomes are underground modified stem (1) Dianthus (2) Argemone
 Tap root is primary root directly elongated (3) Brassica (4) Citrus
from the redicle A: (1) Dianthus, Primrose – Free central
2. Coconut fruit is a (NEET-2017) placentation.
(1) Drupe (2) Berry Argemone – Parietal placentation.
(3) Nut (4) Capsule Citrus – Axile placentation.
A: (1) Coconut fruit is a drupe. A drupe develops 8. Match Column – I with Column – II and select
from monocarpellary superior ovary and are the correct option using the codes given below
one seeded. (NEET II - 2016)
3. Plants which produce characterstic Column - I Column -II
pneumatophores and show vivipary belong to a. Pistils fused together(i) Gametogenesis
(NEET-2017) b. Formation of
(1) Mesophytes (2) Halophytes gametes (ii) Pistilate
(3) Psammophytes (4) Hydrophytes c. Hyphae of higher (iii) Syncarpous
A: (2) Halophytes growing in saline soils show d. Unisexual female
(i) Vivipary which is in-situ seed germination flower (iv) Dikaryotic
(ii) Pneumatophores for gaseous exchange a b c d
4. In Bougainvillea thorns are the modifications (1) iv iii i ii
of (NEET-2017) (2 )ii i iv iii
(1) Stipules (2) Adventitious root (3) i ii iv iii
(3) Stem (4) Leaf (4) iii i iv ii
A: (3) Thorns are hard, pointed straight structures A: (4)  Syncarpous – Pistils fused together.
for protection. These are modified stem  Gametogenesis – Formation of gamete,
5. The morphological nature of the edible part of  Dikaryotic hyphae – Hyphae of ascomycetes
coconut is (NEET-2017)  Pistillate flower – Unisexual female flower.
(1) Perisperm (2) Cotyledon 9. The coconut water from tender coconut
(3) Endosperm (4) Pericarp represents: (NEET I - 2016)
A: (3) Coconut has double endosperm with liquid (1)Endocarp (2)Fleshy mesocarp
endosperm and cellular endosperm. (3)Free nuclear proembryo
6. The term ‘polyadelphous’ is related to (4)Free nuclear endosperm
(NEET II - 2016) A: (4) In tender coconuts, the coconut water
(1) Gynoecium (2) Androecium represents free nuclear endosperm.
(3) Corolla (4) Calyx 10. The standard petal of papilionaceous corolla is
also called: (NEET I - 2016)
 1 Carina 2) Pappus 15. Flowers are Zygomorphic in AIPMT-2011)
3 Vexillum 4) Corona 1 Datura 2 Mustard
A: 3 3 Gulmohur 4) Tomato
Standard vexillum
A: 3 Flowers in Gulmohur are zygomorphic.
16. Whorled simple leaves with reticulate venation
Wing or alae are present in AIPMT-2011)
Keel or carina 1 China Rose 2 Alstonia
Papillionaceous corolla. 3) Calotropis 4 Neem
11. Tricarpellary, syncarpous gynoecium is found A: 2 Alstonia Dicot)
in flowers of: NEET I - 2016) – Whorled simple leaves
1 Liliaceae 2 Solanaceae – Reticulate venation
3) Fabaceae 4 Poaceae 17. Sweet potato is homologous to AIPMT-2011)
A: 1 Liliaceae family is a monocot family 1) Ginger 2) Turnip
characterized by tricarpellary, syncarpous
3) Potato 4 Colocasia
gynoceium with superior, trilocular ovary with
A: 2 Sweet potato, a modified root is homologous
two ovules in each loculus and placentation
to Turnip.
axile.
18. Which one of the following diagrams represents
12. Proximal end of the filament of stamen is
the placentation in Dianthus? AIPMT-2011)
attached to the: NEET I - 2016)
1) Anther 2) Connective
3) Placenta 4 Thalamus or petal
A: 4) Proximal end of the filament of stamen is 1 2
attached to the thalamus or petal and distal end
is attached to anther.
13. Which of the following is not a stem
3 4
modification? NEET I - 2016)
1 Pitcher of Nepenthes
A: 4 Free central placentation is present in Dian-
2 Thorns of citrus
thus
3 Tendrils of cucumber
19. The scutellum observed in a grain of wheat or
4 Flattened structures of Opuntia
maize is comparable to which part of the seed
A: 1 Pitcher of Nepenthes is modification of the
in other monocotyledons? AIPMT-2010)
leaf.
1 Plumule 2 Cotyledon
14. Stems modified into flat green organs
performing the functions of leaves are known 3 Endosperm 4 Aleurone layer
as: NEET-I 2016) A: 2 Single cotyledon in monocot seed is
1 Cladodes 2) Phyllodes scutellum.
3 Phylloclades 4) Scales 20. Keel is characteristic of the flowers of AIPMT-2010
A: 3 Stem modified into flat green organs 1 Bean 2 Gulmohur
performing the functions of leaves are known 3) Cassia 4) Calotropis
as phylloclade whereas phyllode is A: 1) Keel is characteristic of the flower of fabaceae
modification of petiole. family. e.g., Bean
21. In unilocular ovary with a single ovule the 26. A fruit developed from hypanthodium
placentation is AIPMT-2010) inflorescence is called: AIPMT-2009)
1) Axile 2 Marginal 1 Sorosis 2 Syconus
3) Basal 4 Free central 3 Caryopsis 4 Hesperidium
A: 3 In unilocular ovary with a single ovule the A: 2 Syconus fruit develops from hypanthodium
placentation is basal. eg. Poaceae, Asteraceae. inflorescence.
22. Ovary is half-inferior in the flowers of 27. Cotyledons and testa respectively are edible
AIPMT-2010) parts in: AIPMT-2009)
1 Cucumber 2) Guava 1 Walnut and tamarind
3 Plum 4 Brinjal 2 French bean and coconut
A: 3 Flowers of half inferior ovary – Plum, Rose, 3 Cashew nut and litchi
Peach 4 Groundnut and pomegranate
23. Which one of the following is a xerophytic plant A: 4 Plant Edible parts
in which the stem is modified into the flat, green Groundnut - Cotyledons
and succulent structure? AIPMT-2010) Pomegranate - testa
1) Opuntia 2 Casuarina 28. The fruit is chambered, developed from inferior
3 Hydrilla 4 Acacia ovary and has seeds with succulent testa in
A: 1 Phylloclade AIPMT-2008)
– Stem modification 1 Cucumber 2 Pomegranate
– Flat green and succulent structure 3 Orange 4) Guava
– Photosynthetic e.g., Opuntia A: 2) Balausta
24. Aestivation of petals in the flower of cotton is – Fruit is chambered
correctly shown in AIPMT-2010) – Inferior ovary
– Succulent testa e.g., Pomegranate
1 2 3 4 29. Dry indehiscent single-seeded fruit formed
bicarpellary syncarpous inferior ovary is
A: 4 Aestivation of petals in the flower of cotton AIPMT-2008
is twisted. 1 Cremocarp 2 Caryopsis
25. The correct floral formula of soyabean is 3 Cypsela 4) Berry
AIPMT-2010) A: 3) Cypsela fruit
– Dry and indehiscent
1 % K 5 C 1 2  2 A 9  1G1
+ – Single seeded fruit
– Bicarpellary syncarpous
2 % K 5C 1 2  2 A 9  1G1 – Inferior ovary
+
30. Replum is present in the ovary of flower of
3 % K 5 C 1 2  2 A 9  1G1 AIPMT-2008)
+ 1 Pea 2) Lemon
4 % + K 5 C 1 2  2 A1 9 G1 3 Mustard 4 Sunflower
A: 3 Replum, a false septum is present in the
A: 3 Floral formula of Chilli
ovary of flower of mustard.
% K 5 C 1 2  2 A 9  1G1
+
 Assignment-I
1. The origin of root hairs and lateral roots is (1) Asteraceae (2) Solanaceae
(1) Exogenous and endogenous respectively (3) Malvaceae (4) Scrophulariaceae
(2) Endogenous and exogenous respectively 13. Reserve food is mainly found in
(3) Both endogenously (1) Underground stems
(4) Both exogenously (2) Underground modified tap roots
2. Find odd one w.r.t radicle leaves (3) Underground modified adventitious roots
(1) Maize (2) Radish (4) All of the above
(3) Carrot (4) Turnip
14. Which option is correctly matched with the dia-
3. In a typical young dicot root the number of
grams?
organographical regions is :
(1) 3 (2) 4 (3) 5 (4) 2
4. Example for tuberous adventitious roots is
(1) Dahlia (2) Carrot (3) Radish (4) Beet
(1) A-Valvate, B-Twisted, C-Imbricate, D-
5. A root-cap is usually absent in the roots of
Vexillary
(1) Hydrophytes (2) Epiphytes
(2) A-Vexillary, B-Valvate, C-Twisted, D-
(3) Parasites (4) All of these
Imbricate
6. The part of the root most active in water
(3) A-Imbricate, B-Vexillary, C-Valvate, D-
absorption Twisted
(1) Root cap (2) Maturation zone (4) A-Twisted, B-Imbricate, C-Vexillary, D-
(3) Meristematic zone (4) Zone of elongation Valvate
7. Disease caused by pollen grains : 15. Sucker is a subaerial stem modification for
(1) Palynomorph (2) Sporo-pollenin vegetative propagation and is seen in
(3) Palynosis (4) Pollinosis (1) Hydrocotyle (2) Chrysanthemum
8. An example of negatively geotropic root (3) Pistia (4) Launea
(1) Coralloid root of Cycas 16. Which of the following statement (s) is/are
(2) Pneumatophore of mangroves incorrect?
(3) Assimilatory roots of Trapa I. Calyx and corolla are reproductive organs of
a flower.
(4) Both (1) and (2)
II. Zygomorphic flower can be divided into two
9. Which of the following is a root parasite ?
equal radial halves in any radial plane.
(1) Rafflesia (2) Loranthus
III. Flowers without bracts are termed as
(3) Cassytha (4) Utricularia bracteate.
10. Fibrous roots develop in maize from IV. Parthenocarpic fruit is formed after
(1) Upper nodes (2) Lower nodes fertilization of the ovary.
(3) Upper internodes (4) None of these V. In legumes, seed is non-endospermic.
11. Which one of the following is a true fruit? VI. Radical buds develop on roots.
(1) Apple (2) Pear (1) I, II, III, IV (2) I, II, V,
(3) Cashew nut (4) Coconut (3) III, IV, VI (4) IV, V, I
12. Leaves alternate, corolla regular and 17. Epiphyllous buds serve the function of
gamopetalous, ovary superior with several ovules (1) Respiration (2) Nutrition
(3) Reproduction (4) Absorption
in each loculi,carpels two,twisted aestivation,
stamens five. These are characters of
18.The bulbous underground part of 30. Vivipary is characteristic of
Amorphophallus represents stem because of the (1) mesophytes (2) xerophytes
presence of (3) hygrophytes (4) halophytes
(1) Axillary buds (2) Nodes and internodes 31. Which is the correct combinations ?
(3) Scaly leaves (4) All of these
Column I Column II
19. Phylloclade is the aerial modification of
(Members of Fabaceae) (Economic importance)
(1) Petiole (2) Stipule
A. Gram, sem, moong, I. Medicine
(3) Leaf-base (4) Stem B. Soyabean,groundnut II.Ornamental
20. Cladode is the modification of C. Indigofera III. Fodder
(1) Whole stem (2) Axillary bud D. Sunhemp IV. Fibres
(3) Leaf (4) Leaflets
E. Sesbania, Trifolium V. Dye
21. An aerial modification of axillary bud meant
F. Lupin, Sweet potato VI. Edible oil
for vegetative reproduction is
E. Mulaaithi VII. Pulses
(1) Stolon (2) Runner (3) Bulb (4) Bulbil
22. Polypetalae, polyandry, syncarpy and dimerae (1) A - I, B - II, C - III, D - IV, E - V, F - VI, G - VII
are characteristic to : (2) A-VII, B - VI, C - V, D -IV, E - III, F - II, G-I
(1) Malvaceae (2) Mimosaceae
(3) A - II, B - IV, C - VI, D - I, E - III, F - V, G - VII
(3) Brassicaceae (4) Asteraceae
(4) A - I, B - III, C - V, D - VII, E - II, F - IV, G - VI
23. Spine, thorn and prickle are
(1) Homologous (2) Synonymous 32. Drosera catches insects by
(3) Analogous (4) Protecting structures (1) Forming adhesive dises
24. Which of the following can produce flowers and (2) Bladder
leaves? (3) Pitcher
(1) Thorn (2) Spine (3) Prickle (4) Phyllode (4) Tentacles which secrete a shining liquid
25. Which is not a modification of stem ? 33. Stipules are found in :
(1) Tuber of Potato (2) Pitcher of Nepenthes (1) all dicots
(3) Corm of Colocasia (4) Rhizome of Ginger (2) all dicots and some monocots
26. Cross pollination is a rule in : (3) some dicots and monocots
(1) Cleistogamy (2) Chasmogamy (4) all dicots and monocots
(3) Dicliny (4) Bisexuality 34. Choose the correct combinations.
27. An offset is present in those plants which are : Column I Column II
(1) Terrestrial (2) Amphibious A. Gamosepalous I. Flower of lily
(3) Aquatic (4) All of these B. Polysepalous II. Sterile anther
28. A bulbil is the modification of : C. Gamopetalous III. Free petals
(1) Bulb (2) Rhizome D. Polypetalous IV. Free sepals
(3) Terminal bud (4) Axillary bud E. Epiphyllous V. Fused petals
29. In a leaf in which the mid rib, known as rachis F. Staminode VI. Fused sepals
beat’s laterally a number of leaf-lets arranged ABCDEF ABCDEF
alternately or in opposite manner is known as (1) IV V III I VI II (2) IV V III I II VI
(1) Simple leaf (3) VI IV V III I II (4) VI IV V III II I
(2) Pinnately compound leaf 35. A perianth bearing flower is said to be :
(3) Decompound leaf (1) Monochlamydous (2) Dichlamydous
(4) None of these (3) Achlamydous (4) Metachlamydous
36. An incomplete flower is : 44. Glumes are modified :
1 Always unisexual 2 Always bisexual 1 Androecium 2) Gynoecium
3 Either unisexual or bisexual 4) Imperfect 3) Petals 4 Bracts
37. A single plant can not produce viable seeds in: 45. A monocarpic plant is one which :
1 Monoecious species 1 Has only one carpel
2 Hermaphrodite species 2 Flowers once in life-time
3 Dioecious species 4 Polygamous species 3 Produces only one seed
38. In hypogynous flowers the ovary occurs at: 4 Produces only one fruit
1 the highest position 2 the lower position 46. Protogynous condition is found in :
3 intermediate position 1 China rose 2 Sun flower
4 lateral position 3) Banyan 4) Mango
39. A flower having all the sepals and petals of the 47. Which one of the option is correct?
same size is referred to as :
1 Actinomorphic 2 Zygomorphic
3 Asymmetric
4 Either actinomorphic or zygomorphic
40. Choose the correct option.

1 A - Hilum, B - Micropyle, C - Radicle, D -

Cotyledon, E - Plumule
2 A - Hilum, B - Micropyle, C - Plumule, D -
Cotyledon, E - Radicle
3 A - Micropyle, B - Hilum, C - Plumule, D -
Cotyledon, E - Radicle
1 Epicarp, Mesocarp, Seed, Endocarp 4 A - Hilum, B - Micropyle, C - Plumule, D -
2 Epicarp, Mesocarp, Ovule, Endocarp Radicle, E - Cotyledon
3) Epicarp, Mesocarp, Ovary, Endocarp 48. Epipetalous stamens are found in :
4 Epicarp, Mesocarp, Embryo, Endocarp 1 Cruciferae 2 Solanaceae
Assignment-II 3 Liliaceae 4) Mimosaceae
41. A condition in stamen where the anthers are 49. Which of the following characters can not be
united but filaments are free but attached to expressed by floral formula?
petals 1) Sexuality 2 Symmetry
1 Synandrous 2 Syngenesious 3 Adhesion of floral parts
3 Synandrous-epiphyllous 4 Aestivation
4 Syngenesious-epipetalous 50. A zygomorphic condition rendered by oblique
42. A bract can be differentiated from bracteole by ovary is found in :
its : 1 Papilionaceae 2 Caesalpiniaceae
1 Size 2 Position 3 Solanaceae 4) Compositae
3 Function 4) Colour 51. An androecium with two large and two small
43. Which of the following is a false fruit ? stamens :
1) Apple 2) Coconut 1) Diadelphous 2 Dithecus
3 Plum 4) Mango 3) Didynamous 4 Dimorphism
52. The sweet pea blossom is a good example of a 60. An example of spadix inflorescence
self-pollinating plant because of the structure 1 Male flower of Maize
called : 2 Female flower of mulberry
1 Keel 2 Epigynous ovary 3 Male flower of Euphorbia
3 Bract 4) Spathe 4 Female inflorescence of maize
53. Identify A, B, C, D and E parts of a typical 61. The milk of coconut is obtained from the fleshy
structure of monocotyledonous seeds. and liquid :
1 Mesocarp and Placenta
2 Endosperm and embryo
3 Endosperm and pericarp
4 Endosperm
62. The edible part of pomegranate :
1 Fleshy seedling 2 Fleshy pericarp
1 A- Endosperm, B - Embryo, C - Scutellum, 3 Fleshy seed coat 4 Fleshy placenta
D - Coleorrhiza, E - Coleoptile 63. The edible part of wood apple is
2 A- Embryo, B - Endosperm, C - Scutellum, 1 Placenta and whole endocarp
D - Coleoptile, E - Coleorrhiza 2 Placenta and inner endocarp
3 A - Endosperm, B - Embryo, C - Scutellum, 3 Placenta and epicarp
D - Coleoptile, E - Coleorrhiza 4 Pericarp and placenta
4 A - Embryo, B - Endosperm, C - Scutellum, 64. The fleshy and edible part of pear respresents :
D - Coleorrhiza, E - Coleoptile 1 Inflorescence axis 2 Thalamus
54. Capitulum inflorescence is a modification of : 3 Involucre 4) Ripened ovary
1 Raceme 2 Panicle 3) Spike 4 Cyme 65. An aggregate fruit develops from :
55. An example of scapigerous cyme is 1 Syncarpous pistil 2 Apocarpous pistil
1) Onion 2 Asparagus 3 Syncarpous and Apocarpous pistil
3) Maize 4 Colocasia 4) Inflorescence
56. Cauliflower used as vegetable is : 66. A simple fruit develops from
1 an undifferentiated composition of leaves 1 Multicarpellary syncarpous pistil
2 a fleshy inflorescence 2 Mono-or multicarpellary syncarpous pistil
3 a bunch of fertile flowers 3 Multicarpellary apocarpous pistil
4 not a flower or inflorescence 4 Multicarpellary apo-& syncarpous pistil
57. Inflorescence which is not racemose but 67. The number of suture present in follicle
resemble a single flower is called : 1 One 2 Two
1 Capitulum 2) Cymose 3) Three 4 Four
3 Cyathium 4 Simple cyme 68. Trilocular ovary with axile placentation is found
58. In a raceme the flowers are in :
1 Arranged in a basipetal succession 1 Liliaceae 2) Gramineae
2 Arranged in acropetal succession 3) Compositae 4 Cruciferae
3 Separate sexes 4 Of the same sex 69. Seeds of gram are
59. An outgrowth at the micropylar region of seed 1 exalbuminous and epigeal
as found in castor-beans : 2 exalbuminous and hypogeal
1) Kernel 2 Scutellum 3 albuminous and epigeal
3) Caruncle 4) Cupule 4 albuminous and hypogeal
70. The ‘Coir of commerce’ is obtained from : 80. Choose the correct option for A, B and C.
(1) Stem fibres of jute
(2) Leaf fibres of palm
(3) Mesocarp of coconut
(4) Midrib of coconut leaf
71. A dry, one seeded, indehiscent fruit with the
seed coat and pericarp completely united is
(1) Achene (2) Cypsela
(3) Caryopsis (4) Nut-meg
72. Lomentum is a term used to describe a kind of
(1) Inflorescence (2) fruit
(3) Seed (4) Outgrowth from seed (1) A - zone of elongation, B - zone of meiosis,
73. Fleshy fruits are C - zone of mitosis
(1) Indehiscent (2) Dehiscent (2) A - zone of maturation, B - zone of
(3) Schizocarpic (4) Either type meristematic activity, C - zone of elongation
74. Pollen of one flower when transferred to the (3) A - zone of mitosis, B - zone of elongation,
stigma of a female flower on the same plant, it C - zone of root cap
is called : (4) A - region of maturation, B - region of
(1) Xenogamy (2) Dichogamy elongation, C -meristematic activity
(3) Geitonogamy (4) Homogamy
75. Papilionaceons corolla is found in : KEY
(1) Cassia flower Assignment-I
(2) Bean flower 1 1 2 1 3 2 4 1 5 4
(3) Mustard flower 6 2 7 4 8 4 9 1 10 2
(4) Caesalpinia flower 11 4 12 2 13 4 14 1 15 2
76. If the pollen of a flower falls on the stigma of 16 1 17 3 18 4 19 4 20 2
another flower belonging to the same plant it is 21
4 22 3 23 3 24 1 25 2
(1) Genetically self pollination
26 3 27 3 28 4 29 2 30 4
(2) Ecologically a cross pollination
31 2 32 4 33 4 34 3 35 1
(3) Genetically and ecologically a cross pollination
(4) None 36 3 37 3 38 1 39 1 40 1
77. A condition in which pollen grains are held Assignment-II
together to form tetrad or polyad is found in : 41 4 42 2 43 1 44 4 45 2
(1) Mimosaceae (2) Calotropis 46 3 47 2 48 2 49 4 50 3
(3) Orchids (4) Malvaceae 51 3 52 1 53 3 54 3 55 1
78. “Translator apparatus” is associated with : 56 2 57 3 58 2 59 3 60 4
(1) Protein Synthesis (2) Pollinium formation
61 4 62 3 63 2 64 2 65 2
(3) Pollen formation (4) Polycarpic nature
66 2 67 1 68 1 69 2 70 3
79. The process by which pollen grains are produced
from pollen mother cells : 71 3 72 2 73 1 74 3 75 2
(1) Pollination (2) Microsporogenesis 76 1 77 1 78 2 79 2 80 4
(3) Microphylly (4) Pollinosis
 Hints & Solutions 13. 4 Root is the usual storage part of plants.
1. 1 The origin of root hairs and lateral roots is Sometimes, stem may be storage in nature are
exogenous and endogenous respectively. in underground modifications.
2. 1 Radicle leaves primary root which is present 15. 2 The main purpose of sub-aerial modification
in radish, carrot and turnip except maize. of stem is vegetative propagation, as found in
3. 2 A root in basipetal succession, is runner, offset, stolon and sucker. The examples
differentiated into root-cap zone, meristematic of sucker are Chrysanthemum, Mint, etc.
zone, elongation zone and permanent zone. 17. 3 Epiphyllous bud is a type of adventitious
4. 1) In Dahlia, roots do not originate from radicles bud, i.e, not originating from stem apex or axil
and are, therefore, adventitious. Roots of radish, of a leaf. Usually it develops from margin or
carrot and beet originate from radicle are the leaf surface) of leaf as in Bryophyllum Kalanchoe
examples of modified tap root. etc. It serves the function of vegetative
5. 4 The main function of root-cap is to protect propagation.
the growing apex from soil particles. Plant 18. 4 A stem when modified into an underground
growing in water hydrophytes) or on another
structure like root may be differentiated on
plant epiphytes) or in another plant parasites)
the basis of the characteristics of stem like the
are devoid of root-cap.
presence of nodes and internodes, leaves, buds,
6. 2 Water absorption takes place through root-
adventitious roots etc.
hairs. The latter are present only in maturation
19. 4 In cactus e. g., Opuntia the leaf is reduced
zone.
to spine as xeric adaptations) and the whole
80. 4 Pollen grains of certain plants cause allergic
stem is modified into flat-green, water storing
reaction to human beings. The allergic response
structure, called phylloclade.
to pollen is called hayfever or pollinosis. Protein
20. 2 Like phylloclade, cladode is also a
content of the pollen mainly g -globulin affects
modification of stem.
the mucous membrane of the upper respiratory
But here the branch or axillary bud is only
tract.
8. 4 The coralloid root of Cycas and modified into a flat, tree like structure with only
pneuamatophores of mangroves like one internode.
Rhizophora become negatively geotropic i.e., 21. 4 Bulbil is a structure rich in food materials
come above the soil surface, due to bacterial and serves the function of vegetative
infection and for aeration, respectively. propagation.
9. 1) Depending on the site and duration, a parasite 22. 3 Pentamerous condition i.e., the floral parts
may be root parasite or stem parasite, total or in multiple of five, is characterisitic to dicot
partial. Rafflesia the largest flower is an families.
example of total root parasite. Loranthus and In Cruciferaea Brassicaceae) the floral parts are
Cassytha are stem parasite. Utricularia is an in multiple of two dimerous or four
insectivorous, aquatic plant. tetramerous). In this family the petals are four
10. 2 In maize, Pandamus etc., adventitious roots and cruciform and stamens tetradynamous
develop from the lower nodes of the stem to are free, and the carpels two are united
provide mechanical support and are called stilt Syncarpous.
roots. 23. 3 Spine is a modified leaf, thorn is a modified
12. 2 Five stamens, bicarpellary condition and stem, and prickle is an epidermal outgrowth of
presence of many ovules in the ovary, stem. So their origin is different. However, they
characterise Solanaceae from other families. perform similar function analogous structure.
24. 1 Flower is derived from shoot. So any 39. 1) A flower with all the petals of the same size
modified stems like thorn can produce flower. produces a circular out line, thereby rendering
26. 3 Cleistogamy is a condition in which flowers an actinomorphic symmetry. Corolla with one
never open. Self-pollination can only take place petal larger or smaller than the rests provides
in bisexual, cleistogamous flowers. Opposite to zygomorphic symmetry and corolla with petals
cleistogamy is chasmogamy, where flowers of different sizes forms asymmetric condition.
open at maturity. Dicliny is otherwise called 41. 4 In an androecium, when the stamens are
unisexuality. In such condition only cross united only by anthers the condition is called
pollination can occur. syngenesious a case of cohesion. When the
27. 3 An ‘offset’ is a lateral branch, meant for stamens filaments are united to petals, it is
vegetative propagation and is homologous to called epipetalous a case of adhesion,
runner. It differs from the latter in being Syngenesious-epipetalous stamens are
restricted to hydrophytes only. characteristic of Compositae Asteraceae).
42. 2 Both bract and bracteole are leafy structure
29. 2 When a simple leaf is dissected transversely
associated with flowers. Bract develops one
into a number of leaf-lets, the leaf is called
peduncle inflorescence axis and bracteole
pinnate compound leaf.
develops on pedicle or at the base of the
32. 4 In Drosera, leaf-margins are dissected to form
thalamus.
tentacles with glandular tips, which secrete a
44. 4 Glumes are characteristically present in
viscous substance to catch the prey.
gramineae. They are scaly leafy structures and
33. 4 Stipules are characteristically present in
develop on peduncle.
certain dicot families. In monocots, stipule is
46. 3 In protogyny, the gynoecium matures before
found only in Smilax in the form of tendril.
androecium in a bisexual flower. Such
35. 1 A flower with two accessory whorls, calyx
condition is found in Magnolia, Michelia
and corolla, is said to be dichlamydous . When
Magnoliaceae), Anona, Polyalthia Anonaceae,
a flower contains a single accessory whorl, not
Ficus Moraceae etc.
differentiated into calyx and corolla, the termed
48. 2) When the stamens by their filaments are
applied is perianth and such flower is called
united to petals the stamens are called
monochlamydous.
epipetalous. Such condition is found in
36. 3 Out of the four floral parts, i.e., calyx, corolla, Solanaceae, Malvaceae, Compositae, etc.
androecium and gynoecium., when any one is
49. 4 In floral formula, sexuality, symmetry,
absent the flower is called incomplete. An number of floral parts and their cohesion and
incomplete flower, therefore lacks either an adhesion, and the position of ovary can be
accessory whorl or an essential whorl, depicted. The characters like placentation,
consequently the flower would either be aestivation and nature of thalamus can not be
bisexual or unisexual. given.
37. 3 When the male and female reproductive 50. 3 Sometimes zygomorphy may result from
organs develop on different individual plants oblique position of ovary as in the case of
the condition is called dioecious. In such plant Solanaceae.
species, fertilization can not occur in a single 51. 3 Didynamous stamen is found in Ocimum
isolated plant. Labiatae.
52. 1 In papilionaceous corolla sweet pea, the develop only from apocarpous pistil free
two lower petals (keel remain united and cover multiple carpels.
the stigma surface. As a result cross pollination 66. 2 A simple fruit develops from single ovary,
can not takes place. irrespective of the number of carpel.
54. 3 In capitulum inflorescence, the flowers 67. 1 In dehiscent fruits, there are one or more
florets) are sessile and arranged in centripetal longitudinal lines, along which the mature fruit
succession originally acropetal. It is , therefore, opens, called suture. The number of suture is
a modification of spike. one of the important features in identifying the
55. (1 In onion Allium cepa and garlic A. sativum type of dehiscent fruits. Follicle differs from all
the inflorescence appears like umbel but the other dehiscent fruits in having a single suture.
arrangmeent of flowers is more or less 68. 1 Monocot flowers are trimerous. In Liliaceae,
centrifugal i.e., cymose like. This is a special type carpel are three and united. So the ovary is
of inflorescence called scapigerous cyme or trilocular with axile placentation.
unbellate cyme. 70. 3 The mesocarp of coconut fruit is represented
56. 2 The edible part of cauliflower represents a by fibres, which provides the raw material for
fleshy inflorescence. Here the upper part of the coir of commerce.
peduncle is suppressed, so that all the flowers 72. 2 Lomentum is a schizocarpic fruit.
appear to lie in one plane. The lower and older 73. 1 Fleshy fruits are always indehiscent. The
flowers are with long pedicels, and the upper seeds are exposed only after the decay of the
and younger flowers are with shorter pedicels. fleshy part usually pericarp.
This is a type of corymb inflorescence. 74. 3 Geitonogamy is found in monoecious plants
57. 3 In cyathium inflorescence, extreme case of like maize.
reduction is noticed. Here the peduncle is This type of pollination may also occur in
reduced to a small disc which bears single hermaphrodite plant species.
female flower and many male flowers. The 75. 2 Papilionaceous corolla is characteristic to
flowers are achlamydous , i.e., without any papilionaceae Fabaceae. Bean is an example
accessory whorls. The whole inflorescence is of this family.
covered by a large bract called involucre, thus 76. 1) In geitonogamy, pollination occur in the same
producing a single flower-like appearance. plant, resulting no new recombinations.
58. 2 Raceme is a typical racemose inflorescence and 77. 1 In Mimosaceae and Typhaceae, the pollen
is characterised by indetermiante growth of grains are not set free after meiosis but are held
peduncle and acropetal succession of flowers, i.e., together in the form of tetrad or polyad.
older flower at the base and younger at th apex. 78. 2 The pollinia are connected with each other
59. 3) In certain seeds, like castor, an outgrowth by slender stalk-like process forming translator
develops from the integument testa) and covers apparatus.
the micropyle, called caruncle. 79. 2 Pollen grains or microspores are halpoid
60. 4 Spadix is a type of spike, covered by large structures and are produced from pollen or
bract/bracts. microspore mother cell by meiosis. The process
The female inflorescence of Maize is covered is called microsporogenesis.
by many bracts, hence represents a spadix. 80. 4
65. 2 An aggregate fruit is an association of simple
fruits, called etaerio. An aggregate fruit can