SURVEYING (MIDTERM) ASHAL PADILLA

LESSON 1 ASTRONOMICAL SURVEY

SURVEYING - to determine the absolute location of any point on the surface of earth
- art and science of taking field measurements on or near the surface of the Earth - consists of making observations to heavenly bodies such as stars
- FIELD MEASUREMENTS: horizontal & slope distances, vertical distances, and hori. & verti. angle
- surveyors can: ROUTE SURVEY
o measure position as given by the northing, easting, and elevation of a survey station - refers to surveys necessary for the location and construction of lines of transportation or
by using satellite-positioning and remote-sensing techniques communication that continue across country for some distance, such as highways, railroads,
o derive related distances and directions through geometric and trigonometric analysis open-conduit systems, pipelines, and power lines
- AREA AND VOLUME of a particular plot of land: can be calculated from the plans, sections,
and maps prepared by surveying PHOTOGRAPHIC SURVEY
- MAP: represents the horizontal projection of the area surveyed and not the actual area - information is collected by taking photographs from selected points using a camera
o vertical distance: can be represented more correctly by drawing sections - most common use for photogrammetry: creating maps out of aerial photos
- cost-effective and accurate allowing planning entities like architects, local governments and
PRIMARY TYPES OF SURVEYING construction workers to make clear, informed decisions about their projects without spending
PLANE SURVEYING months scouring the landscape
- MEAN SURFACE OF THE EARTH: considered as a plane and the spheroidal shape is neglected
- conducted by state agencies also private agencies AERIAL SURVEY
- LEVEL LINE: considered as straight - method of collecting geomatics or other imagery by using airplanes, helicopters, UAVs,
- PLUMB LINES: considered parallel balloons or other aerial methods
- area of survey: less than 𝟐𝟓𝟎𝒌𝒎𝟐 - typical type of data collected: aerial photography, Lidar, remote sensing & geophysical data
- Some examples of things aerial surveys can be used for include: mineral exploration, wildlife
GEODETIC SURVEY surveys, forestry surveys, fishery surveys, mapping and community surveys
- curved shape of the earth is taken in to account
- conducted by survey department of the country RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY
- OBJECTIVE: determine the precise position on the surface of the earth of a system of widely - data is collected by marking physical observation and some measurements using simple
distant points which form control stations in which surveys of less precision may be referred survey instruments
- CURVED LINE: line joining two points - an extensive study of an entire area that might be used for a road or airfield
- ANGLES: assumed as spherical angles - PURPOSE: eliminate those routes or sites which are impractical or unfeasible and to identify
- area of survey: area exceeds over 𝟐𝟓𝟎𝒌𝒎𝟐 the more promising routes or sites

CLASSIFICATION (BASED ON NATURE OF SURVEY) CADASTRAL SURVEYING

TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEY - discipline of land surveying that relates to the definition or re-establishment of land parcel
- to determine the position of natural features of a region such as rivers, streams, hills etc. and boundaries
artificial features such as roads and canals - involves interpreting and advising on: boundary locations, the status of land, and the rights,
- PURPOSE: prepare maps restrictions and interests in property

HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEY CONSTRUCTION SURVEYS

- determines the physical features of an underwater area - PROVISION OF LINE AND GRADE: provide the horizontal location and the height above sea
- to determine M.S.L. (Mean Sea Level), water spread area, depth of water bodies, velocity of level for all component of a wide variety of construction projects for example, highways,
flow in streams, cross-section area of flow etc. streets, pipelines, bridges, buildings, and site grading
- used for constructing civil engineering projects that involve water, such as ports, bridges, - CONSTRUCTION LAYOUT: marks the horizontal location (LINE) as well as the vertical location or
dams, and levees. elevation (GRADE) for the proposed work
- helps engineers study: hydrology, sedimentation, erosion, and navigation of water bodies
SURVEYING (MIDTERM) ASHAL PADILLA

CLASSIFICATION (BASED ON SURVEYING INSTRUMENT USED) - TACHEOMETER: ordinary transit theodolite fitted with a stadia diaphragm and an analytic lens
CHAIN SURVEYING o there is no need for chaining in such survey
- basic and oldest type of surveying o STADIA DIAPHRAGM: consists of one stadia hair above and the other an equal distance
- TRIANGULATION: principle involved below the horizontal cross-hair, the stadia hairs being mounted in the ring and on the
- area to be surveyed is divided into a number of small triangles same vertical plane as the horizontal and vertical cross-hairs.
- ANGLES OF TRIANGLES: not less than 30 degrees and not greater than 120 degrees
- EQUILATERAL TRIANGLES: considered ideal triangles PHOTOGRAPHIC SURVEYING
- no angular measurements are taken - based on technique of taking photographs from different angle to prepare topographic
- TIE LINE AND CHECK LINES: control accuracy of the work details with relative high speed
- either TERRESTRIAL OR AERIAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY
COMPASS SURVEYING
- TRAVERSING: principle involved/ uses this principle SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS
- does not require the need to create triangles LEVEL AND ROD
- PRISMATIC COMPASS: for measuring magnetic bearing of line - determine differences in elevation and elevations in a wide variety of surveying, mapping,
- TAPE OR CHAIN OR LASER RANGE FINDER: for measuring distance and engineering applications
- INTERIOR DETAILS: located using offset from main survey lines
- suitable for large area surveying crowded with many details STEEL TAPES
- can be used to survey a river course - relatively precise measuring instruments
- TYPES: closed traverse & open traverse - used mostly for short measurements in both preliminary and layout surveys

PLANE TABLE SURVEYING TOTAL STATION

- PARALLELISM: principle of plane table surveying - combines electronic distance measurement (EDM)
- plotted directly on paper with their relative position - developed in the 1950s with an electronic theodolite
- RAYS: drawn from station to object on ground - PARTS OF THE TOTAL STATION:
- TABLE: placed at each of the successive station parallel to the position of the last station
- suitable for filling interior detailing and is recommended when great accuracy is not required

THEODOLITE SURVEVING
- THEODOLITE: instrument used mainly for accurate measurement of horizontal & vertical angles
- accurate to measure up to 10" or 20" angles
o Nowadays, theodolite is shadowed and replaced by the use of TOTAL STATION which
can perform the same task with greater ease and accurate results
- DEFLECTION ANGLE: an angle which a survey line makes with the prolongation of the
proceeding line
- MAGNETIC BEARING: defined as the horizontal angle which a survey line makes with the
magnetic meridian
o magnetic meridian fluctuates therefore magnetic meridian is not constant at a point
but varies with laps of time

TACHEOMETRIC SURVEYING SATELLITE-POSITIONING RECEIVER

- TACHEOMETRY: branch of surveying in which horizontal and vertical distances are determined - capture signals transmitted by four or more positioning satellites to determine position
by taking angular observations with an instrument known as a TACHEOMETER coordinates (NORTHING, EASTING, AND ELEVATION) of a survey station
SURVEYING (MIDTERM) ASHAL PADILLA

FIELD SURVEY PARTY SURVEYING MEASUREMENT

CHIEF OF PARTY REAR TAPEMAN MEASUREMENT
- responsible for the overall direction, supervision, - assist the head tapeman during - process of determining the extent, size or dimensions of a particular quantity in comparison to
and operational control of the survey party taping operations and in other a given standard
related work. - all linear measurements are based upon the meter in the SI (International System of Units)
ASSISTANT CHIEF OF PARTY - ANGULAR MEASUREMENTS: in sexagesimal units (example: 1800° 00' 00")
- assist the chief of party in the accomplishment FLAGMAN
of the task assigned to the survey party - holds the flagpole or range pole at ERRORS IN MEASUREMENT
selected points as directed by the ERROR
INSTRUMENT MAN instrument man - difference between a measured or observed value and the "true value"
- set up, level, & operate surveying instruments
- He sees to it that instruments to be used in a AXEMAN/LINEMAN MISTAKES
survey operation are in good working condition - clears the line of sight of trees, - blunders made by survey personnel
brush, and other obstructions - EXAMPLES: transposing figures (86 as 68), miscounting the number of full tape lengths in a long
TECHNICIAN measurement, and measuring to or from the wrong point
- responsible for use and operation of all electronic PACER
instruments required in a field work operation - check all linear measurements SYSTEMATIC ERRORS
- responsible for the establishment of a two-way made by the tapeman - those errors for which the magnitude and the algebraic sign can be determined
communication link by radio between members - the fact that these errors can be determined allows the surveyor to eliminate them from the
of the survey party AIDMAN measurements and thus further improve accuracy
- renders first aid treatment to - EXAMPLE: effect of temperature on a steel tape. If the temperature is quite warm, the steel
COMPUTER members of the survey party who expands.
- performs all computations of survey data and are involved in snake and insect
works out necessary computational checks bites, accidents, and other cases RANDOM ERRORS
required in a field work operation involving their health, safety, and - also know “accidental errors”
well being - associated with the skill and vigilance of the surveyor
RECORDER - introduced into each measurement mainly because no human can perform perfectly
- keeps a record of all sketches, drawings, UTILITY MEN - EXAMPLE: setting an intermediate point
measurements and observations taken or needed - render other forms of assistance
needed by the survey party as PROBABILITY OF TRUE MEASUREMENT
HEAD TAPEMAN directed by the chief of party ❖ ACCURACY - closeness of a value to the said "true value"
- responsible for the accuracy and speed of all ❖ PRECISION - consistency of measurement
linear measurements with tape
ACCURACY RATIO
FIELD NOTEBOOK - a series of measurements is the ratio of the error of closure to the distance measured
- should be of good quality rag paper with stiff board or leather cover made to withstand hard - ERROR OF CLOSURE: difference between the measured location and its theoretically correct
usage, and of pocket size location
o TYPES OF NOTES o INFORMATION FOUND IN FIELD NOTEBOOKS
- Sketches 1. Title of the fieldwork or name of the project THEORY OF PROBABILITY
- Tabulations 2. Time of Day and Date - SMALL ERRORS: occur more often than large ones and that they are more probable
- Explanatory notes 3. Weather Conditions - LARGE ERRORS: happen infrequently and are therefore less probable
- Computation 4. Names of Group Members and their Designations o for normally distributed errors, unusually large ones may be mistakes rather than
- Combination of the above 5. List of Equipment accidental errors
SURVEYING (MIDTERM) ASHAL PADILLA

MOST PROBABLE VALUE (MPV) STANDARD DEVIATION LESSON 2

- average (arithmetic mean) of a set of observation - quantifies the variation within
- this adjusted result should have the same number a set of measurements DISTANCE BY PACING
of significant figures as are present in any single -𝜎=√
∑ 𝑣2

observation 𝑛−1
PACING TAPING
- 𝑀𝑃𝑉 =
∑ 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎 𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑠 𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑑 - means moving with measured steps - process of measuring the length of a
𝑛𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎 𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑠 STANDARD ERROR - to pace a length: it is necessary to know your line or course with a tape
- quantifies the variation in the pace factor by calibrating your pace to some
PROBABLE ERROR IN A SINGLE OBSERVATION mean/s from a single or multiple predetermined length in at least 5 trials PACED DISTANCE
- 𝑃𝐸𝑆 = 0.6745√
∑ 𝑣2 set of measurements - it is important to WALK NATURALLY when - length of a course as determined by
𝑛−1 𝜎
- 𝐸𝑆 = calibrating your pace or pacing distances pacing
- where: √𝑛

o ∑ 𝑣 2 : summation of the square of residuals

RELATIVE PRECISION PACE DISCREPANCY
o 𝑛: no. of observations
- 𝑅𝑃 =
𝑃𝐸 - length of a single step - difference between any two
o 𝑣 = 𝑋 − 𝑀𝑃𝑉: residuals 𝑀𝑃𝑉
- TOE TO TOE or HEEL TO HEEL measurements involving the same line
o 𝑋: trial or data

STRIDE BREAKING TAPE

PROBABLE ERROR OF THE MEAN
- two paces or a double step - procedure which involves the
∑ 𝑣2
- 𝑃𝐸𝑆 = 0.6745√ measurement of short horizontal
𝑛(𝑛−1)
PACE FACTOR distances usually along uneven or
WEIGHTED MEASUREMENTS - value determined by dividing the measured sloping ground and accumulating
or known length of a line by the mean number these distances to total full tape
WEIGHT of paces taken to walk or traverse the line lengths
- degree of reliability of a certain measurement
PACING FORMULAS
❖ In computing the weights, remember:
1. The weights are directly proportional to the number of observations A. Determine of individual pace factor C. Solve for relative precision
𝑇𝐷 (𝑇𝐷−𝑃𝐷)
2. The weights are Inversely proportional to the square of the corresponding probable errors - 𝑃𝐹 = - 𝑅𝑃 =
𝑁 𝑇𝐷
3. The errors are directly proportional to the square roots of the distances
B. Measuring unknown distance using your pace factor D. Solve for % error
NOTE: The greater the value of the weight, the more reliable the value of the measurement is - 𝑃𝐷 = 𝑃𝐹 × 𝑁 - 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 =
𝑇𝐷−𝑃𝐷
× 100
𝑇𝐷

❖ ADJUSTMENT OF WEIGHTED OBSERVATION: WHERE:

PF = Pace Factor N = Mean or average
1. 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 𝑘𝑛 TD = Taped Distance PD = Paced Distance
1
2. 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 𝑘 ( 2)
𝐸
3. 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 𝑘√𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 DISTANCE BY TAPING
TAPING
- Linear measurement of the horizontal distance between two points using surveyor's tape
- Stretching a calibrated tape between points and reading the distance indicated on the tape
SURVEYING (MIDTERM) ASHAL PADILLA

TYPES OF TAPE CORRECTION

STEEL TAPE INVAR TAPE - When a line is measured with a tape that is "too long", corrections are applied to the
- made of a ribbon of steel - made of an alloy of nickel (35%) and observed length by adding
- WIDTH: 0.5 to 1.0 cm steel (65%) with very low coefficient of
- WEIGHS: 0.8 to 1.5 kg per 30 meters thermal expansion Too long Too short
- LENGTHS: 10, 20, 30, 50, and 100 m are available Measuring with tape add subtract
LOVAR TAPE Laying out with tape subtract add
METALLIC TAPE - newer type of measuring tape which
- made of water-proof linen fabric into which has properties and costs somewhere ❖ "MEASURING" a distance means determining the length between fixed points
are woven longitudinally small brass, copper between those of conventional steel ❖ "LAYING OUT" means setting one point at a particular distance from a fixed point
or bronze wires tapes and invar tapes
LESSON 3
NON-METALLIC TAPE FIBERGLASS TAPE
- woven from selected synthetic materials with - made by weaving fiberglass in a MEASUREMENT OF VERTICAL DISTANCES
strong dimensional stability and coated with longitudinal and transverse pattern LEVELING VERTICAL LINE
plastic material - process of directly or indirectly measuring - line parallel to the direction
vertical distances to determine the elevation of gravity
ACCESSORIES of points or their differences in elevation
RANGE POLES TAPE THERMOMETER MEAN SEA LEVEL (MSL)
- rods painted with alternate red - used to determine the temperature of the air LEVEL SURFACE - reference surface to which all
and white sections and of the tape during measurement - curved surface which is at any point perpendicular ground elevations are referred
- to indicate the location of points to the direction of gravity or the plumb bob
or the direction of lines PLUMB BOB - best represented by the surface of a large still body DATUM
- used for projecting the tape ends to the of water - any convenient level surface
TAPE CLAMPING HANDLES ground when the tape must be suspended coincident or parallel to the
- scissor-type handles above the ground LEVEL LINE MSL
- to apply tension with a quick grip - line on a level surface
on any part of a steel tape WOODEN STAKE DIFFERENCE IN ELEVATION
- 50x50x300mm wood to mark points HORIZONTAL SURFACE/LINE - vertical distance between
CHAINING PINS - plane/line tangent to a level surface/level line two points
- stuck on the ground to mark the ends LEATHER THONGS
of measured tape lengths - attached to a ring located near the zero-meter LEVELING METHODS
- may be used in place of wooden stakes mark of the tape to provide a comfortable grip
DIRECT OR SPIRIT LEVELING
TENSION HANDLE OR SPRING SCALE LUMBER CRAYONS OR CHALK - vertical distances are measured above or below a level line
- used at one end of the tape for the - used to mark points on paved roads, - these values are used to compute the elevation of points or their differences in elevation
application of the right amount of pull sidewalks, or walls - FORMS OF DIRECT LEVELING: Differential leveling, double-rodded leveling and three-wire
leveling
PROCEDURE
1. ALIGNING THE TAPE: Both ends of a line to be measured must first be marked. RECIPROCAL LEVELING
2. STRETCHING THE TAPE: Approximately 4-7 kg of force to be applied. - commonly used when leveling across a wide river, deep ravine or canyons where it is difficult
3. PLUMBING: When it is impossible to lay the tape on the ground during measurement to perform leveling in the usual manner
4. MARKING FULL TAPE LENGTHS 5. TALLYING TAPED MEASUREMENTS
SURVEYING (MIDTERM) ASHAL PADILLA

PROFILE LEVELING BAROMETRIC LEVELING FORESIGHT DISTANCE (FSD) HEIGHT OF INSTRUMENT (HI)
- used in the design of roads, railways, pipelines, - determination of elevation by measuring - measured from the center of the instrument to the rod - also called “height of
- to draw the profile and cross section of the route the variation in atmospheric pressure at on which the foresight is taken collimation”
each point by means of a barometer - elevation of the line of sight of the
TRIGONOMETRIC LEVELING TURNING POINT (TP) instrument above or below a
- determining slopes, angles of depression CROSS-SECTION LEVELING - intervening point or points between two benchmarks selected reference datum
or inclination and distances then computing other - necessary to obtain a representation of - 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣. = 𝐻𝐼 − 𝐹𝑆 - 𝐻𝐼 = 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣 + 𝐵𝑆
unknown quantities like elevations using the ground surface on either side of the
trigonometric computations centerline of the road LEVELING COMPUTATIONS (PROFILE LEVELING)
PROFILE INTERMEDIATE FORESIGHT (IFS)
STADIA LEVELING BORROW-PIT LEVELING - curved line which graphically portrays the - ground rod readings along centerline of
- difference in elevation between points are - method of determining the relative intersection of the vertical plane with the the profile
computed from observed vertical angles and elevations of points in borrow pit surface of the earth - 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣. = 𝐻𝐼 − 𝐼𝐹𝑆
the three intercepts of the crosshair on a rod excavations for the purpose of
calculating the volume of earthworks STATIONING VERTICAL EXAGGERATION
- numerical designation in terms of horizontal - process of drawing the vertical scale for
LEVELING INSTRUMENTS distance of any point along a profile line from a profile much larger than the horizontal
the starting point scale to accentuate the differences in
• Dumpy Level • Automatic Level • Geodetic Level • Hand Level elevation
• Wye level • Tilting Level • Builder’s Level
LEVELING COMPUTATIONS (DOUBLE-RODDED LEVELING)
CROSS HAIR: seen when you look through the eyepiece of a leveling instrument - two turning points are established such that at each set up of the instrument
TRIPOD: instrument is set and leveled on a tripod before performing the survey - two sets of independent backsights and foresights are taken
- One route is labeled as HIGH POINT and the other LOW POINT just for distinction
LEVELING RODS
SELF-READING RODS LEVELING COMPUTATIONS (THREE-WIRE LEVELING)
- can be read directly by the instrument man through the telescope by noting the apparent - three horizontal hairs are read and recorded rather than a single horizontal hair
intersection of the horizontal hair on the rod - For each backsight and foresight, the average of the three hair readings is taken as the
correct value
TARGET ROD
- has a sliding target which is set and read by the rod man at the position selected by the LEVELING COMPUTATIONS (RECIPROCAL LEVELING)
instrument man - instrument is set up at 𝐿1 then reading are taken at a and b
o difference in elevation can be computed: 𝐷𝐸1 : 𝑎 − 𝑏
LEVELING COMPUTATIONS (DIFFERENTIAL LEVELING) - instrument in then taken across the river and set up at 𝐿2
BENCH MARK (BM) FORESIGHT (FS) o readings 𝑎′ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏′ is taken then 𝐷𝐸2 is computed: 𝐷𝐸2 : 𝑎′ − 𝑏′
- fixed point of reference, either permanent - reading taken on a rod held on a point - from the differences in elevation, the average is taken which will be the true difference in
or temporary, whose elevation is either whose elevation is to be determined from elevation between A and B: 𝑇𝐷𝐸:
𝐷𝐸1 +𝐷𝐸2
2
known or assumed the rod to ground
LEVELING COMPUTATIONS (TRIGONOMETRIC LEVELING)
BACKSIGHT (BS) BACKSIGHT DISTANCE (BSD) - for horizontal distances not exceeding 300m, the ff. formulas can be used: (formulas in index)
- reading taken on a rod held on a point of - measured from the center of the instrument - for horizontal distances exceeding 300m or for precise leveling, correction for curvature and
known or assumed elevation to the rod on which the backsight is taken refraction must be considered: (formulas written in index)