MODULE 1

Introduction to Internet of Things (IoT)

 What is IoT?

► Imagine a world where just about anything you can think

of is online and communicating to other things and
people in order to enable new services that enhance our
lives.
► From self-driving drones delivering your grocery order to
sensors in your clothing monitoring your health, the
world you know is set to undergo a major technological
shift forward. This shift is known collectively as the
Internet of Things (IoT).
CONTD..

► The basic premise and goal of IoT is to “connect

the unconnected.”
► IoT is a technology transition in which devices will
allow us to sense and control the physical world
by making objects smarter and connecting them
through an intelligent network.
CONTD..

► When objects and machines can be sensed and

controlled remotely across a network, a tighter
integration between the physical world and
computers is enabled.
► This allows for improvements in the areas of
efficiency, accuracy, automation, and the
enablement of advanced applications.
CONTD..
 Characteristics of IoT

► Connectivity
► Connectivity is an important requirement of the IoT
infrastructure. Things of IoT should be connected to the IoT
infrastructure. Anyone, anywhere, anytime can connect, this
should be guaranteed at all times.
► Intelligence and Identity
► The extraction of knowledge from the generated data is very
important. Each IoT device has a unique identity.
 CONTD..

► Scalability
► The number of elements connected to the IoT zone is increasing day
by day. Hence, an IoT setup should be capable of handling the massive
expansion.
► Dynamic and Self-Adapting (Complexity)
► IoT devices should dynamically adapt themselves to changing contexts
and scenarios.
► Architecture
► IoT Architecture cannot be homogeneous in nature. It should be
hybrid, supporting different manufacturers ‘ products to function in
the IoT network.
 CONTD..

► Safety
► There is a danger of the sensitive personal details of the users
getting compromised when all his/her devices are connected to
the internet. This can cause a loss to the user. Hence, data
security is the major challenge.
► Self Configuring
► This is one of the most important characteristics of IoT. IoT
devices are able to upgrade their software in accordance with
requirements with a minimum of user participation.
 CONTD..

► Interoperability
► IoT devices use standardized protocols and technologies to
ensure they can communicate with each other and other
systems. Interoperability is one of the key characteristics of
the Internet of Things (IoT).
► It refers to the ability of different IoT devices and systems
to communicate and exchange data with each other,
regardless of the underlying technology or manufacturer.
 Genesis of IoT

► The age of IoT is often said to have started between

the years 2008 and 2009.
► With more “things” connected to the Internet than
people in the world, a new age was upon us, and the
Internet of Things was born.
► The person credited with the creation of the term
“Internet of Things” is Kevin Ashton.
CONTD..

► Kevin has subsequently explained that IoT now

involves the addition of senses to computers.
► Computers depended on humans to input data and
knowledge through typing, bar codes, and so on.
► IoT is changing this paradigm; in the twenty-first
century, computers are sensing things for
themselves.
The evolution of the Internet can be
categorized into four phases,
 IoT and Digitization

► IoT and digitization are terms that are often used

interchangeably. In most contexts, this duality is
fine, but there are key differences to be aware of.
► At a high level, IoT focuses on connecting “things,”
such as objects and machines, to a computer
network, such as the Internet.
 Contd..

► On the other hand, digitization can mean different things

to different people but generally encompasses the
connection of “things” with the data they generate and
the business insights that result.
► Digitization, as defined in its simplest form, is the
conversion of information into a digital format. Digitization
has been happening in one form or another for several
decades.
► For example, the whole photography industry has been
digitized
CONTD..

► Other examples of digitization include the video

rental industry and transportation.
► In the context of IoT, digitization brings together
things, data, and business process to make
networked connections more relevant and valuable.
A good example of this that many people can relate
to is in the area of home automation with popular
products, such as Nest
 Impact of IoT

► About 14 billion, or just 0.06%,of “things” are connected to

the Internet today. Cisco Systems predicts that by 2020, this
number will reach 50 billion.
► A UK government report speculates that this number could
be even higher, in the range of 100 billion objects
connected.
► What these numbers mean is that IoT will fundamentally
shift the way people and businesses interact with their
surroundings.
A graphical look at the growth in the
number of devices being connected
Physical design of IoT
Things

► Things in IoT refers to IoT devices. Things have unique

identities. Things can perform sensing, actuation, and
monitoring.
► Things can exchange data with other connected
devices and applications, collect data from other
devices, and process the data either locally or send it
to centralized servers or cloud.
► IoT devices can have several interfaces like:
 Contd..

► I/O interfaces for sensors

► Interface for Internet connectivity
► Memory and storage connectivity interfaces
► Audio/video interfaces
IoT Protocols

► A protocol is a set of rules that governs the

communication between two or more devices.
► A protocol defines the rules, syntax, semantics and
synchronization of communication and possible error
recovery methods.
 Logical design of IoT
► The logical design of an Internet of Things (IoT) system
entails the creation of an abstract representation of
entities and processes, steering clear detailed
implementation specifications.
► It relies on the utilization of Functional Blocks,
Communication Models, and Communication APIs to
effectively establish a functioning system.
 IoT Functional Blocks
► Application: An application is an interface that
facilitates users in accessing and analyzing the status
of a system.
► Communication: It handles the communication for IoT
system.
► Services: IoT system uses different services like
services for device monitoring, device control
services, device publishing services, services for
device discovery.
 Contd..
► Management: Provides many functions to govern the
IoT system.
► Security: Provides the functions like
authentication,authorization,message integrity.
► Application: Provides an interface that user can use
and control the IoT system
IoT Communication Models

► Request –response model

► Push pull model
► Publish subscriber Model
► Exclusive Pair model
 IoT Communication API

► REST based API

► WEBSOCKET based API
► REST stands for Representational State Transfer
and API stands for Application Program Interface.
REST is a software architectural style that defines
the set of rules to be used for creating web
services
 Contd..

► Architectural Constraints of RESTful API: There are six

architectural constraints which makes any web service are listed
below:
► Uniform Interface
► Stateless
► Cacheable
► Client-Server
► Layered System
► Code on Demand
 REST API Introduction
► REST API is a way of accessing web services in a simple
and flexible way without having any processing.
Contd..
Websocket based API
 Connected roadways

► The term associated with both the driver and driverless cars fully
integrating with the surrounding transportation infrastructure.
► People have been fantasizing about the self-driving car, or
autonomous vehicle, in literature and film for decades.
► While this fantasy is now becoming a reality with well-known
projects like Google’s self-driving car, IoT is also a necessary
component for implementing a fully connected transportation
infrastructure.
 CONTD..

► IoT is going to allow self-driving vehicles to better interact

with the transportation system around them through
bidirectional data exchanges while also providing important
data to the riders.
► Self-driving vehicles need always-on, reliable
communications and data from other transportation-related
sensors to reach their full potential.
WAYMO
 CONTD..

► Basic sensors reside in cars already. They monitor oil

pressure, tire pressure, temperature, and other operating
conditions, and provide data around the core car functions.
► From behind the steering wheel, the driver can access this
data while also controlling the car using equipment such as a
steering wheel, pedals, and so on.
► The need for all this sensory information and control is
obvious. The driver must be able to understand, handle, and
make critical decisions while concentrating on driving safely.
 Connected Buildings

► Another place IoT is making a disruptive impact is in the

smart connected buildings space.
► The function of a building is to provide a work environment
that keeps the workers comfortable, efficient, and safe. Work
areas need to be well lit and kept at a comfortable
temperature.
 Contd..
► Work areas need to be well lit and kept at a
comfortable temperature. To keep workers safe, the
fire alarm and suppression system needs to be
carefully managed, as do the door and physical
security alarm systems.
► While intelligent systems for modern buildings are
being deployed and improved for each of these
functions, most of these systems currently run
independently of each other
 CONTD..

► Similarly, sensors are often used to control the

heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC)
system.
► Temperature sensors are spread throughout the
building and are used to influence the building
management system’s (BMS’s) control of air flow into
a room.
► Another interesting aspect of the smart building is
that it makes them easier and cheaper to manage.
 CONTD..

► Another promising IoT technology in the smart

connected building, and one that is seeing
widespread adoption, is the “digital ceiling.” The
digital ceiling is more than just a lighting control
system.
► This technology encompasses several of the building’s
different networks—including lighting, HVAC, CCTV
(closed-circuit television), and security systems—and
combines them into a single IP network
 SMART CREATURES

► When you think about IoT, you probably picture only

inanimate objects and machines being connected.
However, IoT also provides the ability to connect
living things to the Internet.
► Sensors can be placed on animals and even insects
just as easily as on machines, and the benefits can be
just as impressive.
IoT-Enabled Roach Can Assist in Finding Survivors
After a Disaster
 CONTD..

► One of the most well-known applications of IoT with

respect to animals focuses on what is often referred
to as the “connected cow.” Sparked, a Dutch
company, developed a sensor that is placed in a cow’s
ear.
► The sensor monitors various health aspects of the
cow as well as its location and transmits the data
wirelessly for analysis by the farmer.
 IoT Challenges

► Security:With more “things” becoming connected with

other “things” and people, security is an increasingly
complex issue for IoT.
► Lack of encryption –Although encryption is a great way to
prevent hackers from accessing data, it is also one of the
leading IoT security challenges.
► Insufficient testing and updating :With the increase in the
number of IoT(internet of things) devices, IoT
manufacturers are more eager to produce and deliver their
device as fast as they can without giving security too much
of although.
 CONTD..

► Design challenges in IoT: Interoperability

► Device security
► Network security
► Scalability: Data management, Network capacity,
Device management.
► Reliability: Device failure, Network connectivity, Data
accuracy
 CONTD…

► Power consumption
► Deployment challenges in IoT: Connectivity , Data
collection and processing, Lack of skill set , Network
infrastructure, Cost
SMART OBJECTS
Smart objects are, quite simply, the building blocks of
IoT.
The real power of smart objects in IoT comes from being
networked together rather than being isolated as
standalone objects.
The term smart object, is often used interchangeably
with terms such as smart sensor, smart device, IoT
device, intelligent device, thing, smart thing, intelligent
node, intelligent thing, ubiquitous thing, and intelligent
Characteristics of a Smart Object
► Processing unit: A smart object has some type of
processing unit for acquiring data, processing and
analysing sensing information received by the sensor(s),
coordinating control signals to any actuators, and
controlling a variety of functions on the smart object,
including the communication and power systems.
► Sensor(s) and/or actuator(s): A smart object is capable
of interacting with the physical world through sensors an
actuators
 Contd..
► Communication device: The communication unit is
responsible for connecting a smart object with other
smart objects and the outside world.
► Power source: Smart objects have components that
need to be powered. Interestingly, the most
significant power consumption usually comes from the
communication unit of a smart object.
 Trends in Smart Objects

There are certain important macro trends that we can infer

from recent and planned future smart object deployments.
Of course, these do not apply to all smart objects because
there will always be application-dependent variability, but
these are broad generalizations and trends impacting IoT:
 Contd..

► Size is decreasing: Some smart objects are so small

they are not even visible to the naked eye. This reduced
size makes smart objects easier to embed in everyday
objects.
► Power consumption is decreasing: The different
hardware components of a smart object continually
consume less power. This is especially true for sensors,
many of which are completely passive.
 Contd..

► Processing power is increasing: Processors are

continually getting more powerful and smaller. This
is a key advancement for smart objects, as they
become increasingly complex and connected.
► Communication capabilities are improving: It’s no
big surprise that wireless speeds are continually
increasing, but they are also increasing in range.
 CONTD..

► Communication is being increasingly standardized:

There is a strong push in the industry to develop open
standards for IoT communication protocols. In
addition, there are more and more open source
efforts to advance IoT.
► The power of IoT is truly unlocked when smart
objects are networked together in sensor/actuator
networks.